The International Patent System in 2008

PCT Yearly Review: Developments and Performance

[ PDF Version ]

• PREFACE
• 1. HIGHLIGHTS
• 2. FILINGS OF PCT APPLICATIONS
  • 2.1 PCT International Application Filing Trends
  • 2.2 PCT National Phase Entry Trends
• 3. ANALYSIS OF PCT APPLICANTS
  • 3.1 Top 15 Countries of Origin
  • 3.2 Indicators of Internationalization
  • 3.3 PCT and Developing Countries
  • 3.4 Top 20 PCT Applicants
  • 3.5 Foreign Inventors named in PCT International Applications
  • 3.6 Publications by Field of Technology
  • 3.7 PCT National Phase Entries by Country of Origin and Designated/Elected Office
• 4. ANALYSIS OF PCT APPLICATIONS
  • 4.1 Filings by Medium of Filing
  • 4.2 Filings by Language of Filing
  • 4.3 Publications by Language of Publication
  • 4.4 National Phase Entries by International Searching Authority
• 5. PERFORMANCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL PATENT SYSTEM
  • 5.1 Receiving Offices
    • 5.1.1 Top 15 Receiving Offices
    • 5.1.2 Transmittal of PCT International Applications to the International Bureau as the Receiving Office
  • 5.2 International Bureau
    • 5.2.1 PCT Operations Workload and Personnel
    • 5.2.2 Publication and Republication Timeliness
    • 5.2.3 Translation and Terminology
  • 5.3 International Search
    • 5.3.1 Distribution by International Searching Authorities
    • 5.3.2 Timeliness
  • 5.4 International Preliminary Examination
    
    • 5.4.1 Distribution by International Preliminary Examining Authorities
    • 5.4.2 Timeliness
• 6. ELECTRONIC ENVIRONMENT AND THE PCT
  • 6.1 Electronic Filing
  • 6.2 Electronic Exchange of Data between the International Bureau and Offices
  • 6.3 Electronic Processing of PCT International Applications within the International Bureau
• 7. DISSEMINATION OF PCT AND PATENT INFORMATION
  • 7.1 PATENTSCOPE^® Search Service
  • 7.2 New Internet Resources for PCT Users
  • 7.3 Aggregate Patent Statistics
• 8. DEVELOPMENTS RELATED TO THE PCT LEGAL FRAMEWORK
  • 8.1 Amendments entering into force and other developments in 2008
    
    • 8.1.1 Amendments to the Schedule of Fees
    • 8.1.2 Amendments to PCT Regulations
    • 8.1.3 Other Developments
  • 8.2 Changes in 2009
  • 8.3 Meetings other than the PCT Assembly held in 2008
  • 8.4 PCT Training
• 9. STATISTICAL TABLE
• 10. GLOSSARY
• 11. PCT CONTRACTING STATES
• 12. MORE RESOURCES ON THE INTERNET

PREFACE

About the Patent Cooperation Treaty

The Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT), which entered into force in 1978, offers inventors and industry an advantageous route for obtaining patent protection internationally. By filing one "international" patent application under the PCT, protection of an invention can be sought simultaneously in each of a large number of countries. Both applicants and patent Offices of the 139 PCT Member States benefit from the uniform formality requirements, the international search and preliminary examination reports and from the centralized international publication. The national patent granting procedure that follows, and the related expenses, are postponed, in the majority of cases, by up to 18 months from the priority date (or even longer in the case of some Offices) as compared with the traditional patent system. At the end of this period, the applicant should have received important value-added information concerning the likelihood of obtaining patent protection..

The graph below shows an overview of the main processing stages of patent applications within the international phase of the PCT system and their related timelines.

Overview of the PCT System

PCT filing

A patent applicant who wishes to protect his invention in more than one country using the PCT system should file an international application under the PCT with a competent receiving Office. Generally, applicants first file a patent application with their patent Office and, within 12 months from the priority date, file their international application under the PCT.

International Bureau

The receiving Office transmits a copy of the PCT international application to the International Bureau (IB) of WIPO. The IB is responsible for:

The applicant is required to pay an international filing fee of 1,330 Swiss Francs (CHF) and where the PCT international application contains more than 30 pages, an additional fee per sheet of CHF 15 (a fixed rate applies in some cases). Up to CHF 300 in fee reductions are available to applicants who file electronically. A 90% reduction in the international filing fee (including the fee per sheet over 30) and the handling fee (see "International Preliminary Examination" below), as well as an exemption from the transmittal fee payable to the International Bureau as the receiving Office, is also available to certain applicants (see section 8.1.1).

International Search

The PCT international search is carried out by a patent Office appointed to act as an International Searching Authority (ISA), within the PCT minimum documentation prescribed in the Treaty. The International Search Report (ISR) contains a list of documents with indications of relevance to the patentability, namely novelty and inventive step (non-obviousness). In addition, the ISA establishes a written opinion which contains a detailed analysis of the patentability of the invention.

