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Comparative Analysis of National Approaches of the Liability of the Internet Intermediaries – Part 2
In this study, Professor Fernández-Diéz seeks to identify the possible commonalities among different liability doctrines. The study is divided into two parts, the second containing a conclusion resulting from the Survey (first part) which defines trends and commonalities in the treatment of the responsibility of Internet intermediaries.
Publication year: 2010
Comparative Analysis of National Approaches of the Liability of the Internet Intermediaries - Part I
In this study, Professor Seng seeks to identify the possible commonalities among different liability doctrines. The study is divided into two parts, the first consisting of a “Survey of National Legislation and Jurisprudence on the Liability of Internet Intermediaries in the Field of Copyright and Related Rights”, covering 30 jurisdictions.
Scoping Study on Copyright and Related Rights and the Public Domain
This study assesses the scope of the public domain, as defined by copyright laws, history and philosophy, before turning to the issue of its effectiveness and greater availability to the public and society at large.
The Role and Responsibility of Internet Intermediaries in the Field of Copyright and Related Rights
This study aims to identify the trends and principles governing the changing role of Internet intermediaries, summarizing the evolution of business models and outlining the complex issues to be considered in developing public policy in this field.
Comparative Analysis of National Approaches on Voluntary Copyright Relinquishment
This report is divided into three main sections. First, the report looks at copyright relinquishment in the context of current copyright law and doctrine, including issues such as the nature of protection, irrevocability and moral rights. The second section of the report is a survey of national legislation and jurisprudence on the subject. Finally, the report considers practical issues surrounding public domain dedications by looking at examples of institutions and individuals who might be interested in donating their copyright.
Publication year: 2014
World Intellectual Property Indicators - 2016
A comprehensive picture of IP activity around the world based on statistics from national and regional IP offices, WIPO and the World Bank. Covers filing, registration and renewals data for patents, utility models, trademarks, industrial designs, microorganisms and plant variety protection. Also includes an analysis of participation by women inventors in international patenting.
Publication year: 2016
The Legal Status of Video Games: Comparative Analysis in National Approaches
This report analyzes the classification that each country has adopted for video games, and provides, in the final section, a tentative classification of these complex works, considering their nature, the elements they are made of and the creative process.
Publication year: 2013
Identifying the gender of PCT inventors
Economic Research Working Paper No. 33
This paper analyzes the gender of inventors in international patent applications. We compile a worldwide gender-name dictionary, which includes 6.2 million names for 182 different countries to disambiguate the gender of PCT inventors. Our results suggest that there is a gender imbalance in PCT applications, but the proportion of women inventors is improving over time. We also find that the rates of women participation differ substantially across countries, technological fields and sectors.
Technology Transfer in Countries in Transition: Policy and Recommendations
This Study consists of thorough analysis of how business and research are intertwined. It focuses on different mechanisms and models of technology transfer.
Publication year: 2012
Management of Academic Intellectual Property and Early Stage Innovation in Countries in Transition
In order to determine the most effective management methods WIPO carried out a survey amongst universities and independent research institutions to determine the present practices and bottlenecks in the field of university Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) management. The results are grouped around three main areas: technology transfer organizations, research and academic IPR management and transfer of technology. Created guidelines provide insight into such vital aspects of management as: managing patent portfolios, choosing the most effective commercialization strategy, technology management and others. This Study is targeted at universities, technology professionals, scientists, IPR professionals and patent attorneys, innovation agents, innovative SMEs and other entities interested in assisting the utilization and commercialization of the economically valuable IPRs.
Recommendations for Strengthening the Role of Innovative Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in Countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States
New technologies and knowledge, forming real concrete benefits, are becoming a defining factor for economic growth and for the development of the society. The exclusive significance of the innovation component of small and medium-sized business are of great significance for the economic and social development .Taking into the account the heightened risks accompanying the introduction of new technologies by SMEs and the enormous potential possibilities that comes with such new technologies, in economic and social terms, governments should undertake efforts and offer privileges to motivate innovation activities among SMEs.
Teaching Intellectual Property (IP) in Countries in Transition
The purpose of this Study is to identify the special needs of countries in transition with respect to intellectual property training and education, to define the different goals and objectives of such training, and to facilitate the development of a core curriculum and innovative methodologies for teaching IP in countries in transition.
