World Intangible Investment Highlights

Geneva, 25 June 2024

Key trends and insights

Co-published annually by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) in partnership with the Luiss Business School (LBS), the World Intangible Investment Highlights reveal that intangible investments grew at three times the rate of tangible investments between 2008–2023, proving resilient despite economic uncertainty and tighter monetary conditions. Indeed, investment into intangible assets, such as research and development (R&D), software and data, brands and design (box 1), has consistently outpaced investment in tangible assets, such as machinery and equipment, since 2008. As a result, investment into intangible assets constitutes a growing share of gross domestic product (GDP) among the economies covered by this report.

The World Intangible Investment Highlights and its underlying Global INTAN-Invest Database offer novel, up-to-date cross-country, quarterly and annual measures of investment into intangible assets, including those not included in official statistics. The statistics provided cover a range of high-income and emerging economies (starting with India). This represents a significant advancement for evidence-based policymaking (see boxes 1 and 2).

Below are seven stylized global trends in intangible investment across a wide range of intangible asset types.

Stylized fact 1: Despite multiple crises and interest rates increasing, intangible investment has grown three times faster than tangible investment between 2008–2023

• Among the 26 economies covered by this report, which together accounted for 52 percent of global GDP in 2023, total intangible investment has consistently outpaced total tangible investment since 2008 (figure 1).

• Intangible investment has also shown remarkable resilience compared to tangible investment in periods of crisis, both during the 2008–2010 Financial Crisis, and the COVID-19 pandemic (see also Stylized fact 2).

• The gap between intangible and tangible investment has widened significantly since the COVID-19 pandemic, despite higher interest rates having stifled various forms of investment and a downturn in innovation finance having affected venture capital, which is an important source of financing for intangibles.

• In 2023, intangible investment accounted for over 16 percent of GDP in highly intangible-intensive economies like Sweden, the United States of America (US) and France (see figure 2). Figure 2 shows the full sample of the economies covered by this report, ranged in decreasing order according to intangible investment intensity (as a share of GDP) in 2023.

• A trend showing intangible investment growing faster than tangible investment, especially over the last decade, is also evident at the country level (see figure 3, where countries are arranged in decreasing order according to intangible investment growth rate).

• Among all the large economies depicted in figure 3, intangible investment grew faster than tangible investment between 2013–2023.

• India was the country that experienced the fastest growth in intangible investment from 2011 to 2020 (the latest year available). India was followed by Sweden and the US, the two most intensive economies in terms of intangible investment as a share of GDP (see figures 2 and 3).

• Among those economies recording the fastest intangible investment growth between 2013–2023, there are economies with both a relatively lower intensity of intangible investment (as a share of GDP), such as Lithuania (growing at 9 percent) and Croatia (6.5 percent), and those with a relatively higher intensity of intangible investment, such as Luxembourg (growing at 7.8 percent) and Estonia (7.2 percent) (omitted in figure 3 for brevity).

• The United Kingdom (UK) stands out in figure 3 for having a relatively slower rate of intangible investment growth between 2013–2023, compared to other major economies within the European Union (EU) and also to the US. The UK saw a similar growth rate for intangible (2.8 percent) and tangible (2.7 percent) investment during this period.

Stylized fact 2: Intangible investment levels have been found to be more resilient than those of tangible investment during economic crises

• In response to the COVID-19 shock, tangible investment fell more sharply compared to intangible investment. This was evident in all the sample major economies (figure 4).

• The nature of intangible investment makes it potentially more resilient and less sensitive to economic shocks that disrupt physical supply and demand than is tangible investment.

• The resilience of intangible investment (relative to tangible investment) is also remarkable in light of the recent period of increasing interest rates and a downturn in innovation finance that has affected venture capital, which is an important source of financing for intangibles.