The ISR and the written opinion are communicated by the ISA to the applicant normally by the fourth or fifth month after the PCT international application has been filed. Applicants are required to pay a search fee which varies from approximately CHF 328 to 2,726¹ according to the ISA chosen.

International Preliminary Examination

The international preliminary examination is an optional procedure where a second evaluation of the patentability of the invention can be sought from the International Preliminary Authority (IPEA).

The preliminary examination fees vary from approximately CHF 231 to 2,526 depending on the IPEA (and the ISA) chosen. A handling fee of CHF 200 also applies.

PCT National Phase

An applicant who has decided to proceed further with his PCT international application must, before the end of the 30^th month from the priority date (or even longer in the case of some Offices), fulfill the requirements for entry into the PCT national phase at the patent Offices of or acting on behalf of States in which he seeks protection. The national or regional patent Offices concerned then begin the granting procedure under the national laws. In addition to paying the official fees, the applicant usually needs to appoint local agents and have the application translated.

By using the PCT system, in addition to important value-added information concerning the likelihood of obtaining patent protection, a PCT applicant saves time and delays costs, i.e. the work performed during the international processing is generally not repeated at each Office and legal and translation costs are postponed.

Statistical Sources

The statistics in this annual review are based on two sources of data. For the international phase of the PCT System, data originate from the WIPO statistical database. Estimates have been made due to the fact that WIPO continues to receive PCT international applications filed in 2008 after the publication of this review.

For the national phase of the PCT System, statistics are based on data supplied to WIPO by national and regional patent Offices, received at WIPO often 6 months or more after the end of the year concerned, meaning that the latest available year to date is 2007. In some cases, PCT national phase entry data provided by the PATENTSCOPE^® search service have been used. Data may be missing for some Offices or incomplete for some countries of origin. No estimates are made in this publication for the data concerning national phase.

The figures shown in this review are thus subject to change.²

Readers are welcome to use the information provided in this review, but are requested to cite WIPO as the source. Tables and graphs can be downloaded in image format at https://www.wipo.int/ipstats/en/statistics/pct/.

1 Highlights

In 2008, the international patent system saw several notable developments.

2 FILINGS OF PCT APPLICATIONS

2.1 PCT International Application Filing Trends

The graph below shows the number of PCT international applications filed since their inception in 1978.

PCT International Application Filing Trends

The graph below shows the annual growth rate of PCT international applications filed since 1980.

PCT International Application Annual Growth Rates

2.2 PCT National Phase Entry Trends

The graph below shows the number of PCT national phase entries (including regional phase entries) since 1995. PCT national phase statistics illustrate the number of PCT international applications where applicants actually seek protection for their inventions in countries other than their country of residence. A PCT international application will often result in multiple national phase entries.

PCT National Phase Entry Trends

The graph below shows the annual growth rate of PCT national phase entries since 1996.

PCT National Phase Entries Annual Growth Rates

3 ANALYSIS OF PCT APPLICANTS

3.1 Top 15 Countries of Origin

The table below shows the top 15 countries where applicants filed most PCT international applications in 2008. A statistical table containing all countries is available in the annex. The country of origin is taken to be the country of residence of the first-named applicant in the PCT international application.

3.2 Indicators of Internationalization

The table below shows, for the Top 50 countries of origin according to their number of PCT international applications (IAs) filed in 2008⁴, the conversion rate of domestic (resident) filings into PCT international application filings and of PCT international application filings⁵ into PCT national phase entries (NPEs) before designated/elected Offices. It also shows the share of PCT national phase entries for each origin among the total number of foreign (non-resident) filings and among the total number of PCT national phase entries initiated worldwide.

3.3 PCT and Developing Countries

The table below shows, among developing countries, the top 20 where applicants filed most PCT international applications in 2008.

3.4 Top 20 PCT Applicants

The table below shows the top 20 PCT applicants based on the number of PCT international applications published in 2008.

3.5 Foreign Inventors named in PCT International Applications

The graph below indicates the percentage of PCT international applications published in 2008 where at least one named applicant/inventor has a nationality different to the country of origin of the first named applicant. In a large majority of PCT filings, the first named applicant is a company.

The graph below shows the number of foreign inventors named in PCT international applications filed in 2008, according to their nationality.

3.6 Publications by Field of Technology

The table below shows the fields of technology of PCT international applications published and the annual growth in 2008. In this table, PCT international applications are classified according to 35 classifications⁷ based on the latest version of the International Patent Classification system (IPC8). As a PCT international application can be assigned multiple IPC symbols that correspond to more than one field, the total count by field of technology is greater than the total number of PCT international applications published.

3.7 PCT National Phase Entries by Country of Origin and Designated/Elected Office

The table below shows the number of PCT national phase entries initiated in 2007 before designated and elected Offices according to the country of origin of the first named applicant.

