Main text(s)

Estonian Võlaõigusseadus (konsolideeritud tekst 21.03.2016)

English Law of Obligations Act (consolidated text of March 21, 2016)

Law of Obligations Act (consolidated text of March 21, 2016)

Issuer: Riigikogu
Type: act
In force from: 21.03.2016
In force until: In force
Translation published: 28.03.2016

Law of Obligations Act1

Passed 26.09.2001

RT I 2001, 81, 487

Entry into force 01.07.2002

Amended by the following acts Passed	Published	Entry into force
05.06.2002	RT I 2002, 53, 336	01.07.2002, partially01.09.2002, 01.01.2003 and 01.07.2003
consolidated text on paper RT	RT I 2002, 60, 374
19.11.2003	RT I 2003, 78, 523	27.12.2003
11.02.2004	RT I 2004, 13, 86	15.04.2004
22.04.2004	RT I 2004, 37, 255	01.05.2004
20.10.2004	RT I 2004, 75, 522	10.11.2004
08.12.2004	RT I 2004, 87, 593	01.01.2005
08.12.2004	RT I 2004, 90, 616	01.01.2005
15.06.2005	RT I 2005, 39, 308	01.01.2006
19.10.2005	RT I 2005, 61, 473	01.01.2006
11.10.2007	RT I 2007, 56, 375	12.12.2007
19.11.2008	RT I 2008, 54, 304	27.12.2008
10.12.2008	RT I 2008, 59, 330	01.01.2009
25.02.2009	RT I 2009, 18, 108	01.05.2009
18.11.2009	RT I 2009, 60, 395	01.07.2010
17.12.2009	RT I 2010, 2, 3	22.01.2010
28.01.2010	RT I 2010, 7, 30	26.02.2010
22.04.2010	RT I 2010, 22, 108	01.01.2011, enters into force on the date which has been determined in the Decision of the Council of the European Union regarding the abrogation of the derogation established in respect of the Republic of Estonia on the basis provided for in Article 140 (2) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Council Decision 2010/416/EU of 13.07.2010 (OJ L 196, 28.07.2010, pp. 24-26).
30.09.2010	RT I 2010, 77, 590	23.02.2011, partially01.07.2011
17.11.2010	RT I, 06.12.2010, 1	05.04.2011
25.11.2010	RT I, 21.12.2010, 1	31.12.2010
12.01.2011	RT I, 04.02.2011, 1	05.04.2011
20.01.2011	RT I, 04.02.2011, 2	23.02.2011, partially05.04.2011 and 01.07.2011
09.06.2011	RT I, 29.06.2011, 1	30.06.2011
16.06.2011	RT I, 08.07.2011, 6	18.07.2011
14.11.2012	RT I, 03.12.2012, 1	01.05.2013
20.03.2013	RT I, 05.04.2013, 1	15.04.2013
23.05.2013	RT I, 11.06.2013, 3	01.07.2013
15.11.2013	RT I, 29.11.2013, 1	09.12.2013
		Law of Obligations Act Page 1 / 259

12.12.2013	RT I, 31.12.2013, 1	13.06.2014, partially 10.01.2014; the word "vendor" in Chapter 20 of the Act, is substituted by the word "trader" in the appropriate case form
26.03.2014	RT I, 11.04.2014, 1	01.10.2014
19.06.2014	RT I, 29.06.2014, 109	01.07.2014, the titles of ministers replaced on the basis of subsection 107³ (4) of the Government of the Republic Act.
18.02.2015	RT I, 11.03.2015, 1	01.10.2015
18.02.2015	RT I, 12.03.2015, 5	01.07.2015
18.02.2015	RT I, 23.03.2015, 2	01.10.2015
18.02.2015	RT I, 23.03.2015, 3	01.07.2015
10.06.2015	RT I, 07.07.2015, 1	01.01.2016
23.02.2016	RT I, 11.03.2016, 1	21.03.2016, partially 01.07.2016

Part 1 GENERAL PART

Chapter 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS

§ 1. Application of Act

(1) The provisions of the General Part of this Act apply to all contracts specified in this Act or other Acts, including employment contracts and other multilateral transactions, contracts which are not regulated by law but are not in conflict with the content and spirit of the law, and obligations which do not arise from a contract.
(2) If a contract has the characteristics of two or more types of contract provided by law, the provisions of law concerning such types of contract apply simultaneously, except provisions which cannot apply simultaneously or the application of which would be contrary to the nature or purpose of the contract.
(3) The provisions of this Act concerning contracts apply to contracts entered into by more than two parties
(multilateral contract) unless they are contrary to the nature or purpose of the contract.
(4) The law may prescribe that specific rules apply to contracts or other obligations in the case a consumer or a trader is a party to an obligation.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(5) For the purposes of this Act, a consumer is a natural person who concludes a transaction not related to independent economic or professional activities.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(6) For the purposes of this Act, a trader is a person, including a legal person in public law, who concludes a transaction which is related to independent economic or professional activities.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

§ 2. Definition of obligation

(1) An obligation is a legal relationship which gives rise to the obligation of one person (obligated person or obligor) to perform an act or omission (perform an obligation) for the benefit of another person (entitled person or obligee), and to the right of the obligee to demand that the obligor perform the obligation.
(2) The nature of an obligation may oblige the parties to the obligation to take the other party’s rights and interests into account in a certain manner. An obligation may also be confined thereto.

§ 3. Bases for obligation

An obligation may arise from:
1) a contract;
2) unlawful damage;
3) unjustified enrichment;
4) negotiorum gestio;
5) a public promise to pay;
6) other bases provided by law.

Page 2 / 259 Law of Obligations Act

§ 4. Imperfect obligation

(1) An imperfect obligation is an obligation which the obligor may perform but the performance of which cannot be required by the obligee.
(2) The following are imperfect obligations:
1) an obligation arising from gambling, except for an obligation arising from gambling or a lottery organised
on the basis of a permit;
2) a moral obligation the performance of which complies with public mores;
3) an obligation assumed to secure performance of an imperfect obligation;
4) an obligation which is an imperfect obligation pursuant to law.
(3) Anything which has been delivered for an imperfect obligation to be performed shall not be reclaimed.
(4) The provisions of law concerning obligations apply to an imperfect obligation unless the application of such provisions is contrary to the nature of the imperfect obligation.
[RT I 2004, 75, 522 - entry into force 10.11.2004]

§ 5. Principle of party autonomy of Act

Upon agreement between the parties to an obligation or contract, the parties may derogate from the provisions of this Act unless this Act expressly provides or the nature of a provision indicates that derogation from this
Act is not permitted, or unless derogation is contrary to public order or good morals or violates the fundamental rights of a person.

§ 6. Principle of good faith

(1) Obligees and obligors shall act in good faith in their relations with one another.
(2) Nothing arising from law, a usage or a transaction shall be applied to an obligation if it is contrary to the principle of good faith.

§ 7. Principle of reasonableness

(1) With regard to an obligation, reasonableness is to be judged by what persons acting in good faith would ordinarily consider to be reasonable in the same situation.
(2) In assessing what is reasonable, the nature of the obligation, the purpose of the transaction, the usages and practices in the fields of activity or professions involved and other circumstances shall be taken into account.

Chapter 2 CONTRACT

Division 1

General Provisions

§ 8. Definition of contract

(1) A contract is a transaction between two or more persons (parties) by which one party undertakes or the parties undertake to perform an act or omission.
(2) A contract is binding on the parties.

§ 9. Entry into Contract

(1) A contract is entered into by an offer being made and accepted or by the mutual exchange of declarations of intent in any other manner if it is sufficiently clear that the parties have reached an agreement.
(2) Upon acceptance of an offer, the contract is entered into when the acceptance reaches the offeror. In the case of acceptance by an act which is not an express declaration of intent, the contract is entered into as of the offeror becoming aware of the performance of the act unless, by virtue of the offer, practices which the parties have established between themselves or a usage, the contract is deemed to have been entered into as of the performance of the act.

Law of Obligations Act Page 3 / 259

(3) If certain terms must be agreed upon pursuant to an agreement between the parties or at the request of one party, the contract shall not be deemed to have been entered into until agreement has been reached on such terms, unless otherwise provided by law.

§ 10. Entry into contract by auction

(1) In the case of an auction, a contract is deemed to have been entered into upon acceptance of the best tender. The person conducting the auction is presumed to be authorised to accept the best tender.
(2) A tenderer shall be bound by the tender thereof until a better tender is made. In the absence of a better tender, the tenderer shall not be bound by the tender thereof if the tender is not accepted within a reasonable period of time as of it being made.
(3) If a tender is not followed by a better tender, the last tender shall be accepted. If several persons have made equal tenders at the same time and such tenders are not followed by a better tender, the person conducting the auction has the right to select the best tenderer from among the participants in the auction who made equal tenders.
(4) If the terms of an auction prescribe the right of the person conducting the auction to decide on the best tender, the best tender shall be accepted by publication of the corresponding decision within the period of time prescribed in the terms of the auction or, in the absence thereof, within a reasonable period of time. Until such time, persons who have made tenders shall be bound by their tenders.

§ 11. Format of contract

(1) A contract may be entered into orally, in writing or in any other form if no required format is provided for the contract by law.
(2) If, pursuant to law or an agreement between the parties or at the request of one party, a contract must be entered into in a specific format, the contract shall not be deemed to have been entered into until the specified format is given to the contract.
(3) If a contract must be entered into in a specific format, agreements on security, other accessory obligations, assignment of claims or assumption of obligations arising from the contract shall also be entered into in such format unless otherwise provided by law or the contract.
(4) A written contract is deemed to have been entered into when the parties have signed the contract or have exchanged contractual documents or letters signed by both parties. The law may provide that a written contract is also deemed to have been entered into when the contract has been signed by the obligated party only.
(5) If a contract must be notarially certified or notarially authenticated, the contract is entered into as of the notarial certification or notarial authentication of the contract. If mutual declarations of intent made for the entry into a contract are certified or authenticated separately, the contract is entered into as of certification or authentication of the last declaration of intent.

§ 111. Durable medium

Durable medium means an instrument which enables a person to store information addressed personally to
that person in a way accessible for a period of time corresponding to the purposes of the information and which
allows the unchanged reproduction thereof.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 23.02.2011]

§ 12. Validity of contract

(1) The validity of a contract is not affected by the fact that, at the time of entry into the contract, performance of the contract was impossible or one of the parties did not have the right to dispose of the thing or right which is the object of the contract.
(2) A contract shall also be valid with regard to the universal successors of the parties.

§ 13. Amendment and termination of contract

(1) A contract may be amended or terminated on the agreement of the parties or on another basis prescribed by the contract or law.
(2) If a contract is entered into in a specific format pursuant to an agreement between the parties, amendment or termination of the contract need not be in such format unless the contract provides otherwise.
(3) If a contract prescribes amendment or termination of the contract in a specific format, a party cannot rely on such condition of the contract if the other party could infer from the party’s conduct that the party agreed to the amendment or termination of the contract in another format.

Page 4 / 259 Law of Obligations Act

§ 14. Precontractual negotiations

(1) Persons who engage in precontractual negotiations or other preparations for entering into a contract shall take reasonable account of one another’s interests and rights. Information exchanged by the persons in the course of preparation for entering into the contract shall be accurate.
(2) Persons who engage in precontractual negotiations or other preparations for entering into a contract shall inform the other party of all circumstances with regard to which the other party has, based on the purpose of the contract, an identifiable essential interest. There is no obligation to inform the other party of such circumstances of which the other party could not reasonably expect to be informed.
(3) If persons who engage in precontractual negotiations do not reach an agreement, no legal consequences
arise for the persons from the negotiations. A person shall not engage in negotiations in bad faith, in particular if
the person has no real intention of entering into a contract, nor break off negotiations in bad faith.
(4) If information not subject to disclosure is submitted to a person in the course of precontractual negotiations, the person shall not disclose such information to other persons or use it in bad faith in the person’s own interests whether or not a contract is entered into.

§ 141. Obligation to provide precontractual information in case of contracts entered into with consumers

(1) Traders engaging in precontractual negotiations or other preparations for entry into contracts with consumers shall provide, prior to entry into the contract or making a binding offer for this purpose by the consumer, the following information to the consumer in a manner which is clear and comprehensible for the consumer, unless that information is not already apparent from the context:
1) the data which enable the identification of the trader, in particular the trader's business name, address of the seat and telephone number;
2) the main characteristics of the goods, service or other performance which are the object of the contract (hereinafter object of contract), to the extent appropriate to the object of the contract and the manner of provision of information;
3) the method of use of any data prepared and transmitted in digital form (hereinafter digital content), technical protective measures applied to it and compatibility thereof with any hardware and software of which the trader
is aware or should be aware, if the object of the contract comprises digital content;
4) the total price of the object of contract inclusive of taxes, or where the nature of the object of the contract is
such that the price cannot reasonably be calculated in advance, the manner in which the price is to be calculated,
and all additional freight, postal or other delivery costs, if the consumer has to cover these costs or where those
costs cannot reasonably be calculated in advance, as well as information on that such additional costs may be
payable;
5) the arrangements for payment, delivery and execution of an order and the time by which the goods are
delivered, the service is provided or other acts are performed;
6) in the case of long-term contracts the duration of the contract, or if the contract is of indeterminate duration
or is to be extended automatically, the conditions for terminating the contract;
7) upon provision of maintenance service of the object of contract after the performance of the contract, the
existence and the terms and conditions thereof;
8) a reminder that the consumer can rely, upon non-compliance of the object of contract with the terms and
conditions of the contract, on the legal remedies provided by law;
9) upon grant of additional warranty in addition to the legal remedies provided by law, the existence and terms
and conditions thereof;
10) the procedure for handling complaints implemented by the trader, if it exists.
(2) The provisions of subsection (1) of this section shall not exclude the possibility that the consumer may have a vital recognisable interest for the purposes of subsection 14 (2) of this Act in notification of even other circumstances besides those specified in subsection (1) of this section.
(3) Agreements which derogate from the provisions of this section to the detriment of the consumer are void. [RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

§ 15. Party’s awareness of deficiencies of contract

(1) If a party has assumed the obligation to engage in preparations for the contract or to inform the other party of circumstances relating to the preparations for the contract and the contract is void due to failure to adhere
to a formality, the other party shall be compensated for the damage created due to the fact that the other party believed the contract to be valid.
(2) If, upon entry into a contract, one party is or should be aware of circumstances which do not constitute a violation of formalities but render the contract void or if such circumstances are caused by the party, the party shall compensate the other party for the damage specified in subsection (1) of this section.

Law of Obligations Act Page 5 / 259

(3) Compensation for damage pursuant to the provisions of subsection (2) of this section shall not be demanded if the other party was also aware or should have been aware of circumstances rendering the contract void or
if the contract was rendered void due to the party’s restricted active legal capacity or the unconformity of the contract with good morals.
(4) If a person was unaware of circumstances with legal effect due to gross negligence, it is deemed that the person should have been aware of the circumstances.

§ 16. Offer

(1) An offer is a proposal to enter into a contract in a manner which is sufficiently defined and which indicates the intention of the offeror to be legally bound by the contract to be entered into if the proposal is accepted.
(2) A proposal to enter into a contract is not an offer if the person making the proposal expressly indicates that the person does not consider the person to be bound by the proposal or if the nature of the proposed contract or other circumstances dictate that the person making the proposal is not bound by the proposal. Such proposal is deemed to be an invitation to make offers.
(3) A proposal which is addressed to a previously unspecified set of persons and is made by sending advertisements, price lists, rates, samples, catalogues or the like or by displaying goods or by offering goods or services to a previously unspecified set of persons on a public computer network is deemed to be an invitation to make offers, unless the person making the proposal clearly indicates that it is an offer.

§ 17. Offer with fixed term for acceptance

(1) If the term for acceptance is fixed in an offer, the offer is effective and may be accepted until the end of such term. An offer is not accepted in due time if the acceptance does not reach the offeror during the term for acceptance.
(2) A term for acceptance fixed by the offeror in a letter begins to run as of the date shown in the letter. If the beginning of the term for acceptance is not shown in the letter, the term for acceptance begins to run as of the moment the letter is posted.
(3) If an offer is made in person, by telephone or by other means of instantaneous communication, the term for acceptance begins to run as of the moment the offer reaches the offeree unless otherwise indicated by the offeror.

§ 18. Offer without fixed term for acceptance

(1) An offer which is made in person without a fixed term for acceptance lapses if the offer is not accepted immediately, unless the circumstances indicate otherwise. The same applies to an offer made by telephone or other means of instantaneous communication.
(2) An offer which is not made in person and does not have a fixed term for acceptance is effective during the time which is ordinarily necessary for an acceptance to reach the offeror, with due account being taken of the circumstances relating to the entry into the contract, including the rapidity of the means of communication selected by the offeror.

§ 19. Lapse of offer

(1) An offer lapses if it is not accepted in due time or when a rejection of the offer reaches the offeror.
(2) An offer does not lapse if the offeror, after making the offer but before an acceptance reaches the offeror, is declared to have limited active legal capacity or dies or is declared a bankrupt or the property thereof is subjected to compulsory administration, unless it may be presumed that the offeror intended for the offer to lapse in such case.

§ 20. Acceptance

(1) An acceptance is assent to enter into a contract indicated by a direct declaration of intent or by an act. (2) Silence or inactivity is deemed to be acceptance only if so provided by law, an agreement between the
parties, practices which the parties have established between themselves or a usage observed in their field of
activity or profession.
(3) If a person whose economic or professional activities include performance of certain transactions or supply of certain services receives an offer for the performance of such transactions or supply of such services from a person with whom the person has continuing business relations, the person shall respond to the offer within a reasonable time. In such case, silence is deemed to be acceptance.

Page 6 / 259 Law of Obligations Act

§ 21. Modified acceptance

(1) A response to an offer which contains conditions which materially alter the conditions of the offer is a rejection of the offer and also a new offer.
(2) A response which contains conditions which do not materially alter the conditions of the offer is an acceptance unless the offeror objects to the altered conditions without delay. In such case, the conditions of the contract are the conditions of the offer with the modifications contained in the acceptance, unless some other intention is indicated in the offer or acceptance.
(3) If an offer and the acceptance refer to conflicting standard terms or conditions, the provisions of § 40 of this
Act apply.

§ 22. Late acceptance

(1) If an acceptance does not reach the offeror in due time, the acceptance is deemed to have been sent in due time if it has been sent in such circumstances that, if its transmission had been normal, it would have reached the offeror in due time.
(2) If an acceptance does not reach the offeror in due time because it was not sent in due time, the offeror may deem the acceptance to have reached the offeror in due time if the offeror informs the offeree thereof without delay. If the offeror does not do so, the acceptance is deemed to be a new offer.
(3) If an acceptance does not reach the offeror in due time but it is evident to the offeror that it was sent in due time, such acceptance is deemed to be a late acceptance only if the offeror informs the offeree without delay of the late acceptance. If the offeror does so, the acceptance is deemed to be a new offer.
(4) If an acceptance does not reach the offeror or does not reach the offeror in due time but, pursuant to law, is deemed to have reached the offeror in due time, the contract is deemed to have been entered into at the time the acceptance would have reached the offeror if there had been no delay.

§ 23. Obligations of parties

(1) The obligations of the parties may be set out in the contract or provided by law. The obligations of the parties may also arise from:
1) the nature and purpose of the contract;
2) any practice the parties have established between themselves;
3) any usage observed in the profession or field of activity of the parties;
4) the principles of good faith and reasonableness.
(2) A party shall co-operate with the other party as necessary to enable performance of the obligations by the other party.

§ 24. Contents of obligations of parties

(1) A party may be obligated by a contract to achieve a specific result or to do all that is reasonably possible to achieve that result.
(2) If a party is obligated to do all that is reasonably possible to achieve a result, the party is obligated to
make such efforts as reasonable persons in the same field of activity or profession would make under the same
circumstances.
(3) If a contract does not expressly indicate whether a party is obligated to achieve a specific result or to do all that is reasonably possible to achieve that result, the obligations of the party shall be determined by taking primarily the following into account:
1) the nature and purpose of the contract;
2) the manner in which obligations are expressed in the contract;
3) the terms and conditions of the contract;
4) the probability of achieving the desired result;
5) the ability of the other party to influence the performance of the obligation.

§ 25. Usages and practices

(1) In the case of contracts entered into with respect to the economic or professional activities of the parties,
the parties are bound by any usage they have agreed to apply and by any practice they have established between
themselves.

Law of Obligations Act Page 7 / 259

(2) Unless the parties agree otherwise in the case of contracts entered into with respect to their economic or professional activities, they are also bound by any usage which persons who enter into contracts in the same field of activity or profession generally consider applicable and take into account, except where application of such usage would be contrary to law or would be unreasonable under the circumstances.

§ 26. Terms deliberately left open

(1) When entering into a contract, the parties may leave some of the terms open with the intention of reaching an agreement on such terms in the future or leaving the terms to be determined by one party or a third party (terms deliberately left open).
(2) If the parties do not reach an agreement on a term left open or if a party or a third party does not determine the term left open, the validity of the contract is not affected unless it can be presumed that the parties intended otherwise.
(3) If a term left open is to be determined by a party or a third party, the term must conform to the principles of good faith and reasonableness.
(4) If a term left open is to be determined on the basis of circumstances independent of the party which do not exist at the time the term is to be determined, the term shall be determined on the basis of the nearest equivalent circumstance.
(5) If a term determining the extent of a party’s obligation is left open, the other party has the right to determine the term unless otherwise provided by an agreement between the parties or dictated by the nature of the contract.
(6) If a term is to be determined by several third parties, the consent of all of them is required to determine the term. If an amount of money is to be determined by several third parties, the average amount determined by them shall be taken as the term.
(7) If a term left open is to be determined by a party but the party fails to do so during the agreed period of time or, if no such agreement exists, during a reasonable period before the time by which performance of the obligation may be required, or during a reasonable additional term established by the other party for determining the term left open, the right to determine the term transfers to the other party.
(8) If a term left open is to be determined by a party, the party shall determine the term by making a declaration to the other party. If a term is to be determined by a third party, the third party shall determine the term by making a declaration to both parties.
(9) A party may require that a term left open be determined by a court if:
1) the parties fail to reach an agreement on the term;
2) a third party fails to determine the term during the agreed period of time or, if no such agreement exists,
during a reasonable period of time before the time by which performance of the obligation may be required;
3) the other party fails to determine the term left open after the right to determine the term has transferred to
the other party pursuant to the provisions of subsection (7) of this section.
(10) A court shall determine the terms left open in a contract based on the nature and purpose of the contract. (11) A party may also require that a court determine a term left open if the term determined by the other party
or a third party does not conform to the principles of good faith and reasonableness.

§ 27. Absence of agreement on fundamental terms

(1) If the parties have not agreed or only believe that they have agreed on a fundamental term determining their rights and obligations, the contract shall be valid if it can be presumed that the contract would have been entered into even without an agreement on such term.
(2) In the case specified in subsection (1) of this section, a term which is reasonable based on the circumstances, the intention of the parties, the nature and purpose of the contract and the principle of good faith applies.

§ 28. Determination of price

(1) Contracts entered into in economic or professional activities are presumed to have a price.
(2) Where a contract does not determine the price or a method for determining the price and the nature of the contract or other circumstances do not dictate the price or the method of determining the price, the price to be paid shall be the price generally charged at the time of the entry into the contract at the place of performance of the contract for the performance of such contractual obligations or, if no such price can be determined, a price reasonable under the circumstances.

Page 8 / 259 Law of Obligations Act

§ 281. Restrictions on claiming payment in case of contracts entered into with consumers

(1) The trader may demand, in addition to the price agreed for performance of the principal obligation constituting the object of contract or other fee, that the consumer make additional payment for the performance of an accessory obligation or other additional obligations only in the case the consumer has expressly acknowledged the obligation to make such additional payment. The intention of the consumer is not deemed to have been expressly stated if the trader uses such pre-filled selections for obtaining the consent of the consumer which the consumer is required to reject in order to avoid the additional payment.
(2) If a trader charges a fee from a consumer for the performance of monetary obligations arising from a contract by certain means of payment, such fees may not exceed the cost borne by the trader for the use of such means of payment.
(3) If a trader allows a consumer to contact the trader for communicating messages or expressions of will relating to a contract or in connection with other circumstances relating to the performance of the contract by calling the phone specified by the trader, the trader may not demand that the consumer make an additional payment for it.
(4) Agreements which derogate from the provisions of this section to the detriment of the consumer are void. [RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

§ 29. Interpretation of contract

(1) A contract shall be interpreted according to the actual common intention of the parties. If such intention differs from the ordinary meaning of the words used in the contract, the common intention of the parties prevails.
(2) A contract shall not be interpreted on the basis of an incorrect denotation or expression which the parties used due to an error or from a desire to conceal their actual intention.
(3) If one party understands a term or condition of a contract to have a particular meaning and the other party was or should have been aware of such meaning at the time of entry into the contract, the term or condition shall be interpreted according the understanding of the first party.
(4) If the actual common intention of the parties cannot be determined, the contract shall be interpreted according to the meaning that reasonable persons of the same kind as the parties would give to it in the same circumstances.
(5) In interpreting a contract, regard shall be had, in particular, to:
1) the circumstances in which the contract was entered into, including the precontractual negotiations;
2) the interpretation which the parties have previously given to the same term or condition of the contract;
3) the conduct of the parties before and subsequent to entry into the contract;
4) the nature and purpose of the contract;
5) the meaning commonly given to terms and expressions in the field of activity or profession concerned;
6) usages and practices established between the parties.
(6) A term or condition of a contract shall be interpreted together with the other terms and conditions of the contract and shall be given the meaning to be inferred from the nature and purpose of the whole contract.
(7) If a word or expression has several meanings, the word or expression shall be understood in the meaning which best conforms to the nature and purpose of the contract.
(8) In interpreting a term or condition of a contract, an interpretation which renders the term or condition lawful or effective shall be preferred unless otherwise provided by law.
(9) Where a contract is drawn up in several languages which are equally authoritative, the interpretation according to the version in which the contract was originally drawn up shall be preferred if there is any discrepancy between the versions.

§ 30. Acknowledgement of obligation

(1) A contract in which performance of an obligation is promised in such a manner that the promise creates an independent obligation or in which the existence of an obligation is recognised is an acknowledgement of obligation.
(2) An acknowledgement of obligation shall be made by the obligated party in writing unless otherwise provided by law.

Law of Obligations Act Page 9 / 259

(3) An acknowledgement of obligation need not be in writing if it is made on the basis of a current account or if the obligor acknowledges an obligation which has arisen in the course of the economic or professional activities thereof.

§ 31. Merger clause

(1) If parties have agreed in a written contract that the contract prescribes all of the terms of the contract (merger clause), any prior declarations of intent or agreements of the parties which are not embodied in the contract are deemed not to form part of the contract. The prior conduct of the parties shall also not affect the contract.
(2) If a merger clause is prescribed in standard terms, it shall be presumed that the parties intended their prior declarations of intent, acts or agreements to be deemed not to form part of the contract.
(3) In the case of a merger clause, the prior declarations of intent of the parties may be used to interpret the contract.
(4) If, after entering into a contract, a party indicates to the other party by a declaration of intent or by conduct that the party considers a prior declaration of intent or agreement of the parties to form part of the contract or that the party will rely on the prior conduct of the parties, the party shall not rely on a merger clause to this extent.

§ 32. Written confirmation

(1) If a contract is entered into with respect to the economic or professional activities of the parties but is not in written form and if, within a reasonable time after entry into the contract, one party sends a written document to the other party confirming the content of the contract (written confirmation) which contains terms which do not differ materially from the terms agreed upon earlier or do not materially alter them, such terms shall become part of the contract unless the other party objects to them without delay after receipt of the written confirmation.
(2) The provisions of subsection (1) of this section do not apply if the party which sent the written confirmation knew or should have known that the contract had not been entered into or if the contents of the written confirmation differ from the terms agreed upon earlier to such extent that the person who sent the written confirmation cannot reasonably rely on the other party’s consent to the contents of the written confirmation.

§ 33. Preliminary contract

(1) A preliminary contract is an agreement under which the parties undertake to enter into a contract in the future under the terms agreed upon in the preliminary contract.
(2) If, pursuant to law, a contract is to be entered into in a specific format, the preliminary contract shall also be entered into in the same format.

§ 34. Consumer

[Repealed - RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

Division 2

Standard Terms

§ 35. Definition of standard term

(1) A contract term which is drafted in advance for use in standard contracts or which the parties have not negotiated individually for some other reason, and which the party supplying the term uses with regard to the other party who is therefore not able to influence the content of the term, is deemed to be a standard term.
(2) It is presumed that standard terms have not been negotiated individually in advance.
(3) Standard terms may be embodied in a contract or form a separate part of a contract. Standard terms may be terms of a contract regardless of the scope of the terms, the manner in which the terms are expressed in the contract or the form in which the contract is entered into.
(4) The general provisions for entering into contracts apply to entering into contracts with standard terms unless otherwise provided for in this Division.
(5) Agreements which derogate from the provisions of §§ 35 to 39 or 41 to 45 of this Act to the detriment of the party with regard to whom the standard terms were applied are void.

Page 10 / 259 Law of Obligations Act

§ 36. Application of provisions

(1) The provisions of this Division do not apply to contracts concerning relationships under the law of succession or family law or to contracts for the foundation of companies, other legal persons and civil law partnerships, or for the management thereof.
[RT I, 04.02.2011, 1 - entry into force 05.04.2011]
(2) If the other party to a contract with standard terms is a consumer whose residence is in Estonia or
in a Member State of the European Union and the contract was entered into as a result of a public offer,
advertisement or other such activity in Estonia or the contract is essentially related to the territory of Estonia for
any other reason, the provisions of this Division apply even if the place of business of the party supplying the
terms or, if no place of business exists, the residence or seat of such party is not in Estonia, regardless of which
state's law is applicable to the contract.
(3) If the parties to a contract with standard terms act for purposes relating to their economic or professional activities and their places of business related to the contract or the performance thereof are in Estonia, the provisions of this Division apply to the contracts entered into between them regardless of which state’s law is applicable to the contract.
[RT I 2003, 78, 523 - entry into force 27.12.2003]

§ 37. Standard terms as part of contract

(1) Standard terms are part of a contract if the party supplying the standard terms clearly refers to them as part of the contract before entering into the contract or while entering into the contract and the other party has the opportunity to examine their contents. Standard terms are also part of a contract if their existence could be presumed from the manner in which the contract was entered into and the other party was given the opportunity to examine their contents.
(2) The parties may, taking into account the provisions of subsection (1) of this section, agree in advance that standard terms apply to certain types of contracts.
(3) Standard terms the contents, wording or presentation of which are so uncommon or unintelligible that the other party cannot, based on the principle of reasonableness, have expected them to be included in the contract or which the party cannot understand without considerable effort are not deemed to be part of the contract.

§ 38. Standard terms and individual agreement

If the content of a standard term contradicts a term individually agreed upon by the parties, the term individually agreed upon applies.

§ 39. Interpretation of standard terms

(1) Standard terms shall be interpreted according to the meaning that reasonable persons of the same kind as the other party would give to them in the same circumstances. In the case of doubt, standard terms shall be interpreted to the detriment of the party supplying the standard terms.
(2) A standard term which is void shall not be interpreted such as to give it content by which the term is valid. If a term can be divided into several independent parts and one of them is void, the other parts remain valid.

