商号法， 瓦努阿图

BUSINESS NAMES ACT NO. 6 OF 1990

PART I – PRELIMINARY PROVISIONS

1.

Interpretation 

1. PART II – THE REGISTRATION OF BUSINESS NAMES
1. Requirement to register certain business names
2. Exemptions from registration 
3. Application for the registration of a business name
4. Restrictions on the registration of certain names
5. Powers of registrar on application 
6. Expiry of the registration of a business name
7. Renewal of the registration of a business name
8. Removal of names from the register
9. Notification of any change in the particulars registered 
10. Reservation of a business name
11. Duty to provide registrar with evidence
12. Certificate to be displayed 
13. Replacement of lost or destroyed certificates
14. Registrar of business names
15. Registrar to keep a register of business names
16. Evidence of documents kept by the registrar

18.

Fees and penalties

1. PART III – THE USE OF BUSINESS NAMES
17. Persons subject to this Part
18. Prohibition of use of business names by registrar
19. Disclosure required of persons using business names
20. Civil remedies for breach of section 21 
21. Registration of business names registered under the Regulation 
1. Registration of business names not registered under the Regulation
2. PART V – MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
22. Appeals to the Minister
23. Offences of corporations

27.

Regulations

28.

Repeals

29.

Commencement

PART IV – TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS

BUSINESS NAMES

To provide for the registration and use of business names for the matters connected therewith.

Be it enacted by the President and Parliament as follows:

PART I PRELIMINARY PROVISIONS

1. Interpretation

(1) In this act unless the context otherwise requires – 

applicant means the person making application for the registration of a business name;

business includes any lawful form of trade, commerce, profession, or other activity carried on for profit or gain and includes any part of a business, provided that a person shall not be deemed to carry on a business in respect of which is sole gain is by way of salary or wages and commission received as an employee;

business name means the name or style under which any business is carried on;

certificate means a certificate of the registration of a business name issued under section 6;

the Companies Act means the Companies Act [CAP. 191];

corporate name means the full name of a corporation and, in the case of a company registered under the Companies Act includes the word “Limited” where appropriate;

creditors' voluntary windingup” has the meaning assigned to it by section 279(4) of the Companies Act;

employee means an individual who works under a contract of employment whether written or oral;

exempted company means a company registered or reregistered as an exempted company under the Companies Act;

firm means an unincorporated body of two or more individuals or one or more individuals and one or more corporations or two or more corporations who have entered into partnership with one another with a view to carrying on business for profit; the registrar means the registrar of business names;

the Regulation means the Registration of Business Names Act [CAP. 62].

(2) Any reference to the registration of a business name includes, unless the context otherwise requires, the registration of the applicant as the user thereof.

PART II THE REGISTRATION OF BUSINESS NAMES

(a)

in the case of an individual consist of his surname, without any addition thereto other than an addition permitted by this Act;

(b)

in the case of a firm consist of the surnames of all partners who are individuals and the corporate names of all partners who are bodies corporate without any addition thereto other than an addition permitted by this Act;

(c)

in the case of a body corporate consist of its corporate name without any addition thereto;

(d)

in the case of a group, consist of the surnames of all members who are individuals and the corporate names of all members who are bodies corporate without any addition thereto other than an addition permitted by this Act,

unless the business name is registered in accordance with this Act and that person is registered as the user thereof.

(2)

The following are permitted additions for the purposes of subsection (1)

(a)

in the case of an individual, for his forename or his initial;

(b)

in the case of a firm or group, the forenames of individual partners or members of the group or the initials of those forenames or, where two or more individual partners or members of the group have the same surname, the addition of “s” at the end of that surname.

(3)

Any person who contravenes the provisions of subsection (1) commits an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding VT10,000 for each day during which the offence continues.

3. Exemptions from registration

(1)

Registration of a business name shall not be required where the business is carried on by

(a)

a trustee in bankruptcy or a liquidator of a company appointed by any court or by the creditors of a company in a creditors’ voluntary windingup;

(b)

an exempted company or a group comprising two or more exempted companies; or

(c)

a Cooperative Society registered under the Cooperative Societies Act [CAP. 152].

(2)

Where a person carries on business under a business name which is registered under this Act, the registrar may exempt him from registering any name under which he carries on a part of the business if

(a)

that part of the business is carried on exclusively at the same premises as and is ancillary to and closely connected with the business in respect of which the business name is registered; and 

(b)

it is clearly stated in all advertising material, business letters, written orders for goods or services to be supplied to that part of the business, invoices and receipts issued in the course of that part of the business and written demands for payment of debts arising in the course of that part of the business, that the business is a part of the business in respect of which the business name is registered.

(3)

Notwithstanding that a person is exempted from registering a business name under subsection (1) or (2), he may make application to register the business name under this Act.