Intellectual property use in middle income countries: the case of Chile
Economic Research Working Paper No. 43
We analyze the use of intellectual property (IP) by firms in Chile over the decade 1995-2005 as the then middle-income country experienced rapid economic growth of 4.7 percent per year. We use a novel dataset that contains a combination of detailed firm-level information from the annual manufacturing census, information on firms' innovative activities from Chile's innovation surveys, and firms' patent, industrial design, and trademark filings with the Chilean IP office. We use these data to look at how IP use by companies has changed over time and analyze the determinants of IP use, in particular first-time use. We find that sales growth prompts first-time use of patents and trademarks, though such use does not change the growth trajectory of firms nor does it improve their total factor productivity. We also find that trademark use is associated with new-to-the-world product innovation, which suggests that branding may be an important mechanism to appropriate returns to innovation in a middle-income country like Chile.
Publication year: 2018
IP4Youth&Teachers
A multi-purpose IP education resource
Enhancing Innovation in the Ugandan Agri-Food Sector: Robusta Coffee Planting Material & Tropical Fruit Processing
Economic Research Working Paper No. 42
Uganda's innovation performance in recent years has consistently outpaced other low-income and Sub-Saharan African countries. Though encouraging, this nascent progress will only benefit the broader Ugandan population if policy makers address specific constraints in the innovation systems of the critical agri-food sector, which is hampered by low productivity and profitability. In this report, we explore these constraints using an agricultural value chains framework with particular focus on the Robusta Coffee Planting Material Pipeline and tropical fruit processing.
WIPO Magazine, Issue 2/2018 (April)
The WIPO Magazine explores intellectual property, creativity and innovation in action across the world.
Celebrating 20 years of IP Education and Training - The WIPO Academy Year in Review 2017
This report introduces the work of the Academy, highlights our achievements in 2017 and shines a light on some of the Academy's achievements in the past 20 years.
Japan FIT/IP Global
Activities in Africa and LDCs – 2019
The History of Japan FIT/IP for Africa and Least Developed Countries (LDCs)
Publication year: 2019
The Global Publishing Industry in 2016
A Pilot Survey by the IPA and WIPO
The International Publishers Association (IPA) and the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) joined forces to pilot a new survey of global publishing activity in 2016. The survey covered three market segments: retail; educational; and scholarly, academic and scientific (SAS) publishing. In total, 35 national publishers associations and copyright authorities responded to the survey.
WIPO GREEN
Connecting sustainable technology users and providers
WIPO GREEN is a global marketplace that promotes green tech innovation and diffusion. This short brochure outlines the benefits of joining WIPO GREEN in order to collaborate on projects and events, leverage its global network, increase visibility and join the fight against climate change.
WIPO GREEN - Year in Review 2017
Another successful and productive year for WIPO GREEN! This Year in Review report summarizes WIPO GREEN highlights and achievements as the network expanded both in membership, collaborations and events.
WIPO Magazine, Issue 1/2018 (February)
A Guide to Intellectual Property Issues in Access and Benefit-sharing Agreements
An essential complement to the WIPO Database of Access and Benefit-sharing Agreements, this guide offers users and providers of genetic resources an accessible overview of intellectual property issues in access and benefit-sharing agreements.
Technology and Innovation Support Centers (TISCs) Report 2017
This Annual Report highlights key trends and milestones of the TISC program since its launch in 2009, with a focus on the main achievements and developments in 2017.
WIPO Academy
Celebrating 20 years of the WIPO Academy
WIPO Magazine, Issue 3/2018 (June)
WIPO Program and Budget
for the 2018/19 biennium
The Program and Budget is a defining document for the Organization. It establishes the results that Member States wish to see achieved by the Organization over the coming biennium and authorizes the programs and resources necessary for the realization for those results.
Publication year: 2017
Promoting Medical Innovation and Access, Together
Global Challenges Brief
An overview of issues relevant to debates about solutions to global challenges, such as climate change, public health and food security.
Publication year: 2015
When policy meets evidence: What's next in the discussion on intellectual property, technology transfer & the environment?
Publication year: 2011
WIPO Magazine, Issue 5/2015 (October)
Report of the Director General to the 2015 WIPO Assemblies
This report is a presentation of the work accomplished by the Organization during the year that has passed since the last meeting of the WIPO Assemblies.
WIPO Magazine, Issue 4/2015 (August)
Geneva Act of the Lisbon Agreement on Appellations of Origin and Geographical Indications
The Geneva Act allows the international registration of geographical indications (GIs), in addition to appellations of origin, and permits the accession to the Lisbon Agreement by certain intergovernmental organizations.