4 ANALYSIS OF PCT APPLICATIONS

4.1 Filings by Medium of Filing

The graph and table below show the changing distribution of filings on paper, on paper together with a diskette or other physical medium (CD-R, DVD-R) prepared electronically using the PCT-EASY functionality, or using fully electronic media since 2004. The fully electronic filings comprise XML and PDF filings as well as the United States Patent and Trademark Office web-based electronic filings (EFS-Web).

Share of PCT International Applications by Medium of Filing

4.2 Filings by Language of Filing

The table below shows the number of PCT international applications according to their language of filing. A PCT international application may be filed in any language accepted by the relevant receiving Office.

4.3 Publications by Language of Publication

The table below shows the number of PCT international applications published according to their language of publication. PCT international applications must be published in one of the official publication languages (Arabic, Chinese, English, French, German, Japanese, Russian and Spanish).

4.4 PCT National Phase Entries by International Searching Authority

The table below shows the number of PCT national phase entries initiated by applicants before designated/elected Offices according to the International Searching Authority⁸. It shows the potential utilization of International Search Reports from each International Searching Authority at each designated/elected Office.

The table below indicates the percentage of the total number of International Search Reports established by a given ISA of applications that entered the PCT national phase at a selection of designated/elected Offices. It also shows the global utilization rate of International Search Reports by International Searching Authority.

5 PERFORMANCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL PATENT SYSTEM

5.1 Receiving Offices

PCT international applications are filed first with a receiving Office, which may be a national or regional Office or the International Bureau of WIPO. In 2008, 110 Offices were acting as receiving Offices

5.1.1 Top 15 Receiving Offices

The table below shows the Top 15 receiving Offices according to the number of PCT international applications filed. A statistical table containing all receiving Offices is available in the annex.

5.1.2 Transmittal of PCT International Applications to the International Bureau as the Receiving Office

Where a PCT international application is filed with a receiving Office that cannot accept this application due to the nationality or the country of residence of the applicant, the language of filing or another reason, this application is forwarded to and considered as having been received by the International Bureau acting as the receiving Office⁹. In 2008, 1,118 filed PCT international applications were transmitted to the International Bureau as the receiving Office, which represents 0.7% of all PCT international applications filed that year.

5.2 International Bureau

In addition to its task as a receiving Office for applications from all PCT Contracting States, the International Bureau (IB) is responsible for the administration of the international phase of the PCT System.

5.2.1 Operations Workload and Personnel

The International Bureau of WIPO, through its PCT Operations Division, manages certain processing tasks with respect to all PCT international applications filed with all receiving Offices worldwide. Among others, these processing tasks consist of the following: formality examination, translation of abstracts and titles and publication of PCT international applications.

PCT Operations Workload and Personnel

5.2.2 Publication and Republication Timeliness

The PCT international application and related documents are published after the expiration of 18 months from the priority date unless the applicant requests early publication of the PCT international application or the application is withdrawn or considered withdrawn. At the time of publication, the International Bureau publishes the PCT international application even in the absence of an International Search Report (ISR). The PCT international application is republished together with the ISR after the latter arrives.

Publication

The graph below shows the timeliness of publication by the International Bureau of PCT international applications after the expiration of 18 months from the priority date.

Timeliness of the IB to publish PCT international applications

Republication

The graph below shows the timeliness of republication by the International Bureau of PCT international applications with ISRs in the cases where the ISR was missing upon publication.

Timeliness of the IB to republish PCT international applications with their ISR

5.2.3 Translation and Terminology

The objective of the International Bureau's translation work is to enhance the patent system's disclosure function by making the technological information embodied in PCT international applications accessible in languages other than those in which the original documents were filed. In order to meet this objective, the International Bureau translates and publishes all abstracts and titles of PCT international applications into English and French, and all reports (International Search Reports and International Preliminary Reports on Patentability) into English.

Given the high number of PCT filings, this represents a very significant translation workload which has evolved since 2006 as shown in the table below.

Most of these translations are now outsourced, a process involving 9 different agencies and about 10 external translators. In addition to producing translations internally, managing this entire outsourcing process with a budget of around CHF 15 million per year has become a principal responsibility of the International Bureau.

The graph below shows the distribution of internally produced and outsourced translations since 2006.

Distribution of Translation Work

In 2008, the International Bureau began adjusting the language composition of its translation staff by hiring more linguists with Asian language skills with a view to ensure that, in the long-term, its staff composition reflects more adequately PCT filing patterns.

In recent years, the International Bureau has placed more emphasis on the introduction of information technology in the translation process. All outsourced translations are communicated to the external agencies through secure electronic channels. The International Bureau has also started the process of developing terminology databases that are aimed at improving the quality of internal and external translations and at supporting cross-language information retrieval in the PATENTSCOPE^® search service. In 2008, it has looked more closely at the potential use of translation memories to improve quality and reduce cost. However, for this to be successful, the International Bureau will need to receive more documents requiring translation in character-coded format. This is particularly true for International Search Reports and International Preliminary Reports on Patentability.