4. Application for the registration of a business name

(1)

Every application for the registration of a business name shall be made to the registrar and shall be in the prescribed form.

(2)

Where the registration of two or more business names is sought by an applicant, a separate application shall be made for the registration of each business name.

(3)

The application shall in the case of an individual be signed by him, in the case of a firm by any partner thereof, in the case of a corporation by a director or secretary thereof, and in the case of a group by every individual, a partner of every firm and by a director or secretary of every corporation comprised therein.

(4)

Any person who, without reasonable cause for believing it to be true, makes or is privy to the making of any false statement in any application made under this section commits an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding VT200,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months, or to both.

5. Restrictions on the registration of certain names

(1)

The registrar shall refuse the registration of any business name which in his opinion is undesirable.

(2)

Without prejudice to the generality of subsection (1), no business name shall be registered where the business name

(a)

is identical with the name by which a company is registered under the Companies Act or under which a company has at anytime been incorporated in Vanuatu (whether or not that company has been dissolved) or so nearly resembles such name as to be in the opinion of the registrar calculated or likely to deceive or mislead;

(b)

is identical with any business name which at anytime in the previous five years has been registered under this Act or under the Regulation (whether or not such business name has been deleted from the register of business names required to be kept under this Act or under the Regulation) or so nearly resembles such name as to be in the opinion of the registrar calculated or likely to deceive or mislead;

(c)

is identical with any name reserved under section 11 by a person other than the applicant or so nearly resembles such name as to be in the opinion of the registrar calculated or likely to deceive or mislead;

(d)

in the opinion of the registrar suggests or is likely to suggest a connection with the government or any public board or statutory corporation or any municipal or other local authority; or

(e)

contains the words “cooperative” or “building society”.

(3)

Subject to subsection (1), a corporation may register a business name comprising its corporate name without the words “limited” or “unlimited” as the case may be, or otherwise resembling its corporate name.

(4)

Subsection (2)(b) shall not apply where

(a)

the applicant is applying for the registration of a business name which at anytime in the previous five years has been deleted from the register under section 9 and of which he was, immediately prior thereto, the registered user;

(b)

the applicant is the transferee of a business which at any time in the previous five years has been carried on by the transferor under the same business name.

(5)

The registration of a business name under this Act shall not be construed as authorising the use of that name if apart from such registration the use thereof could be prohibited.

6. Powers of registrar on application

(1)

On receiving an application and upon payment by the applicant of the appropriate fee and any penalties payable, the registrar shall determine whether the business name should be registered or whether registration should be refused.

(2)

Before making a determination under subsection (1), the registrar may require the applicant to provide further information or evidence relating to the application and he may, if in his opinion such further information or evidence has not been fully provided, refuse to register the business name.

(3)

Where the registrar determines that the business name should be registered, he shall register the business name in a register to be kept for the purposes thereof and shall issue under his hand and seal a certificate of registration of the business name.

(4)

Where the registrar determines that the registration of a business name should be refused, he shall notify the applicant and refund the registration fee less the appropriate fee for the making of an unsuccessful application.

7. Expiry of the registration of a business name

The registration of a business name shall expire

(a)

where the business name is registered on or before the 29^th day of September in any year, on the 30^th day of September of that year; or

(b)

where the business name is registered on or after the 30^th day of September in any year, on the 30^th day of September of the following year.

8. Renewal of the registration of a business name

(1)

The registration of a business name may be renewed on or at any time prior to the 30^th day of November in the year of its expiry upon payment of the appropriate fee.

(2)

The registration of a business name shall not be capable of renewal on or after the 1^st day of December in the year of its expiry.

(3)

The registration of a business name renewed pursuant to this section shall expire on the 30^th day of September of the following year and may be renewed in accordance with this section.

(4)

Where the registration of a business name is not renewed in accordance with this section, the registrar shall forthwith delete the business name from the register of business names and such deletion shall take effect from the 1^st day of December of the year of expiry of the registration of the business name.

(5)

Where the registration of a business name expires under section 7, the person registered as the registered user of the business name will not be guilty of an offence under section 2 by continuing to carry on business under the business name while the registration of the business name is capable of renewal under this section.

9. Removal of names from the register

(1)

If any person registered as the user of a business name under this Act ceases to carry on business under the registered business name he shall within one month of ceasing to carry on business under the business name give notice to the registrar in the prescribed form that he has ceased to carry on business under the registered name.

(2)

On receipt of a notice given pursuant to subsection (1), the registrar may delete the name from the register of business names.

(3)

Where the registrar has reasonable cause to believe that any person registered as the user of a business name is not carrying on business under that name, he may send the person a notice by registered post that, at the expiration of one month from the date of the notice, unless cause is shown to the contrary, the name will be deleted from the register of business names.