World Intellectual Property Indicators - 2015
This annual publication provides a wide range of indicators covering the following areas of intellectual property: patents, utility models, trademarks, industrial designs, microorganisms and plant variety protection. It draws on data from national and regional IP offices, WIPO and the World Bank.
Breakthrough technologies – Robotics, innovation and intellectual property
Economic Research Working Paper No. 30
Robotics technology and the increasing sophistication of artificial intelligence are breakthrough innovations with significant growth prospects and the potential to disrupt existing economic and social facets of everyday life. Few studies have analyzed the developments of robotics innovation. This paper closes this gap by analyzing how innovation in robotics is taking place, how it diffuses, and what role intellectual property plays.
Economic growth and breakthrough innovations: A case study of nanotechnology
Economic Research Working Paper No. 29
This paper examines the role of intellectual property and other innovation incentives in the development of one field of breakthrough innovation: nanotechnology. Because nanotechnology is an enabling technology across a wide range of fields, the nanotechnology innovation ecosystem appears to be a microcosm of the global innovation ecosystem. Part I describes the nature of nanotechnology and its economic contribution, Part II explores the nanotechnology innovation ecosystem, and Part III focuses on the role of IP systems in the development of nanotechnology.
3D printing and the intellectual property system
Economic Research Working Paper No. 28
Three-dimensional (3D) printing – or “additive manufacturing” – technologies differ from traditional molding and casting manufacturing processes in that they build 3D objects by successively creating layers of material on top of each other. Rooted in manufacturing research of the 1980s, 3D printing has evolved into a broad set of technologies that could fundamentally alter production processes in a wide set of technology areas. This report investigates, from the perspective of an intellectual property scholar, how 3D printing technology has developed over the last few decades, how intellectual property rights have shaped this breakthrough innovation and how 3D printing technologies could challenge the intellectual property rights system in the future.
Breakthrough technologies – Semiconductor, innovation and intellectual property
Economic Research Working Paper No. 27
Semiconductor technology is at the origin of today's digital economy. Its contribution to innovation, productivity and economic growth in the past four decades has been extensive. This paper analyzes how this breakthrough technology came about, how it diffused, and what role intellectual property played historically.
Intellectual property rights and pharmaceuticals: The case of antibiotics
Economic Research Working Paper No. 26
The development and diffusion of antibiotics contributed to large improvements in human health and living standards. The antibiotic revolution also spawned the modern pharmaceutical industry. This paper reviews the development of the early antibiotics, and the roles of intellectual property rights (in particular, patents) in their development and diffusion.
Breakthrough innovations in aircraft and the intellectual property system, 1900-1975
Economic Research Working Paper No. 25
Modern commercial aircraft are complex products that incorporate innovations in technologies ranging from advanced materials to software and electronics. Although commercial aircraft assuredly qualify as a transformative innovation, in fact today's commercial aircraft are the result of a process of incremental innovation and improvement that dates back more than a century. A great many of these improvements and incremental innovations originated from government-supported R&D programs sponsored by the military services or government research laboratories. The adoption of commercial-aircraft innovations within many industrial economies, including the United States, also has been influenced by government regulation of air transportation. This paper provides a historical characterization of the innovation and record of technical progress in US commercial aircraft during the 1900-1975 period. It identifies the sources of support for innovation and technological adoption, and examines the origins and impacts of “breakthrough innovations” on the overall evolution of the global commercial aircraft industry. The paper also assesses the role of patents in these important innovations.
World Intellectual Property Report 2015 - Breakthrough Innovation and Economic Growth
WIPO's latest World Intellectual Property Report (WIPR) explores the role of IP at the nexus of innovation and economic growth, focusing on the impact of breakthrough innovations.
The Use of Intellectual Property in Chile
Economic Research Working paper 11
This study describes patterns and trends of intellectual property (IP) use in Chile, drawing on a new database containing all patent, trademark, utility model, and design filings received by the Chilean IP office over the period 1991-2010. Among other things, the study offers insights into the drivers of filing growth, the origin of filings, the distribution of applicants, the importance of different applicant types, the share of filings by different economic sectors, the relevance of IP bundles, and the patenting behavior of Chilean applicants overseas.