§ 40. Conflicting standard terms

(1) If, upon entering into a contract, the parties each refer to their own standard terms, the contract is deemed to have been entered into under the terms which are not in conflict with each other. The provisions of law concerning the type of contract concerned apply in lieu of any conflicting terms.
(2) In the case of conflicting standard terms, the contract is not deemed to have been entered into if one party has explicitly indicated before the contract is entered into or without delay thereafter and not by way of the standard terms that the party does not deem the contract to have been entered into. A party does not have this right if the party has performed the contract in part or in full or has accepted performance by the other party.

§ 41. Validity of contract with standard terms

If a standard term is void or is deemed not to be part of the contract, the rest of the contract is valid unless the party supplying the term proves that such the party would not have entered into the contract without the standard term which is void or is deemed not to be part of the contract. The provisions of law concerning the type of contract concerned apply in lieu of such terms.
[RT I 2003, 78, 523 - entry into force 27.12.2003]

Law of Obligations Act Page 11 / 259

§ 42. Invalidity of standard terms

(1) A standard term is void if, taking into account the nature, contents and manner of entry into the contract, the interests of the parties and other material circumstances, the term causes unfair harm to the other party, particularly if it causes a significant imbalance in the parties’ rights and obligations arising from the contract to the detriment of the other party. Unfair harm is presumed if a standard term derogates from a fundamental
principle of law or restricts the rights and obligations arising for the other party from the nature of the contract such that it becomes questionable as to whether the purpose of the contract can be achieved. Invalidity of standard terms and the circumstances relating thereto shall be assessed as at the date of entry into the contract. [RT I, 04.02.2011, 1 - entry into force 05.04.2011]
(2) A standard term is not deemed to be unfair if it relates to the main subject matter of the contract or to the relationship between the price and the value of the services or goods supplied in exchange or if the contents of the term is based on such legislation which must not be derogated from pursuant to an agreement between the parties.
[RT I, 04.02.2011, 1 - entry into force 05.04.2011]
(3) In a contract where the other party is a consumer, a standard term is considered to be unfair if, in particular, the term:
1) precludes the liability arising from law of the party supplying the standard term or restricts such liability in the case where the death of the other party or damage to the health of the other party is caused or in other cases where damage is caused intentionally or due to gross negligence;
2) precludes the use of legal remedies of the other party vis a visthe party supplying the terms, including the opportunity to set off claims, or unreasonably restricts the use thereof in the event of the party supplying the terms fails to perform the contractual obligation or performs it improperly, including delays the performance; [RT I, 04.02.2011, 1 - entry into force 05.04.2011]
3) precludes or unreasonably restricts the other party's right arising from law to refuse acceptance of performance of an obligation and to refuse performance of the party's obligations in the case of a mutual contract, especially if the right to refuse is made subject to admittance of a deficiency by the party supplying the term;
4) [repealed - RT I, 04.02.2011, 1 - entry into force 05.04.2011]
5) prescribes that the other party shall, in the event of non-performance of the party's obligations, pay an
unreasonably high contractual penalty to the party supplying the term or an unreasonably high predetermined
amount of compensation for damage or other compensation, or the other party is deprived of the opportunity to
prove the actual size of the damage;
6) restricts the obligation of the party supplying the term to perform obligations undertaken by a representative
of the party or makes performance of the obligations of such party subject to compliance with a particular
formality on unreasonable grounds;
7) prescribes that a third party is liable for non-performance of the obligations of the party supplying the term;
8) precludes or restricts rights which the other party could exercise pursuant to law with regard to a third party
if the rights arising from the contract to the party supplying the term transfer to such third party;
9) prescribes an unreasonably short term for the other party to submit claims, including an unreasonably short
limitation period for claims arising from the contract or law;
10) deprives the other party of the opportunity to protect the party’s rights in court or unreasonably hinders
such opportunity from being exercised;
11) unreasonably restricts the other party’s right to use evidence or imposes on the party a burden of proof
which, according to law, should lie with the party supplying the term;
12) prescribes that, in the event of a breach of the contract by the party supplying the term, the other party may
exercise the party’s legal remedies against the party supplying the term only if the other party has previously
filed a claim against a third party with a court;
13) prescribes that performance of the obligations of the party supplying the term is made subject to a
circumstance the occurrence of which depends on the party’s will alone, at the same time as the other party
undertakes an obligation which is binding on the party regardless of such circumstance;
14) prescribes the right of the person supplying the term to alter the terms or conditions of the contract
unilaterally for a reason or in a manner not provided by law or specified in the contract;
15) prescribes that the party supplying the term has the right to determine or increase the price of a movable or
service at the time of delivery of the movable or provision of the service without the other party having the right
to terminate the contract, except in cases where such terms are lawful terms for price indexation and expressly
prescribe the method of adjusting the price;
16) provides the party supplying the term with a unilateral right to deliver a movable without good reason or
provide a service with characteristics other than those agreed upon;
17) provides the party supplying the term with the right to unilaterally determine whether the movable
delivered or service supplied or the performance of any other obligation is in conformity with the terms and
conditions of the contract;
18) provides the party supplying the term with the exclusive right to interpret the contract terms;
19) provides the party supplying the term with the right to unilaterally determine the term for the performance
of the party’s obligations or prescribes an unreasonably long or unspecified term for the performance of the
obligations of the party supplying the term;
20) [repealed - RT I, 04.02.2011, 1 - entry into force 05.04.2011]
21) prescribes the obligation of the other party to make an unreasonably large advance payment before the
party supplying the term performs the obligations thereof;
22) provides the party supplying the term with the right to require security of unreasonably high value;

Page 12 / 259 Law of Obligations Act

23) prescribes the obligation of the other party to accept goods or services which were not ordered in addition to the goods and services agreed upon;
24) prescribes the obligation of the other party to enter into another contract with the party supplying the term or a third party, unless entry into such other contract is reasonable taking into account the relationship between such contract and the contract with standard terms;
25) provides the party supplying the term with the right to transfer the rights and obligations thereof arising from the contract to a third party without the consent of the other party where this may serve to reduce the likelihood of the contract being performed;
26) precludes or unreasonably restricts the right of the other party to assign claims;
27) prescribes that, at the end of the term of a contract for a specified term, the contract is automatically
extended for a period exceeding one year without the other party making a corresponding request;
28) prescribes that a contract for a specified term is extended at the end of the term if the other party does not
give notice of the opinion of the party with regard to the extension of the contract at an unreasonably early time
before the end of the term;
29) provides the party supplying the term with the right to terminate the contract without giving reasons for the
termination if the same right is not provided to the other party;
30) prescribes that, upon unilateral termination of the contract by the party supplying the term, the party may
refuse to refund the sums paid by the other party for obligations which the party supplying the term has not yet
performed, or the party supplying the terms is permitted keep the money paid by the other party if the other
party does not enter into or perform the contract, and if the other party is not prescribed as large a compensation
in the event the supplier of the term does not enter into or perform the contract;
[RT I, 04.02.2011, 1 - entry into force 05.04.2011]
31) prescribes an unreasonably long term of advance notice for the other party to terminate the contract;
32) prescribes an unreasonably short term of advance notice for the party supplying the term to terminate the
contract;
33) provides the party supplying the term with the right to terminate a contract entered into for an unspecified
term without good reason and without a reasonable period of advance notice;
34) [repealed - RT I, 04.02.2011, 1 - entry into force 05.04.2011]
35) prescribes that declarations of intent are to be made in a manner other than that provided by law and this
causes harm to the other party, except where such specification applies to the format of the declaration of intent
of the other party or unless it is prescribed that the party supplying the term may deem the address given thereto
by the other party to be correct until the party supplying the term is notified of a new address;
36) enables the party supplying the term to make use of an unreasonably long or insufficiently determined term
for acceptance or refusal of an offer;
37) prescribes that, upon performance or non-performance of a particular act, a declaration of intent of a party
is deemed to have been made or not to have been made, unless the party supplying the term undertakes to
specifically notify the other party of the consequences of the other party’s conduct and gives the other party a
reasonable term for confirming the declaration of intent.

§ 43. Specifications concerning credit institutions

(1) The terms specified in clause 42 (3) 14) of this Act is not deemed to be unfair for the other party if a credit institution or other supplier of financial services reserves the right under the standard terms to alter, with good reason and without advance notice, the rate of interest or other charge for financial services to be paid by the other party or to the other party, on the condition that the credit institution or other supplier of financial services is required to immediately inform the other party or other parties of such alteration and that the other parties have the right to terminate the contract immediately.
(2) The terms specified in clause 42 (3) 14) of this Act is not deemed to cause unfair harm to the other party if a credit institution or other supplier of financial services reserves the right under the standard terms to unilaterally alter the terms of a long-term contract without a good reason specified in the contract if alteration of the terms
is not unfair with regard to the other party and if the credit institution or other supplier of financial services undertakes to give advance notice to the other party of any alteration of the terms and to grant the other party the right to terminate the contract immediately.

§ 44. Contracts relating to economic or professional activities

If a standard term specified in subsection 42 (3) of this Act is used in a contract where the other party to the contract is a person who entered into the contract for the purposes of the economic or professional activities of the person, the term is presumed to be unfair.

§ 45. Requirement to terminate application of unfair standard terms

(1) A person or body provided by law may, pursuant to the procedure provided by law, require that a party supplying an unfair standard term terminates application of the term and that the person recommending application of the term terminates and withdraws such recommendation.

Law of Obligations Act Page 13 / 259

(2) The requirement specified in subsection (1) of this section may be filed, inter alia, by a non-profit association whose objectives as specified in the articles of association thereof include protection of the rights of undertakings or persons engaged in professional activities and who is actually able to protect these interests resulting from the organisation and financing of the activities thereof.
(21) The non-profit association specified in subsection (2) of this section may submit a claim for termination of the use of the contract terms or practices concerning such term of payment, penalty for late payment or compensation for collection costs or recommendation for the use thereof which, based on the circumstances, are grossly unfair with regard to the obligee. Such claim may also be submitted in the case of an individually agreed term.
[RT I, 05.04.2013, 1 - entry into force 15.04.2013]
(3) The provisions of the second sentence in subsection 39 (1) of this Act shall not apply upon settlement of the requirement provided for in subsection (1) of this section.
[RT I 2008, 59, 330 - entry into force 01.01.2009]

Division 3

Off-premises Contract

[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

§ 46. Definition of off-premises contract

[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(1) An off-premises contract is a contract with is entered into:
1) when the trader and the consumer are simultaneously present in a place which is not the business premises
of the trader;
2) on the business premises of the trader or by means of distance communication immediately after the trader
has personally and individually addressed the consumer in the simultaneous presence of the consumer and the
trader in a place which is not the premises of the trader, or
3) during an excursion arranged by the trader with the aim of promoting and selling movables or offering
services or other performance to the consumer.
(2) An off-premises contract is also deemed to be the contract for the entry into which the consumer has made an offer under the circumstances specified in clause (1) 1) of this section.
(3) For the purposes of subsection (1) of this section, business premises include the buildings on an immovable used both for the sale, provision of services as well as other performance where the trader carries out the activities on a permanent basis, and an immovable or other space used both for sale, provision of services or other performance where the trader carries out the activities on a usual basis.
(4) The business premises of a person acting in the name or on behalf of a trader shall be considered as business premises of the trader.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

§ 47. Application of provisions

(1) The provisions of this Divisions shall not apply to a contract in the case of which the payment made by a consumer for the object of contract does not exceed 20 euros.
(2) The provisions of this Division do not also apply to contracts which are entered into:
1) for provision of social services;
2) for provision of health services;
3) for participation in gambling;
4) for provision of transport services for passengers;
5) for transfer or encumbering of an immovable or disposal of real rights relating to an immovable;
6) for construction of new buildings or substantial conversion of buildings;
7) for lease of dwellings;
8) by means of notarial authentication;
9) with regard to foodstuffs, beverages or other goods intended for everyday consumption which are delivered
during frequent and regular tours of a trader to the residence, seat or workplace of the consumer;
10) by means of automatic vending machines or automated commercial premises;
11) with a provider of electronic communications services by means of a public telephone for the use thereof or
for the use of one single connection by telephone, Internet or fax established by a consumer.
(3) The right of withdrawal provided for in subsection 49 (1) of this Act shall not apply to contracts:
1) the object of which is the provision of a service or other continuous performance, if the contractual
obligations of the trader are fully met and the provision of the service or other performance has begun with the
consumer's express prior consent and acknowledgement that the consumer will lose the right to withdraw upon
performance of the contract by the trader;

Page 14 / 259 Law of Obligations Act

2) the object of which is the delivery of such goods, provision of services or other performance which price is dependent of fluctuations in the financial market which cannot be controlled by the trader and which may occur within the withdrawal period;
3) the object of which is the delivery of goods made to the consumer's specifications or clearly personalised;
4) the object of which is the delivery of the goods which deteriorate or expire rapidly;
5) the object of which is the delivery of such goods in sealed packaging which are not suitable for return due to
health protection or hygiene reasons and were unsealed after delivery;
6) the object of which is the delivery of such goods which are, after delivery, according to their nature,
inseparably mixed with other items;
7) the object of which is the delivery of such alcoholic beverages, the price of which has been agreed upon at
the time of the entry into the contract of sale, the delivery of which takes place after more than 30 days and the
actual value of which is dependent on fluctuations in the market which cannot be controlled by the trader;
8) the object of which is the carrying out of urgent repairs or maintenance where the consumer has requested a
visit from the trader for such purpose;
9) the object of which is the delivery of sealed audio or video recordings or computer software if the consumer
has opened the package;
10) the object of which is the delivery of newspapers, magazines or periodicals with the exception of
subscription contracts for an indefinite period entered into for subscription for such publications;
11) which are entered into at auctions where the consumer is present or the consumer has been granted an
opportunity to be present;
12) the object of which is provision of accommodation services, transportation of movables, use of motor
vehicles, catering or services related to leisure activities if the trader undertakes to provide the services by a
specific date or during a certain term upon conclusion of the above specified contract;
13) the object of which is the delivery of such digital content which is not delivered on a tangible medium if
the delivery thereof has begun with the consumer's prior express consent and the consumer's acknowledgement
that the consumer thereby loses the right of withdrawal.
(4) The exception provided for in clause (3) 8) of this section shall not extent to the contract which is entered into on the occasion of such visit in addition to those ordered by the consumer, inter aliato a contract by which goods are delivered other than replacement parts necessary for carrying out the maintenance or making the repairs.
(5) If an off-premises contract also conforms to the provisions concerning contracts entered into between other consumers and the trader, the provisions of this Division apply together with the specifications provided for such other types of contract.
(6) If an off-premises contract is entered into in Estonia with a consumer whose residence is in Estonia or in another member state of the European Union, the provisions of this Division apply regardless of which state's law applies to the contract.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

§ 48. Precontractual information to consumer

Law of Obligations Act Page 15 / 259

10) the minimum duration of the consumer's obligations under the contract, if it exists;
11) in the case of long-term contracts the duration of the contract, or if the contract is of indeterminate duration
or is to be extended automatically, the conditions for terminating the contract;
12) where a right of withdrawal exists, the conditions, time limit and procedures for exercising that right in
accordance with subsection 49 (21) of this Act;
13) where a right of withdrawal exists, a standard form of application for withdrawal;
14) the fact that if the consumer withdraws from the contract, the consumer shall bear the costs of returning the
goods that constituted the object of the contract, if the consumer bears these costs;
15) the fact that if the consumer exercises the right to withdraw from the contract after submitting the
application specified in subsection 481(2) of this Act, the consumer is obliged to compensate the trader for reasonable costs according to subsection 493(4) of this Act;
16) where a right of withdrawal is not prescribed according to subsection 47 (3) of this Act, the information
that the consumer has no right of withdrawal or, if the consumer may lose the right of withdrawal, information
about the circumstances under which the right of withdrawal will be lost;
17) upon offer of the maintenance service of the object of contract or customer service after the performance of
the contract, the existence and the terms and conditions thereof;
18) a reminder that the consumer can rely, upon non-compliance of the object of contract with the terms and
conditions of the contract, on the legal remedies provided by law;
19) upon grant of additional warranty in addition to the legal remedies provided by law, the existence and
terms and conditions thereof;
20) the existence of a code of conduct observed by the trader, if the activities of the trader are based on it, and
information on how to obtain a copy thereof;
21) the procedure for handling complaints implemented by the trader, if it exists;
22) the information on the possibilities of the consumer to have recourse to a body settling extra-judicial
complaints and disputes and the terms and conditions of recourse.
(2) The information specified in subsection (1) of this section shall be presented to a consumer on paper, or, if the consumer agrees, on another durable medium. That information shall be legible and in plain and intelligible language.
(3) The information specified in clauses (1) 12), 14) and 15) of this section may be also provided to the consumer in the model instructions on withdrawal. If the trader provides the consumer with the model instructions on withdrawal, that information shall be deemed submitted to the consumer. That information is deemed submitted to the consumer only in the case the trader has properly completed the model instructions on withdrawal from the contract.
(4) The model instructions on withdrawal from contract shall be established by a regulation of the minister responsible for the area.
(5) Where the consumer has explicitly requested the services of the trader for the purpose of carrying out repairs or maintenance for which the trader and the consumer immediately perform their contractual obligations and where the payment to be made by the consumer does not exceed 200 euros, the trader shall provide the consumer only with the information provided for in clauses (1) 1), 2), 4), 12), 13) and 16) of this section and the information about the price or the manner in which the price is to be calculated together with an estimate of the total price. Where the consumer has explicitly granted a consent, the trader may provide the consumer with the information specified in clauses (1) 4), 12), 13) and 16) of this section in another manner than that provided for in the first sentence of subsection (2) of this section.
(6) In the case of the contract specified in clause 47 (3) 11) of this Act, the trader may replace the information specified in clauses (1) 1) to 3) of this section by the respective details for the auctioneer.
(7) In the case of a contract of indeterminate duration or a long-term contract the objects of which are
continuing or recurring orders, the total price specified in clause (1) 6) of this section shall include the total costs
per settlement period. Where such contracts are charged at a fixed rate, the total price shall also mean the total
monthly costs. Where the total costs cannot be calculated in advance by reasonable efforts, the manner in which
the price is to be calculated shall be provided.
(8) If the trader failed to inform the consumer of the obligation to pay the costs specified in clauses (1) 6) or 14)
of this section, the consumer shall not bear these costs.
(9) The provisions on the obligation to provide precontractual information specified in subsection 14 (2) and §
141of this Act shall not apply to preparations for entry into an off-premises contract.
(10) The trader shall prove compliance with the obligation to provide precontractual information provided for in this section.
(11) The information provided as precontractual information shall form a part of the contract, unless the parties have expressly agreed otherwise.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

Page 16 / 259 Law of Obligations Act

§ 481. Confirmation of information

(1) The trader shall provide the consumer with a copy of the signed contract or the confirmation of the contract on paper or, if the consumer agrees, on another durable medium, including, where the digital content is the object of the contract, even the trader's confirmation that the consumer has granted a prior express consent and acknowledgement in accordance with clause 47 (3) 13) of this Act for commencement of delivery of the digital content.
(2) Where the consumer wants the provision of services, other continuous performance or sale of water, gas, electricity or heating through a network to begin during the withdrawal period prescribed in § 49 of this Act, the trader shall require that the consumer makes such an express request on a durable medium.
(3) Where the consumer has explicitly requested from the trader the entry into such a contract the object of which is the carrying out of repairs or maintenance works, the trader and the consumer immediately perform their contractual obligations and the payment to be made by the consumer does not exceed 200 euros, the confirmation given pursuant to subsection (1) of this section shall contain the information provided for in subsection 48 (1) of this Act.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

§ 49. Right of withdrawal

(1) The consumer shall have a period of 14 days to withdraw from an off-premises contract without giving any reason.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(11) In the case of a contract the object of which is the delivery of goods, the period specified in subsection
(1) of this section shall commence as of the day when the consumer or a third person other than the carrier and
indicated by the consumer acquires physical possession of the goods, or:
1) where several goods that are delivered separately have to be delivered to the consumer pursuant to the
contract, as of the day when the consumer or a third person other than the carrier and indicated by the consumer
acquires physical possession of the goods;
2) where the goods have to be delivered to the consumer in multiple lots or pieces, as of the day when the
consumer or a third person other than the carrier and indicated by the consumer acquires the physical possession
of the last lot or piece;
3) in the case of a long-term contract the object of which is repeated delivery of goods during defined period
of time, as of the day when the consumer or a third person who is not a carrier and indicated by the consumer
acquires physical possession of the first goods delivered.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(12) In the case of a contract the object of which is the provision of a service or other continuous performance, the period indicated in subsection (1) of this section shall commence as of the day of entry into the contract. [RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(13) In the case of sale of water, gas, electricity or heating through a network and in the case of digital content which cannot be delivered on a tangible medium, the period specified in subsection (1) of this section shall commence as of the day of entry into the contract.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(14) If the trader has violated the obligation to provide information specified in clause 48 (1) 12) of this Act, the withdrawal period shall expire 12 months after the expiry of the withdrawal period determined in the manner provided for in subsections (11) to (13) of this section. If the trader delayed the provision of the information
on the right of withdrawal specified in the preceding sentence to the consumer but still provided it within 12
months as of the day referred to in subsections (11) to (13) of this section, the withdrawal period shall expire 14 days after the receipt of the information.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(2) The deadline for withdrawal from an off-premises contract shall be deemed to have been observed by the consumer if the consumer has dispatched a notification concerning the withdrawal to the trader during the withdrawal period.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(21) The consumer may withdraw from a contract by means of a standard form of application for withdrawal or by presenting another unequivocal application for withdrawal.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

Law of Obligations Act Page 17 / 259

(22) The standard from of application for withdrawal shall be established by a regulation of the minister responsible for the area.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(23) If the consumer uses the website of the trader for sending the application for withdrawal, the trader shall immediately send a confirmation to the consumer on a durable medium concerning the receipt of the application for withdrawal.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(3) [Repealed - RT I 2003, 78, 523 - entry into force 27.12.2003] (4) [Repealed - RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(5) The provisions of this section shall not apply if the off-premises contract is a consumer credit contract. [RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(6) The consumer shall prove withdrawal from the contract in compliance with the provisions of this section. [RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

§ 491. Withdrawal from consumer credit contract

[Repealed - RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

§ 492. Trader's obligations upon consumer's withdrawal

(1) Upon receipt of an application for withdrawal, the trader shall return to the consumer immediately but at
the latest after 14 days all the payments received from the consumer based on the contract, inter aliathe costs of
delivery of the goods borne by the consumer.
(2) If the consumer has expressly opted for a type of delivery other than the least expensive type of standard delivery offered by the trader, the trader shall not be required to reimburse the consumer for the costs which exceed the costs relating to the type of standard delivery.
(3) The trader shall carry out the reimbursements specified in subsection (1) of this section using the same means of payment as was used by the consumer for making the payments, unless the consumer has expressly agreed on the use of other means of payment and provided that the consumer does not incur any service charges or other costs as a result of such reimbursement.
(4) If the object of contract is the delivery of goods, the trader may refuse to make the reimbursement specified in subsection (1) of this section on the basis of § 111 of this Act until the consumer has returned the goods constituting the object of contract to the trader or until the consumer has supplied evidence of having sent the goods back. The trader shall not have the right specified in this section in the case the trader has agreed to collect the goods constituting the object of contract.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

§ 493. Consumer's obligations upon withdrawal

(1) If goods were delivered to the consumer as an object of the contract, the consumer shall return the goods to the trader immediately but at the latest after 14 days as of making an application for withdrawal or deliver the goods to the trader or a person indicated by the trader. The consumer shall not have the obligation to return the goods specified in the first sentence of this subsection in the case the trader has agreed to collect the goods.
The consumer shall be deemed to have performed the obligation to return the goods in due time if the consumer returns the goods constituting the object of contract during the period specified in the first sentence of this subsection.
(2) The consumer shall bear the direct costs relating to the return of the goods delivered to the consumer as the object of contract, unless the parties have agreed otherwise. The consumer shall have no obligation to bear the costs if the trader has failed to inform the consumer of the fact that the consumer has to bear these costs. Where goods have been delivered to the consumer's home at the time of entry into the contract and, by its nature, the goods cannot be normally returned by post, the trader shall collect the goods at the trader's expense.
(3) In the case of any deterioration of the goods subject to return, the consumer is liable for the diminished value of the goods only in the case the consumer used the goods in a manner other than what is necessary to establish the nature, characteristics and functioning of the goods. In order to establish the nature, characteristics and functioning of the goods, the consumer should only handle and use the goods in the same manner as the consumer would customarily be allowed to do in a shop. The consumer shall not be liable for the diminished value of the goods in the case the trader has failed to draw the attention of the consumer to the existence of the right of withdrawal according to clauses 48 (1) 12) and 13) of this Act.
(4) If the consumer exercises the right of withdrawal after submission of the application specified in
subsection 481(2) of this Act, the consumer shall reimburse the trader for the value of what was delivered as the

Page 18 / 259 Law of Obligations Act

performance of the contract in proportion to what was delivered up to the time when the consumer withdrew from the contract, taking into consideration the total volume of the contract. The value of what was delivered is determined on the basis of the price agreed in the contract. If the contract price is unreasonably high, the value of what was delivered shall be calculated on the basis of the market value.
(5) In the case of a contract the object of which is the provision of a service, other continuous performance or sale of water, gas, electricity or heating through a network, the consumer is not obliged to reimburse the trader for the value of what was delivered during the withdrawal period if:
1) the trader has failed to provide information to the consumer according to clauses 48 (1) 12), 13) or 15) of this Act; or
2) the consumer has not expressly applied for the commencement of the provision of a service, other continuous performance or sale of water, gas, electricity of heating through a network pursuant to subsection
481(2) of this Act during the withdrawal period.
(6) In the case of the contract the object of which is the delivery of digital content, the consumer is not obliged to reimburse the trader for the value of such digital content delivered to the consumer during the withdrawal period which was not delivered on a tangible medium if:
1) the consumer has not given a prior express consent for the commencement of the delivery of the digital content before the end of the 14-day period provided for in subsection 49 (1) of this Act;
2) the consumer has not acknowledged that the consumer loses the right of withdrawal when giving such consent; or
3) the trader has failed to provide confirmation specified in subsection 481(1) of this Act.
(7) The claims of the trader arising from withdrawal against the consumer are limited to that provided in this section and subsection 492(2).
(8) Contract terms which impede the right of withdrawal from being exercised, in particular agreements pursuant to which withdrawal is bound to payment of earnest money or a contractual penalty, are void. [RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

§ 494. Effect of withdrawal to collateral contract

(1) If the consumer exercises the right of withdrawal provided for in § 49 of this Act with respect to an off- premises contract, the consumer shall be deemed to have withdrawn from the collateral contract linked to the off-premises contract which the consumer has entered into with the trader or a third person on the basis of an agreement between the third person and the trader.
(2) If the consumer is deemed to have withdrawn from a collateral contract in the case specified in subsection (1) of this section, the trader or the third person may not require payment for other costs besides those provided for in subsection 492(2) and § 493 of this Act.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

§ 495. Effect of withdrawal on consumer credit contract

(1) If an off-premises contract is a contract economically linked to a consumer credit contract for the purposes of § 414 of this Act, a consumer is deemed to have also withdrawn, in the case of withdrawal from an off- premises contract under the conditions provided for in § 49 of this Act, from the consumer credit contract and collateral contracts linked thereto for the purposes of subsection 409 (32) of this Act.
(2) In the case specified in subsection (1) of this section, a consumer shall not be required to pay interest or other expenses in the case of withdrawal from a consumer credit contract. The provisions of §§ 188-192 of this Act apply to other consequences of withdrawal.
(3) If credit is provided by a third party and the amount of the credit has already been paid to the trader, the rights and obligations of the trader with regard to the consumer transfer to the creditor in the case of withdrawal by the consumer.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

§ 50. Prohibition on violation of provisions

A person or body provided by law may, pursuant to the procedure provided by law, require a trader who has violated the provisions of this Division to terminate such violation and refrain from future violations.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

Law of Obligations Act Page 19 / 259

§ 51. Mandatory nature of provisions

Agreements which derogate from the provisions of this Division to the detriment of the consumer are void.

Division 4

Distance Contracts

[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

§ 52. Definition of distance contract

(1) A contract between the trader and the consumer is deemed to be a distance contract if: [RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
1) the contract is entered into under a marketing or service-provision scheme used for the entry into of such contracts;
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
2) [repealed - RT I, 04.02.2011, 1 - entry into force 05.04.2011]
3) the trader and the consumer are not present simultaneously at the same time upon entry into the contract;
and
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
4) contracting parties' declarations of intention for entry into the contract, including consumer's declaration
of intention to assume the contractual obligations (hereinafter order), shall be sent exclusively by means of
distance communication.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(2) Any method which enables a consumer and a trader who are not in the same place at the same time to organise the exchange of information necessary for negotiations and entry into a contract, in particular the use
of telephone, radio, computer, facsimile or television or the delivery of addressed or unaddressed printed matter, including a catalogue or a standard letter, to a consumer, or press advertising with an order form, is deemed to be use of a means of distance communication.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(3) A contract for the provision of investment services and services permissible for management companies and for the conclusion of transactions permissible for credit institutions which complies with the conditions provided for in subsection (1) of this section, an insurance contract and the provision of a service on the basis of a payment order is deemed to be a distance contract for the provision of financial services.
[RT I 2004, 75, 522 - entry into force 10.11.2004]

§ 53. Application of provisions

(1) The provisions of this Division apply to a distance contract entered into with a consumer whose residence is in Estonia or in a Member State of the European Union if the contract was entered into as a result of a public offer, advertisement or other such activity in Estonia or is essentially related to the territory of Estonia for any other reason, regardless of which state's law applies to the contract.
(11) In the case of such contracts of financial services which comprise an initial financial service agreement followed by successive operations or operations of the same nature linked in time, the provisions of this
Division shall apply only with regard to the initial contract. In case there is no initial financial service agreement but successive operations or separate operations of the same nature linked in time are performed by the same contractual parties, the requirements concerning provision of information to consumers provided for in §§
541and 551of this Act apply only when the first operation is performed. Where, however, no operation of the same nature is performed for more than one year, the next operation shall be deemed to be the first in a new series of operations and, accordingly, the provisions of §§ 541and 551of this Act apply.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(2) The provisions of this Division do not apply to contracts which are entered into:
1) for provision of social services;
2) for provision of health services;
3) for participation in gambling;
4) for provision of transport services for passengers;
5) for transfer or encumbering of an immovable with real rights or disposal of real rights relating to an
immovable;
6) for construction of new buildings or substantial conversion of buildings;
7) for lease of dwellings;
8) by means of notarial authentication;
9) with regard to foodstuffs, beverages or other goods intended for everyday consumption which are delivered
during frequent and regular tours of a trader to the residence, seat or workplace of the consumer;
10) by means of automatic vending machines or automated commercial premises;
11) with a provider of electronic communications services by means of a public telephone for the use thereof or
for the use of one single connection by telephone, Internet or fax established by a consumer.