5.3 International Search

International Searching Authorities (ISAs) are appointed by the PCT Assembly to carry out international searches. The Nordic Patent Institute started functioning as an ISA on 1 January 2008, bringing the number of national Offices or intergovernmental organizations which are acting as ISAs to 13 (two other Offices have been appointed as ISAs and IPEAs, but have not yet commenced operations). These Offices produce International Search Reports (ISRs) and the written opinions of the ISA. The ISR contains citations of documents considered to be relevant to the claimed invention (i.e. prior art), the classification of the subject matter of the invention and an indication of the fields searched as well as which electronic databases have been consulted. The ISR and the written opinion are communicated by the ISA to applicants normally by the fourth or fifth month after the PCT international application has been filed (16 or 17 months from priority date).

5.3.1 Distribution by International Searching Authorities

The chart below shows the number of PCT international applications filed according to their selected ISAs.

5.3.2 Timeliness

The graph below shows the transmittal timeliness of ISRs to the International Bureau.

Timeliness to transmit International Search Reports

5.4 International Preliminary Examination

International Preliminary Examining Authorities (IPEAs) are appointed by the PCT Assembly to carry out the international preliminary examination procedure. The Nordic Patent Institute started functioning as an IPEA on 1 January 2008, bringing the number of national Offices or intergovernmental organizations which are acting as IPEAs to 13. Their task is to establish the International Preliminary Examination Report (IPER) which is a preliminary, non-binding opinion, carried out at the request of the applicant, stating if the claimed invention appears to be novel, to involve an inventive step (to be non-obvious) and to be industrially applicable. As of 1 January 2004, this report is also known as the "international preliminary report on patentability (Chapter II of the PCT)". The IPER is communicated by the IPEA to applicants normally by the sixteenth month after the PCT international application has been filed (28 months from priority date).

5.4.1 Distribution by International Preliminary Examining Authorities

The graph below shows the number of demands for International Preliminary Examination since 2003. The decrease is due to a modification of the time limit for entry into the PCT national phase, in force since April 2002, and to the introduction in 2004 of the written opinion of the International Searching Authority that is now provided with the International Search Report for all PCT international applications.

International Preliminary Examination Demand Filing Trends

The table below shows the number of demands for International Preliminary Examination at each Examining Authority.

5.4.2 Timeliness

The data in the graph below shows the transmittal timeliness of IPERs to the International Bureau.

Timeliness to transmit International Preliminary Examination Reports

6 ELECTRONIC ENVIRONMENT AND THE PCT

6.1 Electronic Filing

In 2008, 64% of all PCT international applications were filed fully electronically and the Canadian Intellectual Property Office announced its acceptance of fully electronic filings bringing the total to 21 Offices (see paragraph 4.1). Including the paper and electronic filing method, i.e. PCT EASY, 74% of PCT international applications were filed electronically in 2008.

Increased electronic filings and the receipt by the International Bureau of larger numbers of PCT documents in electronic format have contributed to the International Bureau's ability to process more work with fewer staff (see paragraph 5.2.1). Apart from this general observation, electronic filings also impact other aspects of the International Bureau's work as illustrated by the graphs below.

Most data input errors committed in 2008 by the International Bureau concern purely paper filings, whereas such errors are the least prevalent for fully electronic filings.

Percent Republications due to Input Errors in 2008

However, as illustrated by the graph below, the formality examination of XML filings by the International Bureau, on average, takes more time than that of the other filing formats, including paper. This is explained by the fact that the International Bureau's procedures and systems have been designed to handle various document formats and, as yet, have not been optimized for XML. These procedures and systems as well as the medium of filing have, however, no negative impact on the timeliness to publish PCT international applications. It is to be expected that in the years to come, the International Bureau's operational procedures, including those for translation, will be able to more fully exploit data and documents in character-coded format.

Timeliness to notify the Receipt by the IB of PCT International Applications by Medium of Filing

6.2 Electronic Exchange of Data between the International Bureau and Offices

Since 2007, the International Bureau receives about 80% of documents from Offices in electronic form which permits an increased internal efficiency by eliminating the need to scan a considerable volume of paper documents.

Due to this improvement in efficiency, the International Bureau would like to receive more of these documents, in particular the International Search Reports and the International Preliminary Reports on Patentability, in character-coded format because of the potential beneficial impact on its translation process and the ability to integrate them as fully text-searchable on the PATENTSCOPE^® search service

6.3 Electronic Processing of PCT International Applications within the International Bureau

In 2008, the International Bureau capitalized further on fully electronic processing of PCT international applications as follows:

7 DISSEMINATION OF PCT AND PATENT INFORMATION

7.1 PATENTSCOPE^® Search Service

The PATENTSCOPE^® search service provides access to the technology contained in over 1.5 million published PCT international applications since 1978. In 2008, a number of enhancements have been made to the PATENTSCOPE^® search service, adding content, increasing the functionality of the service and making it more user-friendly.

