For the purposes of this Treaty:

(a) a "performer" is a person who performs, sings, reads, recites, interprets or otherwise executes a literary or artistic work or an expression of folklore, or a variety or circus performer;

(b) a "phonogram" is the sounds of a performance or other sounds, or digital representations thereof, fixed for the first time in an exclusively sound medium. Phonographic, magnetic tape and digital recordings are copies of phonograms;

(c) a "fixation" is the embodiment of signs, sounds, images or digital representations thereof in a physical medium that allows them to be read, perceived, reproduced, communicated or used;

(d) a "producer of phonograms" is a natural person or legal entity on whose initiative and responsibility and under whose coordination the sounds of a performance or other sounds, or digital representations thereof, are fixed for the first time.