(4)

At the expiration of the time mentioned in the notice issued by the registrar under subsection (3), the registrar may, unless cause to the contrary is previously shown, delete the name from the register of business names.

10. Notification of any change in the particulars registered

(1)

Whenever a change is made or occurs in any of the particulars required by this Act to be registered, other than a change in the registered user thereof, the person registered as the user of the business name shall, within one month or such longer period as the registrar may, in any particular case allow, lodge a statement of the change in the prescribed form with the registrar.

(2)

Where a business which is carried on under a business name registered under this Act is transferred, the transferee shall be required to register the business name under the provisions of this Act.

(3)

Any person who without any reasonable excuse fails to lodge any change in the particulars required to be registered within the time specified in subsection (1) commits an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding VT50,000.

11. Reservation of a business name

(1)

A person who intends to make application to register a business name may apply to the registrar in the prescribed form for the reservation of the proposed name.

(2)

The registrar, if he is satisfied as to the bona fides of the application and that the proposed name is a name which could be registered as a business name, shall reserve the proposed name for a period of six months from the date of the lodging of the application.

(3)

No person shall be permitted to reserve a proposed name more than twice in any period of five years.

(4)

The reservation of a proposed name under this section shall not in itself entitle the person who has reserved the name to register it as a business name.

12. Duty to provide registrar with evidence

(1)

The registrar may require any person to provide him with such information and evidence as he shall deem necessary for the purpose of ascertaining whether or not that person should make application to register a business name, or to lodge notice of a change in the particulars registered, or whether or not any person registered as the user of a business name is carrying on business under that name.

(2)

Any person who, without reasonable excuse, fails to provide such information as the registrar may require commits an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not of VT50,000.

(3)

Any person who, having been required by the registrar to provide him with any information or evidence pursuant to subsection (1), without reasonable cause for believing it to be true, makes any false statement or provides any false information or evidence commits an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding VT200,00 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months, or to both.

13. Certificate to be displayed

(1)

The person who is the registered user of a business name shall cause the certificate or a certified copy thereof, to be displayed in a permanent position at this principal place of business.

(2)

Any person who contravenes the provisions of subsection (1) commits an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding VT50,000.

1. Replacement of lost or destroyed certificates
2. Where it is proved to the satisfaction of the registrar that a certificate has been lost or destroyed, he shall issue a duplicate of such certificate to the person registered as the user thereof.
1. Registrar of business names

(1)

The registrar shall be the person for the time being appointed to fulfill the function of registrar of companies in Vanuatu.

(2)

The registrar shall have a seal to be used for the authentication of documents required for or connected with the registration of business names.

16. Registrar to keep a register of business names

(1)

The registrar shall keep – 

(a)

a register of all business names registered in accordance with this Act; and 

(b)

an index of all business names registered in accordance with this Act.

(2)

There shall be entered in the register against each business name such particulars as shall be prescribed.

(3)

The register and index shall at all convenient times be open to the inspection of the public.

(4)

Certified copies, sealed with the seal of the registrar, of any entry in the register and of any certificate shall be given to any person requiring the same.

1. Evidence of documents kept by the registrar
2. A copy of or extract from the register or index of business names or a copy of a certificate certified to be a true copy under the hand of the registrar, whose official position it shall not be necessary to prove, shall in all legal proceedings be admissible in evidence as of equal validity with the original document.
1. Fees and penalties

(1)

There shall be paid to the registrar the various fees in respect of those various matters set out in the Schedule.

(2)

Where a person carries on business under an unregistered business name contrary to section 2, he shall, in addition to any other fine prescribed under this Act be liable to pay to the registrar

(a)

whether or not the business name is one that could be or is ultimately registered, the penalty set out in the Schedule for each month, or part thereof, during which he is in default subject to a minimum of VT5,000; and 

(b)

if for any reason the name is not registered under this Act the registration fee and any renewal fee for which he would have been liable had the name been registered on the day that he commenced to carry on business under the business name.

(3)

The registrar may refuse to take any action required of him under this Act for which a fee or penalty is payable until all fees and any penalties, where applicable, have been paid.

(4)

The penalty payable under subsection (2) may be reduced or remitted at the discretion of the registrar.

(5)

The registrar may charge a fee in respect of incidental costs reasonably incurred in the performance of his obligations under this Act.

(6)

The fees and penalties provided for in this section shall be recoverable by the registrar as a civil debt and, where due by a person which is a group comprising any combination of individuals and corporations, shall be due and recoverable jointly and severally from the individuals and corporations comprising the group.

(7)

All fees and penalties paid to the registrar in pursuance of this Act shall be paid to the Accountant General on account of the Revenue Fund.