The main changes are listed below:

7.2 New Internet Resources for PCT Users

The PCT Resources page now contains recent versions of all essential legal texts in 10 languages (Arabic, Chinese, English, French, German, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Russian and Spanish). Since January 2008, in addition to the regular updating of existing materials, the following new resources have been made available to users:

7.3 Aggregate Patent Statistics

In 2008, a number of enhancements have been made to the patent statistics compiled by WIPO:

8. DEVELOPMENTS RELATED TO THE PCT LEGAL FRAMEWORK

8.1 Amendments entering into force and other developments in 2008

8.1.1 Amendments to the Schedule of Fees

On 31 March 2008, an Extraordinary Session of the Assembly of the PCT Union approved the following amendments to the Schedule of Fees annexed to the PCT Regulations, which entered into force on 1 July 2008, and applied to any PCT international application which was received by the receiving Office on or after 1 July 2008:

(a) The international filing fee was reduced by 5%, from 1,400 to 1,330 Swiss francs.

(b) The reduction in the international filing fee and the handling fee which is accorded to applicants who meet the criteria indicated in Item 4(a)¹³ or (b)¹⁴ of the Schedule of Fees was increased from 75% to 90%.

(c) The scope of the fee reduction accorded to applicants from certain States was extended so that an applicant who was a natural person and who was a national of and resided in one of the following nine States also became entitled to the above-mentioned reduction in the international filing fee and the handling fee: Antigua and Barbuda, Bahrain, Barbados, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Oman, Seychelles, Singapore, Trinidad and Tobago, United Arab Emirates.

8.1.2 Amendments to PCT Regulations

Amendments to the PCT Regulations adopted by the PCT Assembly in September and October 2007 which entered into force on 1 July 2008:

(a) It became possible for applicants to request the International Searching Authority (ISA), when carrying out the international search, to take into consideration the results not only of an earlier search it has carried out, but also of an earlier search carried out by another ISA or a national or regional Office (amendment of PCT Rule 41.1 and the adoption of new Rules 4.12 and 12bis.1).

(b) It became possible for the receiving Office to extend, for a period of up to two months, the time limit for the payment of the fee for requesting restoration of the right of priority (amendment of PCT Rule 26bis.3(d)).

(c) Clarification was made to PCT Rule 29 that withdrawal of the PCT international application will only prevent international publication if the notice of withdrawal is received by the International Bureau prior to completion of technical preparations for international publication.

8.1.3 Other Developments

8.2 Changes in 2009

During the course of the Assembly of the PCT Union which was held in September 2008, the following amendments were agreed to the PCT Regulations:

Entry into force January 2009: in connection with the Regulations which had been adopted by the PCT Assembly at its session held in September/October 2007 relating to the supplementary international search service, which started on 1 January 2009, further amendments were made in September 2008 concerning: the right of agents to practice before any International Authority specified to carry out a supplementary international search; the effects of a withdrawal of a request for supplementary international search, and a clarification was made concerning the refund of the supplementary search fee and the supplementary search handling fee.

Entry into force July 2009: clarification of the procedure to be followed by the receiving Office where it has accorded, albeit mistakenly, an international filing date and intends to issue a declaration under PCT Article 14(4) that the PCT international application is to be considered withdrawn because it does not contain the claim(s) element or the description element; and, in the case of the submission of amendments of the claims under PCT Articles 19 and 34, applicants will be required to submit a replacement sheet or sheets containing a complete set of claims rather than, as at present, replacement sheets only for those sheets of claims which differ from sheets previously filed.

8.3 Meetings other than the PCT Assembly held in 2008

Meeting of International Authorities under the PCT

The Meeting of International Authorities under the PCT, which was held in Vienna at the Austrian Patent Office from 7 to 9 April 2008, discussed a number of issues, including:

8.4 PCT Training

In the course of 2008, the PCT Legal Division organized and participated in 84 seminars, presentations and workshops, where 5,194 people participated.

These events were held in the following countries: Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Finland, France, Iceland, India, Israel, Jordan, Norway, Oman, Republic of Korea, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, United Kingdom, and United States of America.

9 STATISTICAL TABLE

The table below shows the number of PCT international applications filed in 2008 and the number of PCT national phase entries in 2007 by Office and by country and territory of origin. For PCT international applications filed, estimates have been made for the top 15 countries of origin and receiving Offices (see paragraphs 3.1 and 5.1.1). The figures shown in this table are thus subject to change¹⁵.

A PCT applicant seeking protection in any of the States member to the European Patent Convention (EPC)¹⁶ can generally choose between entering the national phase at a national Office or the regional phase at the European Patent Office (EPO). This explains why the number of PCT national phase entries at some European national Offices is lower than would otherwise be expected. The PCT national phase route is closed for France, Italy, the Netherlands and several other EPC member States (see section 11). A PCT applicant seeking protection in those countries must enter the PCT regional phase at the EPO.