Page 20 / 259 Law of Obligations Act

[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(3) [Repealed - RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(4) The right of withdrawal provided for in subsection 56 (1) of this Act shall not apply to contracts the object of which is:
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
1) the provision of a service or other continuous performance, if the contractual obligations of the trader are
fully met and the provision of the service or other performance has begun with the consumer's express prior
consent and acknowledgement that the consumer will lose the right to withdraw upon performance of the
contract by the trader;
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
11) the delivery of the goods, provision of services or other performance which price is dependent of fluctuations in the financial market which cannot be controlled by the trader and which may occur within the withdrawal period, including to contracts the object of which is the services related to foreign currency or the securities specified in § 2 of the Securities Market Act;
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
2) delivery of goods manufactured taking into account the personal needs of the consumer who is a party to the
contract;
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
3) for delivery of goods manufactured according to the conditions established by the consumer;
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
4) the delivery of such goods which deteriorate or expire rapidly;
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
41) the delivery of such goods in sealed packaging which are not suitable for return due to health protection or hygiene reasons and were unsealed after delivery;
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
42) the delivery of such goods which are, after delivery, according to their nature, inseparably mixed with other items;
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
43) the delivery of such alcoholic beverages, the price of which has been agreed upon at the time of the entry into the contract of sale, the delivery of which takes place after more than 30 days and the actual value of which is dependent on fluctuations in the market which cannot be controlled by the trader;
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
44) the carrying out of urgent repairs or maintenance where the consumer has requested a visit from the trader for such purpose;
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
5) the delivery of newspapers, magazines or periodicals with the exception of subscription contracts for an
indefinite period for such publications;
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
6) [repealed - RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
7) the delivery of sealed audio or video recordings or computer software if the consumer has opened the
package;
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
71) the delivery of such digital content which is not delivered on a tangible medium if the delivery thereof has begun with the consumer's prior express consent and the consumer's acknowledgement that the consumer thereby loses the right of withdrawal;
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
72) the provision of accommodation services, transportation of movables, use of motor vehicles, catering or services related to leisure activities if the trader undertakes to provide the services for a specific date or during a certain period upon conclusion of the above specified contract;
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
8) at an auction;
9) for travel and baggage insurance or other similar short-term insurance contracts entered into for a term of
less than one month.
(41) The provisions of § 55 of this Act do not apply to distance contracts entered into for provision of financial services.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(5) If a distance contract also conforms to the provisions concerning contracts entered into between other consumers and the trader, the provisions of this Division apply together with the specifications provided for such other types of contract.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(6) [Repealed - RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

Law of Obligations Act Page 21 / 259

(7) The exception provided for in clause (4) 44) of this section shall not extent to such a contract which is entered into on the occasion of such visit in addition to those ordered by the consumer, inter aliato a contract by which goods are delivered other than replacement parts necessary for making the repairs or carrying out the maintenance.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

§ 54. Precontractual information to consumer

[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(1) Prior to entry into a contract or making a binding offer by a consumer for this purpose, a trader shall provide the consumer with the following information in a clear and comprehensible manner:
1) data which enable the identification of the trader, in particular the trader's business name;
2) the address of the registered office of the trader and, where available, the trader’s telephone number, fax
number and e-mail address and, where relevant, the address of the registered office and identity of the trader on
whose behalf the trader is acting;
3) the address of the place of business of the trader where the consumer can address complaints, if different
from the address specified in accordance with clause 2) of this subsection;
4) the main characteristics of the object of contract to the extent appropriate to the object of contract and the
manner of presentation of information;
5) in the case of digital content, the method of use thereof, the technical protective measures applied to it and
compatibility thereof with any hardware and software of which the trader is aware or should be aware;
6) the total price of the object of contract inclusive of taxes, or where the nature of the object of the contract is
such that the price cannot reasonably be calculated in advance, the manner in which the price is to be calculated,
and all additional freight, postal, delivery or any other costs, if the consumer has to cover these costs or where
those costs cannot reasonably be calculated in advance, information on that such additional costs may be
payable;
7) the charge for use of the means of distance communication used for entry into the contract, except in the
case such charge corresponds to the normal charge for the use of such means of distance communication;
8) when a consumer has to pay a sum of money as security or provide other financial security, the fact that this
has to be done at the request of the trader, and the terms and conditions of such security;
9) the arrangements for payment, delivery and execution of an order and the time by which the goods are
delivered, the service is provided or other acts are performed;
10) the minimum duration of the consumer's obligations under the contract, if it exists;
11) in the case of long-term contracts the duration of the contract, or if the contract is of indeterminate duration
or is to be extended automatically, the conditions for terminating the contract;
12) where a right of withdrawal exists, the conditions, time limit and procedures for exercising that right in
accordance with subsection 56 (22) of this Act;
13) where a right of withdrawal exists, a standard form of application for withdrawal;
14) the fact that if the consumer withdraws from the contract, the consumer shall bear the costs of returning the
goods that constituted the object of the contract, and in the situation where the goods constituting the object of
contract by their nature cannot be returned by normal post, the costs of removing the object, if the consumer has
to bear these costs;
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1 - entry into force 21.03.2016]
15) the fact that if the consumer exercises the right to withdraw from the contract after submitting the
application specified in subsection 55 (3) of this Act, the consumer is obliged to compensate the trader for any
reasonable costs according to subsection 562(5) of this Act;
16) where a right of withdrawal is not prescribed according to subsection 53 (4) of this Act, the information
that the consumer has no right of withdrawal or, if the consumer may lose the right of withdrawal, information
about the circumstances under which the right of withdrawal will be lost;
17) upon offer of the maintenance service of the object of contract or customer service after the performance of
the contract, the existence and the terms and conditions thereof;
18) a reminder that the consumer can rely, upon non-compliance of the object of contract with the terms and
conditions of the contract, on the legal remedies provided by law;
19) upon grant of additional warranty in addition to the legal remedies provided by law, the existence and
terms and conditions thereof;
20) the existence of a code of conduct observed by the trader, if the activities of the trader are based on it, and
information on how to obtain a copy thereof;
21) the procedure for handling complaints implemented by the trader, if it exists;
22) the information on the possibilities of the consumer to have recourse to a body settling extra-judicial
complaints and disputes and the terms and conditions of recourse.
(2) The information specified in subsection (1) of this section shall be provided or made available to the consumer to the means of distance communication used in an appropriate way and in plain and intelligible language. In so far as that information is provided on a durable medium, it shall be provided in a legible manner.
(3) The information specified in clauses (1) 12), 14) and 15) of this section may be also provided to the consumer by means of using the model instructions on withdrawal specified in subsection (4) of this section. If the trader provides the consumer with the model instructions on withdrawal, that information shall be deemed submitted to the consumer. That information is deemed submitted to the consumer only in the case the trader has properly completed the model instructions on withdrawal from the contract.

Page 22 / 259 Law of Obligations Act

(4) The model instructions on withdrawal from contract shall be established by a regulation of the minister responsible for the area.
(5) If the contract is entered into through a means of distance communication which allows limited space or time to display the information, at least the information provided for in clauses (1) 1), 4), 6), 11) and 12) of this section shall be provided to the consumer prior to entry into such a contract to the extent appropriate for the respective means of distance communication. Other information specified in subsection (1) of this section shall be provided to the consumer in an appropriate manner according to subsection (2) of this section.
(6) ) If the trader contacts the consumer by phone for the purpose of entry into a contract, the trader must inform the consumer, at the beginning of the telephone call, of the trader's name, and where appropriate, the name of the person on whose behalf the call is made, and the business purpose of the call.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1 - entry into force 21.03.2016]
(7) In the case of a contract of indeterminate duration or a long-term contract the objects of which are
continuing or recurring orders, the total price specified in clause (1) 6) of this section shall include the total costs
per settlement period. Where such contracts are charged at a fixed rate, the total price shall also mean the total
monthly costs. Where the total costs cannot be calculated in advance by reasonable efforts, the manner in which
the price is to be calculated shall be provided.
(8) If the trader failed to inform the consumer of the obligation to pay the costs specified in clauses (1) 6) or 14)
of this section, the consumer shall not bear these costs.
(9) The provisions on the obligation to provide precontractual information specified in subsection 14 (2) and §
141of this Act shall not apply to preparations for entry into a distance contract.
(10) The trader shall prove compliance with the obligation to provide precontractual information provided for in this section.
(11) The information provided as precontractual information shall form a part of the contract, unless the parties have expressly agreed otherwise
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

§ 541. Precontractual information to consumer in case of financial service contract

[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(1) Within a reasonable period of time prior to entry into a financial service contract or making a binding offer by a consumer for this purpose, the provider of financial services shall provide the consumer with the following information on a durable medium in a clear and comprehensible manner:
1) name of the provider of financial services, area of activity, administrative address of the provider of financial services and an addresses relevant in the relations between the consumer and the provider of financial services;
2) the name of the representative of the provider of financial services operating in the state of residence of the consumer and an addresses relevant in the relations between the consumer and the provider of financial services;
3) the name of the trader other than the provider of financial services who mediates, recommends a financial service or participates in the provision of the financial service in any other way, the economic field or profession in which the trader is engaged when communicating with the consumer and an address relevant for the customer's relations with this trader;
4) the commercial register code or registration number in the case of a provider of financial services entered in the commercial register or in any other similar public register and the name of the register;
5) details of the supervisory authority if an authorisation is required for the activity of the provider of the financial service;
6) the main characteristics of the financial service;
7) the total price of the financial service which the consumer pays to the provider of the financial service,
including all the charges, taxes and costs related to the financial service and all the taxes paid via the provider
of the financial service or, when an exact price cannot be indicated, the basis for the calculation of the price
enabling the consumer to verify it;
8) additional costs for using the means of distance communication required from the consumer and other
possible taxes and costs not included in the price and not paid via the provider of the financial service;
9) the procedure for payment for the financial service and circumstances relating to the provision of the
financial service and performance of the contract;
10) special risks involved in the financial service arising from the special nature of financial instruments or
financial operations or dependence of the price of financial services on the financial markets outside the control
of the provider of the financial service, and that previous results are no indicators for future forecast;
11) the minimum term of the contract if the financial service is provided continuously or recurrently during a
specific term;

Law of Obligations Act Page 23 / 259

12) the existence or absence of the consumer's right of withdrawal in accordance with § 56 of this Act, the term and the conditions for withdrawal, including practical guidelines for exercising it indicating, inter alia, the address whereto the application for withdrawal is to be sent, the obligation of the consumer to pay the amount calculated according to subsection 562(4) of this Act, as well as the consequences of non-exercise of the right of withdrawal;
13) the right of the parties to cancel the contract or withdraw from the contract and the contractual penalties imposed in such cases;
14) the Member State or Member States which laws are taken by the provider of the financial service as a basis for the establishment of relations with the consumer prior to the conclusion of a distance contract;
15) agreements on law and jurisdiction applicable to the contract;
16) in which language the contractual terms and conditions, and the information to be provided during the
precontractual phase are provided, and furthermore in which language the provider of the financial service, with
the agreement of the consumer, undertakes to provide information during the duration of this distance contract;
17) information on the possibilities of the consumer to have recourse to a body settling extra-judicial
complaints and disputes and the terms and conditions of recourse;
18) information on the procedure for compensation for damages not regulated by the Guarantee Fund Act.
(2) If the financial service provided is a consumer credit, the information provided for in clause (1) 12) of
this section shall be provided to the consumer with the specification that the consumer may withdraw from the
contract on the basis and with the consequences provided for in § 409 of this Act.
(3) The information specified in subsections (1) and (2) of this section shall, taking into account the means of distance communication used, be provided in good faith in compliance with good morals and taking
into account the need to protect persons with restricted active legal capacity and in a manner indicating the commercial purpose of the offer. In the case of communication by telephone, the name of the provider of the financial service and the commercial purpose of the telephone call shall be made clearly known to the consumer at the beginning of the conversation.
(4) Information on contractual obligations, to be communicated to the consumer during the precontractual phase, shall be in conformity with the obligations which would result from the law presumed to be applicable to the distance contract if the latter were concluded.
(5) In the case the financial service is offered by communication by telephone, subject to the explicit consent of the consumer only the following information may be given:
1) the name of the caller and his or her link with the provider of the financial service;
2) the main characteristics of the financial service;
3) the price to be paid by the consumer to the provider of the financial service for the financial service,
including all taxes paid via the provider of the financial service or, when an exact price cannot be indicated, the
basis for the calculation of the price enabling the consumer to verify it;
4) reference to possible taxes and costs that are not included in the price and not paid via the provider of the
financial service;
5) the existence or absence of the consumer's right of withdrawal in accordance with § 56 of this Act, the
term and the conditions for withdrawal, including the obligation of the consumer to pay the amount calculated
according to subsection 562(5) of this Act.
(6) If the financial service provided is a consumer credit:
1) the information provided for in clause (5) 5) of this section shall be communicated to the consumer with
the specification that the consumer may withdraw from the contract on the basis and with the consequences
provided for in § 409 of this Act;
2) the description of the main characteristics of the financial service specified in clause (5) 2) of this section
shall contain at least the information specified in clauses 4031(1) 3) to 8) of this Act, annual percentage rate by means of a representative example and, if necessary, the information specified in clause 4031(2) 2) of this Act;
3) the description of the main characteristics of the financial service specified in clause (5) 2) of this section
shall contain at least the information specified in Divisions 3 to 6 of Part A of Annex to the regulation
established on the basis of subsection 4033(3) of this Act in the case of consumer credit contracts relating to residential immovable property.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1 - entry into force 21.03.2016]
(7) If the financial service provided is the entry into an overdraft agreement specified in subsection 407 (21)
of this Act and it is possible to make the overdraft facility available with immediate effect, the description of
the main characteristics of the financial service specified in clause (5) 2) of this section shall contain at least the
information specified in clauses 4031(1) 3) and 8) and clauses 407 (21) 3) and 5) of this Act.
(8) In the case provided for in subsection (5) of this section, the provider of the financial service shall inform the consumer that other information is available and describe the nature of this information is. In any case the service provider shall provide full information when fulfilling the obligations under § 551of this Act.
(9) The provisions of subsection 711 (1) and subsection 7111(1) of this Act shall apply instead of clauses (1) 1) to 5), 7, 13) and 15) to 17) of this section if payment services are provided for the purposes of subsection 3 (1) of the Paying Authorities and E-money Institutions Act.

Page 24 / 259 Law of Obligations Act

(10) The provisions on the obligation to provide precontractual information specified in subsection 14 (2) and
§§ 141and 54 of this Act shall not apply to the obligation to provide precontractual information specified in this section.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

§ 542. Entry into contract by telephone

(1) If the parties enter into a contract by telephone, the consumer is bound by the obligations assumed by telephone only in the case the trader has confirmed what was communicated by phone on a durable medium and the consumer has confirmed the intention to be bound by the obligation assumed by telephone in a format which can be reproduced in writing. Upon violation of the requirements specified in this section, the goods, services or other performance delivered by the trader to the consumer shall be deemed to be unsolicited goods, services or other performance for the purpose of subsection 99 (1) of this Act.
(2) The provisions of this section do not apply to financial services.
(3) The provisions of this section shall not apply in the case the contract is entered into on the initiative of the consumer.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

§ 55. Confirmation of information

(1) The trader shall provide the consumer with the confirmation of the contract entered into, on a durable medium within a reasonable time after the entry into the contract but not later than at the time of delivery of the goods or before the provision of the service or performance begins.
(2) The confirmation specified in subsection (1) of this section shall include the information specified in subsection 54 (1) of this Act unless the trader has already provided this information to the consumer on a durable medium prior to the entry into the contract, and if the object of contract is digital content, the trader's confirmation stating that the consumer has given an explicit consent and acknowledgment pursuant to clause 53 (4) 71) of this Act for the commencement of the delivery of the digital content.
(3) Where the consumer wants the provision of services, other continuous performance or sale of water, gas, electricity or heating through a network to begin during the withdrawal period prescribed in § 56 of this Act, the trader shall require that the consumer makes such an express application.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

§ 551. Specifications for provision of information in case of financial service contract

(1) In addition to the provision of subsection 541(1) of this Act, the provider of the financial service shall communicate to the consumer on a durable medium, within a reasonable period of time prior to the entry into the contract or making an offer by the consumer, the conditions of the contract and other relevant information provided by law.
[RT I, 07.07.2015, 1 - entry into force 01.01.2016]
(2) The provider of the financial service shall fulfil the obligation provided for in subsection (1) of this section and subsection 541(1) of this Act immediately after the entry into the contract, if the contract was entered into on the initiative of the consumer using such means of distance communication which does not enable providing the contractual terms and conditions and the information in conformity with subsection (1) of this section and subsection 541(1) of this Act.
(3) If the consumer credit contract is entered into on the initiative of the consumer and using a means of distance communication which does not enable to provide the information in conformity with § 4031of this Act, in particular in the case specified in subsection 541(5) of this Act, the creditor or the credit intermediary shall provide full information to the consumer, immediately after the entry into the consumer credit contract, pursuant to § 4031of this Act, using the Standard European Consumer Credit Information form.
(4) If the overdraft agreement specified in subsection 407 (21) of this Act is entered into on the initiative of the consumer and using a means of distance communication which does not enable to provide the information in conformity with subsections 407 (21) and (22) of this Act, in particular in the case specified in subsection 541(5) of this Act, the creditor or the credit intermediary shall provide full information to the consumer immediately after the entry into the consumer credit contract pursuant to subsection 407 (24) of this Act.

Law of Obligations Act Page 25 / 259

(5) The consumer may request the contractual terms on paper at any time during the period of validity of the contract. The consumer is also entitled to change the means of distance communication used, unless this is incompatible with the contract or the nature of the financial service provided.
(6) Where the consumer wants the provision of financial services to begin during the withdrawal period prescribed in § 56 of this Act, the consumer shall provide express consent for it.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

§ 56. Right of withdrawal from contract

(1) A consumer may withdraw from a distance contract within 14 days without giving any reason. [RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(11) In the case of a contract the object of which is the delivery of goods, the period specified in subsection
(1) of this section shall commence as of the day when the consumer or a third person other than the carrier and
indicated by the consumer acquires physical possession of the goods, or:
1) where several goods that are delivered separately have to be delivered to the consumer pursuant to the
contract, as of the day when the consumer or a third person other than the carrier and indicated by the consumer
acquires physical possession of the goods;
2) where the goods have to be delivered to the consumer in multiple lots or pieces, as of the day when the
consumer or a third person other than the carrier and indicated by the consumer acquires the physical possession
of the last lot or piece;
3) in the case of a long-term contract the object of which is repeated delivery of goods during a defined period
of time, as of the day when the consumer or a third person who is not a carrier and indicated by the consumer
acquires physical possession of the first good delivered.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(12) In the case of a contract the object of which is the provision of a service or other continuous performance, the period indicated in subsection (1) of this section shall commence as of the day of entry into the contract. [RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(13) In the case of sale of water, gas, electricity or heating through a network and in the case of digital content which cannot be delivered on a tangible medium, the period specified in subsection (1) of this section shall commence as of the day of entry into the contract.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(14) In the case of a contract for provision of financial services, the term for withdrawal shall begin from the day of the entry into the contract or from the performance of the obligation provided for in subsection 541(1) and subsections 551(1) and (2) of this Act if this takes place after entry into the contract.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(15) The consumer may withdraw from a distance contract for life insurance or pension insurance within 30
days as of the date on which the consumer is informed of entry into the contract or performance of the obligation
provided for in subsection 541(1) and subsections 551(1) and (2) of this Act if this takes place after entry into the contract.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(16) If the trader has violated the obligation to provide information specified in clause 54 (1) 12) of this Act,
the withdrawal period shall expire 12 months after the expiry of the expiry of the withdrawal period determined
in the manner provided for in subsections (11) to (13) of this section. If the trader delayed the provision of the information on the right of withdrawal specified in the preceding sentence to the consumer but still provided it within 12 months as of the day referred to in subsections (11) to (13) of this section, the withdrawal period shall expire 14 days after the receipt of the information.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(2) Where a distance contract is a contract for the provision of financial services, the consumer may withdraw from the contract, differently than as provided in subsection (16) of this section, within three months as of the day of entry into the contract, if the trader has failed to comply with the provisions of §§ 541or 551of this Act. If
the trader provides the consumer with the information provided for in subsection 541(1) of this Act belatedly but
still within three months as of the day of entry into the contract, the consumer may withdraw during 14 days as
of the receipt of the information.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(21) The deadline for withdrawal from a distance contract shall be deemed to have been observed by the consumer if the consumer has dispatched a notification concerning the withdrawal to the trader during the withdrawal period.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

Page 26 / 259 Law of Obligations Act

(22) The consumer may withdraw from a contract by means of a standard form of application for withdrawal or by presenting another unequivocal application for withdrawal. The provisions of this section shall not apply to withdrawal from the contract for provision of a financial service.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(23) The standard form of application for withdrawal shall be established by a regulation of the minister responsible for the area.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(24) If the consumer uses the website of the trader for sending the application for withdrawal, the trader shall immediately send a confirmation to the consumer on a durable medium concerning the receipt of the application for withdrawal.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(25) The consumer shall prove withdrawal from the contract in compliance with the provisions of this section. [RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(3) [Repealed - RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014] (4) [Repealed - RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(5) The provisions of this section do not apply if the distance contract is a consumer credit contract. [RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]

§ 561. Trader's obligations upon consumer's withdrawal

(1) Upon receipt of an application for withdrawal, the trader shall return to the consumer immediately but at not later than after 14 days all the payments received from the consumer based on the contract, inter aliathe costs of delivery of the goods borne by the consumer.
(2) Where a consumer withdraws from a contract for the provision of financial services, the provider of the financial service shall reimburse the consumer, immediately upon receipt of the application for withdrawal but not later than 30 days after it, for all payments received from the consumer under the contract.
(3) If the consumer has expressly opted for a type of delivery other than the least expensive type of standard delivery offered by the trader, the trader shall not be required to reimburse the consumer for the costs which exceed the costs relating to the type of standard delivery.
(4) The trader shall carry out the reimbursements specified in subsections (1) and (2) of this section using the same means of payment as was used by the consumer for making the payments, unless the consumer has expressly agreed on the use of other means of payment and provided that the consumer does not incur any service charges or other costs as a result of such reimbursement.
(5) If the object of contract is the delivery of goods, the trader may refuse to make the reimbursements specified in subsections (1) and (2) of this section on the basis of § 111 of this Act until the consumer has returned the goods constituting the object of contract to the trader or until the consumer has supplied evidence of having sent the goods back. The trader shall not have the right specified in this section in the case the trader has agreed to collect the goods constituting the object of contract.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

§ 562. Consumer's obligations upon withdrawal

(1) If goods were delivered to the consumer as an object of contract, the consumer shall return the goods to the trader immediately but not later than after 14 days as of making an application for withdrawal or deliver
the goods to the trader or a person indicated by the trader. The consumer shall not have the obligation to return the goods specified in the first sentence of this subsection in the case the trader has agreed to collect the goods. The consumer shall be deemed to have performed the obligation to return the goods in due time if the consumer returns the goods constituting the object of contract during the period specified in the first sentence of this subsection.
(2) Where the consumer withdraws from a contract for the provision of financial services, the consumer shall reimburse the provider of the financial service for the money and other objects received immediately but not later 30 days after making the application for withdrawal.

Law of Obligations Act Page 27 / 259

(3) The consumer shall bear the direct costs relating to the return of the goods delivered to the consumer as the object of contract, unless the parties have agreed otherwise. The consumer shall have no obligation to bear the costs if the trader has failed to inform the consumer of the fact that the consumer has to bear these costs.
(4) In the case of any deterioration of the goods subject to return, the consumer is liable for the diminished value of the goods only in the case the consumer used the goods in a manner other than what is necessary to establish the nature, characteristics and functioning of the goods. In order to establish the nature, characteristics and functioning of the goods, the consumer should only handle and use the goods in the same manner as the consumer would customarily be allowed to do in a shop. The consumer shall not be liable for the diminished value of the goods in the case the trader has failed to draw the attention of the consumer to the existence of the right of withdrawal according to clauses 54 (1) 12) and 13) of this Act.
(5) If the consumer exercises the right of withdrawal after submission of the application specified in subsection
55 (3) or subsection 551(6) of this Act, the consumer shall reimburse the trader for the value of what was delivered as the performance of the contract in proportion to what was delivered up to the time when the consumer withdrew from the contract, taking into consideration the total volume of the contract. The value of what was delivered is determined on the basis of the price agreed in the contract. If the contract price is unreasonably high, the value of what was delivered shall be calculated on the basis of the market value.
(6) In the case of a contract the object of which is the provision of a service, other continuous performance or sale of water, gas, electricity or heating through a network, the consumer is not obliged to reimburse the trader for the value of what was delivered during the withdrawal period if:
1) the trader has failed to provide information to the consumer according to clause 54 (1) 12), 13) or 15) of this
Act or in the case of a financial service according to clause 541(1) 12) or this Act, or
2) the consumer has not expressly applied for the commencement of the provision of a service, other
continuous performance or sale of water, gas, electricity of heating through a network pursuant to subsection 55
(3) or 551(6) of this Act during the withdrawal period.
(7) In the case of the contract the object of which is the delivery of digital content, the consumer is not obliged to reimburse the trader for the value of such digital content delivered to the consumer during the withdrawal period which was not delivered on a tangible medium if:
1) the consumer has not given a prior express consent for the commencement of the delivery of the digital content before the end of the 14-day period provided for in subsection 56 (1) of this Act;
2) the consumer has not acknowledged that the consumer loses the right of withdrawal when giving such consent; or
3) the trader has failed to provide confirmation specified in subsection 55 (2) of this Act.
(8) The claims of the trader arising from withdrawal against the consumer are limited to that provided in this section and subsection 561(3).
(9) Contract terms which impede the right of withdrawal from being exercised, in particular agreements pursuant to which withdrawal is bound to payment of earnest money or a contractual penalty, are void.
(10) If the distance contract for the provision of financial services is a consumer credit contract, the provisions of § 409 of this Act apply instead of the consequences specified in this section.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

§ 563. Effect of withdrawal to collateral contract

(1) If the consumer exercises the right of withdrawal provided for in § 56 of this Act with respect to a distance contract, the consumer shall be deemed to have withdrawn from the collateral contract linked to the distance contract which the consumer has entered into with the trader or a third person on the basis of an agreement between the third person and the trader.
(2) If the consumer is deemed to have withdrawn from a collateral contract in the case specified in subsection (1) of this section, the trader or the third person may not require the consumer to bear other costs besides those provided for in subsection 561(3) and § 562of this Act.
(3) If a distance contract is a contract for the provision of a financial service which is linked to another distance contract for the provision of the service by the provider of the financial service or any third persons based on an agreement between them, the provisions of §§ 188 to 192 of this Act apply to the consequences of withdrawal instead of the provisions of subsection (2) of this section.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

§ 57. Effect of withdrawal on consumer credit contract

[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(1) If a distance contract is a contract economically linked to a consumer credit contract for the purposes of §
414 of this Act, a consumer is deemed to have also withdrawn, in the case of withdrawal from the contract under

Page 28 / 259 Law of Obligations Act

the conditions provided for in § 56 of this Act, from the consumer credit contract and collateral contracts linked thereto for the purposes of subsection 409 (32) of this Act.
(2) In the case provided for in subsection (1) of this section, the consumer shall not be required to pay interest or expenses. The provisions of §§ 188-192 of this Act apply to other consequences of withdrawal.
(3) If credit is granted by a third party and the amount of the credit has already been paid to the trader, the rights and obligations of the trader with regard to the consumer transfer to the creditor in the case of withdrawal by the consumer.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

§ 571. Withdrawal from contract linked to contract for provision of financial services

[Repealed - RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

§ 58. Consequences of withdrawal from contract for provision of financial services

[Repealed - RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

§ 59. Performance of contract

[Repealed - RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

§ 60. Restrictions on use of means of distance communication

An offer may be made to a consumer by automated calling systems without human intervention, fax, telephone answering machine or electronic mail only with the prior consent of the consumer. Other means of distance communication which allow individual communication may be used for communicating an offer only if the consumer has not expressly forbidden the use thereof.
[RT I, 04.02.2011, 1 - entry into force 05.04.2011]

§ 61. Prohibition on violation of provisions

§ 62. Mandatory nature of provisions

Agreements which derogate from the provisions of this Division to the detriment of the consumer are void.

Division 5

Contracts Entered into through Computer Network

[RT I 2004, 13, 86 - entry into force 15.04.2004]

§ 621. Entry into contract through computer network

[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(1) The trader who enters into a contract through a computer network shall make available to the other contracting party suitable and efficient technical means which are accessible by the other party and by which the other party is able to identify and correct typing errors before transmitting the order.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(2) Before transmission of an order specified in subsection (1) of this section, the trader shall notify the other contracting party of:
1) the technical stages involved in entering into the contract;
2) whether the trader will preserve the text of the contract after entry into the contract and whether the text will
remain available to the other contracting party;
3) the technical means for identifying and correcting typing errors;
4) the languages in which the contract may be entered into;
5) the rules observed by the trader, and the electronic means for examining the rules.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(3) The trader shall immediately confirm in electronic form the receipt of an order.

Law of Obligations Act Page 29 / 259

[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(4) [Repealed - RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(5) The terms of the contract, including the standard terms, shall be presented to the other contracting party in a manner which enables them to be saved and reproduced.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(6) The provisions of subsections (1) to (3) of this section do not apply if the contract is entered into by electronic mail or any other similar personal means of distance communication.
(7) [Repealed - RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(8) The provisions of this section do not preclude or restrict any obligations of a trader to provide the other contracting party with any other information prescribed by law.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

§ 622. Additional requirements for entry into contract with consumer

(1) At the latest at the beginning of the ordering process, the trader shall provide the following information in a clear and legible manner:
1) delivery restrictions, if any;
2) acceptable means of payment.
(2) If a contract entered into through a computer network prescribes an obligation to pay, the trader shall make the consumer aware of the information provided for in clauses 54 (1) 4), 6), 10) and 11) of this Act in a clear and prominent manner in addition to the provisions of subsection 621(2) of this Act immediately before the transmission of the order. In the case of failure to comply with the notification requirement, the consumer shall not be bound by the contract or order.
(3) The trader shall ensure that the consumer, when placing his order, explicitly acknowledges that the order implies an obligation to pay. If placing an order entails activating a button or a similar function, the button or similar function shall be labelled in an easily legible manner only with the words ‘order with obligation to pay’ or a corresponding unambiguous formulation indicating that placing the order entails an obligation to pay. If the trader has not complied with the requirements provided for in this subsection, the consumer shall not be bound by the contract or order.
(4) The provisions of this section shall not apply to contracts entered into through a computer network, the object of which is the provision of a financial service.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

§ 623. Mandatory nature of provisions

Agreements which derogate from the provisions of this Division to the detriment of the consumer are void. [RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

Chapter 3 PLURALITY OF PERSONS IN OBLIGATIONS

Division 1

Plurality of Obligors

§ 63. Joint obligors

(1) If several persons are to perform a divisible obligation, they shall perform the obligation in equal shares. The law or a transaction may prescribe that several obligors shall perform an obligation in unequal shares.
(2) The provisions of subsection (1) of this section do not apply if several persons are to perform an obligation as solidary obligors.

§ 64. Collective obligors

If several persons are to perform the same obligation and they can perform such obligation only collectively, the obligee shall require them to perform the obligation collectively.