The Informal Economy, Innovation and Intellectual Property: Concepts, Metrics and Policy Considerations
Economic Research Working Paper No. 10
The authors connect concepts, definitions and data regarding the informal economy, innovation, and intellectual property in order to establish a framework for further qualitative and quantitative research and the improvement of public policies in respect of these issues.
The Economics of Copyright and the Internet: Moving to an Empirical Assessment Relevant in the Digital Era
Economic Research Working Paper No. 9
Technology and the Internet have triggered important changes to how creative works are created and accessed, and how creators and copyright-based industries generate their revenues. The authors reassess the economics of copyright in the light of these changes. After providing an introduction to the economics of copyright, they analyze the changes to the baseline copyright model triggered by the new technological landscape. Then, they assess the empirical economic work on copyright so far, and suggest future avenues of research and related data needs.
Measuring the International Mobility of Inventors: A New Database
Economic Research Working Paper No.8
This paper has two objectives. First, it describes a new database mapping migratory patterns of inventors, extracted from information included in patent applications filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty. It explains in detail the information contained in the database and discusses the usefulness and reliability of the underlying data. Second, the paper provides a descriptive overview of inventor migration patterns, based on the information contained in the newly constructed database.
How Does Geographical Mobility of Inventors Influence Network Formation?
Economic Research Working Paper No. 7
The goal of this paper is to assess the influence of spatial mobility of knowledge workers on the formation of ties of scientific and industrial collaboration across European regions. Co-location has been traditionally invoked to ease formal collaboration between individuals and firms, since tie formation costs increase with physical distance between partners. In some instances, highly-skilled actors might become mobile and bridge regional networks across separate locations. This paper estimates a fixed effects logit model to ascertain precisely whether there exists a ‘previous co-location premium' in the formation of networks across European regions.
What Makes Companies Pursue an Open Science Strategy?
Economic Research Working Paper No. 6
This paper explores the motivations of firms that disclose research outcomes in a scientific format. Besides considering an internal firm dimension, the authors focus particularly on knowledge sourcing from academic institutions and the appropriability regime using a cost-benefit framework. The analysis provides evidence that the access to important scientific knowledge imposes the adoption of academic disclosure principles, whereas the mere existence of collaborative links with academic institutions is not a strong predictor. Furthermore, the results suggest that overall industry conditions are influential in shaping the cost-benefit rationale of firms with respect to scientific disclosure.
Getting Patents and Economic Data to Speak to Each Other: An “Algorithmic Links with Probabilities” Approach for Joint Analyses of Patenting and Economic Activity
Economic Research Working Paper No. 5
In this paper, the authors describe and explore a new algorithmic approach to constructing concordances between the International Patent Classification (IPC) system and industry classification systems that organize economic data. This ‘Algorithmic Links with Probabilities' (ALP) approach incorporates text analysis software and keyword extraction programs and applies them to a comprehensive patent dataset. The authors conclude with a discussion on some of the possible applications of the concordance and provide a sample analysis that uses their preferred ALP concordance to analyze international patent flows based on trade patterns.
The State of Patenting at Research Institutions in Developing Countries: Policy Approaches and Practices
Economic Research Working Paper No. 4
This study discusses the opportunities and challenges offered by patents to foster technology transfer from government funded research institutions in developing countries. It presents a review of policy frameworks and recent policy changes aimed to foster academic patenting and technology transfer in low- and middle-income countries. It then analyzes patenting activities by universities and public research organizations and compares these trends with respect to high-income countries. This analysis is complemented with an assessment of the current state of patenting and technology commercialization practices in a selected group of technology transfer offices.
Disembodied Knowledge Flows in the World Economy
Economic Research Working Paper No. 3
The authors outline the main trends in the growth of disembodied technology trade vis-a-vis international licensing and the trade in research and development and technical services. They show that there is considerable heterogeneity across countries in the form of technology trade that countries specialize in and also suggest these are related to underlying appropriability conditions and intellectual property rights regimes.
Basic, Applied and Experimental Knowledge and Productivity: Further Evidence
Economic Research Working Paper No. 2
Analyzing a novel dataset, the authors find significantly positive effects of basic, and applied and experimental knowledge stocks on domestic output and productivity for a panel of 10 OECD countries. This updates the work of, among others, Mansfield (1980), Griliches (1986) and Adams (1990), at an international setting.