PART III THE USE OF BUSINESS NAMES

19. Persons subject to this Part

This Part applies to any person carrying on business under a business name

(a)

which he is required to register under Part II, whether or not the name is or has been registered; or

(b)

which he is exempted from registering under this Act or any other Act, but which would, apart from such exemption, be registrable under section 2.

20. Prohibition of use of business names by registrar

(1)

The registrar may, where in his opinion it is undesirable for a person to carry on business under any particular business name or under any business name which includes a particular word or words, direct the person by notice in writing to cease carrying on business under the particular business name or under any business name which includes the particular word or words, within one month of the date of service of the notice upon him.

(2)

Any person who continues to carry on business under any business name in contravention of subsection (1) commits an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding VT10,000 for each day during which the offence continues.

21. Disclosure required of persons using business names

(1)

A person to whom this Part applies shall

(a)

subject to subsection (3), state in legible characters in all business letters, written orders for goods or services to be supplied to the business, invoices and receipts (other than till receipts) issued in the course of the business, written demands for payment of debts arising in the course of business and in all other notices and publications issued in the course of the business

(i)

in the case of a firm or group, the name of each partner or member of the group

(ii)

in the case of an individual, his name;

(iii) in the case of a corporation, its corporate name; and  (iv) in relation to each person so named, an address in Vanuatu at which service of any document relating in any way to the business will be effective; and 

(b)

in any premises where the business is carried on and to which the customers of the business or suppliers of any goods or services to the business have access, display in a prominent position so that it may be easily ready by such customers or suppliers a notice containing such names and addresses.

(2)

A person to whom this Part applies shall secure that the names and addresses required by subsection (1)(a) to be stated on his business letters, or which would have been required but for subsection (3), are immediately given, by written notice to any person with whom anything is done or discussed in the course of the business and who asks for such names and addresses.

(3)

Subsection (1)(a) does not apply in relation to any document issued by a firm of more than ten persons which maintains at its principal place of business in Vanuatu a list of the names of all the partners if

(a)

none of the names of the partners appears in the document otherwise than in the text or as a signatory; and 

(b)

the document states in legible characters the address of the firm’s principal place of business in Vanuatu and that the list of partners’ names is open to inspection at that place.

(4)

Where a firm maintains a list of the partners’ names for the purposes of subsection (3), any person may inspect the list during office hours.

(5)

Any person who without reasonable excuse contravenes subsection (1) or (2) commits an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding VT50,000.

(6)

Where an inspection required by a person in accordance with subsection (4) is refused, any partner of the firm concerned who without reasonable excuse refused that inspection, or permitted it to be refused, commits an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding VT50,000.

22. Civil remedies for breach of section 21 

(1)

Any legal proceedings brought by a person to whom this Part applies to enforce a right arising out of a contract made in the course of business in respect of which he was, at the time the contract was made, in breach of section 21(1) or (2) shall be dismissed if the defendant to the proceedings shows – 

(a)

that he has a claim against the plaintiff arising out of that contract which he has been unable to pursue by reason of the latter’s breach of section 21(1) or (2); or

(b)

that he has suffered some financial loss in connection with the contract by reason of the plaintiff’s breach of section 21(1) or (2);

(2)

This section is without prejudice to the right of any person to enforce such rights as he may have against another person in any proceedings brought by that person.

unless the court before which the proceedings are brought is satisfied that it is just and equitable to permit the proceedings to continue.

PART IV TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS

23. Registration of business names registered under the Regulation

(1) Where a business name has at any time been registered under the Regulation and on the day of the commencement of this Act –

(a)

the business name has not been deleted from the register of business names required to be kept under the Regulation; and 

(b)

all fees and penalties payable under the Regulation have been paid;

the registration of the business name shall, regardless of its date of registration under the Regulation, remain in force until 30^th September 1990 or until the registrar has determined an application made under subsection (3), whichever is the latter, upon which date the registration shall expire.

(2)

Whist the registration of a business name remains in force pursuant to subsection (1), the person registered under the Regulation in relation to the business name shall not be guilty of an offence under section 2 or liable to a penalty under section 18(2) by reason of his carrying on business under the business name.

(3)

Any person registered under the Regulations in relation to a business name continuing in force under subsection (1) who intends on or after the 1^st day of October 1990 to carry on business under the business shall unless exempted under section 3 make application to register the business name under this Act on or before the 30^th day of September 1990.

(4)

Save as provided in subsection (5) this Act shall in all respects apply to an application under subsection (3) and to the registration of the name.

(5)

Where an application is made in accordance with subsection (3):

(a)

a reduced fee of VT5,000 shall be payable for the registration of the name; and 

(b)

the registration of the business name will take effect from the 1^st day of October 1990.