Page 30 / 259 Law of Obligations Act

§ 65. Solidary obligors

(1) If several persons are to perform an obligation jointly and severally (solidary obligors), the obligee may require full or partial performance of the obligation from all the obligors collectively, from any one obligor or from some of the obligors separately.
(2) A solidary obligation arises if several persons are to perform an obligation with the same content and performance of the obligation may be required by the obligee only once, and in other cases provided by law or on the basis of a transaction.
(3) A solidary obligation also arises if an obligation is indivisible.
(4) If several persons undertake by a contract to perform an obligation collectively, it is presumed that they are solidary obligors.

§ 66. Waiver of claim

(1) If an obligee wholly or partially waives a claim against a solidary obligor, the other solidary obligors are nevertheless required to perform the obligation in full.
(2) If an obligee reaches an agreement with a solidary obligor that the obligee will waive the obligee's claim against all of the solidary obligors, the other solidary obligors are also released from the obligation. A solidary obligor may, on behalf of the other solidary obligors, accept a proposal from the obligee that the obligee will waive the obligee's claim against all the solidary obligors free of charge.
(3) The provisions of subsections (1) and (2) of this section also apply if an obligee waives the obligee's claim against a solidary obligor before the solidary obligation arises.

§ 67. Defences of solidary obligors

(1) If any one solidary obligor has performed an obligation in full, the other solidary obligors are not liable for the performance of the obligation. The same applies in the case of substituted performance, deposit or set off. A solidary obligor may only set off the obligee's claim against the obligor's claim.
(2) Any solidary obligor may set up defences against the claim of the obligee which arise from the solidary obligation or from the obligor's own legal relationship with the obligee.
(3) If a solidary obligor does not set up a defence against a claim of the obligee which could have been set up by any of the solidary obligors, the solidary obligor does not have a right of recourse against the other solidary obligors to the extent by which the solidary obligation would have diminished as a result of such defence, unless the solidary obligor did not know and did not have to know of the circumstances underlying the defence.

§ 68. Applicability of circumstances with regard to solidary obligors

(1) A solidary obligor shall not be liable for non-performance of the solidary obligation by another solidary obligor.
(2) Consequences arising to one solidary obligor from a delay in acceptance by an obligee or from postponement of the due date for the performance of the obligation also apply to the other solidary obligors.
(3) Circumstances not specified by law which affect the liability of solidary obligors, in particular defences regarding limitation periods, apply only to the solidary obligor concerned unless otherwise dictated by the solidary obligation.

§ 69. Relations between solidary obligors

(1) In relations between themselves, solidary obligors are liable for the performance of the obligation in equal shares unless otherwise provided by law, the contract or the nature of the obligation.
(2) If a solidary obligor has performed the solidary obligation, the claim of the obligee against the other obligors transfers to the solidary obligor (right of recourse of solidary obligor) except to the extent of the solidary obligor's own share of the obligation.
(3) In the case provided for in subsection 66 (1) of this Act, the other obligors have the right of recourse against the obligor who is released from the solidary obligation to the extent of the obligor's share of the obligation in relations between the solidary obligors. This does not apply if the obligee reduces the claim thereof to the extent of the share which the obligor with regard to whom the obligee waived the claim is to bear in relations between the solidary obligors.

Law of Obligations Act Page 31 / 259

(4) If a solidary obligation involves performance of acts other than payment of money, the solidary obligor who has performed the obligation may only claim compensation in money from the other solidary obligors.
(5) A solidary obligor may claim compensation for reasonable expenses made by the obligor upon performance of the obligation from the other solidary obligors according to their shares in the obligation. Compensation for expenses shall not be claimed if the expenses are exclusively related to the solidary obligor.
(6) If a solidary obligor fails to perform the share thereof in the obligation with regard to the solidary obligor who performed the obligation, the solidary obligor who performed the obligation and the other solidary obligors shall be liable for the performance of such share proportionally to their shares in the obligation. The claim against the solidary obligor who fails to perform the obligation transfers to the solidary obligor who performed the obligation and to the other obligors.
(7) The provisions of subsections (1) to (6) of this section apply correspondingly to relations between persons who have secured performance of an obligation by an obligor with securities.
[RT I 2003, 78, 523 - entry into force 27.12.2003]

§ 70. Limitation period for right of recourse by solidary obligor

(1) The limitation period for the right of recourse by a solidary obligor who has performed the solidary obligation expires at the time when the claim of the obligee against the solidary obligor against whom the right of recourse is exercised would expire.
(2) The limitation period for the right of recourse by a solidary obligor shall not expire earlier than six months as of the date on which the solidary obligor performed the obligation or the obligee filed an action with a court against the obligor for the performance of the obligation.
(3) The provisions of subsection (2) of this section do not apply if a solidary obligor performs the obligation after the limitation period for the claim against the obligor or the solidary obligor against whom the obligor exercised the right of recourse has expired.
(4) Claims for compensation for reasonable expenses provided for in subsection 69 (5) of this Act and claims arising from negotiorum gestio or unjustified enrichment which can be filed in lieu of exercising the right of recourse shall expire together with the right of recourse.

Division 2

Plurality of Obligees

§ 71. Joint obligees

If a divisible obligation must be performed for the benefit of several obligees, each of the obligees has the right to require performance of the obligation for the benefit thereof in a share equal to the shares of the other obligees unless law or a transaction provides that the obligees may require performance of the obligation in unequal shares, for their collective benefit or jointly and severally.

§ 72. Collective obligees

(1) If, pursuant to law, a transaction or the nature of an obligation, several obligees may only require performance of the obligation for their collective benefit, the obligor has the right to perform the obligation only for the benefit of all the obligees collectively.
(2) If an indivisible obligation must be performed for the benefit of several obligees, each obligee may only require performance of the obligation for the benefit of all the obligees collectively unless the obligees are solidary obligees.
(3) Each collective obligee may require performance of the obligation, including the deposit or sale of the thing owed, only for the benefit of all the obligees collectively. Other circumstances which pertain to one collective obligee only do not apply with regard to the other collective obligees.

§ 73. Solidary obligees

(1) If, pursuant to law, a transaction or the nature of an obligation, the obligation must be performed for the benefit of several persons such that each of the persons may require full performance of the obligation, such persons are solidary obligees.
(2) An obligor may perform an obligation for the benefit of all or some of the solidary obligees, even if one of the solidary obligees has already filed an action to claim the performance of the obligation.

Page 32 / 259 Law of Obligations Act

(3) Performance of an obligation for the benefit of one of the solidary obligees, including a set-off against a claim of a solidary obligee or deposit for the benefit of a solidary obligee, releases the obligor from performance of the obligation for the benefit of the other solidary obligees.
(4) An obligor shall only set up such defences against the claim of a solidary obligee which the obligor has against the solidary obligee concerned.

§ 74. Applicability of circumstances with regard to solidary obligees

(1) If one solidary obligee delays acceptance of the performance of an obligation, the other solidary obligees are also deemed to have delayed acceptance of the performance of the obligation.
(2) If a solidary obligee becomes an obligor with regard to the same obligation, the obligation terminates. Such solidary obligee shall nevertheless pay the shares of the other obligees thereto pursuant to the provisions of § 75 of this Act.
(3) If a solidary obligee waives the claim thereof or assigns the claim to another person, the rights of the other solidary obligees remain unaffected.
(4) Circumstances not specified in subsections (1) to (3) of this section apply only with regard to the solidary obligee concerned.

§ 75. Relations between solidary obligees

(1) A solidary obligee who accepts the performance of an obligation by an obligor shall pay the other solidary obligees their shares. The shares of solidary obligees shall be equal unless otherwise provided by law, a transaction or the nature of the obligation.
(2) The limitation period for a claim by the other solidary obligees against the solidary obligee who accepts performance of the obligation expires at the time when the claim of the solidary obligees against the obligor would have expired but not before six months as of the date on which the obligor performed the obligation.

Chapter 4 PERFORMANCE OF OBLIGATION

§ 76. Performance of obligation

(1) An obligation shall be performed pursuant to the contract or to law.
(2) An obligation shall be performed pursuant to the principles of good faith and reasonableness, taking into account usages and practices.
(3) Performance of an obligation is deemed to be conforming if the obligation is performed at the right time, at the right place and in the right manner for the benefit of the person who is entitled to accept performance.
(4) If an obligee accepts that which is offered to the obligee as performance of the obligation, the performance is deemed to be full, that which is offered as performance is deemed to be that which was owed and the performance to be conforming.

§ 77. Quality of performance of obligation

(1) An obligor shall perform an obligation with the quality prescribed by the contract or by law. Where the quality of the performance of a contractual obligation is not determinable from the contract or from law, the party shall perform the obligation with a quality not less than average in the circumstances.
(2) If a thing with specific characteristics is owed for performance of an obligation and if things with the specific characteristics may be of different quality, the obligor shall perform the obligation with a quality not less than average.
(3) If a thing with specific characteristics is owed for performance of an obligation and the obligor has done all that is possible on the part of the obligor to perform the obligation, including acquiring the thing with such specific characteristics or separation of the thing from other things with the same specific characteristics, the thing acquired or separated is deemed to be the object of the obligation.
(4) If a person is required to deliver a specific thing, the person shall take reasonable care of the thing until delivery.

Law of Obligations Act Page 33 / 259

§ 78. Performance of obligation by third party

(1) Except where an obligor must, pursuant to law or a contract or due to the nature of an obligation, perform an obligation in person, a third party may perform the obligation in part or in full. If a third party performs an obligation, the obligor is released from the duty to perform.
(2) An obligee may refuse to accept performance of an obligation by a third party if the obligor objects to the performance of the obligation by a third party.
(3) If an obligor objects to the performance of an obligation by a third party, the obligee shall not refuse to accept performance if:
1) the third party performs the obligation in order to avoid compulsory execution with regard to an object which belongs to the obligor but is in the lawful possession of the third party or for which the third party has some other right and if, in the case of compulsory execution, such possession or right would terminate, or
2) the third party has other legitimate interest in the performance of the obligation and the obligor fails to perform the obligation in due time or it is obvious that the obligor will not perform the obligation in due time,
or if the rights from which the obligation arises have been pledged or seized and exercise of the rights may be at risk in the case of non-performance of the obligation.
[RT I 2008, 54, 304 - entry into force 27.12.2008]
(4) A third party who has performed an obligation may exercise the right of recourse or right to claim compensation for the expenses relating to the performance only if such right is determinable from law or the relationship between the obligor and the third party, including unjustified enrichment or negotiorum gestio.

§ 79. Performance of obligation for benefit of unentitled person

(1) If an obligation is performed for the benefit of a person other than the obligee or for the benefit of a person who is not entitled to accept performance in lieu of the obligee, the obligation is deemed to have been performed if the obligation is performed for the benefit of such other person with the consent of the person entitled to
accept performance or if performance for the benefit of such person is later approved by the person entitled to accept performance. The obligation is also deemed to have been performed in the case specified in subsection
169 (1) of this Act.
(2) Upon performance of an obligation for the benefit of an obligee with restricted active legal capacity, the obligation is deemed to have been performed if the obligation is performed for the benefit of the obligee with
the consent of his or her legal representative or if his or her legal representative approves of the performance. An obligor may perform an obligation for the benefit of the legal representative of an obligee with restricted active legal capacity if the representative has not granted consent to the performance of the obligation for the benefit of the obligee.
(3) If an obligation is performed for the benefit of an obligee who does not have the right to dispose of the claim thereof due to compulsory execution or bankruptcy, the obligation is deemed to have been performed if the person who has the right to dispose of the claim consents to or approves of the performance.

§ 80. Contract for benefit of third party

(1) A contract may prescribe or the nature of an obligation may indicate that the obligation is to be performed for the benefit of a third party in lieu of the obligee (contract for the benefit of a third party).
(2) A third party may require performance of a contract if so prescribed by the contract or determined from law. (3) If a life insurance contract or life annuity contract prescribes payment of life annuity to or performance
of the obligations of an insurer for the benefit of a third party, the third party may require performance of the
contract unless otherwise provided by the contract. The same applies to gratuitous contracts if the contract
prescribes performance of an obligation by the donee for the benefit of a third party.
(4) A third party for whose benefit a contract is entered into need not be personally identifiable at the time of entry into the contract.
(5) If an obligor must perform an obligation for the benefit of a third party after the death of the obligee, the third party may require performance of the obligation as of the death of the obligee unless the contract or the nature of the obligation indicates that the obligation must be performed later.
(6) The parties may amend or terminate a contract entered into for the benefit of a third party without the consent of the third party unless otherwise provided by law or the contract.
(7) An obligor may set up the same defences against a third party as against the obligee.
(8) If a third party waives a right granted thereto by a contract or if the right expires or is no longer in force, it is presumed that the obligee may designate another third party for the benefit of whom the obligation must be performed or that the obligee may require performance of the obligation for the obligee's own benefit.

Page 34 / 259 Law of Obligations Act

(9) If a third party waives a right granted thereto by a contract, it is deemed that the third party has not had such right. A waiver is valid if a declaration of intent to that effect reaches both parties to the contract.

§ 81. Contract with protective effect for third party

(1) A contract may prescribe the obligation to take into account the interests or rights of a third party to the same extent as the interests or rights of the obligee. Such obligation shall be presumed if:
1) in the course of performance of the contract, the interests and rights of the third party are at risk to the same extent as the interests and rights of the obligee, and
2) the intent of the obligee to protect the interests and rights of the third party can be presumed, and
3) the third party and the intent of the obligee to protect the interests and rights of the third party are
identifiable by the obligor.
(2) In the case of non-performance of the obligation specified in subsection (1) of this section, the third party may claim compensation for damage caused thereto.

§ 82. Time of performance of obligation and time when obligation falls due

(1) If the due date for the performance of an obligation is set by or determinable from the nature of the obligation, the obligation shall be performed on such date.
(2) If the term for the performance of an obligation is prescribed by or determinable from the contract, the obligation shall be performed during such term unless the contract or the circumstances indicate that the obligee may determine the due date for performance of the obligation.
(3) If the time for the performance of an obligation is not set and is not determinable from the nature of the obligation, the obligor shall perform the obligation within a reasonable period of time after the entry into the contract or after an obligation has arisen on some other basis, taking into particular account the place, manner and nature of the performance of the obligation.
(4) An obligor shall perform the entire obligation at one time if such performance can be rendered at one time and the contract or the nature of the obligation does not indicate otherwise.
(5) The parties shall perform their mutual contractual obligations simultaneously if such performance can be rendered simultaneously and the contract or the nature of the obligation does not indicate otherwise. If one party is obliged to perform certain acts during a certain period of time and the other party may perform its obligation at one time, such other party shall perform the obligation thereof after the first party has performed the obligation thereof unless otherwise provided by the contract.
(6) An obligor may perform an obligation arising from a contract entered into for the purposes of the economic or professional activities of the obligee during regular working hours and the performance shall be accepted during regular working hours, unless otherwise provided by the contract.
(7) An obligation falls due at the time when the obligee is entitled to require performance of the obligation. Unless otherwise provided by the contract, the obligee may require performance of an obligation upon expiry of the due date or term prescribed for the performance of the obligation. If the time for performance of the obligation is not set and is not determinable from the nature of the obligation, the obligee may require
performance of the obligation after a reasonable period of time specified in subsection (3) of this section which is necessary for the performance of the obligation.

§ 821. Charges becoming collectable in case of mutual contracts

(1) If no due date or term is agreed for payment of charges in the case of a mutual contract, the obligation to pay the charge shall become collectable at the latest after 30 days:
1) from the receipt of the invoice or other such proposal for payment by the obligor; [RT I, 04.02.2011, 1 - entry into force 05.04.2011]
2) from the receipt of the goods, services or other benefits if the date of the receipt of the invoice or other proposal for payment by the obligor is unclear or if the obligor receives the invoice or proposal for payment before the receipt of the goods, services or other benefits;
[RT I, 04.02.2011, 1 - entry into force 05.04.2011]
3) from receipt or examining of the goods, services or other benefits if the law or the contract prescribes the
receipt or examination of the goods, services or other benefits, in the course of which the compliance thereof
with the contract shall be verified, and if the obligor receives the invoice or other proposal for payment before or
by the time of the receipt or examination.
[RT I, 05.04.2013, 1 - entry into force 15.04.2013]

Law of Obligations Act Page 35 / 259

(11) If an obligor is the person specified in subsection 10 (1) or (2) of the Public Procurement Act, no such term shall be agreed upon the expiry of which the obligor is deemed to have received the invoice.
[RT I, 05.04.2013, 1 - entry into force 15.04.2013]
(2) An obligor who enters into a contract in the course of economic or professional activities shall not rely on
an agreement which prescribes a term of payment in excess of 60 days as of the occurrence of the circumstances
specified in clauses (1) 1) to 3) of this section, except in the case it is expressly agreed otherwise in the contract
and unless this is grossly unfair with regard to the obligee due to the circumstances.
[RT I, 05.04.2013, 1 - entry into force 15.04.2013]
(3) An obligor who is the person specified in subsection 10 (1) or (2) of the Public Procurement Act shall not rely on an agreement which prescribes a longer term of payment than that provided for in subsection (1) of this section, except in the case it is expressly agreed otherwise in the contract and if this is objectively determinable from the nature or particular characteristics of the contract.
[RT I, 05.04.2013, 1 - entry into force 15.04.2013]
(4) An agreement which prescribes a term of payment which is longer than 60 days for an obligor who is the person specified in subsection 10 (1) or (2) of the Public Procurement Act shall be void.
[RT I, 05.04.2013, 1 - entry into force 15.04.2013]
(5) If a term of payment starts to run from the receipt or examination of the goods, services or other benefits, an obligor cannot rely in the course of economic or professional activities on an agreement based on which the term of receipt or examination of the goods, services or other benefits is longer than 30 days as of the receipt of the goods, services or benefits, except in the case it is expressly agreed otherwise and unless this is grossly unfair with regard to the obligee due to the circumstances.
[RT I, 05.04.2013, 1 - entry into force 15.04.2013]

§ 83. Performance of obligation in parts

(1) If an obligation must be performed at one time, the obligee may refuse to accept performance of the obligation in parts unless this is contrary to the principle of good faith.
(2) An obligee may refuse to accept performance of an obligation in parts regardless of whether the obligor, upon making the proposal to perform the obligation in parts, offers security for performance of the remaining part of the obligation or confirms performance of the obligation in full.
(3) Additional expenses arising for an obligee from acceptance of the performance of an obligation in parts shall be borne by the obligor.

§ 84. Earlier performance of obligation

(1) An obligee shall not require performance of an obligation before the due date for performance but shall not refuse to accept performance of the obligation before the due date unless the obligee has a legitimate interest in such refusal.
(2) Acceptance by a party of performance of an obligation before the due date shall not affect the time for performance of the party's own obligation if such time has been set irrespective of the performance of the other party's obligations.
(3) Additional expenses arising for an obligee from performance of an obligation before the due date shall be borne by the obligor.
(4) If, before the due date for performance, an obligor performs an obligation which involves the duty to pay interest, the obligee may claim interest until the due date prescribed for performance of the obligation. If an obligation performed before the due date does not involve the duty to pay interest, the obligor shall not claim interest from the obligee for the period of time between the performance of the obligation and the due date prescribed for performance.

§ 85. Place of performance of obligation

(1) An obligor shall perform an obligation at the place determined by the contract or by law. If the place of performance of an obligation is not prescribed by the contract or by law, the obligation shall be performed at a place determined on the basis of the nature of the contract.
(2) If the place of performance of an obligation cannot be determined on the bases specified in subsection (1) of this section:
1) a monetary obligation shall be performed at the obligee's place of business which was most closely related to the obligation at the time when the obligation arose or, if no such place exists, at the residence or seat of the obligee;
2) an obligation to deliver a specific thing or a thing from a specific group of things shall be performed at the place where the thing or group of things was located at the time when the obligation arose;

Page 36 / 259 Law of Obligations Act

3) an obligation to deliver a thing which must be produced or prepared after the contract is entered into shall be performed at the place where the thing is produced or prepared;
4) an obligation not specified in clauses 1) to 3) of this subsection shall be performed at the obligor's place of business which was most closely related to the obligation at the time when the obligation arose or, if no such place exists, at the residence or seat of the obligor.
(3) If an obligation must be performed at the place of business, residence or seat of the obligee and the obligee changes the place of business, residence or seat thereof after the obligation has arisen, the obligee may require performance of the obligation at the new place of business, residence or seat on the condition that the obligee bears any related additional expenses and risks.
(4) If an obligation must be performed at the place of business, residence or seat of the obligor and the obligor changes the place of business, residence or seat thereof after the obligation has arisen, the obligor may perform the obligation at the new place of business, residence or seat on the condition that the obligor bears any related additional expenses and risks.
(5) If several alternative places have been determined for the performance of an obligation, the obligor has the right to choose the place of performance unless law provides or the nature of the obligation indicates that such right rests with the obligee or a third party.

§ 86. Alternative obligations

(1) If an obligor is required to perform one of several obligations, the choice shall be made by the obligor unless law or the contract provides or the nature of the obligation indicates that such right rests with the obligee or a third party.
(2) An obligor or an obligee who has the right to choose shall make the choice by informing the other party of the choice. If a third party has the right to choose, the choice shall be made by informing both the obligor
and the obligee. After a choice has been made, it is deemed that performance of the chosen obligation only was required from the outset.

§ 87. Transfer of right to choose in case of alternative obligation

(1) If, in the case of an alternative obligation, the right to choose belongs to the obligor or the obligee and the choice is not made during the time period agreed upon or, if no agreement exists, within a reasonable period of time before the obligation falls due, the right to choose transfers to the other party to the obligation.
(2) If the right to choose belongs to a third party and the third party fails to make the choice during the term specified in subsection (1) of this section, the right to choose transfers to the obligor.

§ 88. Performance discharging different obligations

(1) If an obligor is required to transfer money, or objects with specific characteristics, or to provide services of the same type to the obligee for the discharge of different obligations and if the money or objects transferred or the services provided do not suffice to discharge all the obligations, the obligor may specify the obligation for the discharge of which the money or objects are transferred or the services are provided.
(2) If the obligations of an obligor do not have equal security, the obligor shall not resolve to perform an obligation with more security.
(3) An obligor shall not resolve to perform an obligation the performance of which cannot yet be required by the obligee and with regard to which the obligee has a legitimate interest in refusing early performance.
(4) If an obligor, before performance or during a reasonable period of time thereafter, does not specify the obligation discharged by the performance, the obligee may do so if:
1) the obligee informs the obligor of the choice within a reasonable period of time after the performance, and
2) performance of the obligation is lawful, and
3) the obligation has fallen due, and
4) the obligation has not been disputed.
(5) If, under the circumstances specified in subsection (4) of this section, an obligee has chosen which obligation is deemed to have been performed by the obligor but the obligor has objected to the choice without delay, the obligor may choose which obligation is deemed to have been discharged by the performance. In such case, the obligation specified by the obligor is deemed to have been performed.
(6) If neither the obligor nor the obligee has chosen which obligation the money, objects or services are deemed to have discharged, the performance is deemed to discharge:
1) firstly, the obligation which is the first to fall due;

Law of Obligations Act Page 37 / 259

2) secondly, the obligation for which the obligee has the least security;
3) thirdly, the obligation which is the most burdensome for the obligor;
4) fourthly, the obligation which arose first.
(7) If the obligation deemed to have been discharged cannot be specified on the basis of the provisions of subsection (6) of this section, the performance is deemed to discharge all the obligations in proportion.
(8) If an obligor is required to pay expenses and interest in addition to the principal monetary obligation, the performance is deemed to discharge first the expenses, then the interest due and finally the principal obligation.
(9) An obligor shall not specify an order different from the order provided for in subsection (8) of this section for the performance of obligations without the consent of the obligee.

§ 89. Substituted performance of obligation

(1) An obligor may substitute performance of an act necessary for the performance of an obligation with the performance of another act (substituted performance) only with the consent of the obligee, even if the value
of the other act is the same as or greater than the value of the act necessary for the performance. If the obligee accepts the performance of the other act as the performance of the obligation, the obligation is deemed to have been performed.
(2) Assumption by an obligor of a new obligation for the benefit of the obligee in order to satisfy the claim of the obligee is not deemed to be substituted performance unless otherwise provided by law or the contract. If the obligee accepts the performance of the new obligation, the initial obligation is also deemed to have been performed.
(3) In the case of substituted performance, the obligor shall be liable for the substituted performance on the same bases as if performance had not been substituted.

§ 90. Costs of performance of obligation

An obligor shall bear the costs of performance of the obligor's obligations.

§ 91. Manner of performance of monetary obligations

(1) A monetary obligation may be performed in cash. A monetary obligation may also be performed in some other form if so agreed by the parties or if such form is used in the ordinary course of business at the place of payment.
(2) If an obligee has an account for execution of payment transactions in a credit institution or other payment service provider in the state in which a monetary obligation is to be performed, the obligor may perform the obligation by transferring the amount due to the account unless the obligee has expressly prohibited this option. [RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]
(3) In the case of performance of a monetary obligation by transferring the amount due to the account of the obligee, the obligation is deemed to have been performed when the account of the obligee is credited with the amount due.
(4) If an obligee accepts a cheque, bill of exchange or other similar means of payment as performance of a monetary obligation and the means of payment is later redeemed, the obligation is deemed to have been performed as of acceptance of the means of payment.
(5) If an obligee has accepted a means of payment specified in subsection (4) of this section as performance
of a monetary obligation, the obligee may only require performance of the obligation in money if the means of
payment is not redeemed.
(6) If an obligee has the right to withhold performance of the obligee's obligation until performance of a monetary obligation by the obligor and if the obligee has accepted a means of payment specified in subsection (4) of this section as performance of the monetary obligation, the obligee may withhold the performance of the obligee's obligation until the means of payment is redeemed.
(7) Upon performance of a monetary obligation by post, the obligation is deemed to have been performed as of payment of the money to the obligee.

§ 92. Payment of money at nominal value

A monetary obligation shall be performed at the nominal value of the money unless otherwise provided by the law or the contract.

Page 38 / 259 Law of Obligations Act

§ 93. Currency of monetary obligation

(1) The money paid to perform a monetary obligation shall be valid at the time of payment in the state in whose currency the payment is made.
(2) If a monetary obligation is not expressed in a particular currency, it shall be performed in the currency of the place of performance of the obligation (place of payment).
(3) If an obligation is expressed in a currency other than that of the place of payment, the obligor may also perform the obligation in the currency of the place of payment unless the currency is not freely convertible or the parties have agreed that payment in a currency other than that in which the monetary obligation is expressed is prohibited. Regardless of such agreement, the obligee may require performance of the monetary obligation in
the currency of the place of payment if it is impossible for the obligor to make payment in the currency in which the monetary obligation is expressed.
(4) If a monetary obligation expressed in a currency other than that of the place of payment is performed in the currency of the place of payment, the obligation shall be converted into the currency of the place of payment on the basis of the average rate of exchange at which the obligee can, at the place of payment and at the time when the obligation falls due, immediately purchase the currency in which the obligation was expressed. If an obligor does not perform a monetary obligation in a timely manner, the obligee may require payment according to the applicable rate of exchange prevailing either at the time when payment is due or at the time of actual payment.

§ 94. Interest on obligations

(1) If interest is to be paid on an obligation pursuant to law or the contract, the interest rate shall be applied on a half-year basis and shall be equal to the last interest rate applicable to the main refinancing operations of the European Central Bank before 1 January or 1 July of each year, unless otherwise provided by the law or the contract.
(2) Eesti Pankshall organise timely publication of the interest rates specified in subsection (1) of this section in the official publication Ametlikud Teadaanded.
[RT I 2003, 78, 523 - entry into force 27.12.2003]
(3) A fixed interest rate is the interest rate agreed upon by the obligee and the obligor in the contract for whole term of the contract or the interest rate agreed upon for certain periods which is calculated only based on a specified percentage. If not all interest rates are specified in the contract, the interest rate shall be deemed
fixed for the periods for which the interest rate is expressed, upon entry into the contract, only as a specified percentage.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(4) An interest rate not deemed to be a fixed interest rate pursuant to subsection (3) of this section is an unfixed interest rate.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]

§ 95. Receipt for performance

(1) Upon accepting the performance of an obligation, an obligee shall issue written evidence of acceptance (receipt for performance) to the obligor at the request of the obligor. An obligor may also require issue of a receipt in some other form if the obligor has a legitimate interest therein.
(2) If a third party performs an obligation in lieu of an obligor, a receipt for the performance may be required by both the obligor and the third party.
(3) If an obligation is to be performed for the benefit of a third party, the obligor may require issue of a receipt for the performance from both the third party and the obligee.
(4) If a receipt for performance issued by an obligee is handed over to the obligor by a person other than the obligee, the person is deemed to be authorised to accept the performance of the obligation from the obligor. The person handing over the receipt is not deemed to be authorised to accept the performance of the obligation if the obligor knew or should have known that the person is not authorised to accept the performance or if the receipt has been removed from the obligee's possession against the obligee's will.
(5) If a receipt is issued for the performance of a principal obligation, the expenses and interest are also presumed to have been paid.
(6) If an obligee or a third party for the benefit of whom an obligation is to be performed refuses to issue a receipt, the obligor may withhold performance of the obligation until the obligor has obtained the receipt. In such case, the obligee is deemed to have delayed acceptance of the performance of the obligation.

Law of Obligations Act Page 39 / 259

§ 96. Return of debt instrument

(1) If an obligor issues a document certifying the existence of an obligation (debt instrument), the obligor
may, upon performance of the obligation demand the return of the debt instrument in addition to or in lieu of a
receipt. If the obligee does not return the debt instrument, the obligor may require written confirmation of the
termination of the obligation from the obligee.
(2) If an obligation is performed in part or if a debt instrument also sets out other rights of the obligee or if the obligee has some other legitimate interest in not returning the debt instrument, the obligee may refuse to return the debt instrument on the condition that the obligee make an inscription certifying performance of the obligation on the debt instrument.
(3) If a debt instrument has been returned to the obligor, it is presumed that the obligation has been performed. (4) If an obligee refuses to return a debt instrument or to make an inscription on a debt instrument or to issue
confirmation of the termination of an obligation, the obligor may withhold performance of the obligation until
the debt instrument is received, the inscription is made or the confirmation is issued. In such case, the obligee is
deemed to have delayed acceptance of the performance of the obligation.

§ 97. Alteration of balance of contractual obligations

(1) If the circumstances under which a contract is entered into change after the entry into the contract and this results in a material change in the balance of the obligations of the parties due to which the costs of one party for the performance of an obligation increase significantly or the value of that which is to be received from the other party under the contract decreases significantly, the injured party may demand amendment of the contract from the other party in order to restore the original balance of the obligations.
(2) Amendment of a contract under the circumstances specified in subsection (1) of this section may be demanded if:
1) at the time of entry into the contract, the injured party could not have reasonably expected that the circumstances might change, and
2) the injured party could not influence the change in the circumstances, and
3) the risk of a change in the circumstances is not borne by the injured party pursuant to the law or the contract,
and
4) the injured party would not have entered into the contract or would have entered into the contract under
significantly different terms if the party had known of the change in the circumstances.
(3) Amendment of a contract may also be demanded if the circumstances under which the contract was entered into had already changed before the contract was entered into but became known to the injured party after the contract was entered into.
(4) The injured party may also demand amendment of the contract retroactively, but not as of a time earlier than the time when the balance of the obligations changed.
(5) If the bases for amendment of a contract exist but, due to the circumstances, amendment of the contract pursuant to subsection (1) of this section is not possible or would not be reasonable with respect to the other party, the party aggrieved by alteration of the balance of the obligations may withdraw from the contract or, in the case of a long-term contract, cancel the contract pursuant to the procedure provided for in § 196 of this Act.