The relative resilience of intangible investment is suggested by the change in GDP shares of intangible investment before and after the COVID-19 crisis (see figure 5, where countries are arranged in decreasing order of the difference in GDP share between the 2018–2019 and 2022–2023 periods). Luxembourg, France and Sweden were the countries that saw the largest increase in intangible investment as a share of GDP between the two periods. On the other hand, Croatia, Slovenia and Slovakia saw the largest decrease in intangible investment as a share of GDP between the same periods.

Stylized fact 3: Software and data and brands are the two fastest growing types of intangible asset, both growing three times faster than R&D between 2011–2021

• The fastest growing types of intangible asset over the last decade have been software and data, followed by brands, organizational capital, and new financial products (figure 6).

• Software and data and brands grew three times faster than R&D between the period 2011–2021. ⁽¹⁾In the Global INTAN-Invest Database, estimates by asset type are available only up to 2021, in order to be consistent with official statistical releases of investment by asset type.  

• Investment in other IP products (mineral exploration and artistic, entertainment and literary originals) declined between 2011–2021.

Stylized fact 4: Among intangible assets, organizational capital dominates, making up nearly twice the share of total intangible investment claimed by software and data

• Organizational capital leads among various intangible asset types, making up close to 30 percent of total intangible investment, followed by R&D (19 percent), software and data (16 percent), then brands (14 percent) and design (10 percent) (figure 7).

Stylized fact 5: The United States leads in terms of absolute levels of investment in 2023, with a figure six times higher than second-ranked France

• Aggregate intangible investment levels went up from USD 2.9 trillion in 1995 to USD 6.9 trillion in 2023, more than doubling in real terms. In contrast, tangible investment rose from USD 2.7 trillion in 1995 to USD 4.66 trillion in 2023, marking a 73 percent increase.

• The US vastly outperforms other countries in terms of levels of intangible investment, followed by the EU-22 aggregate, which reaches about 60 percent of the US level. ⁽²⁾The EU-22 economies are Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden.

• In 2023, the level of intangible investment for the US was more than six times that of France, which ranked second among the sample economies.

• Germany, the UK and Japan complete the top 5 economies in terms of absolute levels of intangible investment in 2023 (figure 8).

• Among EU-22 economies, France and Germany followed similar trajectories until 2020, after which time France’s level of intangible investment surged ahead of Germany's (figure 9). In a similar vein, Germany started outperforming the UK from 2018 onwards. Other top performing EU-22 economies include Italy, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Spain, Poland and Sweden.

• India’s performance is also comparable with that of certain advanced economies, its intangible investment level in 2020 (the latest year available) being close to that of Sweden. Data for other emerging economies (Brazil, China, Indonesia, South Africa and Viet Nam), and high-income economies like Republic of Korea are not yet available, but will be considered in future editions of the Global INTAN-Invest Database.

Stylized fact 6: Intangible investment constitutes a growing share of GDP, relative to tangible investment

• Among economies with a high intensity of intangible investment, the gap between intangible and tangible investment (as a share of GDP) has been widening (figure 10).

• In contrast, among economies with a lower intensity of intangible investment, the gap has been narrowing, with intangible investment catching up with tangible investment (figure 11).

• The widest gap between intangible and tangible investment as a share of GDP is seen in the case of the US, where intangible investment’s share of GDP was nearly twice that of tangible investment in 2023. Sweden ranked first in terms of intangible investment as a share of GDP, then the US, followed by France. Among EU-22 countries, France, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Denmark and Finland (ranked in decreasing order of intangible investment as a share of GDP) outperformed Germany, Italy and Spain.

• Conversely, among those sample countries where tangible investment as a share of GDP was higher than that of intangible investment, the gap between the two has been narrowing over time.

• India has experienced a similar trend, with tangible investment falling and intangible investment as a share of GDP rising slightly (see Stylized fact 7).

• The exception to date is Japan. Its intangible investment (as a share of GDP) has remained somewhat flat over recent years, whereas tangible investment declined steadily until 2010, but has since trended upward (see figure 11).