As an example for understanding the table below, the Algerian patent Office received 9 PCT international application filings in 2008 and 734 PCT national phase entries in 2007, whereas applicants residing in Algeria filed, worldwide, 11 PCT international applications in 2008 and 2 PCT national phase entries in 2007.

a. 2006 data.
b. 2005 data
Source: WIPO Statistics Database

10 GLOSSARY

This glossary is mainly an extract from the PCT and PATENTSCOPE^® glossaries .

Applicant. A person claiming to be the first and true inventor, or assignee of the first and true inventor of an invention. There may be one or more applicants. In the United States, the applicant(s) must be the inventor(s). For a PCT international application, at least one of the applicants must be any natural person or legal entity who is a national or resident of a PCT Contracting State. An applicant is sometimes known as an assignee or owner.

Chapter I of the PCT. The chapter of the PCT that regulates the filing of the international application, international search, establishment of the written opinion of the International Searching Authority, international publication of the international application, and provides for the communication of the international application and related documents to designated Offices.

Chapter II of the PCT. The chapter of the PCT that regulates the optional international preliminary examination procedure and provides for the communication of the International Preliminary Examination Report and certain related documents to elected Offices. A demand may be filed by the applicant to enter Chapter II. If no demand is filed, the application remains in Chapter I.

Country of Origin. For statistical purposes, the country of residence of the first-named applicant or assignee of a patent application. Country of origin is used to determine the origin of the patent application.

Demand. A demand (on Form PCT/IPEA/401) by the applicant for international preliminary examination to be carried out on the PCT international application. The demand indicates the applicants, agents, and the international application to which it relates as well as indications of elements to be considered for examination.

Designated Office. A national or regional Office of or acting for a State designated in an international application under Chapter I of the PCT.

Designated State. A Contracting State in which protection for the invention is sought, as indicated in the PCT international application.

Elected Office. The national or regional Office of or acting for a State elected by the applicant under Chapter II of the PCT, in which the applicant intends to use the results of the international preliminary examination.

Examination. Can refer to formalities examination or substantive examination but generally refers to a scrutiny by an official, usually a patent examiner, of an Intellectual Property Office, to determine the acceptability of a patent. Formalities examination is carried out to determine whether a patent application meets certain administrative requirements such as the presence of an indication as to the identity of the applicant and of a description of the invention. Substantive examination is undertaken to determine if an invention is novel, contains an inventive step (is not obvious), is industrially applicable (is useful), and meets other criteria.

International Application. See "PCT international application".

International Authority. An organization that fulfills specific tasks, as prescribed by the PCT.

International Bureau. In the context of the PCT, refers to the International Bureau of the World Intellectual Property Organization. In addition to its task as receiving Office for applicants from all Contracting States, the International Bureau handles certain processing tasks in respect of all international applications filed with all receiving Offices worldwide.

International Filing Date. The date of receipt of the PCT international application by the receiving Office, which is accorded when the PCT international application complies with certain requirements.

International Patent Classification (IPC). A hierarchical system of language-independent symbols for the classification of patent documents according to the different areas of technology to which they pertain.

International phase. A procedure consisting of four main steps:
(1) the filing of an international application and its processing by the receiving Office;
(2) the establishment of an International Search Report and a written opinion by the International Searching Authority;
(3) the international publication of the international application and related documents, as well as their communication to the designated and elected Offices; and
(4) an option of international preliminary examination, which concludes with the establishment of the international preliminary report on patentability (Chapter II of the PCT).

International Preliminary Examination Report (IPER). See "International Preliminary Report on Patentability (Chapter II of the PCT)".

International Preliminary Examining Authority (IPEA). An Authority (either a national Office or an intergovernmental organization) appointed by the PCT Assembly to carry out the international preliminary examination procedure. Its task is to establish the International Preliminary Report on Patentability (Chapter II of the PCT).

International Preliminary Report on Patentability (Chapter I of the PCT). A preliminary, non-binding report issued by the International Bureau on behalf of the International Searching Authority under Chapter I of the PCT where an International Preliminary Examination Report has not been or will not be established. The report has essentially the same contents as the written opinion of the International Searching Authority (i.e., contains observations as provided for in Rule 66.2 of the Regulations under the PCT).

International Preliminary Report on Patentability (Chapter II of the PCT). A preliminary, non-binding opinion, established by the International Preliminary Examining Authority at the request of the applicant, on whether the claimed invention appears to be novel, appears to involve an inventive step (appears to be non-obvious) and appears to be industrially applicable. Prior to 1 January 2004, this report was known as the "International Preliminary Examination Report".

International Publication. See "Publication".

International Search Report (ISR). Report established by the International Searching Authority containing citations of documents considered to be relevant for the claimed invention (relevant prior art, see "Prior Art"), the classification of the subject matter of the invention and an indication of the fields searched as well as indications of any electronic database searched. Furthermore, it may contain remarks concerning unity of invention (i.e. the requirement that a patent application should relate to one invention only, or to a group of inventions so linked as to form a single general inventive concept.).

International Searching Authority (ISA). An Authority (either a national Office or an intergovernmental organization) appointed by the PCT Assembly to carry out international searches. It establishes International Search Reports and the written opinion of the International Searching Authority.