§ 98. Obligation to provide security and confirm performance of obligations

(1) If a person is required to provide security for the performance of an obligation but the type of the security is not exactly defined or if the provision of security is a condition for the creation of legal consequences, the person who provides security may choose the type of security. Security shall be sufficient to secure performance of the obligation and, if necessary, payment of interest and expenses, and the obligee shall be able to convert the security into money without difficulties.
(2) If security provided under the circumstances specified in subsection (1) of this section is no longer sufficient for reasons independent of the obligee, the obligor shall supplement or replace the security.
(3) If a person is required to confirm performance of an obligation but the method of confirmation has not been determined or confirmation of the performance of the obligation gives rise to certain legal consequences, the person shall provide sufficient evidence of the person's ability to perform the obligation.

§ 99. Provision of goods or services and other performance not ordered

[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(1) The trader shall not have the right of claim against a consumer to whom the person dispatches goods or provides services which the consumer did not order. Silence or inactivity of the consumer shall not be deemed to be acceptance by the consumer.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

Page 40 / 259 Law of Obligations Act

(2) The provisions of subsection (1) of this section shall not preclude the filing of claims arising from the law if:
1) the goods or services were not intended for the consumer;
2) the person who dispatched the goods or provided the services erroneously believed that the consumer
ordered the goods or services and the consumer was or should have been aware of the error.
(3) [Repealed - RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(4) Agreements which derogate from the provisions of this section to the detriment of the consumer are void. [RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

Chapter 5 NON-PERFORMANCE

Division 1

General Provisions

§ 100. Definition of non-performance

Non-performance is failure to perform or improper performance of an obligation, including a delay in performance.

§ 101. Legal remedies in case of non-performance

(1) In the case of non-performance by an obligor, the obligee may:
1) require performance of the obligation;
2) withhold performance of an obligation which is due from the obligee;
3) demand compensation for damage;
4) withdraw from or cancel the contract;
5) reduce the price;
6) in the case of a delay in the performance of a monetary obligation, demand payment of a penalty for late
payment.
(2) In the case of non-performance, the obligee may resort to any legal remedy separately or resort simultaneously to all legal remedies which arise from law or the contract and can be invoked simultaneously unless otherwise provided by law or the contract. In particular, invoking a legal remedy arising from non- performance shall not deprive the obligee of the right to demand compensation for damage caused by non- performance.
(3) An obligee shall not rely on non-performance by an obligor nor resort to legal remedies arising therefrom insofar as such non-performance was caused by an act of the obligee or by circumstances dependent on the obligee or by an event the risk of which is borne by the obligee.

§ 102. Notification obligation

An obligor shall notify the obligee of an impediment to performance by the obligor and of the effect of such impediment on the performance of the obligation immediately after the obligor becomes aware of the impediment.

§ 103. Excused non-performance

(1) An obligor shall be liable for non-performance unless the non-performance is excused. It is presumed that non-performance is not excused.
(2) Non-performance by an obligor is excused if it is caused by force majeure. Force majeure are circumstances which are beyond the control of the obligor and which, at the time the contract was entered into or the noncontractual obligation arose, the obligor could not reasonably have been expected to take into account, avoid or overcome the impediment or the consequences thereof which the obligor could not reasonably have been expected to overcome.
(3) If the effect of force majeure is temporary, non-performance is excused only for the period during which force majeure impeded performance of the obligation.
(4) In the cases provided by law or the contract, a person shall be liable for non-performance regardless of whether the non-performance is excused.

Law of Obligations Act Page 41 / 259

§ 104. Liability in case of culpability

(1) In the cases provided by law or contract, a person shall be liable for non-performance only if the person is culpable of the non-performance.
(2) The types of culpability are carelessness, gross negligence and intent. (3) Carelessness is failure to exercise necessary care.
(4) Gross negligence is failure to exercise necessary care to a material extent.
(5) Intent is the will to bring about an unlawful consequence upon the creation, performance or termination of an obligation.
(6) If, pursuant to law or a contract, a person is required only to exercise such care as the person would exercise in the person's own affairs, the person shall nevertheless also be liable in the case of intent and gross negligence.

§ 105. Legal remedies independent of liability of obligor

In the case of non-performance by an obligor, the obligee has the right to withhold performance of the obligation of the obligee, withdraw from or cancel the contract or reduce the price regardless of whether the obligor is liable for the non-performance.
[RT I, 05.04.2013, 1 - entry into force 15.04.2013]

§ 106. Agreement to release person from liability or to restrict liability

(1) An obligor and an obligee may agree in advance to preclude or restrict liability in the case of non- performance of an obligation.
(2) Agreements under which liability is precluded or restricted in the case of intentional non-performance or which allow the obligor to perform an obligation in a manner materially different from that which could be reasonably expected by the obligee or which unreasonably exclude or restrict liability in some other manner are void.

§ 107. Cure

(1) A party who fails to perform a contractual obligation may, at the party's own expense, cure the non- performance, including improving or replacing defective performance, as long as the other party has not withdrawn from or cancelled the contract or demanded compensation for damage in lieu of performance, provided that:
1) cure is reasonable in the circumstances, and
2) cure does not cause unreasonable inconvenience or expenses to the injured party, and
3) the injured party has no legitimate interest in refusing cure.
(2) A non-performing party may cure non-performance within a reasonable period of time after the party has given notice to the injured party of the intention to cure and of the proposed manner and timing of the cure and if the injured party with a legitimate interest in refusing cure has not given notice of such refusal within a reasonable period of time.
(3) The injured party may withhold performance as of receipt of the notice of cure until completion or failure of the cure. During the time for cure, the injured party may use other legal remedies only if these are not inconsistent with the cure.
(4) Cure shall not deprive the injured party of the right to claim compensation for damage caused by a delay in performance or by the cure, including the right to claim payment of a penalty for late payment or a contractual penalty.

Division 2

Legal Remedies

§ 108. Requiring performance of obligation

(1) In the case of non-performance by an obligor of an obligation to pay money, the obligee may require performance of the obligation.
(2) In the case of non-performance by an obligor of an obligation other than one to pay money, the obligee may require performance of the obligation. Performance of the obligation shall not be required if:
1) performance is impossible;
2) performance is unreasonably burdensome or expensive for the obligor;
3) the obligee may reasonably achieve the desired result of the performance in another manner;

Page 42 / 259 Law of Obligations Act

4) performance involves provision of services of a personal nature.
(3) An obligee may require performance of an obligation specified in subsection (2) of this section only within a reasonable period of time after the obligee has or should have become aware of the non-performance.
(4) An obligor may determine beforehand a reasonable term within which the obligee may require performance. If the obligor determines an unreasonably short term within which the obligee may require performance, the
term is deemed to have been extended to a reasonable length.
(5) If an obligee does not require performance during a term specified in subsection (3) or (4) of this section, the obligee may no longer require performance of the obligation but may resort to other legal remedies.
(6) The right to require performance of an obligation includes the right of the obligee to require repair, replacement or other cure of a defective performance in so far as this may be reasonably expected from the obligor.
(7) If, pursuant to subsection (2) of this section, an obligee does not have the right to require performance of an obligation from the obligor and the obligor receives compensation in lieu of the object of the obligation due or acquires the claim for payment of such compensation (claim for compensation), the obligee may require transfer of the compensation or assignment of the claim for compensation.
(8) An obligee shall not require performance of an obligation if, at the request thereof, the obligee has in lieu of performance received compensation for the damage incurred due to non-performance.

§ 109. Specifications concerning requirement to perform mutual contract

(1) In the case of a mutual contract, the non-performing party may require the other party to perform its obligations even if performance by the non-performing party cannot be required for reasons specified in subsection 108 (2) of this Act and if the reason arises due to circumstances dependent on the other party or if the reason arises at the time when the other party delays acceptance.
(2) In the case specified in subsection (1) of this section, the non-performing party shall nevertheless deduct from the party's claim whatever the party saves as a result of non-performance or obtains as a result of applying the party's labour or other resources elsewhere or fails to obtain in bad faith despite having a reasonable opportunity to do so.

§ 110. Withholding performance of obligation

(1) An obligor may withhold performance of an obligation until the obligee has satisfied a claim which is due for the benefit of the obligor against the obligee if the claim is not sufficiently secured and there is a sufficient link between the claim and the obligation of the obligor and unless indicated otherwise by law, the contract
or the nature of the obligation. A sufficient link exists between a claim and an obligation primarily if the obligations of the obligor and the obligee arise from the same legal relationship, a prior regular relationship between the obligor and the obligee or from another sufficient economic or temporal relationship.
(2) An obligor does not have the right to withhold performance on the bases specified in subsection (1) of this section if:
1) satisfaction of the obligor's claim against the obligee is impossible;
2) the obligee has failed to perform due to circumstances dependent on the obligor, including where
performance has been impeded by a delay in acceptance by the obligor;
3) the claim of the obligee arises from the obligation of the obligor to provide maintenance to the obligee;
4) the claim of the obligee against the obligor arises from the obligation to compensate for damage resulting
from health damage or from damage caused by death;
5) pursuant to law, the claim cannot be subject to a claim for payment.
(3) The right of an obligor to withhold performance terminates when the obligee performs or secures the performance of the obligee's obligation.
(4) If the claim of an obligor against the obligee has expired, the obligor may withhold performance if the right to withhold performance arose before the expiry of the limitation period.
(5) If the obligee requires performance of an obligation by the obligor in court and the obligor withholds performance on the basis of this section, the court shall make a judgement whereby it orders the obligor to comply with the judgement only if the obligee has performed his or her obligation with respect to the obligor or acceptance of the performance by the obligor is delayed.
[RT I 2008, 59, 330 - entry into force 01.01.2009]

Law of Obligations Act Page 43 / 259

§ 111. Withholding performance in case of mutual contract

(1) If the parties have mutual obligations arising from a contract (mutual contract), a party may withhold performance until the other party has performed, offered to perform, secured or confirmed the performance.
(2) If an obligation is to be performed for the benefit of several persons, the obligated party may, in the case specified in subsection (1) of this section, withhold performance for the benefit of all such persons until the obligation due for the benefit of the obligated party has been performed in full.
(3) A party shall not withhold performance if this would be unreasonable in the circumstances or contrary to the principle of good faith, in particular if the other party has performed the obligations thereof for the most part or without significant deficiencies.
(4) A party required to perform an obligation before performance by the other party may withhold performance of the contract if circumstances which become evident to the party after the entry into the contract give
sufficient reason to believe that the other party will not be able to perform the obligation thereof due to insolvency, or if the other party's conduct in preparing for performance or during performance or any other good reason gives reason to believe that the party will not perform the obligation thereof.
(5) In the case specified in subsection (4) of this section, the party entitled to withhold performance may require the other party to perform the obligation thereof at the same time as the first party and may set a reasonable term for the performance of the obligation, for confirmation of the performance or for the provision of security. If
the other party fails to perform or to secure or confirm performance of the obligation during the term, the party entitled to withhold performance may withdraw from the contract pursuant to the provisions of § 117 of this Act.
(6) If a party who is to perform before performance by the other party has sufficient reason to believe that the other party's performance will be partial or in any other manner defective, the first party may withhold performance on the bases provided for in subsection (4) of this section only if it can be presumed that there will be a fundamental breach of the contract by the other party.
(7) If the obligee requires performance of an obligation by the obligor in court and the obligor withholds performance on the basis of subsection (1) or (4) of this section, the provisions of subsection 110 (5) shall be applied. Upon withholding the performance of a contract on the basis of subsection (4) of this section, the court may require the obligor to perform his or her obligation only against security.
[RT I 2008, 59, 330 - entry into force 01.01.2009]

§ 112. Reduction of price

(1) If a party accepts defective performance, the party may reduce the price payable by the party by the proportion of the ratio of the value of defective performance to the value of conforming performance. The values of conforming and defective performances shall be determined as at the time of performance of the
obligation. If the values of conforming and defective performances cannot be precisely determined, a court shall decide the values taking into account the circumstances.
(2) In order to reduce a price, a corresponding declaration shall be made to the other party. If several persons participate in a contract as one party, the price may be reduced only jointly by all persons acting as one party and with regard to all persons. If the right to reduce the price terminates for one entitled person, it shall also terminate for the other persons acting as one party with the entitled person.
(3) A party which is entitled to reduce the price but has already paid a sum exceeding the reduced price may, in the case of a price reduction, claim a refund of the sum paid in excess pursuant to the provisions of subsections
189 (1) and 191 (1) of this Act.
(4) A price may also be reduced before the obligation of the other party falls due under the same conditions as provided for in § 117 of this Act for withdrawal from a contract before an obligation falls due.
(5) A party shall not reduce the price to the extent to which the other party cured the non-performance of the other party's obligation.

§ 113. Penalty for late payment

(1) Upon a delay in the performance of a monetary obligation, the obligee may require the obligor to pay interest on the delay (penalty for late payment) for the period as of the time the obligation falls due until conforming performance is rendered. The interest rate specified in § 94 of this Act plus eight per cent per year shall be the rate of penalty for late payment. If a contract prescribes payment of interest exceeding the rate provided by law, the interest rate prescribed by the contract shall be the rate of penalty for late payment.
[RT I, 05.04.2013, 1 - entry into force 15.04.2013]
(2) If the time for performance of a monetary obligation is not set, including in the case of claims for the compensation of damage or for delivery of the object of unjust enrichment or for delivery arising from withdrawal, the penalty for late payment on the money owed shall be calculated as of the time when the obligee informed the obligor of the claim or filed an action to collect the money or a petition for application of expedited

Page 44 / 259 Law of Obligations Act

procedure in the matter of payment order. If the date of making the payment of the charge is not set in the case of a mutual contract, the penalty for late payment shall be calculated on the charge as of the expiry of the term provided for in subsection 821(1) of this Act.
[RT I, 06.12.2010, 1 - entry into force 05.04.2011]
(3) If a person is to be compensated for expenses incurred by the person, payment of a penalty for late payment on such expenses may be required as of the time the expenses were incurred. If expenses are related to a thing
to be delivered to a person who is required to compensate for such expenses, the person is not required to pay a penalty for late payment for the time for which the person entitled to receive compensation retains the fruits of the thing or other benefit arising therefrom.
(4) An obligor is not required to pay a penalty for late payment for the time the obligor is unable to perform the obligation thereof due to a delay in acceptance by the obligee or for the time the obligor legitimately withholds performance of the obligation.
(5) If the damage caused by a delay in performance exceeds the penalty for late payment, compensation for the sum which exceeds the penalty for late payment may be claimed if a claim for compensation for damage exists. [RT I, 11.03.2015, 1 - entry into force 01.10.2015]
(6) A penalty for late payment shall not be charged for a delay in the payment of interest, including penalty for late payment, or other charge for use of money. Agreements which derogate from such requirement to the detriment of the obligor are void.
[RT I, 11.03.2015, 1 - entry into force 01.10.2015]
(7) The provisions of subsection (6) of this section shall not preclude or restrict the right of the obligee to claim compensation for damage caused by a delay in the payment of interest, including penalty for late payment and other charge for use of money.
[RT I, 11.03.2015, 1 - entry into force 01.10.2015]
(8) A person required to pay a penalty for late payment may claim for a reduction of the fine pursuant to the provisions of § 162 of this Act.
[RT I 2005, 39, 308 - entry into force 01.01.2006]
(9) An obligor engaged in economic or professional activities may not rely on an agreement which restricts the right to claim penalty for late payment provided for in subsection (1) of this section, if this agreement is grossly unfair with regard to the obligee due to the circumstances.
[RT I, 05.04.2013, 1 - entry into force 15.04.2013]
(10) An agreement which precludes charging of penalty for late payment from a person engaged in economic or professional activities or pursuant to which the person specified in subsection 10 (1) or (2) of the Public Procurement Act is obliged to pay penalty for late payment at a rate lower than that provided for in subsection (1) of this section shall be void.
[RT I, 05.04.2013, 1 - entry into force 15.04.2013]

§ 1131. Compensation for collection costs by persons engaged in economic or professional activities

[RT I, 11.03.2015, 1 - entry into force 01.10.2015]
(1) If an obligee may charge penalty for late payment, the obligee may require the obligor to pay compensation for collection costs in the amount of 40 euros.
(2) If the damage caused by a delay in performance of an obligation exceeds the rate of the compensation provided for in subsection (1) of this section, the obligee may claim penalty for late payment and compensation for damage which exceeds the determined sum of the collection costs, if a claim for compensation for damage exists.
(3) An obligor may not rely on an agreement which precludes compensation for collection costs or which restricts the right of claim of compensation for collections costs provided for in subsection (1) of this section if such agreement is grossly unfair with regard to the obligee due to the circumstances. It is presumed in the case compensation for collection costs is precluded that this is grossly unfair with regard to the obligee.
(4) This section does not apply to an obligor who is a consumer. [RT I, 05.04.2013, 1 - entry into force 15.04.2013]

Law of Obligations Act Page 45 / 259

§ 1132. Compensation for collection costs by consumers

(1) During the term of a contract, an obligee engaged in economic or professional activities may require that a consumer compensate for debt collection costs relating to only one reminder letter sent per each obligation fallen due in the amount of up to 5 euros. The compensation of the collection costs referred to in the preceding sentence shall increase in respect of any solidary obligor or person who provided security by 5 euros. An obligee is entitled to the compensation specified in this subsection only in the case the obligee has first sent at least one free reminder to the consumer.
(2) After the termination of a contract, an obligee engaged in economic or professional activities may require from a consumer, on the basis of the contract entered into with the consumer, and additionally per each solidary obligor or person who provided security:
1) compensation for collection costs in the total amount of up to 30 euros, and up to 15 euros may be
demanded for the first reminder sent to the consumer for a fee and 5 euros each for two subsequent letters, if the
claim of the obligee amounts to up to 500 euros;
2) compensation for collection costs in the total amount of up to 40 euros, and up to 20 euros may be
demanded for the first reminder sent to the consumer for a fee and 5 euros each for two subsequent letters, if the
claim of the obligee is more than 500 euros and up to 1000 euros;
3) compensation for collection costs in the total amount of up to 50 euros, and up to 25 euros may be
demanded for the first reminder sent to the consumer for a fee and 5 euros each for two subsequent letters, if the
claim of the obligee is more than 1000 euros.
(3) After the termination of a contract, an obligee engaged in economic or professional activities may send the first reminder letter for a fee at the earliest when seven days have passed from the termination of the contract. The obligee may send the second and the third letter for a fee at the earliest seven days after sending of the preceding letter.
(4) If the amount of loss relating to collection of a debt due to delay in performance of an obligation exceeds the compensation limit provided for in subsections (1) and (2) of this section, including in the case provided for in § 48 of the Bailiffs Act, an obligee may demand compensation for any loss in excess of the penalty for
late payment and compensation limit of collection costs only in exceptional cases, in particular if the collection activities were extremely complicated.
(5) A consumer required to pay compensation for collection costs may claim reduction thereof pursuant to the provisions of § 162 of this Act. Upon reduction of the compensation for collection costs, any extra- judicial objections of the consumer to the claims or earlier recognition of the claim shall be taken inter aliainto consideration.
(6) Agreements which derogate from the provisions of this section to the detriment of the consumer are void. [RT I, 11.03.2015, 1 - entry into force 01.10.2015]

§ 114. Additional term for performance

(1) In the case of non-performance of an obligation by an obligor, the obligee may grant a reasonable additional term for the obligor to perform the obligation. If the obligee requires performance of an obligation but does not grant an additional term therefor, a reasonable additional term shall be presumed to have been granted. If the obligee grants an unreasonably short additional term for performance, the term shall be extended to a reasonable length.
(2) The grant of an additional term shall not release the obligor from liability for non-performance.
(3) If an additional term is granted in the case of non-performance of a contractual obligation, the obligee may withhold performance of the obligations thereof during the term, claim compensation for damage caused by
the non-performance and claim payment of a penalty for late payment but shall not resort to any other legal remedies.
(4) If an obligor gives notice that the obligor will not perform an obligation or if the obligor fails to render a conforming performance during an additional term, the obligee may, after receipt of such notice or upon expiry of the term, resort to other legal remedies, including claiming compensation for damage in lieu of performance, withdrawing from the contract or cancelling the contract.

§ 115. Compensation for damage

(1) In the case of non-performance of an obligation by an obligor, the obligee may together with or in lieu of performance claim compensation for damage caused by the non-performance from the obligor except in cases where the obligor is not liable for the non-performance or the damage is not subject to compensation for any other reason provided by law.
(2) Compensation for damage in lieu of performance may be required upon the expiry of the additional
term provided for in § 114 of this Act. If performance of an obligation involves return of a particular object,
compensation for damage in lieu of performance may be required only if the obligee has lost interest in the
return of the object due to the delay.

Page 46 / 259 Law of Obligations Act

(3) Compensation for damage in lieu of performance may also be required without granting an additional term if it is evident that the grant of the additional term would not have any effect or, in the cases specified in clauses
116 (2) 1) to 4) of this Act or under the circumstances, if immediate compensation for the damage is reasonable for any other reason.
(4) If an obligor performs an obligation in part, the obligee may claim compensation for damage in lieu of full performance only if the obligee does not have a reasonable interest in partial performance. In such case, that which was delivered as partial performance shall be returned pursuant to the provisions of §§ 189 to 191 of this Act.
(5) [Repealed - RT I 2003, 78, 523 - entry into force 27.12.2003]

§ 116. Withdrawal and cancellation as legal remedies

(1) A party may withdraw from the contract in the case of fundamental non-performance of a contractual obligation by the other party (fundamental breach of contract).
(2) A breach of contract is fundamental if:
1) non-performance of an obligation substantially deprives the injured party of what the party was entitled
to expect under the contract, except in cases where the other party did not foresee such consequences of the
non-performance and a reasonable person of the same kind as the other party could not have foreseen such
consequences under the same circumstances;
2) pursuant to the contract, strict compliance with the obligation which has not been performed is the
precondition for the other party's continued interest in the performance of the contract;
3) non-performance of an obligation was intentional or due to gross negligence;
4) non-performance of an obligation gives the injured party reasonable reason to believe that the party cannot
rely on the other party's future performance;
5) the other party fails to perform any obligation thereof during an additional term for performance specified in
§ 114 of this Act or gives notice that the party will not perform the obligation during such term.
(3) If contractual obligations are to be performed in parts and fundamental breach of contract is committed only with regard to one obligation or some obligations or one part or some parts thereof, the injured party may withdraw from the contract only with regard to such obligation or part of an obligation. In such case, the injured party may withdraw from the entire contract only if the party is justifiably not interested in partial performance or if the non-performance is fundamental with regard to the contract as a whole.
(4) Withdrawal from a contract without granting an additional term for performance specified in § 114 of this Act is prohibited if the damage suffered by the non-performing party in the case of the withdrawal would be disproportionate in relation to the expenses incurred in the performance or preparation for the performance of
the obligation. However, withdrawal from a contract without granting an additional term is permitted in the case of non-performance of an obligation specified in clause (2) 2) of this section or if the other party gives notice that the party will not perform the obligation thereof.
(5) Upon granting an additional term specified in § 114 of this Act, the injured party may prescribe withdrawal from the contract on the occasion where the other party fails to perform the other party's obligation during the additional term. The injured party shall not withdraw from the contract in such manner if the obligation which the non-performing party fails to perform during the additional term is only a minor part of the non-performing party's contractual obligations.
(6) In the case of a fundamental breach of a long-term contract, the injured party may cancel the contract pursuant to the provisions of § 196 of this Act.
[RT I 2003, 78, 523 - entry into force 27.12.2003]

§ 117. Withdrawal before obligation falls due

(1) If it is evident before the obligation of a party falls due that such party will commit a fundamental breach of the contract, primarily if the party gives notice that the party does not intend to perform the contract, the other party may withdraw from the contract before the obligation falls due.
(2) A party which intends to withdraw from the contract before an obligation falls due shall give notice of such intention to the other party in order to give the other party an opportunity to secure or confirm the performance of the obligation. The party which intends to withdraw may withhold performance of the obligations thereof until security or confirmation is received. If the performance is not secured or confirmed during a reasonable
period after notice of the intention to withdraw is given, the party which gave notice of the intention thereof may withdraw from the contract.
(3) Notice to the other party of an intention to withdraw from a contract need not be given if the other party has given notice that the party will not perform the obligation thereof.

Law of Obligations Act Page 47 / 259

§ 118. Prohibition on withdrawal

(1) A party entitled to withdraw from a contract loses the right to withdraw if the party does not a make a declaration of withdrawal within a reasonable period of time after:
1) the party becomes or should have become aware of a fundamental breach of the contract;
2) the additional term for performance granted pursuant to § 114 of this Act expires.
(2) Withdrawal from a contract due to a breach of the contract is void if the claim for the performance of the obligation has expired and the obligor relies on such claim or if the obligor legitimately refuses to perform the obligation.
[RT I 2003, 78, 523 - entry into force 27.12.2003]

Chapter 6 IMPEDIMENTS TO PERFORMANCE OF OBLIGATION

§ 119. Definition and consequences of delay in acceptance

(1) Acceptance by an obligee is delayed if the obligor cannot perform the obligation thereof due to circumstances dependent on the obligee, in particular if the obligee unjustifiably refuses to accept a conforming performance actually offered to the obligee or to perform an obligation which is the precondition for performance by the obligor or to perform any other act necessary for performance by the obligor or to co- operate with the obligor.
(2) In the case of a delay in acceptance by an obligee, the obligor shall be liable for non-performance of the obligation thereof only if the obligor causes such non-performance intentionally or due to gross negligence.

§ 120. Deposit of money, securities, other documents and valuables

(1) If an obligee delays acceptance or if the obligor does not know and does not have to know the identity of the obligee, the obligor may deposit the money, securities, other documents or valuables owed with a notary for the purposes of transfer to the obligee. The procedure for depositing shall be established by the minister responsible for the area.
(2) An obligor may deposit money, securities, other documents or valuables owed at the place of performance of the obligation. If the obligor deposits such objects at another place, the obligor shall compensate the obligee for any expenses and damage arising therefrom.
(3) An obligor shall give immediate notice of a deposit to the obligee or the person presenting himself or herself as the obligee.
(4) If an obligor and an obligee are required to perform their obligations simultaneously, the obligor may make the transfer of deposited property to the obligee conditional on the performance of the obligation of the obligee.
(5) The person with whom property is deposited may refuse to transfer the deposited property to the obligee
if the obligee does not pay all of the person's expenses relating to the deposit. After the deposited property has
been transferred, the person with whom the property was deposited shall refund the sums paid by the obligor for
depositing regardless of whether the obligee has paid the expenses relating to the deposit. If an obligor reclaims
the deposited property, the obligor shall bear the expenses relating to the deposit.

§ 121. Reclamation of deposited property

(1) An obligor may reclaim deposited property from the depositary only if, upon depositing the property, the obligor notifies the depositary of the intention to retain the right to reclaim the property (right of reclamation of deposited property).
(2) The right of reclamation of deposited property extinguishes if:
1) the obligor gives notice to the depositary that the obligor waives the right to reclaim the property;
2) the obligee gives notice to the depositary that the obligee will accept the deposited property;
3) a court decision which has entered into force or is subject to immediate enforcement and which recognises
the right of the obligee to the deposited property is presented to the depositary;
[RT I 2008, 59, 330 - entry into force 01.01.2009]
4) a court declares the bankruptcy of the obligor.
(3) A right of reclamation of deposited property shall not be subject to a claim nor seized.
(4) If an obligor reclaims deposited property, the property is deemed not to have been deposited and the claim against the obligor is restored together with all rights arising from accessory obligations.

Page 48 / 259 Law of Obligations Act

§ 122. Legal consequences of deposit

(1) If property is deposited without the obligor having the right of reclamation, it is deemed that by depositing the property the obligor has performed the obligation at the time of the deposit. If the obligor has retained the right to reclaim the deposited property, the obligation is deemed to have been performed upon expiry of the right of reclamation.
(2) If property is deposited with the right of reclamation, the obligor may set up a defence against an obligee's claim concerning performance of the obligation, indicating that the obligor has deposited the money, securities, documents or valuables owed under the obligation. In such case, the obligee shall not require performance of the obligation in any other manner than out of the deposited property.
(3) During the period for which property is deposited with the right of reclamation, the risk of accidental loss of or damage to the property shall be borne by the obligee. The obligor is not required to pay interest for the period of the deposit nor compensate the obligee for loss of profit incurred during such period.
(4) The right of an obligee to receive deposited property extinguishes when seven years have passed from receipt of the notice of the deposit if, within that term, the obligee fails to give notice to the depositary of the intention to accept the deposited property. If the term has expired and the obligee has not given notice of the intention to accept the deposited property, the obligor may reclaim the deposited property even if the obligor has not retained the right of reclamation.
(5) The claim of an obligee against an obligor expires upon expiry of the term specified in subsection (4) of this section unless the claim has expired earlier.

§ 123. Declaration for receipt of deposited property

If a declaration from an obligor certifying the right of the obligee to receive deposited property is necessary for the receipt of the property, the obligee may require the obligor to issue the declaration under the same conditions as the obligee could require performance of the obligation if the property were not deposited. If an action
filed by the obligee is satisfied, the obligor is deemed to have granted consent upon the entry into force of the judgment.

§ 124. Depositing other things

(1) In the case specified in subsection 120 (1) of this Act, an obligor may deposit movables other than money, securities, other documents or valuables with a reasonably chosen third party whose economic activities include the deposit of movables of the corresponding type, unless such deposits involve unreasonably high costs.
(2) The provisions of subsections 120 (2) to (5) and §§ 121 to 123 of this Act apply as appropriate upon depositing movables specified in subsection (1) of this section.

§ 125. Sale of moveable owed

(1) In the case specified in subsection 120 (1) of this Act and in the case where a movable cannot be transferred to the obligee for reasons independent of the obligor, the obligor may, instead of depositing the movable, sell the movable in a reasonable manner if:
1) the movable cannot be deposited due to its nature or because there is no reasonable opportunity to deposit the thing;
2) the movable is highly perishable;
3) the preservation or storage of the movable would involve unreasonable costs;
4) the period of deposit may be of unpredictable length because the obligor does not know and does not have to
know the identity of the obligee.
(2) A movable may be sold at the place of performance of the obligation. If a reasonable result cannot be expected at the place of performance, the movable may be sold in another place suitable therefor.
(3) An obligor shall sell a movable if sale is clearly in the interests of the obligee or if the obligee gives notice that the obligee requires the movable to be sold.
(4) A movable shall be sold by auction. If the movable is highly perishable or has a current exchange or market price or if the price which could be expected at an auction would be unreasonably low in comparison to the costs of the auction, the obligor may sell the movable in some other reasonable manner.
(5) Within a reasonable period before the intended sale of a movable, the obligor shall give notice to the obligee of the intention to sell the movable. Notice need not be given if the movable is highly perishable or if notification is impossible.

Law of Obligations Act Page 49 / 259

(6) Notice need not be given if the movable is highly perishable or if notification is impossible. The remainder of the money shall be paid to the obligee by the obligor.
(7) Upon the sale of a movable, the obligee shall retain the rights arising from defective performance.