Stylized fact 7: Intangible investment growth is outpacing tangible investment in India, too

• Intangible investment in India has been growing faster than tangible investment. The difference is even more stark when the informal sector is excluded (figure 12).

• In line with Stylized fact 6, the gap between intangible and tangible investment as a share of India’s GDP has been narrowing over time (figure 13a).

• Excluding the informal sector, intangible investment in 2019 made up over 10 percent of India’s GDP, which is comparable to the EU-22 average (about 10 percent) and higher than in Japan (about 9 percent). In figure 13b, data from 2019 was used to avoid the potential COVID-19-related confounding effects present in 2020. Notably, the GDP share of intangible investment in India in 2019 (10.4 percent) was comparable to that in 2020 (9.4 percent), indicating a continuing trend despite the pandemic-related disruptions.

• Intangible investment intensity and the level of PPP-adjusted GDP per capita are found to be positively correlated (figure 14). India lies above the correlation line, reflecting a higher intangible investment intensity (relative to its level of GDP per capita) than what is predicted by the correlation line (dotted line in figure 14).

Box 2 About the project and its measurement approach 

The WIPO–LBS Partnership on Intangible Assets in the Global Economy aims to generate up-to-date global estimates of investment in intangible assets. Co-published by the World Intellectual Property Organization and the Luiss Business School, the World Intangible Investment Highlights serves as the key reference publication for the latest statistics on global investment in intangible assets available in the Global INTAN-Invest Database.

Measurement gaps: Despite the importance of intangible investment in driving innovation, productivity and economic growth, our understanding of its size, composition and impact remains limited owing to measurement challenges. The “non-physical” nature of intangible assets makes them intrinsically hard to measure and report. Many intangible asset types, such as brands or design, are not recognized as an investment under national accounting frameworks, with the result that about 60 percent of investment in intangible assets goes unmeasured (box figure 2.1).

• Existing estimates of intangible investment (especially of those asset types that are not included in national accounting frameworks) suffer from gaps in coverage and time lags.

• Such estimates are typically available with a delay of two to three years and then only annually and for a limited set of advanced economies (e.g., the EU, Japan, the UK and the US).

• This project aims to produce both yearly and quarterly estimates of intangible investment in a timely manner, with 2023 data being available in June 2024. Additionally, this project expands coverage beyond advanced economies to include emerging economies, starting with India.

• Ultimately, the goal is to empower as many countries as possible to generate data independently, through technical capacity-building efforts worldwide.

Coverage: The latest June 2024 release of this dataset offers annual and quarterly estimates of intangible investment, spanning from 1995 to 2023, for a total of 31 economies, including 27 EU economies (Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden) plus India, Japan, the UK and the US.

The measurement framework: Global INTAN-Invest follows the National Accounts framework proposed by  Corrado, Hulten and Sichel (2009), see box figure 2.2, covering both unmeasured and measured intangible assets (refer to box figure 2.1)

Box figure 2.2 Intangible assets under the Corrado, Hulten and Sichel frameworkSource: Adapted from Corrado, Hulten and Sichel (2005, 2009).

This partnership is blessed with the participation of the African Union Development Agency (AUDA-NEPAD), the European Investment Bank (EIB), the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the US Bureau of Economic Analysis and the World Bank, as a part of the project’s Steering Committee.

Contact: intangibles@wipo.int and globalintaninvest@luissbusinessschool.it 

References

Corrado, C., C. Hulten and D. Sichel (2005). Measuring capital and technology: An expanded framework. In Corrado, C., J. Haltiwanger and D. Sichel (eds), Measuring Capital in the New Economy. University of Chicago Press, 11–46. Available at: www.nber.org/books-and-chapters/measuring-capital-new-economy.

Corrado, C., C. Hulten and D. Sichel (2009). Intangible capital and U.S. economic growth. Review of Income and Wealth, 55(3), 661–685. Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-4991.2009.00343.x.