Invention. A solution to a specific technical problem and the physical means to implement this solution. To be patentable, an invention must be novel, involve an inventive step (be non-obvious) and be industrially applicable.

National Phase. Follows the international phase of the PCT procedure and consists of the entry and processing of the PCT international application in the individual countries or regions in which the applicant seeks protection for his invention.

Non-Resident Filing. A "non-resident" filing refers to an application filed at the Office of or acting for the State in which the first-named applicant in the application concerned does not have residence. This criterion is used to compile non-resident patent statistics. For example, a patent application filed by an American applicant at the Japan Patent Office (JPO) is considered as a non-resident filing for JPO statistics.

Novelty Search. A search carried out to identify patents and non-patent literature that may affect the patentability of an invention. This search is recommended to applicants to be done before writing and filing the patent specification and, as such, is sometimes called a pre-application search. The scope of a novelty search is narrower than a state of the art search.

Patent. A document that describes an invention that cannot be manufactured, used or sold without the authorization of the owner of the patent. A patent document normally contains at least one claim, a description of the invention, and bibliographic information such as the applicant's name. The protection given by a patent is limited in time (generally up to 15 to 20 years from filing or grant). It is also limited territorially to the country or countries concerned.

Patent Application. A document submitted by an inventor requesting the issuance of a patent for an invention described in the specification which accompanies the application.

Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT). An international treaty, administered by the World Intellectual Property Organization, which makes it possible to seek patent protection for an invention simultaneously in each of a large number of countries (that are Contracting States to the PCT) by first filing a single "international" patent application. The authority to grant patents remains entirely with the national or regional patent Offices in what is called the PCT "national phase" or "regional phase".

Patentability Search. See "Novelty Search"

PATENTSCOPE^®. WIPO's gateway to patent services and activities. On this portal, PATENTSCOPE^® search service allows access, at no cost, to the wealth of technological information contained in all PCT international applications published since the entry into force of the PCT in 1978. Since April 2006, the PATENTSCOPE^® search service has become the authentic publication source of PCT international applications. Powerful and flexible search interfaces allow retrieval of relevant international applications and associated information.

PCT-EASY (Electronic Application System). The portion of the PCT-SAFE software which assists applicants in preparing the request form for a PCT-EASY filing, in which the electronic data of the request form and the abstract are saved on a physical medium (diskette or CD), and a paper printout of the request form is prepared and filed together with the remainder of the PCT international application with a receiving Office that accepts such filings.

PCT International Application. An application for the protection of an invention filed under the PCT. A PCT international application contains a request, a description, one or more claims, one or more drawings (where required) and an abstract.

PCT National Phase Entry. A PCT international application which has entered the national/regional phase. The national phase must usually be initiated within 30 months from the priority date of the application (longer time periods are allowed in some offices) and usually requires an explicit action from the applicant and/or payment of fees.

Prior Art. All the knowledge that existed prior to the relevant patent filing or priority date of a patent application, whether it existed by way of written or oral disclosure. For purposes of the PCT, "relevant prior art" is everything which has been made available to the public before the relevant date anywhere in the world by means of written disclosure and which can be of assistance in determining whether the claimed invention is new and involves an inventive step (is not obvious) for the purposes of international search and international preliminary examination.

Priority Application. An application on the basis of which the same applicant (or his or its successor in title) may, within a specified period of time, apply for protection in other Contracting Parties of the international agreement in question, where these later applications will be regarded as if they had been filed on the same day as the earliest application. The Paris Convention enables an inventor to file in a first country and then claim priority (for a period of up to 12 months) for filing an application in other countries that are contracting parties to the Paris Convention or (under the PCT) are Members of the World Trade Organization.

Priority Date. In the context of the PCT, the filing date of the earliest application on the basis of which priority is claimed, and if no priority is claimed, the international filing date.

Publication. In publications on industrial property information matters, the terms "publication" and "published" are normally used in the sense of making available the contents of a document to the public. Depending on the particular national law, patent documents may be published on several levels of publication, as detailed in WIPO Standard ST.16. The international application and related documents are published after the expiration of 18 months from the priority date unless the applicant requests early publication of the PCT international application and unless the application is withdrawn or considered withdrawn.

Receiving Office. The national Office, intergovernmental or international organization with which the international application is filed and which checks and processes it according to the PCT and its Regulations.

Regional Phase. The equivalent to the national phase where States have appointed a regional Office having the power to grant patents effective in more than one State. As with the national phase, the regional phase follows the international phase of the PCT procedure.

Resident Filing. An application filed at the Office of or acting for the State in which the first-named applicant in the application concerned has residence. This criterion is used to compile resident patent statistics. For example, a patent application filed by a Japanese applicant at the Japan Patent Office (JPO) is considered as a resident filing for JPO statistics.

