Mr. Xavier Greffe is Professor of Economics at the University Paris I - Sorbonne where he manages the PhD program in Economics, after having taught in Algiers, Los Angeles (UCLA), Poitiers and Orléans where he was Rector. He was in 2006 and 2007 Visiting Professor at the Graduate Research Institute for Policy Studies, in Tokyo.For twelve years he worked with the French administration, where he was Director of New Technologies in the Department of National Education, and Director of Training and Apprenticeship in the Department of Labour and Employment. He is a consultant for the European Union Commission, where he has managed the Local Employment Development Action Program (LEDA) between 1995 and 2000, and the OECD, where he is currently serving on the Trento Scientific Committee on Local Governance.