How Robust is the R&D - Productivity Relationship? Evidence from OECD Countries
Economic Research Working Paper No. 1
The authors examine the robustness of research and development (R&D) and productivity relationship in a panel of 16 OECD countries. They control for fifteen productivity determinants predicted by different theoretical models. R&D and human capital emerge robust in all specifications making them universal drivers of productivity across nations. Most other determinants are also significant. Productivity relationships are heterogonous across countries depending on their accumulated stocks of knowledge and human capital.
The Intersection of Intellectual Property Rights and Innovation Policy Making - A Literature Review
This report (literature review) provides an overview of academic writing on the role IP has played in innovation policy-making over the last two decades.
Integrating Intellectual Property into Innovation Policy Formulation in Rwanda
Part of a series of WIPO-produced country reports, reviewing IP in national innovation systems. Each report offers country-specific recommendations for more effectively using the IP system to strengthen national innovation systems.
Integrating Intellectual Property into Innovation Policy Formulation in Serbia
Integrating Intellectual Property into Innovation Policy Formulation in Sri Lanka
This report presents a review of Sri Lanka's national innovation system, including in-depth stakeholder interviews regarding the extent to which intellectual property (IP) has been integrated therein. It also provides focused recommendations, adapted to the specific national context, for improving reliance on the IP system.
Integrating Intellectual Property into Innovation Policy Formulation in Trinidad and Tobago
Guidelines for Preparing Patent Landscape Reports
These Guidelines are designed both for general users of patent information, as well as for those involved in producing Patent Landscape Reports (PLRs). They provide step-by-step instructions on how to prepare a PLR, as well as background information such as objectives, patent analytics, concepts and frameworks.
Patent Landscape Report on Assistive Devices and Technologies for Visually and Hearing Impaired Persons
This is the first report of the WIPO Patent Landscape Report series in the area of disabilities. It presents research on various assistive devices and technologies, includes an analysis on the geographical distribution of patent protection of these technologies, and features business data on major patent portfolios as well as a round-up of key innovators. Additionally, the report touches on technologies serving the same goals as the Marrakesh Treaty and the Accessible Book Consortium (ABC), namely those facilitating access of visually and hearing impaired persons to published works.
WIPO Magazine, Issue 3/2015 (June)
Innovation and Diffusion of Green Technologies: The Role of Intellectual Property and Other Enabling Factors
Global Challenges Report
Global Innovation Index 2015
Effective Innovation Policies for Development
The Global Innovation Index ranks the innovation performance of 141 countries and economies around the world, based on 79 indicators. This edition explores the impact of innovation-oriented policies on economic growth and development. High-income and developing countries alike are seeking innovation-driven growth through different strategies. Some countries are successfully improving their innovation capacity, while others still struggle.
WIPO Re:Search: Sharing Innovation in the Fight Against Neglected Tropical Diseases
Private International Law Issues in Online Intellectual Property Infringement Disputes with Cross-Border Elements
An Analysis of National Approaches
The objective of this report is to contribute to the understanding of the issues at the interface between private international law and intellectual property through an empirical study, and to identify possible future activities in this area.
Madrid System for the International Registration of Marks 2006
Comprehensive facts, figures and analysis of the international registration of marks.
Publication year: 2007
Madrid System for the International Registration of Marks 2007
Publication year: 2008
Madrid System for the International Registration of Marks 2008
Publication year: 2009
Yearly Review of the PCT: 2002
Comprehensive facts, figures and analysis of the international patent system.
Publication year: 2003
Yearly Review of the PCT: 2003
Publication year: 2004
The International Patent System in 2004
Yearly review of the PCT
Publication year: 2005
Sources of Biopharmaceutical Innovation: An Assessment of Intellectual Property
Economic Research Working Paper No. 24
An analysis of new, FDA-approved molecular entities reveals dynamism in terms of new innovation. An assessment of the first patent for each drug reveals that the pharmaceutical industry, particularly large, established companies in North America, tend to dominate the field. Whereas inventors continue to found biotechnology companies at a steady rate, recent trends suggest these inventors more often come from the private sector.
The Use of Intellectual Property in Brazil
Economic Research Working Paper No. 23
This study describes patterns and trends of intellectual property use in Brazil, drawing on a new statistical database (BADEPI).