§ 126. Performance by third party

The provisions of this Chapter concerning the rights and obligations of obligors apply also to third parties who perform an obligation in order to avoid compulsory execution with regard to an object belonging to the obligor which is in the lawful possession of the third party or with regard to which the third party has some other right and such right or possession would terminate in the case of compulsory execution.

Chapter 7 COMPENSATION FOR DAMAGE

§ 127. Purpose and extent of compensation for damage

(1) The purpose of compensation for damage is to place the aggrieved person in a situation as near as possible to that in which the person would have been if the circumstances which are the basis for the compensation obligation had not occurred.
(2) Damage shall not be compensated for to the extent that prevention of damage was not the purpose of the obligation or provision due to the non-performance of which the compensation obligation arose.
(3) A non-conforming party shall only compensate for such damage which the party foresaw or should have foreseen as a possible consequence of non-performance at the time of entering into the contract unless the damage is caused intentionally or due to gross negligence.
(4) A person shall compensate for damage only if the circumstances on which the liability of the person is based and the damage caused are related in such a manner that the damage is a consequence of the circumstances (causation).
(5) Any gain received by the injured party as a result of the damage caused, particularly the costs avoided by the injured party, shall be deducted from the compensation for the damage unless deduction is contrary to the purpose of the compensation.
(6) If damage is established but the exact extent of the damage cannot be established, including in the event of non-patrimonial damage or future damage, the amount of compensation shall be determined by the court.
If compensation for damage is claimed due to violation of copyright or related rights or violation of industrial property right, the court may, if this is reasonable, determine compensation for the damage as a fixed amount, taking account, inter alia, the amount of fee the violator should have paid if he or she had obtained authorisation for the use of the relevant right.
[RT I 2005, 39, 308 - entry into force 01.01.2006]
(7) [Repealed - RT I 2008, 59, 330 - entry into force 01.01.2009]

§ 128. Types of damage subject to compensation

(1) Damage subject to compensation may be patrimonial or non-patrimonial.
(2) Patrimonial damage includes, primarily, direct patrimonial damage and loss of profit.
(3) Direct patrimonial damage includes, primarily, the value of the lost or destroyed property or the decrease
in the value of property due to deterioration even if such decrease occurs in the future, and reasonable expenses
which have been incurred or will be incurred in the future due to the damage, including reasonable expenses
relating to prevention or reduction of damage and receipt of compensation, including expenses relating to
establishment of the damage and submission of claims relating to compensation for the damage.
(4) Loss of profit is loss of the gain which a person would have been likely to receive in the circumstances, in particular as a result of the preparations made by the person, if the circumstances on which compensation for damage is based would not have occurred. Loss of profit may also include the loss of an opportunity to receive gain.
(5) Non-patrimonial damage involves primarily the physical and emotional distress and suffering caused to the aggrieved person.

§ 129. Compensation for patrimonial damage upon causing death

(1) In the case of an obligation to compensate for the damage arising from the death of a person, the obligated person shall compensate for the expenses arising from the death of the deceased person, in particular for

Page 50 / 259 Law of Obligations Act

reasonable funeral expenses, reasonable medical expenses relating to the health damage or bodily injury which caused the death of the person, and the damage arising from the aggrieved person's interim incapacity for work.
(2) Compensation for funeral expenses shall be paid to the person who is obligated to bear the expenses. If funeral expenses are borne by another person, compensation for the expenses shall be paid to the other person.
(3) If a person whose death is caused bears, at the time of his or her death, an obligation arising from law to maintain another person, the person obligated to compensate for the damage shall pay the person reasonable monetary compensation corresponding to the maintenance payments which the deceased person would have paid to the person during the deceased person's presumed life-span.
(4) A person obligated to compensate for damage shall also pay compensation to a third party on the basis and to the extent specified in subsection (3) of this section if the obligation to maintain such person would have arisen pursuant to law in the future and during the presumed life-span of the deceased.
(5) A person obligated to compensate for damage shall also bear the obligation provided for in subsections (3) and (4) of this section with regard to a person who, by the time of the death of the deceased person, had been conceived but not yet born.
(6) If a person whose death is caused maintained, on a continuous basis up to the death of the person, another person with whom the deceased lived together as a family or whom the deceased person maintained on the basis of a moral obligation, the person obligated to compensate for the damage shall pay compensation to the person
to the extent specified in subsection (3) of this section if:
1) the person needs maintenance, and
2) the person cannot receive maintenance in any other manner, and
3) the person whose death was caused would presumably have continued to maintain the person in the future.
(7) A person obligated to compensate for damage may set up the same defences against claims for compensation for damage by persons specified in subsections (2) to (6) of this section as the person could have set up against the person whose death the obligated person caused.

§ 130. Compensation for damage in case of health damage or bodily injury

(1) In the case of an obligation to compensate for damage arising from health damage or bodily injury caused to a person, the obligated person shall compensate the aggrieved person for expenses arising from such damage or injury, including expenses arising from the increased needs of the aggrieved person, and damage arising from total or partial incapacity to work, including damage arising from a decrease in income or deterioration of the future economic potential of the aggrieved person.
(2) [Repealed - RT I, 21.12.2010, 1 - entry into force 31.12.2010]

§ 131. Compensation for patrimonial damage in case of deprivation of liberty or violation of personality rights

In the case of an obligation to compensate for damage caused by unlawfully depriving a person of liberty, by defamation or by violation of any other personality right, the obligated person shall compensate the aggrieved person for the expenses caused to the person and for damage arising from a decrease in income or deterioration of the future economic potential of the aggrieved person.

§ 132. Compensation for damage in case of destruction, loss of or damage to thing

(1) In the case of an obligation to compensate for damage arising from destruction or loss of a thing, compensation shall be paid in an amount covering the reasonable expenses made to acquire a new thing of equal value. If by the time of the destruction or loss of a thing the value of the thing has considerably decreased in comparison to the value of an equivalent new thing, the decrease shall be taken into account in a reasonable manner when determining the amount of compensation for the damage.
(2) If acquisition of a new thing of equal value is not possible, the value of the thing which was destroyed or lost shall be compensated for.
(3) If damage is caused to a thing, compensation for the damage shall cover, in particular, the reasonable costs of repairing the thing and the potential decrease in the value of the thing. If repairing the thing is unreasonably expensive in comparison to the value of the thing, compensation shall be paid pursuant to subsection (1) of this section.
(4) If a thing damaged was necessary or useful for the aggrieved person, in particular, for the person's economic or professional activities or work, compensation for the damage shall also cover the costs of using a thing of equal value during the time in which the damaged thing is being repaired or a new thing is being acquired. If

Law of Obligations Act Page 51 / 259

the person does not use a thing of equal value, the person may claim compensation for loss of the advantages of use which the person could have benefited from during the time in which the thing is repaired or a new thing is being acquired.
[RT I 2003, 78, 523 - entry into force 27.12.2003]

§ 133. Compensation for damage caused by environmentally hazardous activities

(1) If damage is caused by environmentally hazardous activities, damage related to deterioration in environmental quality shall also be compensated for in addition to the damage caused to persons or the property thereof. Expenses relating to preventing an increase in the damage and to applying reasonable measures for mitigating the consequences of the damage, and the damage arising from the application of such measures shall also be compensated for.
(2) Damage and expenses specified in subsection (1) of this section shall be compensated for to the extent and pursuant to the procedure provided by law.

§ 134. Specifications for compensation for non-patrimonial damage

(1) Compensation for non-patrimonial damage arising from non-performance of a contractual obligation may only be claimed if the purpose of the obligation was to pursue a non-patrimonial interest and, under the circumstances relating to entry into the contract or to the non-performance, the obligor was aware or should have been aware that non-performance could cause non-patrimonial damage.
(2) In the case of an obligation to compensate for damage arising from depriving a person of liberty, causing bodily injuries to or damage to the health of a person or violation of other personality rights, including defamation of a person, the aggrieved person shall be paid a reasonable amount of money as compensation for non-patrimonial damage.
[RT I, 21.12.2010, 1 - entry into force 31.12.2010]
(3) In the case of an obligation to compensate for damage arising from the death of a person or a serious bodily injury or health damage caused to the person, the persons close to the deceased or the aggrieved person may also claim compensation for non-patrimonial damage if payment of such compensation is justified by exceptional circumstances.
(4) In the case of destruction or loss of a thing, the aggrieved person has, taking into account exceptional circumstances, the right to claim a reasonable amount of money as compensation for non-patrimonial damage
in addition to compensation for patrimonial damage regardless of the usefulness of the thing if the person had a special interest in the destroyed or lost thing primarily for personal reasons.
(5) The gravity and scope of the violation and the conduct and attitude of the person who caused damage to the aggrieved person after the violation shall be taken into account for the purposes of determining the compensation for non-patrimonial damage.
[RT I, 21.12.2010, 1 - entry into force 31.12.2010]
(6) In addition to the provisions of subsections (5), the court may, upon determining the compensation for non- patrimonial damage for defamation of a person, inter aliaby passing undue value judgement or by disclosure of incorrect information, for unjustified use of the name or image of the person, or for breaching the inviolability of the private life or other similar personality rights of the person, take into consideration the need to exert influence upon the person who caused the damage to avoid causing further damage, taking into account the financial situation of the person who caused the damage.
[RT I, 21.12.2010, 1 - entry into force 31.12.2010]

§ 135. Offsetting price differences

(1) If, after withdrawing from a contract, an injured party concludes a transaction within a reasonable time and in a reasonable manner with which the injured party achieves the same purpose which was to be achieved by the contract from which the party withdrew (substitute transaction), the injured party may claim for the non- conforming party to offset the difference between the contractual price and the price arising from the substitute transaction as compensation for damage.
(2) If an injured party withdraws from a contract, the party may claim for the difference between the contractual price and the current market price of the contractual obligation of the non-conforming party at the time of withdrawal from the contract to be offset as compensation for damage if there is a market price for the object of the contractual obligation at the place of performance or at any other place which appears reasonable to take as a reference, even if the injured party does not perform a substitute transaction.
(3) The provisions of subsections (1) and (2) of this section shall not preclude or restrict the right to make a claim for compensation for damage exceeding the price difference.

Page 52 / 259 Law of Obligations Act

§ 136. Manner of compensation for damage

(1) Damage shall be compensated for in a lump sum unless the nature of the damage makes it reasonable to pay the compensation in instalments.
(2) In the event that death, a bodily injury or health damage is caused, the damage shall be compensated for in money and in instalments unless the nature of the damage makes it reasonable for the compensation to be paid as a lump sum.
(3) If damage is to be compensated for in instalments, payments shall be made in advance for each three month period unless otherwise decided by a court taking into account the circumstances. If the person entitled to receive compensation dies before the end of the period for which an instalment is or should have been paid, the obligation to pay compensation for such period remains in effect.
(4) If a court orders an obligor to pay compensation in instalments, the court may alter the period and amount of the instalments on the application of either party if, after the judgment is made, circumstances become evident which are relevant to the determination of the period and amount of the instalments and the occurrence of
which was not taken into account in the determination of the instalments. The court may prescribe indexation of instalments or alteration thereof in any other way already upon order of payment of instalments if this is clearly reasonable.
[RT I 2008, 59, 330 - entry into force 01.01.2009]
(5) In the cases provided by law or a contract and in other cases where this is reasonable under the circumstances, the aggrieved person may claim compensation for damage in a manner other than monetary compensation.

§ 137. Compensation for damage paid by several persons

(1) If several persons are liable, on the same or different grounds, to a third party for the same damage caused to the third party, they shall be jointly and severally liable for payment of compensation.
(2) In relations between the persons specified in subsection (1) of this section, liability shall be divided taking into account all circumstances, in particular the gravity of the non-performance or the unlawful character of other conduct and the degree of risk borne by each person.
(3) If one of the persons obligated to compensate for damage has the right to set up defences which would preclude or restrict the person's liability to the person requiring the compensation, the claim for compensation against other obligors shall be reduced to the extent of the share of the obligation which the person entitled to set up the defences bears in relations between the persons obligated to compensate for the damage.

§ 138. Common liability for damage

(1) If several persons may be liable for damage caused and it has been established that any of the persons could have caused the damage, compensation for the damage may be claimed from all such persons.
(2) A person obligated to compensate for damage shall be released from liability if the person proves that the damage was not caused thereby.
(3) In the case specified in subsection (1) of this section, compensation for damage may be claimed from each person to an extent in proportion to the probability that the damage was caused by the person concerned.

§ 139. Damage due in part to aggrieved person

(1) If damage is caused in part by circumstances dependent on the injured party or due to a risk borne by the injured party, the amount of compensation for the damage shall be reduced to the extent that such circumstances or risk contributed to the damage.
(2) The provisions of subsection (1) of this section also apply if the aggrieved person failed to draw the attention of the person causing the damage to an unusually high risk of damage or to prevent the risk of
damage or to perform any act which would have reduced the damage caused if the aggrieved person could have reasonably been expected to do so.
(3) In the event that the death of a person or damage to the health of a person is caused, the compensation for damage may be reduced on the grounds specified in subsection (1) of this section only if the aggrieved person contributed to the damage intentionally or through gross negligence.
(4) The restriction on reducing compensation for damage provided for in subsection (3) of this section shall not be applied to the extent that the injured party is compensated for the damage by an insurer.

Law of Obligations Act Page 53 / 259

§ 140. Limits on compensation for damage

(1) The court may reduce the amount of compensation for damage if compensation in full would be grossly unfair with regard to the obligated person or not reasonably acceptable for any other reason. In such case, all circumstances, in particular the nature of the liability, relationships between the persons and their economic situations, including insurance coverage, shall be taken into account.
(2) Limits on the extent of the liability of a person who causes damage, or a fixed amount of compensation for damage may be provided by law.

Chapter 8 ACCESSORY OBLIGATIONS

§ 141. Accessory obligations

Accessory obligations are, primarily:
1) obligations arising from a suretyship or from granting a guarantee;
2) obligations arising from payment of earnest money;
3) obligations arising from an agreement on a contractual penalty.

Division 1

Suretyship and Grant of Guarantee

§ 142. Definition of suretyship

(1) Under a contract of suretyship, the surety undertakes to be liable to the obligee of a third party (principal obligor) for the performance of the principal obligor's obligation.
(2) A conditional obligation may also be secured with a suretyship. A future obligation may be secured with a suretyship only if the obligation is sufficiently defined.
(3) Suretyship may be of a limited term or amount or related to another condition.
(4) The validity of a suretyship shall not depend on the relationship between the principal obligor and the surety.
(5) If a suretyship applies to an obligation against which defences regarding limitation periods may be set up or which may be annulled due to an error of the principal obligor or which is based on a transaction which is invalid due to the restricted active legal capacity of the principal obligor, and if the surety is aware of such circumstances at the time the contract is entered into, the surety shall be liable for the performance of the obligation under the same conditions as in the case of granting a guarantee.
(6) Agreements derogating from the provisions of this Chapter to the detriment of a surety shall be void unless otherwise provided by law.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336 - entry into force 01.07.2002]

§ 143. Contract of consumer surety

(1) A contract of consumer surety is a contract of suretyship where the surety is a natural person. [RT I, 06.12.2010, 1 - entry into force 05.04.2011]
(2) A contract of consumer surety is void if the maximum amount of money covered by the liability of the surety is not agreed upon.
[RT I 2003, 78, 523 - entry into force 27.12.2003]

§ 144. Contract of consumer surety

(1) An obligee is presumed to consent to a contract of suretyship being entered into.
(2) In the case of a contract of consumer surety, the application of the surety by which the surety undertakes to assume the obligations arising from the suretyship shall be made in writing.
(3) A contract of suretyship is valid even upon non-compliance with formal requirements arising from law or a transaction if the surety performs the obligation of the principal obligor arising from the contract.

Page 54 / 259 Law of Obligations Act

§ 145. Liability of surety

(1) In the case of non-performance, the principal obligor and the surety shall be jointly and severally liable to the obligee unless the contract of suretyship prescribes that the surety is liable only if the claim of the obligee against the principal obligor cannot be satisfied.
(2) A surety shall be liable for the obligation secured by the suretyship in full. The surety shall also be liable for the consequences arising from non-performance, in particular for payment of penalties for late payment, contractual penalties and compensation for damage, and for compensation for expenses relating to withdrawal from or cancellation of the contract. The surety shall be liable for payment of compensation for costs relating to the collection of the debt from the principal obligor if the surety had been notified of the intention to collect on time and therefore the surety could have avoided the costs.
(3) If a suretyship pertains to an obligation other than the payment of money, the suretyship is deemed to pertain to the obligation to pay compensation for damage in the case of non-performance of the obligation. In other aspects, the provisions of subsection (2) of this section apply.
(4) Transactions concluded by a principal obligor after a contract of suretyship is entered into shall not extend the liability of the surety.
(5) If the activities of an obligee reduce other security which exists at the time a contract of suretyship is entered into and which is given to secure the claim to which the suretyship applies, the liability of the surety shall be reduced by the amount corresponding to the reduction in security unless the obligee proves that the damage incurred by the surety is smaller.

§ 146. Notification obligation of obligee

(1) At the request of a surety, the obligee shall provide the surety with information concerning performance of the obligation of the principal obligor.
(2) In the event of the bankruptcy of a principal obligor, the obligee shall file the claim thereof in a bankruptcy proceeding pursuant to the procedure prescribed in the Bankruptcy Act. Upon receiving notification of a bankruptcy proceeding, the obligee shall immediately inform the surety of the proceeding.
(3) If an obligee fails to perform the obligations specified in subsections (1) and (2) of this section, the claim of the obligee against the surety shall be reduced by the amount of damage caused to the surety by such non- performance.
[RT I 2005, 39, 308 - entry into force 01.01.2006]

§ 147. Notice of performance of obligation

(1) If a surety performs an obligation of the principal obligor in part or in full, the surety shall notify the principal obligor of the performance.
(2) If a surety fails to notify the principal obligor of the performance of an obligation and the principal obligor performs the same obligation, the surety shall not have a right of recourse against the principal obligor if the principal obligor did not know and did not have to know that the surety has performed the obligation. This shall not preclude nor restrict the right of the surety to make a claim arising from unjustified enrichment against the obligee.

§ 148. Right of surety to require security or performance

(1) A surety may require the principal obligor to provide security or, once the obligation has fallen due, to perform the obligation for the benefit of the obligee if:
1) the principal obligor changes the place of business, residence or seat thereof and this renders the filing of a claim for payment against the obligor more complicated;
2) the risk borne by the surety has increased significantly due to deterioration of the principal obligor's economic situation, a decrease in the value of an item given as security, or an intentional act or gross negligence on the part of the principal obligor;
3) the principal obligor fails to perform an obligation arising from a contract entered into with the surety;
4) the principal obligor fails to perform the obligation thereof in due time.
(2) A surety may also require the principal obligor to perform an obligation for the benefit of the obligee also if the court has made a judgment by which an action of the obligee against the surety is satisfied.

Law of Obligations Act Page 55 / 259

§ 149. Defences by surety

(1) A surety may set up all such defences against a claim of the obligee which could have been set up by the principal obligor, except defences which are directly related to the person of the principal obligor. The surety has the right to set up such defences even if the principal obligor waived the defences.
(2) A defence which a principal obligor may set up against a claim secured by suretyship shall not be set up by the surety if the purpose of the contract of suretyship is also to provide security to the obligee for the occasion that a defence is set up by the principal obligee. In such case, the surety shall not, above all, set up a defence concerning the limited liability of a successor or a defence concerning termination or reduction of the obligation of the principal obligor in the case of liquidation or bankruptcy proceedings of the obligor or termination of a civil law partnership without legal succession.
(3) A surety may withhold satisfaction of a claim of the obligee until the end of the term during which the principal obligor may annul the transaction on which the principal obligor's obligation is based or withdraw from the contract. The surety shall retain such right even if the principal obligor may set off the claim arising from the transaction on which the principal obligor's obligation is based.
(4) [Repealed - RT I 2003, 78, 523 - entry into force 27.12.2003]
(5) If an obligation subject to suretyship is secured by a right of security established with regard to the property of the principal obligor or if the obligee may exercise a right of security arising from law with regard to the property of the principal obligor, the surety may, until the principal obligor is declared bankrupt, require the obligee to satisfy the claim thereof out of the pledged property to the extent of the pledge.
(6) If a surety establishes a right of security in order to secure performance of an obligation of the principal obligor, the surety may require suspension of the compulsory execution initiated against the surety until the pledged object is sold.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336 - entry into force 01.07.2002]

§ 150. Co-sureties

If one and the same obligation is secured by several persons (co-sureties), such persons shall be jointly and severally liable to the obligee even if they do not undertake the suretyship together.

§ 151. Performance of obligation by surety

(1) If a surety performs an obligation in lieu of the principal obligor before the obligation has fallen due, the surety shall not make the claims arising from the suretyship against the principal obligor before the due date for the performance of the obligation of the principal obligor.
(2) Once the obligation of a principal obligor has fallen due, the surety may perform the obligation in lieu of the principal obligor at any time.

§ 152. Surety's right of recourse against principal obligor

(1) If a surety performs an obligation of the principal obligor, the claim of the obligee against the principal obligor transfers to the surety to the extent that the claim is satisfied. Against such claim, the principal obligor may set up all such defences which the principal obligor had against the obligee as well as defences arising
from the legal relationship between the principal obligor and the surety. The provisions of § 70 of this Act apply mutatis mutandis to the limitation period for the right of recourse of the surety.
(2) If a surety performs an obligation without setting up the defences which the principal obligor had against the obligee, the claim of the obligee shall not transfer to the surety to the extent that the liability of the surety would have been reduced as a result of such defences unless the surety proves that the surety was not and did not have to be aware of such defences.

§ 153. Termination of suretyship

(1) A suretyship terminates:
1) upon termination of the obligation secured by the suretyship;
2) upon a transfer of the obligation unless the surety consents to be liable for the new obligor;
3) in the case of a suretyship for a specified term, upon the expiry of the term.
(2) In the case of a contract of consumer surety, the consent specified in clause (1) 2) of this section shall be granted in writing.
(3) Upon termination of a suretyship for a specified term, it is presumed that the liability of the surety extends to the obligations which arose before the expiry of the term.
(4) If a situation arises where the principal obligor and the surety are one and the same person, the obligee shall retain the security and other rights arising from the suretyship.

Page 56 / 259 Law of Obligations Act

§ 154. Specifications for termination of contract of consumer surety

(1) A contract of consumer surety entered into for an unspecified term in order to secure a future obligation may be cancelled by the surety at any time. If such contract is entered into for a specified term, the contract may be cancelled after five years have passed from the contract being entered into.
(2) Upon cancellation of a contract of consumer surety, the suretyship remains in force with regard to obligations which arose before the cancellation.

§ 155. Provision of guarantee

(1) A person engaged in an economic or professional activity (guarantor) may, by a contract, assume an obligation (guarantee) before an obligee, according to which the person undertakes to perform obligations arising from the guarantee on the demand of the obligee.
(11) It is presumed that the obligee consents to the guarantee.
(2) The obligation of a guarantor before the obligee which arises from the guarantee shall not be affected by the obligation of the obligor secured by the guarantee nor the validity of the obligation even if the guarantee contains a reference to the obligation.
(3) A guarantor may only set up such defences against the obligee which arise from the guarantee. (4) The obligation of a guarantor arising from the guarantee terminates:
1) when the guarantor has paid the obligee the amount of money for the payment of which the guarantor was
obligated pursuant to the guarantee;
2) upon expiry of the term for which the guarantee is provided;
3) if the obligee waives the rights arising from the guarantee, including cases where the obligee returns the
document on which the guarantee was based to the guarantor.
(5) If a guarantor performs an obligation arising from the guarantee, the guarantor shall have a right of recourse against the obligor only if such right arises from the relationship between the guarantor and the obligor.
[RT I 2003, 78, 523 - entry into force 27.12.2003]

Division 2

Earnest Money

§ 156. Definition of earnest money

(1) Earnest money is a sum of money given by one party to a contract to the other party to certify that the contract has been entered into and to secure the performance thereof.
(2) Upon performance of a contract secured with earnest money, it is presumed that the earnest money will
be used towards performance of the obligation or, if performance is impossible, that the earnest money will be
refunded.

§ 157. Consequences of non-performance of contract secured with earnest money

(1) If the non-performance of a contract secured with earnest money is the fault of the party which gave the earnest money, the other party shall retain the earnest money. If the party which receives the earnest money requires compensation for the damage incurred by the party due to non-performance of the contract, the earnest money shall be used towards such compensation.
(2) If a contract secured with earnest money is not performed for a reason other than the fault of the party which gave the earnest money, the party may require the earnest money to be refunded.

Division 3

Contractual Penalty

§ 158. Definition of contractual penalty

(1) A contractual penalty is an obligation which is prescribed in the contract and under which the party which fails to perform the contract undertakes to pay an amount of money determined by the contract to the injured party.

Law of Obligations Act Page 57 / 259

(2) The provisions concerning contractual penalties also apply to acts which a non-performing party must perform in the interests of the injured party.
(3) The provisions of this Division apply mutatis mutandis in cases where the parties have agreed in advance on the amount of the damage to be compensated for by the non-performing party.

§ 159. Contractual penalty and claim for performance of obligation

(1) If a contractual penalty is agreed upon for the occasion of non-performance of an obligation, the injured party may claim performance of the obligation in addition to payment of the contractual penalty. Performance of the obligation in addition to payment of a contractual penalty shall not be claimed if the contractual penalty was agreed upon as a substituted performance and not as a measure for achieving performance.
(2) An injured party loses the right to claim payment of a contractual penalty if the party fails to notify the other party during a reasonable period after becoming aware of the non-performance that the party is claiming payment of the contractual penalty.
[RT I 2003, 78, 523 - entry into force 27.12.2003]

§ 160. Contractual penalty in case of excused non-performance

If non-performance of an obligation is excused, payment of a contractual penalty shall not be claimed unless otherwise prescribed by the contract.

§ 161. Contractual penalty and damage

(1) In the case of non-performance of a contract, the injured party may claim payment of a contractual penalty regardless of the actual damage.
(2) If an injured party has the right to claim compensation for damage incurred due to non-performance of the contract, compensation shall be paid to the extent not covered by the contractual penalty.

§ 162. Reduction of contractual penalty

(1) If a contractual penalty to be paid is unreasonably high, the court may reduce the penalty to a reasonable amount at the request of the party obligated to pay the penalty, taking into particular account the extent to which the obligation has been performed by the party, the legitimate interests of the other party and the economic situation of the parties.
(2) Agreements which derogate from the provisions of subsection (1) of this section to the detriment of the party obligated to pay a contractual penalty are void.
(3) A party obligated to pay a contractual penalty does not have the right to require a reduction of the penalty after the party has paid the penalty.

§ 163. Contractual penalty if contract is void

If a contract is void, agreements concerning the payment of contractual penalties are also void.

Chapter 9 TRANSFER OF CLAIMS AND OBLIGATIONS

Division 1

Transfer of Claims

§ 164. Assignment of claim

(1) An obligee may transfer the claim thereof to another person on the basis of a contract in part or in full regardless of the consent of the obligor (assignment of claim). A claim shall not be assigned if assignment is prohibited by law or if the obligation cannot be performed for the benefit of any other person but the original obligee without altering the content of the obligation.
(2) Upon assignment of a claim, the new obligee assumes the position of the original obligee.
(3) If an obligee assigns one and the same claim more than once, the earliest assignment is deemed to be valid.

§ 165. Assignment of contingent claims and future claims

Future claims and contingent claims may also be assigned if they are sufficiently defined at the time of the assignment.

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§ 166. Restrictions on assignment

(1) Claims for maintenance, claims for compensation for damage arising from a bodily injury, health damage or the death of a person and any other claims which cannot be subject to a claim pursuant to law shall not be assigned. Such claims may be assigned if counter-performance of equal economic value is received in exchange for the assignment.
(2) Agreements concluded between an obligor and an obligee whereby assignment of the claim is precluded or the right to assign the claim is restricted have no effect against third parties.
(3) The provisions of subsection (2) of this section shall not preclude or restrict the liability arising from agreements entered into between the original obligee and the obligor for violation of the prohibition to preclude or restrict the right to assign the claim. The person to whom the claim is assigned shall not be liable for violation of such agreement.

§ 167. Transfer of security and other rights

(1) Security given to secure a claim and rights arising from accessory obligations which are related to the claim, including pre-emptive rights for the occasion of bankruptcy or compulsory execution, which are not inseparably bound to the person assigning the claim and which are transferable shall transfer to the new obligee upon assignment of the claim. The obligation of the person assigning the claim also to transfer the security and the rights arising from accessory obligations which are not related to the claim is presumed.
(2) Security and rights arising from accessory obligations are related to the claim if the security and the rights extinguish upon termination of the claim secured thereby. Security and rights arising from accessory obligations are not related to the claim if the security and the rights do not extinguish upon termination of the claim secured thereby.
(3) Upon assignment of a claim, the rights of the original obligee to interest and contractual penalties also transfer to the new obligee.
(4) Upon assignment of a claim, the right to exercise rights arising from execution documents existing with respect to the claim also transfers to the new obligee.
(5) If a claim is assigned in part, the original obligee shall retain the pre-emptive right before the new obligee
to the satisfaction of the claim to the extent that the claim is not assigned to the new obligee and the pre-emptive
right to rights and security arising from accessory obligations.
(6) Upon transfer of security and rights arising from accessory obligations, the original obligee shall do all that is necessary to enable the new obligee to exercise the rights arising from the security and accessory obligations, including handing over the pledged objects held by the original obligee to the new obligee. Upon transfer of a claim secured by a mortgage or by a registered security over a moveable, the obligee assigning the claim shall provide assistance in registering the transfer of the right of security.
(7) Upon assignment of a claim for which another claim is assigned or another right is transferred to the obligee as security, it is presumed that they shall be transferred to the new obligee.
(8) The provisions of this section shall not preclude or restrict the validity of agreements to preclude or restrict the transfer of security which are entered into between an obligee assigning a claim and an obligor or a person providing the security.

§ 168. Evidence of assignment of claim

(1) An obligee who assigns a claim shall hand over documents certifying the claim and rights arising from accessory obligations, including execution documents specified in subsection 167 (4) of this Act, to the new obligee and provide the obligee with information necessary for filing the claim. If the original obligee has further use for a document, the new obligee may, in lieu of the document, require a copy of or extract from the document or other performance which would enable the new obligee to exercise the rights thereof.
(2) At the request of the new obligee, the original obligee shall provide the new obligee with a document certifying the assignment of the claim.

§ 169. Performance of obligation for benefit of original obligee

(1) If an obligor performs an obligation for the benefit of an obligee who has assigned the claim and, at the time of performance of the obligation, the obligor is not and does not need to be aware of the assignment of the claim, the obligor is deemed to have performed the obligation for the benefit of the correct person.

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(2) If an obligor concludes a transaction or other act relating to the claim with the obligee after the obligee has assigned the claim but, at the time of performance of the transaction or other act, the obligor is not and does not need to be aware of the assignment of the claim, the transaction or other act is deemed to be valid.
(3) [Repealed - RT I 2008, 59, 330 - entry into force 01.01.2009]

§ 170. Notice of assignment

If an obligee notifies an obligor of assignment of the claim to a new obligee, the assignment is deemed to have occurred in respect of the obligor even if the claim was actually not assigned or the assignment is invalid. The same applies if the obligee has issued a document concerning assignment of the claim and the new obligee submits the document to the obligor.