State of the Art. The level of development to which a particular area of technical subject matter has advanced at a given date, to help guide research. It consists of everything disclosed to the public, including patents and non-patent literature. In connection with a particular invention, the state of the art is decisive for determining the patentability of the invention in regard to novelty and inventive step.

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). A specialized agency of the United Nations whose objectives are to: (i) promote the protection of intellectual property worldwide; and (ii) ensure administrative cooperation among the intellectual property Unions established by the treaties that WIPO administers.

Written Opinion of the International Preliminary Examining Authority. A document, issued by the International Preliminary Examining Authority to the applicant, that indicates any observations as provided for in Rule 66.2 of the Regulations under the PCT. The written opinion of the International Searching Authority is, in general, considered as the written opinion of the International Preliminary Examining Authority.

Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority. A document established by the International Searching Authority, at the same time as the International Search Report, containing an opinion as to whether the claimed invention appears to be novel, appears to involve an inventive step (appears to be non-obvious) and appears to be industrially applicable as well as whether the international application complies with the requirements of the PCT and the Regulations under the PCT insofar as verified by the International Searching Authority.

11 PCT CONTRACTING STATES

During 2008, one new Contracting State became bound by the PCT, namely: Sao Tome and Principe (3 July 2008) - bringing the number of States which have acceded to the PCT by 31 December 2008 to 139 as follows:

_{1 Extension of European patent possible.}

₂ May only be designated for a regional patent (the "national route" via the PCT has been closed).

3 _{Only international applications filed on or after 1 January 2008 include the designation of this State for a European patent.}

_{4 Only international applications filed on or after 1 January 2009 include the designation of this State for a European patent.}

_{Where a State can be designated for a regional patent, the two-letter code for the regional patent concerned is indicated in parentheses (AP = ARIPO patent, EA = Eurasian patent, EP = European patent, OA = OAPI patent).}

PCT Contracting States in 2008

Note:

The list includes all States that have adhered to the PCT by the date indicated in the heading.

Note that even though the filing of a request constitutes under PCT Rule 4.9(a) the designation of all Contracting States bound by the PCT on the international filing date, for the granting of every kind of protection available and, where applicable, for the granting of both regional and national patents, applicants should always use the latest versions of request form (PCT/RO/101) and demand form (PCT/IPEA/401) (the latest versions are dated July 2008) or, if filing the request using the PCT-EASY features of the PCT-SAFE software, use the latest version of this software (which is available at: www.wipo.int/pct-eservices/). The request and demand forms can be printed from the website in editable PDF format, at: www.wipo.int//en/web/pct-system/forms/ or obtained from receiving Offices or the International Bureau or, in the case of the demand form, also from International Preliminary Examining Authorities.

12. MORE RESOURCES ON THE INTERNET

The following patent resources are available on the WIPO Internet:

________________________________________

¹ See official PCT fee tables [PDF]. Amounts can fluctuate with exchange rates.

² Regular updates are made at https://www.wipo.int/ipstats/en/

_{3 Estimate - WIPO continues to receive PCT international applications filed with national Offices in 2008 throughout the first half of the year 2009.}

_{4 Where complete data are available. 2007 figures (2006 for Brazil, 2004 for India) are used for direct filings (i.e. non-PCT resident and non-resident filings) and PCT national phase entries. 2008 PCT international application figures (2007 for Brazil, 2005 for India) are used for the conversion rate from resident filings to PCT international application filings, as resident filings must be converted into PCT international applications within a 12 month time limit. 2006 PCT international application figures (2005 for Brazil, 2003 for India) are used for the conversion rate from PCT international application filings to PCT national phase entries, as IA filings must be converted into PCT national phase entries within 18 months from the PCT international application filing date.}

_{5 An applicant originating from any of the States member to the European Patent Convention (see list in section 11) may choose to first file a patent application at his national Office or at the European Patent Office (In this case, the first filing is not considered as being a resident filing). As a result, the conversion rate from resident filings to PCT international application filings might be higher than would otherwise be expected.}

_{6 List available at: https://www.wipo.int/ipstats/en/statistics/pct/}

_{7 Concordance table available at: https://www.wipo.int/ipstats/en/statistics/patents/}

_{8 Based on PCT international applications filed in 2005}

_{9Transmittal under Rule 19.4 of the PCT Regulations.}

_{10 List of Offices available at: https://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/nationalphase.jsp}

_{11 https://www.wipo.int/ipstats/en/statistics/patents/}

_{12 https://www.wipo.int/ipstats/en/statistics/patents/xls/ipc_technology.xls}

_{13 If the PCT international application is filed by an applicant who is a natural person and who is a national of and resides in a State whose per capita national income is below 3,000 US dollars (according to the average per capita national income figures used by the United Nations for determining its scale of assessments for the contributions payable for the years 1995, 1996 and 1997).}

_{14 If the PCT international application is filed by an applicant, whether a natural person or not, who is a national of and resides in a State that is classed as a least developed country by the United Nations.}

_{15 See "Statistical Sources" in the Preface}

_{16 See EPC member States in Section 11}