Trademarks Squatters: Evidence from Chile
Economic Research Working Paper No. 22
This paper explores the phenomenon of “trademark squatting” – a situation in which someone other than the original brand owner obtains a trademark on a brand. The authors develop a model that shows how squatting results from market uncertainty that leads brand owners to rationally forgo registering trademarks, creating opportunities for squatting. They create an algorithm to identify squatters in the Chilean trademark register and show empirically that squatting is a persistent and systematic phenomenon. Using data on trademark oppositions, the authors find that squatting leads brand owners that have been exposed to squatting to “over-protect” their brands by registering disproportionately many trademarks and covering classes other than those directly related to their products and services. Trademark squatting, therefore, creates a strategic, albeit excessive, response by brand owners which inflates trademark filings.
Defining and Measuring the “Market for Brands”: Are Emerging Economies Catching Up?
Economic Research Working Paper No. 21
Markets for brands, as defined in this paper, play an important but underappreciated economic role in today's global economy. The ability to use Market for Brands allows companies to diversify their business; access competences; and generate new revenues without substantial investments. This paper defines and provides a taxonomy for different brand markets then analyzes the economic rationale of such markets. It also assesses the relative importance of the different brand-related transaction types in developed and emerging economies alike.
International Patenting Strategies of Chinese Residents: An Analysis of Foreign-Oriented Patent Families
Economic Research Working Paper No. 20
This paper analyzes Chinese patenting abroad by using WIPO's foreign-oriented patent family dataset and a respective enterprise questionnaire. It finds that by the turn of the century China emerged as major actor in terms of international patenting. While this is changing rapidly, the share of Chinese patents which get filed abroad is still a fraction of total patents filed at home and most patents still also only target one foreign IP office. Chinese foreign-oriented patent families are concentrated in a few technology fields, and a few Chinese firms are responsible for a large share of total Chinese patents filed abroad.
The Emergence of An Educational Tool Industry: Opportunities and Challenges for Innovation in Education
Economic Research Working Paper No. 19
This paper describes the emergence of a population of firms specialized in developing and commercializing educational tools and instructional technologies, and discusses whether this trend can be seen as part of the solution to the innovation deficit and cost disease problems in this sector.
The Egyptian Information Technology Sector and the Role of Intellectual Property: Economic Assessment and Recommendations
Economic Research Working Paper No. 18
This paper discusses the state of innovation in the Egyptian information technology sector (IT) and seeks to identify the current and potential role of intellectual property (IP) for this sector as well as the links between IP and innovation and foreign direct investment. The paper proposes IP-related policies which could contribute to promoting domestic innovation.
Inventor Data for Research on Migration and Innovation: A Survey and a Pilot
Economic Research Working Paper No. 17
This paper discusses the existing literature on migration and innovation, with special emphasis on empirical studies based on patent and inventor data. Other sources of micro-data are examined, too, for comparative purposes. A pilot database, based on patent filings at the European Patent Office is presented. It contains information on individual inventors, including their country of residence and of origin. Preliminary evidence suggests that immigrant inventors contribute to innovation not only in the United States, but also in selected European countries, where they often rank among the most productive individuals.
U.S. High-Skilled Immigration, Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Empirical Approaches and Evidence
Economic Research Working Paper No. 16
High-skilled immigrants are a very important component of U.S. innovation and entrepreneurship. Studies regarding the impact of immigrants on natives tend to find limited consequences in the short-run, while the results in the long-run are more varied and much less certain. Immigrants in the United States aid business and technology exchanges with their home countries, but the overall effect that the migration has on the home country remains unclear. Little is known about return migration of workers engaged in innovation and entrepreneurship, except that it is rapidly growing in importance.
Diaspora Networks, Knowledge Flows and Brain Drain
Economic Research Working Paper No. 15
The paper summarizes key findings from the literature on how distance, relationships and ethnic ties influence knowledge flows, and describes a model that relates emigration and the diaspora to knowledge flows. It recaps a key study that reports evidence of a link from the diaspora and knowledge flows to home country manufacturing productivity. The study summarizes the ways in which intellectual property (IP) protection may influence knowledge flow patterns through incentives (market for ideas) and disincentives (anticommons). Finally, it speculates on how diaspora knowledge flows and IP may alleviate developing country low-productivity equilibria (“poverty traps”) caused by an underinvestment in specialized human capital.
An "Algorithmic Links with Probabilities" Concordance for Trademarks For Disaggregated Analysis of Trademark and Economic Data
Economic Research Working Paper No. 14
The authors propose an ‘Algorithmic Links with Probabilities' (ALP) approach to match Trademarks (TMs) data to economic data and enable these data to speak to each other. Specifically, they construct a NICE Class Level concordance that maps TM data into trade and industry categories forward and backward. This concordance allows researchers to analyze differences in TM usage across both economic and TM sectors. In this paper, the authors apply this ALP concordance for TMs to characterize patterns in TM applications across countries, industries, income levels and more. They also use the concordance to investigate some of the key determinants of international technology transfer by comparing bilateral TM applications and bilateral patent applications.