§ 171. Defences of obligor against claim of new obligee and set-off against assigned claim

(1) In addition to defences which an obligor has against the claim of a new obligee, the obligor may set up all such defences which the obligor had against the original obligee at the time of assignment of the claim.
(2) An obligor shall not set up such defences against a new obligee which arise from non-performance of a contract which precluded or restricted the right of the obligee to assign the claim and the obligor shall not set off the claim on such basis.
(3) An obligor may also set off a claim against the original obligee against the claim of the new obligee unless:
1) the obligor has acquired the claim thereof from a third party and, at the time of acquiring the claim, the
obligor knew or should have known that the claim against the obligor had been assigned;
2) the claim of the obligee falls due later than the assigned claim and after the obligor became or should have
become aware of the assignment.

§ 172. Document certifying assignment

An obligor may withhold performance of an obligation to a new obligee if the original obligee fails to provide the obligor with a document certifying assignment of the claim unless the original obligee has given written notice to the obligor of the assignment of the claim.

§ 173. Transfer of claim on basis of law

(1) If a claim transfers from an obligee to another person (acquirer of claim) on the basis of law, the transfer of the claim shall be valid without a declaration of intent from the original obligee.
(2) The provisions concerning assignment of claims apply to the transfer of a claim on the basis of law. (3) A claim transfers on the basis of law:
1) to a person whose assets are sold in an execution proceeding in order to satisfy a claim against an obligor;
2) to a person who performs an obligation because satisfaction of the claim against the obligor is secured with
the assets of the person;
3) to a person who performs an obligation in order to avoid compulsory execution in the cases specified in
subsection 78 (3) of this Act;
4) in other cases provided by law.
(4) In the cases provided for in clauses (3) 1) to 3) of this section, the obligation to satisfy the claim shall not transfer to the extent that the obligation is borne by the acquirer of the claim in the legal relationship between the acquirer and the obligor.
(5) Upon transfer of a claim on the basis of law, the acquirer of the claim acquires the right to the interest and contractual penalties agreed upon only to the extent that such interest or penalties have arisen after the transfer of the claim.

§ 174. Transfer of other rights

The provisions of this Division concerning transfer of claims apply mutatis mutandis to the transfer of other rights unless otherwise prescribed by law or the nature of the rights.

Division 2

Transfer of Obligations

§ 175. Assumption of obligation

(1) A third party may assume the obligation of an obligor on the basis of a contract entered into with the obligee whereby the third party assumes the position of the original obligor.

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(2) A third party may also assume the obligation of an obligor on the basis of a contract entered into with the obligor, but the obligation transfers only on the condition that the obligee consents to such transfer.
(3) If an obligor has entered into a contract with a third party for the assumption of an obligation, the obligor or the third party may make a proposal to the obligee to give notice within the term set by the obligee as to whether the obligee consents to the transfer of the obligation. If the obligee does not grant consent within such term, the obligee is deemed to have refused to grant consent.
(4) If a third party assumes an obligation on the basis of a contract entered into with the obligor and the obligee has not yet granted consent or refuses such consent, the obligor is deemed to have the right to require timely satisfaction of the obligee's claim from the transferee of the obligation. If the obligee refuses to grant consent to the assumption of the obligation, the obligor may require the transferee of the obligation to secure performance of the contract on the basis of which the obligation is assumed.
(5) If an obligee has granted advance consent to the assumption of an obligation, the obligation is deemed to have been assumed by entry into the contract for the assumption of the obligation and notification of the obligee of the entry into the contract. An obligee shall not revoke advance consent unless the obligee has reserved the corresponding right upon granting the consent.
(6) If a person acquires an immovable and, by an agreement with the transferor, assumes the transferor's obligation secured by a mortgage over the immovable, the transferor shall give written notice of the assumption of the obligation to the obligee after the new owner has been entered in the land register. If the obligee does
not refuse to grant consent to the assumption of the obligation within three months as of receipt of the notice, the obligee is deemed to have granted consent. After the obligee has granted or refused to grant consent to the assumption of the obligation, the transferor of the immovable shall notify the transferee of the grant or refusal to grant consent.
(7) [Repealed - RT I 2003, 78, 523 - entry into force 27.12.2003]
(8) If one and the same obligation transfers to several persons, the persons are presumed to be jointly and severally liable for the performance of the obligation.

§ 176. Defences of transferee of obligation

(1) In addition to the defences which the transferee of an obligation has against the obligee, the transferee may set up such defences against the claim of the obligee which arise from the legal relationship between the obligee and the original obligor, except the defences which the original obligor personally has against the obligee. Also, the transferee shall not set off the claim of the original obligor against the claim of the obligee.
(2) The transferee of an obligation shall not set up such defences against the claim of the obligee which the transferee has against the original obligor pursuant to the legal relationship on which the assumption of the obligation is based.
(3) If an obligation is assumed with the consent of the obligee on the basis of a contract entered into with the obligor, the transferee of the obligation may set up defences arising from the invalidity of the assumption of the obligation against the obligee only if the obligee was or should have been aware of the reason for such invalidity upon granting the consent.

§ 177. Accessory obligations and security upon assumption of obligation

(1) Upon assumption of an obligation, accessory obligations related to the claim shall transfer to the new obligor unless they are of a personal nature or inseparably bound to the person of the original obligor for any other reason. The obligation to pay the interest and contractual penalties agreed upon transfers to the new obligor even if these fall due after the assumption of the obligation.
(2) Upon assumption of an obligation, the security given for and related to the obligation shall terminate. If security given for the performance of the obligation is not related to the obligation, the security shall be returned to the person who provided the security pursuant to the agreement on the basis of which the security was provided.
(3) The provisions of subsection (2) of this section do not apply if the person who provided security consents to be liable for the performance of the obligation by the new obligor.

§ 178. Joining in obligation

(1) An obligation may also be assumed by a third party joining in the obligation as a new obligor in addition to the original obligor (joining in obligation).

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(2) A third party may enter into an agreement joining in an obligation with the obligee or the obligor.
(3) If a person joins in an obligation in order to secure the claim of the obligee, the formalities provided for in §
144 of this Act apply mutatis mutandis.
(4) Joining in an obligation creates solidary obligation. If a person joins in an obligation in order to secure the claim of the obligee, the provisions of §§ 145, 149 and 152 of this Act also apply.

Division 3

Assumption of Contract

§ 179. Definition of assumption of contract

(1) A party to a contract may, with the consent of the other party, transfer the party's rights and obligations arising from the contract to a third party on the basis of a contract entered into with the third party unless otherwise provided by law.
(2) Upon assumption of a contract, all rights and obligations arising from the contract are deemed to have transferred to the transferee of the contract.
(3) The provisions of §§ 167, 168, 171, 176 and 177 of this Act apply mutatis mutandis to the assumption of contracts.

Division 4

Transfer of enterprise

§ 180. Transfer of enterprise

(1) The transferor of an enterprise may undertake to transfer the enterprise to the transferee on the basis of a contract entered into with the transferee. An enterprise may also be transferred to a transferee pursuant to law.
(2) An enterprise comprises the things, rights and obligations relating to and in the service of the management of the enterprise, including contracts relating to the enterprise.

§ 181. Restrictions on application

The provisions of this Division do not apply to the transfer of an enterprise in the event of the merger, division or transformation of legal persons or if an enterprise is taken over pursuant to law, in particular in the case of compulsory execution or bankruptcy proceeding.

§ 182. Acquisition of enterprise

(1) Things belonging to an enterprise are transferred to the transferee pursuant to the provisions concerning the transfer of such things, the rights pursuant to the provisions concerning the transfer of such rights and contracts pursuant to the provisions concerning the transfer of such contracts. The transferor of an enterprise is required
to transfer possession of things to the transferee and, in the case of property subject to registration, to ensure that the corresponding entries are made in the registers.
(2) By taking over the things and rights belonging to an enterprise, the transferee takes over all of the transferor's obligations related to the enterprise, including obligations with regard to the employees of the enterprise which arise from employment contracts, unless otherwise provided by law. The consent of the obligee or the other party is not required for the assumption of an obligation or the transfer of the contract unless otherwise provided by law.
(3) Agreements derogating from the provisions of subsection (2) of this section have no effect against third parties. Such agreements apply to obligees who have consented to the agreements in a format which can be reproduced in writing.
(4) The transferee of an enterprise shall promptly notify the obligees of the acquisition of obligations and the transferor of the enterprise shall promptly notify obligors of the assignment of the claims to the transferee.
(5) The provisions of this section apply mutatis mutandis to the grant of the use of an enterprise. [RT I 2002, 53, 336 - entry into force 01.07.2002]

§ 183. Liability of transferor of enterprise

(1) A transferor and the transferee shall be jointly and severally liable to the obligee for obligations which have arisen before the transfer of the enterprise and which, by the time of the transfer, have fallen due or will fall

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due within five years after the transfer. It is presumed that, in relations with the transferor, the transferee of the enterprise is the obligated person.
(2) Agreements derogating from the provisions of subsection (1) of this section have no effect against third parties, except to obligees who have consented to such agreements in a format which can be reproduced in writing.
(3) The limitation period for claims arising from obligations specified in subsection (1) of this section shall be five years as of the transfer of the enterprise unless a shorter limitation period applies to some of the claims.
(4) The provisions of this section apply mutatis mutandis to the grant of the use of an enterprise. [RT I 2002, 53, 336 - entry into force 01.07.2002]

§ 184. Right to business name

(1) The right to use the existing business name of an enterprise subject to transfer transfers to the transferee unless this is contrary to law, the rights of a third party or an agreement between the parties. The fact that the activities of the transferee continue in a legal form other than that of the transferor shall not hinder the transfer of the business name if the transferee adheres to the requirements for business names provided by law.
(2) If the transferor of an enterprise is a natural person, the right to use the existing business name transfers to the transferee with the written consent of the transferor of the enterprise.

§ 185. Transfer of part of enterprise

The provisions of this Division also apply to contracts under which a part of an enterprise which is an organisational whole (an installation) is transferred.

Chapter 10 TERMINATION OF OBLIGATION

Division 1

General Provisions

§ 186. Bases for extinction of obligation

An obligation extinguishes:
1) upon a conforming performance;
2) upon a set-off;
3) upon merger;
4) by an agreement to terminate the obligation;
5) upon withdrawal from the contract;
6) upon cancellation of the contract;
7) upon the death of an obligor who is a natural person if the obligation cannot be performed without his or her
personal participation;
8) upon the death of an obligee who is a natural person if the obligation is to be performed personally for the
benefit of the obligee;
9) in other cases prescribed by the law or the contract.

§ 187. Termination of accessory obligations and security

(1) Upon termination of an obligation, the security and accessory obligations relating to the obligation also terminate unless otherwise provided by law.
(2) If the security provided to secure a claim is not related to the claim and the obligation terminates, the security shall be returned, pursuant to the agreement on the basis of which the security was provided, to the person who provided the security.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336 - entry into force 01.07.2002]

Division 2

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Withdrawal from Contract

§ 188. Declaration of and consequences of withdrawal

(1) A party withdraws from a contract by submitting a declaration of withdrawal to the other party.
(2) If a party may withdraw from a contract pursuant to law or the contract, withdrawal from the contract
shall release both parties from the performance of their contractual obligations. Withdrawal shall not affect the
validity of rights and obligations which have arisen from the contract before the withdrawal.
(3) Withdrawal shall not affect agreements on the resolution of disputes arising from the contract or other contract terms concerning the rights and obligations of the parties after withdrawal from the contract.

§ 189. Return of and compensation for that which was delivered under contract

(1) In the event of withdrawal from a contract, each party may claim return of that which was delivered by the party under the contract and delivery of the fruits and other gain received if the party returns all property that has been delivered to the party. Obligations arising from withdrawal shall be performed by the parties simultaneously, and the provisions of § 111 of this Act apply mutatis mutandis. Interest shall be paid on money refunded as of the moment of receipt of the money.
(2) In lieu of return or delivery, a party shall compensate for the value of that which was received by the party if:
1) return or delivery is impossible due to the nature of that which was received, including in the case of the provision of a service or the use of a thing;
2) the party has consumed or transferred the object received, encumbered it with the right of a third party or processed it;
3) that which was received has been destroyed.
(3) If the price of that which was received is set in the contract, the price is deemed to be the value of that which was received for the purposes of subsection (2) of this section.
(4) If a thing subject to return or delivery has deteriorated and such deterioration is not the result of the regular use of the thing, the decrease in the value of the thing shall be compensated for.
(5) A party who, under the circumstances, should reasonably be able to foresee the possibility of withdrawal from the contract shall ensure that it is possible to return that which was received in the case of withdrawal from the contract.

§ 190. Preclusion of compensation

(1) A party is not required to compensate for the value of that which was received by the party in lieu of return or delivery thereof if:
1) the circumstances on which withdrawal is based become evident only upon processing the thing;
2) deterioration or destruction occurred due to circumstances dependent on the other party or due to
circumstances the risk of which is borne by the other party, or if the damage would also have occurred if that
which was received had been in the possession of the other party;
3) upon exercising the right of withdrawal arising from the law, that which was received has deteriorated or
been destroyed although the party exercised such care as the party would exercise in the party's own affairs.
(2) In the case of unjustified enrichment of a party under the circumstances specified in subsection (1) of this section, the party shall return that which was received pursuant to the provisions concerning unjustified enrichment.

§ 191. Gains and expenses

(1) In the case of withdrawal by a party who does not receive fruits or other gain which the party could have received upon adherence to the requirements for regular management, the party shall compensate the other party for the value of such fruits or other gain. If the right of withdrawal arises from the law, the party entitled to withdrawal shall be liable only for the exercise of such care in the receipt of fruits and gain as the party would exercise in the party's own affairs.
(2) If a party returns an object or compensates for the value of the object or if the obligation to compensate for the value of the object is precluded pursuant to clause 190 (1) 1) or 2) of this Act, the other party shall compensate the first party for the necessary expenses incurred with respect to the object. In the case of unjustified enrichment of the other party through other expenses incurred by the first party, the first party shall be compensated for such other expenses pursuant to the provisions concerning unjustified enrichment.

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§ 192. Indivisibility of right of withdrawal

(1) If several persons participate in a contract as one party, the persons may only exercise the right of withdrawal collectively. If the right of withdrawal extinguishes for any one person entitled to withdrawal, the right shall also extinguish for all the other persons.
(2) If a party withdraws from a contract where several persons participate as the other party, the first party may exercise the right of withdrawal only with regard to all such persons collectively.
(3) In the case of a multilateral contract, a party may withdraw from the contract only if the other party or parties fail to perform an obligation assumed with regard to the first party.

§ 193. Set-off after fundamental breach of contract

Withdrawal from a contract due to a fundamental breach of the contract is void if the party with regard to whom the right of withdrawal is to be exercised may terminate the obligation by a set-off and gives notice of the set-off immediately after the other party has given notice of withdrawal from the contract.

§ 194. Specifications for withdrawal from consumer contracts

[Repealed - RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

Division 3

Cancellation of Contract

§ 195. Ordinary cancellation of contract

(1) A party cancels a contract by making a declaration of cancellation to the other party.
(2) If a party may cancel the contract pursuant to law or the contract, cancellation of the contract shall release both parties from the performance of their contractual obligations. The rights and obligations which arise from the contract before cancellation remain valid.
(3) A contract for the performance of a continuing obligation or recurring obligations (long-term contract) which is entered into for an unspecified term may be cancelled by either party by giving reasonable advance notice unless otherwise prescribed by law or the contract (ordinary cancellation).
(4) If several persons participate in a contract as one party, the persons may only exercise the right of cancellation collectively. If a party cancels a contract where several persons participate as the other party, the first party may cancel the contract only with regard to all such persons collectively.
(5) Upon cancellation of a contract, the parties are only required to return that which has been delivered in advance with respect to the time of cancellation of the contract. The provisions of §§ 189 to 191 of this Act apply mutatis mutandis to the return.

§ 196. Extraordinary cancellation of contract

(1) Either party to a long-term contract may cancel the contract with good reason without giving advance notice, in particular if the party cancelling the contract cannot reasonably be expected to continue performing the contract until the due date agreed upon or until expiry of the term for advance notice taking into account all the circumstances and the mutual interests of the parties (extraordinary cancellation).
(2) If non-performance of a contractual obligation by the other party provides good reason for cancelling the contract, the contract may only be cancelled if the other party fails to render a conforming performance within the term granted therefor. Such term need not be granted in the cases provided for in clauses 116 (2) 2) to 4) of this Act.
(3) A person entitled to cancel a contract may cancel the contract only during a reasonable period of time after the person becomes aware of the circumstances substantiating the cancellation.
(4) If a person entitled to cancel a contract is, due to the cancellation, no longer interested in the obligations which have already been performed, the person may also extend the cancellation to such obligations. The provisions of §§ 189 to 191 of this Act apply mutatis mutandis to the return of that which was delivered.

Division 4

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Set-off

§ 197. Definition of set-off

(1) If two persons (parties to a set-off) are required to pay each other a sum of money or perform another obligation of the same type, either party (the party requesting set-off) may set off the claim thereof against the claim of the other party if the party requesting set-off has the right to perform the obligation thereof and to require performance from the other party.
(2) As a result of a set-off, the claims of the parties to the set-off extinguish as of the time they could be set off and to the extent that they overlap unless the parties agree otherwise. If interest has already been paid on one or both of the claims, the set-off shall have retroactive effect only for the last period for which interest was paid.
(3) Monetary claims expressed in different currencies may be set off at an exchange rate calculated as at the
date of the set-off at the place of business of the party requesting set-off or, in the absence of a place of business,
at the location of the residence or seat of the party. Set-off is not permitted if the exchange rates have not freely
developed in the market.

§ 198. Declaration of set-off

A claim is set off by making a declaration of set-off to the other party. A declaration which is made conditionally or by setting a term is void.

§ 199. Set-off in case of different places of performance

If claims with different places of performance are set off, the party requesting set-off shall compensate the other party for damage caused by the fact that due to the set-off the other party cannot accept performance at the place prescribed or perform the obligation thereof at the place prescribed.

§ 200. Restrictions on set-off

(1) The following claims shall not be set off:
1) claims for maintenance, claims for compensation for damage arising from health damage or the death of a
person and claims arising from unlawful or intentional causing of damage which the other party has against the
party requesting set-off;
2) claims of the other party which pursuant to law cannot be subject to a claim;
3) claims of the other party the set-off of which is prohibited by law.
(2) A party requesting set-off may also set off the claim thereof against the claim of the other party if the claim of the party requesting set-off has expired, on the condition that the right to set off the claim arose before the expiry of the claim.
[RT I, 04.02.2011, 2 - entry into force 23.02.2011]
(3) A party requesting set-off shall not set off a seized claim against the party's claim against the other party if the party requesting set-off acquired the claim after the seizure or if the claim thereof fell due after the seizure and later than the seized claim.
(4) A party requesting set-off shall not set off a claim against which the other party may set up defences.

§ 201. Set-off in case of several claims

(1) If the parties to a set-off have several claims suitable for set-off, the party requesting set-off may determine the claims to be set off. If the claims to be set off are not specified in the declaration of set-off or if the other party immediately objects to the choice of the claims specified in the declaration, the following claims are deemed to be set off:
1) firstly, the obligation which is the first to fall due;
2) secondly, the obligation for which the obligee has the least security;
3) thirdly, the obligation which is the most burdensome for the obligor;
4) fourthly, the obligation which arose first.
(2) If a party requesting set-off is required to pay interest to the other party or compensate the other party for expenses in addition to the performance of the principal obligation, the set-off is deemed to discharge first
the expenses, then the interest due and finally the principal obligation. The party requesting set-off shall not determine a different order for the performance of the obligations without the consent of the other party.
(3) The provisions of this section do not apply to set-offs effected under the circumstances specified in § 203 of this Act.

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§ 202. Restrictions on set-off in case of contract entered into for benefit of third party

In the case of a contract entered into for the benefit of a third party, the party which is to perform an obligation for the benefit of the third party shall not set off a claim filed against such party for the performance of the obligation.

§ 203. Current account

(1) If monetary claims and obligations arising for both parties from contracts entered into in the continuing business relationship between the parties are to be calculated in total (current account), the claims and obligations are deemed to be set off by such calculation. In such case, the balance of the claims and obligations is the amount due.
(2) Claims not related to a continuing relationship between the parties shall not be set off pursuant to the procedure specified in subsection (1) of this section.
(3) Claims which may not be set off shall not be entered in a current account.
(4) The entry of a claim in a current account shall not deprive a party of the right to resort to legal remedies with regard to transactions from which the claim arose.
(5) If a claim entered in a current account is secured, the obligee may use the security to the extent of the secured claim in order to secure a claim for payment of the balance for the benefit of the obligee.
(6) The entry of a claim in a current account shall not preclude or restrict the liability of third parties for claims entered in the current account.
(7) Claims entered in a current account shall not be seized or be subject to a claim. Only claims for payment of the balance may be seized or be subject to a claim.
(8) If a claim for payment of the balance is seized for the benefit of the obligee of the party requesting set-off, the entry into a current account of obligations which arise from transactions concluded after the seizure does not apply with regard to the obligee.

§ 204. Acts relating to current account

(1) A party requesting set-off who organises the maintenance of a current account shall notify the other party of the balance of the account at the end of each calculation period, indicating the claims which have been entered
in the account and of which the other party has not yet been notified. The duration of a calculation period is presumed to be one year.
(2) If the other party does not contest the balance sent to the party within a reasonable period of time, the balance is deemed to be correct. In such case, a negative balance is deemed to be an acknowledgement of an obligation.
(3) Interest shall be paid on the balance as of the receipt of the balance to the party for whom the balance is positive even if interest has already been paid on claims entered in the current account.
(4) A claim for payment of the balance falls due upon notification of the balance.
(5) The limitation period for a claim for payment of the balance shall be five years as of the date when the balance falls due.

§ 205. Termination of contract on current account

(1) If a contract on a current account is entered into for an unspecified term, either party may cancel the contract at the end of each calculation period by giving at least 10 days' notice of the cancellation.
(2) Upon the death of a party to a contract on a current account, the other party and the successors of the deceased party may cancel the contract at any time.
(3) Regardless of the termination of a contract on a current account, payment of the balance may be required only after the end of the calculation period.

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Merger

§ 206. Termination of obligation by merger

(1) If an obligor and an obligee are consolidated in one and the same person, the obligation terminates. If an obligor and an obligee are consolidated in an obligation but the person has legitimate interest in the continuation of the obligation, the obligation shall not terminate.
(2) If merger is partial, the obligation terminates with respect to the consolidated part.
(3) If a pledge or other real right is established with regard to a claim, the claim remains in force with regard to the pledgee or the person holding the real right regardless of merger.
(4) The provisions of this section do not apply to claims arising from securities.

Division 6

Agreement on Termination of Obligation

§ 207. Termination of obligation by agreement

(1) An obligation terminates if the obligee and the obligor have agreed on the termination of the obligation due to the obligee waiving the claim.
(2) The provisions concerning termination of obligations apply if the parties to an obligation have agreed or the obligee admits that the obligation no longer exists.

Part 2 TRANSFER DEEDS

Chapter 11 CONTRACT OF SALE

Division 1

General Provisions

§ 208. Definition of contract of sale

(1) By a contract of sale of a thing, a seller undertakes to deliver an existing thing, a thing to be manufactured or produced or a thing to be acquired in the future by the seller to the purchaser and to allow the transfer of ownership to the purchaser, and the purchaser undertakes to pay the purchase price for the thing to the seller in cash and to take delivery of the thing.
(2) The provisions of this Chapter also apply to contracts which are entered into to order a thing to be manufactured or produced, unless the party who orders the thing supplies the other party with a substantial part of the materials necessary for such manufacture or production. The provisions of this Chapter do not apply to contracts in which the preponderant part of the obligations of the party who furnishes the things consists of the supply of labour or other services.
(3) The provisions of this Act concerning the sale of things apply to the sale of rights and other objects, including the sale of energy, water and heat through a network, unless otherwise provided for in this Act and if this is not contrary to the nature of the object. The seller of a right shall allow the purchaser to acquire the right which is the object of the contract of sale.
(4) Consumer sale is the sale of a thing on the basis of a contract of sale where a consumer is sold a movable by a seller who enters into the contract in the course of his or her economic or professional activities.

§ 209. Obligation to deliver

(1) If a thing is to be delivered to a purchaser at a particular place, the seller shall make the thing ready to be placed at the disposal of the purchaser at the particular place and notify the purchaser that it is ready. If things with specific characteristics are the object of a contract, the things are not deemed to have been made ready to be placed at the disposal of the purchaser before the things have been clearly identified for delivery pursuant to the contract by use of markings, shipping documents or otherwise.

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(2) The obligation to deliver a thing to the purchaser is deemed to have been performed if the seller has made the thing ready to be placed at the disposal of the purchaser at the particular place and has notified the purchaser thereof.
(3) If a thing is to be delivered to a purchaser at a particular place and the characteristics of the thing do not allow its separation by the seller before the purchaser takes delivery thereof, the thing is deemed to have been delivered to the purchaser if the seller has done all that is necessary to allow the purchaser to take delivery of the thing.
(4) If a seller is required to bring a thing to the purchaser, the seller shall deliver the thing to the purchaser. If a contract prescribes the carriage of things but the obligation of the seller to bring the thing to the purchaser does not relate thereto, the obligation to deliver the thing to the purchaser is deemed to be performed upon delivery of the thing to a carrier who is required to carry the thing from the place of dispatch. If the carriage of things
is prescribed in the case of consumer sale, the obligation to deliver the thing to the purchaser is deemed to be performed upon delivery of the thing into the possession of the purchaser. If the purchaser has specified the carrier or entered into a contract with the carrier in such case, without the vendor acting as an intermediary or referring to such opportunity, the obligation to deliver the thing to the purchaser is deemed to be performed upon delivery of the thing to a carrier.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(5) [Repealed - RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(6) If the parties have not specified the time of delivery of a thing in the case of consumer sale, the vendor shall perform the obligation to deliver the thing immediately but not later than 30 days after the entry into the contract.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

§ 210. Additional obligations of seller in event of carriage of things

(1) If a seller is required to hand over things to a carrier and the things are not clearly identified by markings, by shipping documents or otherwise, the seller shall notify the purchaser that the things have been handed over to the carrier and provide a detailed description of the things.
(2) If a seller is required to organise the carriage of things, the seller shall enter into such contracts as are necessary for carriage of the things to the destination according to the usual terms and by means of transport which are appropriate in the circumstances.
(3) If a seller is not required to enter into an insurance contract in respect of the carriage of the goods, then the seller shall, at the request of the purchaser, provide the purchaser with all available information necessary for the insurance contract to be entered into.

§ 211. Handing over of documents

(1) A seller shall hand over documents required for taking delivery of the thing and for the possession, use and disposal thereof (documents relating to the thing) to the purchaser in the form prescribed in the contract at the place and time of delivery. If a seller has a legitimate interest in retaining the original of a document relating to
a thing, the seller shall, at the request of the purchaser, give the purchaser a transcript or an extract instead of the original document.
(2) Documents relating to things which are subject to carriage shall be handed over to the purchaser at the purchaser's place of business which has the closest relationship to the contract or, if the purchaser does not have a place of business, at the residence or seat of the seller. If documents are to be handed over against payment of the purchase price, the documents shall be handed over at the place of payment of the purchase price.
(3) The documents relating to things shall be handed over to the purchaser such that the purchaser has sufficient time to take delivery of the things at their destination without unreasonable delay or to dispose of the things freely.

§ 212. Notification obligation of seller

If the purchaser is required to transport the thing from the place of delivery and the seller has the right to
specify the time of delivery of things, the seller shall notify the purchaser timely of when the thing is ready to be
placed at the disposal of the purchaser.

§ 213. Obligation to pay purchase price

(1) If the purchase price of a thing is to be calculated on the basis of the amount, measurement or weight of the thing, the calculation shall be based on the amount, measurement or weight of the thing at the time when the

Law of Obligations Act Page 69 / 259

risk of accidental loss of or damage to the thing passes to the purchaser. If the purchase price of a thing is to be determined by the weight of the thing, it shall be presumed that the price is to be determined by the net weight of the thing.
(2) If a purchaser is required to pay the purchase price against the delivery of the thing or the handing over of a document, the purchaser shall pay at the place of delivery of the thing or the place where the documents are handed over.
(3) A purchaser is not required to pay the purchase price before being granted the opportunity to examine the things unless this is not possible due to the agreed manner of delivery or payment.
(4) [Repealed - RT I, 04.02.2011, 1 - entry into force 05.04.2011]

§ 214. Obligation to pay purchase price when risk of accidental loss of or damage to thing passes to purchaser

(1) A purchaser shall pay the purchase price even if the purchased thing is accidentally lost or damaged after the risk of accidental loss of or damage to the thing has passed to the purchaser.
(2) The risk of accidental loss of or damage to a thing passes to the purchaser upon delivery of the thing. (3) The risk of accidental loss of or damage to a thing also passes to the purchaser at the time when the
purchaser is in delay with the performance of an act by which he or she is to facilitate the delivery of the thing,
in particular if the purchaser fails to take delivery of the thing. If things with specific characteristics are sold and
in the case where the purchaser is in delay, the risk of accidental loss of or damage to the things does not pass
to the purchaser until the things which are the object of the contract are separated and the purchaser is notified
thereof.
(4) The risk of accidental loss of or damage to a thing sold in transit passes to the purchaser retroactively as of the thing being handed over to the first carrier. This does not apply when a seller, at the time of entry into a contract of sale, is aware or ought to be aware that the thing is lost or has been damaged and does not notify the purchaser thereof.
(5) [Repealed - RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(6) The right of a seller to withhold documents relating to a thing does not affect the passing of the risk of accidental loss or damage.

§ 215. Costs of entry into and performance of contracts

(1) The seller shall incur the delivery costs of a thing, in particular the measurement and weighting costs, and the purchaser shall incur the costs of taking delivery of the thing and costs relating to payment of the purchase price, as well as possible costs of preparing or authenticating the contract of sale and costs relating to the making of an entry in a public register on the basis of the contract.
(2) If, at the request of the purchaser, a thing sold is to be dispatched to a place other than the contractual place of performance of the obligation, the purchaser shall incur the additional costs relating thereto.
(3) If, in the event of consumer sale, a thing is delivered to the purchaser by the seller or by a carrier authorised by the seller on the basis of a contract, the reimbursement of transport costs may be claimed from the purchaser only if the size of the costs or the information on the basis of which such costs are calculated was communicated to the purchaser not later than on entry into the contract. This also applies to costs which are related to the provision by the seller of other services to the purchaser with the consent of the purchaser in connection with the sale.
(4) Upon the sale of a right, the seller shall incur the costs of the acquisition and transfer of the right.

§ 216. Benefit, costs and duties relating to thing

(1) Benefit which is received from a thing before it is to be delivered belongs to the seller, unless the receipt of such benefit may reasonably have been expected after the thing is to have been delivered. Benefit which is received from a thing after it is to have been delivered belongs to the purchaser, unless the receipt of benefit may reasonably have been expected before the thing is to have been delivered.
(2) The seller shall incur all costs and duties relating to a thing until delivery of the thing or until the purchaser is in delay in taking delivery of the thing, except for costs which are caused by any circumstance arising from the purchaser.