Brands as Productive Assets: Concepts, Measurement, and Global Trends
Economic Research Working Paper No. 13
The paper looks at brands from an economic point of view. It defines concepts; analyzes the conditions under which brands are long-lived productive assets and contribute to economic growth; and reviews the measurement of investment in brands. It finds that a productive role for brands is consistent with assumptions used in the economic analysis of innovation. Finally it offers an analysis of economic development that suggests branding rises with growth.
World Intellectual Property Indicators - 2013
WIPO's World Intellectual Property Indicators 2013 provides a wide range of indicators covering the following areas of intellectual property: patents, utility models, trademarks, industrial designs, microorganisms and plant varieties protection. It draws on data from national and regional IP offices, WIPO, the World Bank and UNESCO.
Patent Landscape Report on E-Waste Recycling Technologies
The report covers in detail patent applications and granted patents within the space of e-waste processing, and the recycling and recovery of materials from consumer products at the end of their useful life. Additionally, the report uses reference information, such as news and other business data sources to extend the information into real-world applicability, and also to verify the interest and commercial activity of entities mentioned within the study.
World Intellectual Property Report 2013: Brand - Reputation and Image in the Global Marketplace
WIPO's World Intellectual Property Report 2013 explores the role that brands play in today's global marketplace. The Report looks at how branding behavior and trademark use have evolved in recent history, how they differ across countries, what is behind markets for brands, what lessons economic research holds for trademark policy, and how branding strategies influence companies' innovation activities.
Marrakesh Treaty to Facilitate Access to Published Works for Persons Who Are Blind, Visually Impaired or Otherwise Print Disabled
The full text of the Marrakesh Treaty to Facilitate Access to Published Works for Persons Who Are Blind, Visually Impaired, or Otherwise Print Disabled.
Implications of the TRIPS Agreement on treaties administered by WIPO
This study examines each of the 73 articles of the TRIPS Agreement. Where an article has implications for a WIPO administered treaty, there is an in-depth examination of that article, pointing out possible changes in the obligations of a state. This study does not constitute an official interpretation of the WIPO administered treaties nor of the TRIPS Agreement.
Publication year: 1996
WIPO Magazine, Issue 5/2013 (October)
Contracting Parties or Signatories to Treaties Administered by WIPO
Members of the WIPO Assemblies and other Bodies and Committees. Members of the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV). Status on April 15, 2019
Transforming Greenhouse Gas Emissions into Energy
WIPO Green Case Study 4
Jenbacher engines are being used in several biogas projects that turn manure into energy.
WIPO IP Facts and Figures 2014
An overview of intellectual property activity based on the latest available year of complete statistics.
WIPO Magazine, Issue 1/2015 (February)
WIPO Magazine, Issue 6/2014 (December)
WIPO Magazine, Issue 5/2014 (October)
World Intellectual Property Indicators - 2014
Patent Cooperation Treaty Yearly Review - 2015
The International Patent System
Comprehensive facts, figures and analysis of the international patent system. Special theme: the most active applicants in the PCT System
WIPO Magazine, Issue 2/2015 (April)
Alternatives in Patent Search and Examination
Policy Guide
One of the important tasks of a patent office is to decide whether a patent shall be granted, or an application shall be refused, based on the procedures and patentability requirements under the applicable national law. Making such decisions accurately, effectively and efficiently is a complex mission, since many patent offices receive a constantly growing volume of patent applications of increasing complexity.
Hague Yearly Review - International Registrations of Industrial Designs - 2015
Comprehensive facts, figures and analysis of the international registration of industrial designs.
Patent Landscape Report on Microalgae-Related Technologies
This report aims to provide patent based information on available technologies and patenting trends in the area of microalgae. It covers in detail patent applications and granted patents within the space of microalgae and has revealed several interesting facets of research and innovation related to that area. Expected to be the 3rd generation biofuels solution, microalgae have quickly been developed for the biofuel industry with a marked inflection point in 2006. Lipids and pigments, which are the second metabolites of interest, also developed early on, still continue to see a steady growth in recent years.