§ 217. Conformity of thing

(1) Things delivered to a purchaser shall conform to the contract, in particular in respect of the quantity, quality, type, description and packaging. Documents relating to a thing shall also conform to the contract.

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(2) A thing does not conform to a contract if:
1) the thing does not have the agreed characteristics;
2) failing an agreement concerning the characteristics of the thing, the thing is not fit for the particular purpose
for which the purchaser needs it and of which the seller was or ought to have been aware at the time of entry
into the contract if the purchaser could reasonably expect to rely on the professional skills or expertise of the
seller, and in other cases for purposes for which such things would ordinarily be used;
3) the use of the thing is hindered by provisions of legislation of which the seller was aware or ought to have
been aware at the time of entry into the contract;
4) third parties have claims or other rights which they may submit with respect to the thing;
5) the movable is not packaged in the manner usual for such things or, where there is no such manner, in a
manner adequate to preserve and protect the thing;
6) in the event of consumer sale, the thing does not possess the quality usual for that type of thing which the
purchaser may have reasonably expected based on the nature of the thing and considering the statements made
publicly with respect to particular characteristics of the thing by the seller, producer or previous seller of the
thing or by another retailer, in particular in the advertising of the thing or on labels.
(3) The liability of a seller in the case of statements made by the seller, producer or previous seller of the thing or another retailer specified in clause (2) 6 of this section does not apply if the seller was not aware or did
not need to have been aware of the statement or if the seller proves that the statement had been withdrawn or changed by the time of entry into the contract or that the statement did not affect the purchase of the thing.
(4) In the case of an immovable or a movable entered in a public register, the rights which are entered in the land register or another public register but are not valid are also deemed to be third party rights encumbering a thing within the meaning of clause (2) 4) of this section.
(5) The lack of conformity of a purchased thing arising from the incorrect installation of the thing is deemed to be equal to the lack of conformity arising from the thing if the installation was carried out by the seller or at the responsibility of the seller. This also applies if the thing is installed by the purchaser and the incorrect
installation is the result of insufficient information provided by the seller with respect to installation of the thing.
(6) Upon sale of the right to possess a thing, the seller shall deliver the thing to the purchaser without any lack of conformity, including being free from any right or claim of a third party.
(7) For the purposes of this Division, a producer is a person specified in § 1062 of this Act and also a person who operates as a distributor or a supplier of services on the basis of a contract entered into with a producer.

§ 218. Liability of seller in event of lack of conformity of thing

(1) The seller is liable for any lack of conformity of a thing which exists at the time when the risk of accidental loss of or damage to the thing passes to the purchaser even if the lack of conformity becomes apparent after that time. In the event of consumer sale, the seller is liable for any lack of conformity of a thing which exists at the time when the thing is delivered to the purchaser even if the passing of the risk of accidental loss of or damage to the thing is agreed for an earlier date.
(2) In the event of consumer sale, the seller is liable for any lack of conformity of a thing which becomes apparent within two years as of the date of delivery of the thing to the purchaser. In the event of consumer sale, it is presumed that any lack of conformity which becomes apparent within six months as of the date of delivery of a thing to the purchaser already existed before the delivery of the thing, unless such presumption is contrary to the nature of the thing or the deficiency.
(21) In the case of a contract of sale, the object of which is an immovable property or a part thereof, apartment ownership or restricted real right, the part of which is a building, or membership of a building association, and which has been entered into by a seller who is engaged in economic and professional activities and a buyer
who is a consumer, it is presumed that any non-conformity with the terms and conditions of the contract which becomes evident within two years as of the day of delivery of the building to the consumer existed at the time of delivery of the building, if such an assumption is not inconsistent with the nature or defect of the building. Agreements which derogate from the provisions of this subsection to the detriment of the consumer are void. [RT I, 23.03.2015, 3 - entry into force 01.07.2015]
(3) The seller is also liable for any lack of conformity of a thing which becomes apparent after the risk of accidental loss of or damage to the thing passes to the purchaser if the lack of conformity of the thing arises from a violation of obligations by the seller.
(4) The seller is not liable for any lack of conformity of a thing if the purchaser was or ought to have been aware of the lack of conformity of the thing upon entry into the contract.

Law of Obligations Act Page 71 / 259

(5) Upon sale of an immovable or of a ship entered in the ship register, the seller shall have the notation concerning the right entered in the corresponding register or the claim securing the establishment of such right deleted even if the purchaser is aware of the right or the notation.
(6) The seller of an immovable shall not be held liable for the fact that the thing is subject to public taxes or non-monetary obligations.

§ 219. Obligation to examine things

(1) If a purchaser has entered into a contract of sale in the course of the purchaser's professional or economic activities, the purchaser shall promptly examine the purchased thing or have the purchased thing examined.
(2) If a contract of sale involves carriage of the thing, the purchaser may examine the thing upon its arrival at its destination.
(3) If a thing is redirected in transit or redispatched to another destination by the purchaser without a reasonable opportunity for examination of the thing by the purchaser, examination of the thing may be deferred until the thing has arrived at its new destination if, at the time of entry into the contract, the seller was aware or ought to have been aware of the possibility of such redirection or redispatch.

§ 220. Notification of lack of conformity of things

(1) The purchaser shall notify the seller of any lack of conformity of a thing within a reasonable period of time after he or she becomes or should become aware of the lack of conformity. In the event of consumer sale, the consumer shall notify the seller of any lack of conformity of a thing within two months after becoming aware of the lack of conformity.
(2) A purchaser who enters into a contract of sale in the course of the professional or economic activity thereof shall provide a detailed description of the lack of conformity when giving notification thereof.
(3) The purchaser shall not rely on the lack of conformity of a thing if the purchaser does not notify the seller thereof on time or, in the case of a contract entered into by the purchaser in the course of the professional or economic activity thereof, if the purchaser does not provide a sufficiently detailed description of the lack of conformity. If a purchaser has a reasonable excuse for the failure to give notice, the purchaser may, relying on the lack of conformity, reduce the purchase price or claim compensation for damages from the seller, except for any loss of profit.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336 - entry into force 01.07.2002]

§ 221. Specifications for relying on lack of conformity of things

(1) A purchaser may rely on the lack of conformity regardless of the purchaser's failure to examine a thing or give notification of the lack of conformity of the thing on time if:
1) the lack of conformity of the thing has been caused by the intent or gross negligence of the seller;
2) the seller is aware or ought to be aware of the lack of conformity of the thing or the circumstances related
thereto and does not disclose such information to the purchaser.
(2) The seller shall not rely on an agreement which precludes or restricts the rights of the purchaser in connection with the lack of conformity of a thing if the seller is aware or ought to be aware that the thing does not conform to the contract and fails to notify the purchaser thereof.

§ 222. Requirement to perform contract as legal remedy

(1) If a thing does not conform to the contract, the purchaser may demand the repair of the thing or delivery of a substitute thing from the seller if this is possible and does not cause the seller unreasonable costs or unreasonable inconvenience compared to the use of other legal remedies considering, inter alia, the value of the thing, the significance of the lack of conformity and the opportunity for the purchaser to acquire a thing which conforms to the contract from elsewhere without inconvenience. The seller may, instead of repairing the thing, deliver a substitute thing which conforms to the contract.
(2) In the case specified in the first sentence of subsection (1) of this section, the purchaser may, upon the lack of conformity of a thing, demand the delivery of a substitute thing only if the lack of conformity of the thing constitutes a fundamental breach of contract and provided that the given contract of sale is not a contract of customer sale.
(3) If a seller replaces a non-conforming thing with a thing which conforms to the contract, the seller may require the return of the non-conforming thing from the purchaser. In such case, the provisions of §§ 189 to 191 of this Act apply.
(4) The seller shall incur the costs relating to the repair of the thing or delivery of a substitute thing, in particular costs relating to transport, postage, work, travel and materials.

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(5) If the purchaser legitimately requires the repair of a thing and the seller fails to repair the thing within a reasonable period of time, the purchaser may repair the thing or have the thing repaired, and claim compensation for any reasonable costs incurred thereupon from the seller.
(6) The purchaser loses the right to require the repair of a thing or delivery of a substitute thing from a seller
if the purchaser does not submit a corresponding claim to the seller at the same time as a notice concerning the
lack of conformity of the thing or within a reasonable period of time after submission of the notice, unless the
behaviour of the seller is contrary to the principle of good faith.
(7) The provisions of subsection (6) of this section do not apply to customer sale. [RT I 2005, 39, 308 - entry into force 01.01.2006]

§ 223. Fundamental breach of contract of sale by seller

(1) The seller is also deemed to be in fundamental breach of a contract of sale if, inter alia, the repair or substitution of a thing is not possible or fails, or if the seller refuses to repair or substitute a thing without good reason or fails to repair or substitute a thing within a reasonable period of time after the seller is notified of the lack of conformity.
(2) In the event of customer sale, any unreasonable inconvenience caused to the purchaser by the repair or substitution of a thing is also deemed to be a fundamental breach of contract by the seller.
(3) In the cases specified in subsections (1) and (2) of this section, the purchaser is not required to determine an additional term specified in § 114 of this Act and has the right, inter alia, to withdraw from the contract.

§ 224. Restrictions on reduction of purchase price

The purchaser shall not reduce the purchase price:
1) if the seller repairs the thing or delivers a substitute thing which conforms to the contract;
2) if the purchaser unreasonably refuses to accept the proposal of the seller concerning the repair of the thing or
delivery of a substitute thing;
3) upon the purchase of a used thing which is sold by public auction.

§ 225. Specifications for compensation for damage

The purchaser may also claim compensation from the seller for such damage as is caused due to use of the thing for purposes other than those intended if the damage arises from the seller providing insufficient information to the purchaser, and compensation for damage which is caused to the thing due to the lack of conformity thereof.

§ 226. Specifications regarding liability of seller upon sale according to sample, description or model

(1) In the event of sale according to a sample, description or model, it is presumed that the sample, description or model is the only standard for assessing the conformity of a thing. In such case, any deviation from the sample, description or model gives the purchaser the right to withdraw from the contract or use other rights which arise from the lack of conformity of the thing.
(2) If, based on an agreement or generally accepted practice, the sample, description or model is to be used
only to assess approximate quality, the purchaser may withdraw from the contract only if the deviation from the
sample, description or model is material.

§ 227. Beginning of expiry of claims arising from lack of conformity of purchased thing

The limitation period of a claim arising from the lack of conformity of a purchased thing begins as of the delivery of the thing to the purchaser. Upon delivery of a substitute thing by the seller, the limitation period begins as of the delivery of the substitute thing to the purchaser. Upon repair of a thing by the seller, the limitation period of claims against the eliminated deficiency begins anew as of the repair of the thing.

§ 228. Liability of producer, previous seller or other retailer to purchaser

If, in the event of consumer sale, the seller who sells a thing to a consumer is liable for any lack of conformity of the thing to the purchaser as a result of a statement made by the producer, previous seller or other retailer with respect to particular characteristics of the thing, it is presumed that the seller may claim compensation for damage caused thereto from the corresponding person in accordance with the relationship between them and to the extent of the liability of the seller to the consumer.

Law of Obligations Act Page 73 / 259

§ 229. Obligation of purchaser to take possession of and preserve things

(1) If a purchaser has taken possession of a thing but intends to withdraw from the contract or requires the delivery of a substitute thing or exercises another right as a result of which the thing is to be returned, the purchaser shall take reasonable measures to preserve and protect the thing. The purchaser has the right to refuse to deliver the thing until the seller reimburses the reasonable costs incurred in the preservation and protection of the thing.
(2) If a thing dispatched to a purchaser is placed at the disposal of the purchaser at its destination and the purchaser legitimately refuses to take delivery of the thing, the purchaser shall nevertheless take possession of the thing on behalf of the seller if this is possible without payment of the purchase price and without
unreasonable inconvenience or expense to the purchaser. The purchaser is not required to take possession of the thing if the seller or the person who has the right to take possession of the thing on behalf of the seller is present at the destination.
(3) If the purchaser takes possession of a thing according to subsection (2) of this section, he or she has the rights specified in subsection (1) of this section.
(4) In the cases specified in subsections (1) and (2) of this section, the purchaser may deposit the thing with a third party pursuant to § 124 of this Act or sell the thing pursuant to § 125 of this Act.

§ 230. Warranty against defects

(1) Within the meaning of this Chapter, a warranty against defects is a promise made by a seller, previous seller or producer (warrantor) to replace or repair a sold thing without charge or for a charge and under the conditions prescribed in the warranty or advertising, or to ensure in other ways the compliance of the thing with the conditions prescribed in the warranty or advertising whereby the purchaser is given a broader warranty than that provided by law.
[RT I, 04.02.2011, 1 - entry into force 05.04.2011]
(2) A warranty period begins to run as of the delivery of the thing to the purchaser unless a later time for the beginning of the warranty period is prescribed in the contract or letter of guarantee. If the seller is required to dispatch the thing to the purchaser, the warranty period does not begin to run before the thing is delivered to the purchaser. The running of the warranty period is suspended for the time when the purchaser cannot use the thing due to a lack of conformity for which the warrantor is liable.
(3) It is presumed that a warranty against defects covers all defects of a thing which become apparent appear during the warranty period.
(4) The procedure for exercising rights arising from a warranty against defects shall not be unreasonably cumbersome to the purchaser.
(5) A warranty against defects does not preclude or restrict the right of the purchaser to use other legal remedies arising from law or the contract.

§ 231. Specifications for warranty against defects in event of consumer sale

(1) In the event of consumer sale, a warranty against defects shall set out, in a manner understandable to the consumer, information concerning the subject matter of the warranty and the procedure for exercising the rights arising from the warranty. A warranty shall set out, inter alia, the following:
1) the name and address of the warrantor;
2) the person to address to exercise the rights arising from the warranty;
3) the rights granted to the consumer by the warranty;
4) the procedure for exercising the rights arising from the warranty;
5) the warranty period;
6) the scope of the warranty;
7) an explanation that, in addition to the rights arising from the warranty, the consumer has other rights arising
from law.
(2) A consumer shall be given the opportunity to freely examine the conditions of the warranty before entering into a contract of sale. At the request of the consumer, the warranty shall be presented to the consumer in writing or by other durable medium which the consumer is able to use.
(3) Failure by the warrantor to present the information specified in subsections (1) or (2) of this section does not preclude or restrict the validity of the warranty.
(4) In the event of consumer sale, it is presumed that:
1) the warranty grants the purchaser the right to demand the repair of the thing or delivery of a substitute thing
without charge during the warranty period;
2) a new warranty with the same duration as the original warranty will be granted for things replaced during
the warranty period;

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3) if a thing is repaired during the warranty period, the warranty is automatically extended by the length of the period of repair.

§ 232. Services provided in event of consumer sale

If, in the event of consumer sale, the purchaser may reasonably expect that services related to the use, maintenance or repair of the thing will be provided but the seller does not provide such services, the seller shall provide sufficient information to the purchaser at the time of delivery and, at the request of the consumer, after the delivery of the thing regarding the possibilities of using such services.

§ 233. Reservation of ownership

(1) If, upon the sale of a movable, it is agreed that the ownership of a thing remains with the seller until payment of the purchase price, ownership is presumed to transfer to the purchaser upon payment of the full purchase price (reservation of ownership).
(2) On the basis of a reservation on ownership, a seller may demand the purchaser to deliver the thing only if the seller has withdrawn from the contract. If the claim of the seller which is secured by the agreement on
a reservation of ownership expires, the seller may demand the transfer of the thing pursuant to the provisions concerning protection of ownership.

§ 234. Extension and expiry of contract of sale of energy

(1) A contract to supply electric or thermal energy through a connection network entered into for a specified term is deemed to be extended for the same term and under the same conditions if at least one month before the expiry of the term of the contract neither party has notified the other of any desire to do otherwise.
(2) The provisions of subsection (1) of this section apply to contracts to supply gas, petroleum, water or other similar supplies through a connection network which are entered into for a specified term.
(3) Purchasers who are consumers may cancel contracts specified in subsections (1) and (2) of this section with one month's notice regardless of whether the contracts were entered into for a specified or unspecified term. Agreements which derogate from this to the prejudice of the consumer are void.

§ 235. Sale on approval

(1) Sale on approval is the sale of a thing on the basis of a conditional contract of sale upon which the thing is dispatched to the purchaser.
(2) A contract of sale on approval shall be entered into by the purchaser with a suspensive condition of approval or a resolutive condition of non-approval. It is presumed that a contract of sale with a suspensive condition is entered into in the case of sale on approval.
(3) In the case of a contract of sale on approval with a suspensive condition, the seller shall bear the risk of accidental loss of or damage to the thing until approval by the purchaser. In the case of a contract of sale on approval with a resolutive condition, the purchaser shall bear the risk of accidental loss of or damage to the thing until the contract fails to be approved.

§ 236. Prohibition on violation of provisions

In the event of consumer sale, persons and agencies specified in law may, pursuant to the procedure provided by law, demand a seller who is in breach of provisions concerning a contract of sale specified in this Division and in the General Part of this Act to terminate such violation and refrain from violating the provisions.

§ 237. Mandatory nature of provisions concerning consumer sale

(1) In the event of consumer sale, agreements which are related to the legal remedies to be used in the case of a breach of contract and which derogate from the provisions of this Division and the provisions of the General Part of this Act to the prejudice of the purchaser are void.
[RT I, 04.02.2011, 1 - entry into force 05.04.2011]
(2) If a contract is entered into as a result of a public tender, advertising or other similar economic activities taking place in Estonia, the provisions of this Division apply to contracts of consumer sale entered into with a purchaser residing in Estonia or in a Member State of the European Union regardless of the country whose law is applied to the contract.
[RT I 2003, 78, 523 - entry into force 27.12.2003]

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Division 2

Sale with right of repurchase

§ 238. Sale with right of repurchase

(1) Parties may agree in a contract of sale or after entry into a contract of sale that the seller has the right to repurchase the thing (sale with the right of repurchase).
(2) In the event of sale with the right of repurchase, the thing is deemed to have been repurchased by the seller when the seller submits corresponding notification to the purchaser.
(3) The notification specified in subsection (2) of this section shall be made in the same form as the contract of sale. In the case of a written contract of sale, the submission of a notarially authenticated or notarially certified statement is sufficient.
(4) Upon repurchase, it is presumed that the price for which the object was sold is the repurchase price.

§ 239. Term for exercise of right of repurchase

The right of repurchase may be exercised in the case of immovables within ten years and in the case of other things within three years as of agreement on the conditions of the right of repurchase.

§ 240. Liability of purchaser

(1) If a purchased thing has perished or deteriorated before the right of repurchase has been exercised or if it cannot be transferred for any other reason due to circumstances arising from the purchaser, or if the purchaser has materially altered the thing, the purchaser shall compensate the seller for the damage arising therefrom. If a thing has deteriorated due to circumstances for which the purchaser is not liable or if it has not been altered
materially, the seller shall not claim compensation for the damage caused thereby or reduce the purchase price.
(2) If a purchaser has disposed of a purchased thing before the exercise of the right of repurchase by the seller or if the thing has been disposed of upon compulsory execution or in bankruptcy proceedings, the purchaser is required to remove the rights of third persons arising from such disposal.

§ 241. Compensation of costs

A purchaser may claim compensation from the seller for costs incurred by the purchaser on the thing purchased thereby before repurchase and to the extent that the value of the thing has increased as a result of the costs incurred.

§ 242. Repurchase at value of thing at time of repurchase

If the parties agree that the repurchase price is the value of an object at the time of repurchase, the provisions of
§§ 240 and 241 of this Act do not apply.

§ 243. Several persons entitled to repurchase

If the right of repurchase belongs to several persons jointly, these persons may exercise the right of repurchase only jointly to the full extent. If the right of repurchase terminates for one entitled person or if one of them waives the right, the remaining entitled persons have the right to exercise the right of repurchase jointly to the full extent.

Division 3

Sale by Right of Pre-emption

§ 244. Definition and exercise of right of pre-emption

(1) The right of pre-emption is a right upon the exercise of which a contract of sale between a person with a right of pre-emption and a seller is deemed to be entered into on the same conditions which the seller agreed with the buyer. A contract of sale entered into with a purchaser or obligations arising therefrom do not become invalid upon the exercise of the right of pre-emption.
(2) A right of pre-emption is created on the basis of law or by a transaction.
(21) A right of pre-emption created on the basis of a transaction applies to a contract of sale entered into by a seller with whom the creation of the right of pre-emption was agreed upon. A right of pre-emption created on the basis of law may be exercised upon each sale of a thing.

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(3) A person with a right of pre-emption with respect to a thing may exercise the right if the seller has entered into a contract of sale with a purchaser. A right of pre-emption may be exercised also in case of other forms of transfer for charge.
(4) The right of pre-emption is exercised by the person with the right of pre-emption submitting corresponding notification to the seller.
(5) The notification specified in subsection (4) of this section shall be made in the same form as the contract of sale. In the case of a written contract of sale, the submission of a notarially authenticated or certified statement is sufficient.
(6) Disposition of a thing to which a right of pre-emption created on the basis of law applies is void if the disposition is made after the right to exercise the right of pre-emption is created and if it would prejudice or restrict the exercising of the right of pre-emption. The provisions of this subsection do not apply to a pre- emptive right created on the basis of law in the case of the transfer of an immovable or a part thereof.
[RT I 2003, 78, 523 - entry into force 27.12.2003]

§ 245. Void conditions

An agreement between the seller and purchaser is void with respect to a person with the right of pre-emption if, according to the agreement,:
1) the contract of sale is valid only if the right of pre-emption is not exercised;
2) the seller has been granted the right to withdraw from the contract in the case where the right of pre-emption
is exercised.

§ 246. Accessory obligations

(1) If the purchaser has an accessory obligation arising from a contract which the person with the right of pre-emption is not able to perform, the person with the right of pre-emption shall, instead of performing the accessory obligation, pay the usual value thereof.
(2) The right of pre-emption cannot be performed if the purchaser has an accessory obligation arising from a contract which is not monetarily appraisable and which the person with the right of pre-emption is not able to perform. An accessory obligation does not impede the right of pre-emption being exercised and the person with the right of pre-emption is not required to perform the accessory obligation if it may be presumed that the seller and the purchaser would not have agreed on an accessory obligation if no right of pre-emption had existed.

§ 247. Exercise of right of pre-emption concerning several things

If a purchaser purchases a thing concerning which a right of pre-emption applies together with other things for an aggregate price, the person with the right of pre-emption shall pay a part of the aggregate price in proportion to the value of the thing. The seller may demand that the person with the right of pre-emption also purchase other things which cannot, without harmful consequences for the seller, be separated from the thing concerning which the right of pre-emption applies.

§ 248. Payment of purchase price by instalments

(1) If, pursuant to the contract of sale, the purchaser is not required to pay the purchase price upon entry into the contract, the person with the right of pre-emption has the same right only if he or she gives security for the amount paid by instalments.
(2) If an immovable or a movable or right entered in a public register is the object of a contract of sale with the right of pre-emption and if the purchaser is not required to pay the purchase price upon entry into the contract, the person with the right of pre-emption is not required to give security in so far as establishment of a pledge on the object of the contract of sale has been agreed in order to ensure payment of the purchase price by instalments, or an obligation has been taken over for the ensuring of which a pledge has been established on the object of the contract of sale.

§ 249. Notification of sale to person with right of pre-emption

(1) A seller shall promptly notify the person with the right of pre-emption of any contract of sale entered into with a purchaser and the content thereof.
(2) If a contract of sale is entered into in written form, the seller is required to present the contract to the person with the right of pre-emption at the request of such person.

Law of Obligations Act Page 77 / 259

(3) The notification obligation of a seller is also deemed to have been performed if the purchaser notifies the person with the right of pre-emption of the contract of sale and the content thereof or presents the contract to such person.

§ 250. Term for exercise of right of pre-emption

The right of pre-emption may be exercised within two weeks after the receipt of the notice specified in § 249 of this Act or, in the case of immovables, within two months after the receipt of the notice specified in § 249 of this Act, unless a different term is prescribed by law or the contract.

§ 251. Restrictions on exercise of right of pre-emption

(1) The right of pre-emption cannot be exercised if the thing is sold upon compulsory execution or in bankruptcy proceedings or if the thing is expropriated.
(2) The right of pre-emption cannot be exercised if the thing is sold to the descendants, or ascendants or spouse of the seller.

§ 252. Exercise of right of pre-emption by several persons

(1) If a right of pre-emption belongs to several persons jointly, these persons may exercise the right of pre- emption only jointly to the full extent. If the right of pre-emption terminates for one entitled person or if one entitled person waives the right, the remaining entitled persons have the right to exercise the right of pre- emption jointly to the full extent.
(2) If the right of pre-emption belongs to several persons separately and they wish to exercise the right, they shall draw lots unless otherwise provided by law or an agreement of the parties.
(3) A right of pre-emption acquired pursuant to law shall be preferred to a right of pre-emption established by a transaction.

§ 253. Non-transferability of right of pre-emption

(1) A right of pre-emption is not transferable.
(2) A right of pre-emption for a specified term passes to the successors of the person with the right of pre- emption.

Chapter 12 BARTER AGREEMENT

§ 254. Definition of barter agreement

(1) In a barter agreement, the parties mutually undertake to transfer an object to the other party and to allow
the transfer of ownership of the object and the transfer of any other right which grants the right to dispose of the
object.
(2) The provisions concerning contracts of sale of apply to barter agreements. In a barter agreement, the party who transfers is deemed to be the seller and the party who takes delivery is deemed to be the purchaser of the object of the agreement.

§ 255. Price of bartered objects

The price of objects subject to barter is presumed to be equal.

Chapter 13 FACTORING CONTRACT

§ 256. Definition of factoring contract

In a factoring contract, one person (client in factoring) undertakes to assign to another person (factor) financial claims against a third person (obligor in factoring) which arise from a contract on the basis of which the client, in the client's economic or financial activities, sells an object or provides services to the obligor, and the factor undertakes to:
1) pay for the claim and bear the risk of non-fulfilment of the claim, or
2) grant credit to the client out of the fulfilment of the claim, administer the claim for the client and exercise
rights arising from the claim, including organising related accounting, and collect the claim.

Page 78 / 259 Law of Obligations Act

§ 257. Notification of assignment of claim

A client in factoring is required to notify the obligor of the assignment of the claim.

§ 258. Breach of contract

(1) If a client in factoring violates a contract of sale or provision of services entered into between the client in factoring and the obligor and if a financial claim arising from the contract is assigned to the factor, the obligor shall not claim repayment of money paid to the factor on the basis of the claim if the obligor can claim repayment from the client.
(2) In the case of a breach of contract by a party specified in subsection (1) of this section, the obligor in factoring may still claim repayment of money from the factor which was paid to the factor on the basis of a claim to the extent that the factor:
1) did not perform the obligation to make a payment to the client in the part of this claim;
2) made the payment to the client at a time when he or she was or ought to have been aware of the breach of
the contract of sale or provision of services by the client.

Chapter 14 GRATUITIOUS CONTRACT

§ 259. Definition of gratuitious contract

(1) In a gratuitious contract, one person (donor) undertakes to transfer an object belonging thereto to another person (donee) and allow the transfer of ownership to the donee or waive a patrimonial right in favour of the donee or enrich the donee in another manner.
(2) The following are not deemed to be gifts in favour of another person:
1) avoidance of acquiring assets;
2) waiving of rights which have not yet been acquired;
3) renunciation of an estate or legacy.

§ 260. Gratuitious contract in favour of unborn child

A gratuitious contract may be entered into in favour of an unborn but conceived child or in favour of a future child of a specified person alive at the time the gift is made even if the child has not yet been conceived. In such case, the parent or guardian of the future child shall decide on the acceptance of the gift.

§ 261. Form of gratuitious contract

(1) An application by a donor to assume obligations arising from a gift shall be prepared in writing unless otherwise provided by law.
(2) A gratuitious contract is deemed to be valid upon performance of the obligations which arise from the gratuitious contract even if the formal requirements provided for in subsection (1) of this section are not complied with.

§ 262. Donatio causa mortis

If a gratuitious contract is entered into causa mortis, the provisions of the Law of Succession Act concerning legacy or testament apply thereto. If such obligation arising from a gratuitious contract is still performed during the lifetime of the donor, the provisions concerning gratuitious contracts apply thereto.

§ 263. Donor's obligation to transfer

A donor shall deliver the gift to the donee or allow the receipt to take possession of the gift in another manner, and shall remove all impediments to possession of the object.

§ 264. Liability of donor for breach of contract

(1) Upon assessment of the conformity of a gift to the contract, the provisions of §§ 217 and 218 of this Act apply as appropriate.
(2) If a gift does not conform to the contract, the donor is liable only if the donor did not notify the donee of the lack of conformity intentionally or due to gross negligence or if the donor has undertaken such liability.

Law of Obligations Act Page 79 / 259

(3) If a donor had promised to deliver a thing only with specific characteristics and which the donor first had to acquire, and if the delivered thing did not conform to the contract, the donee may demand the delivery of
a thing which conforms to the contract instead of the defective thing if the donor was aware or ought to have been aware of the defect at the time of acquiring the thing. If a donor does not give notification of the defects of a thing intentionally, a donee may claim compensation for the damage caused by violation of the obligation instead of delivery of a thing which conforms to the contract.
(4) The provisions concerning the liability of the seller for the lack of conformity of a sold thing apply to the demands of a donee specified in subsection (3) of this section.
(5) A donor shall not pay a penalty for late payment if the transfer of a gift is delayed, or transfer the benefit received from the granted object.

§ 265. Encumbrances and obligations for donees

(1) A gratuitious contract may prescribe duties and obligations for donees.
(2) If the performance of duties or obligations is in the public interest, a competent state agency or local government agency may also demand the performance thereof after the death of the donor.
(3) If an encumbrance is in favour of several persons without specifying the share of each person and one of these persons dies, the share of the deceased shall accrue to the shares of the other persons.
(4) If the value of a gift does not cover the costs necessary to fulfil a duty due to its lack of conformity, a donee may refuse to fulfil the duty to the extent exceeding the value of the gift until the expenses which exceed the value of the gift are compensated thereto. If a donee still fulfils a duty, the recipient may demand that the donor compensate the expenses which exceed the value of the gift and are incurred upon fulfilment of the duty.

§ 266. Specifications for termination of gratuitious contract

(1) A gratuitious contract which has not yet been performed by the donor terminates upon the suspension of execution proceedings due to a lack of assets or on the declaration of the donor as bankrupt.
(2) If a gratuitious contract prescribes the payment of an allowance which comprises payment by instalments to a donee who is a natural person, the contract terminates upon the death of the donor or donee who is a natural person or on the dissolution of the donor who is a legal person.

§ 267. Withdrawal from gratuitious contract before performance thereof

A donor may refuse to perform a contract before transferring a gift to a donee and withdraw from the contract if:
1) the donee behaves in a manner displaying gross ingratitude towards the donor or a person close to the donor;
2) in the case of performance of the contract, the donor is unable to perform a maintenance obligation arising
from law or to maintain himself or herself reasonably, unless the donor has placed himself or herself in this
situation intentionally or due to gross negligence or unless the donee pays the necessary maintenance sum;
3) the donee unjustifiably fails to fulfil a duty or condition related to the contract;
4) new or significantly greater maintenance obligations arise for the donor after entry into the contract;
5) the donee dies.

§ 268. Withdrawal from gratuitious contract after performance thereof

(1) If a gratuitious contract is performed, the donor may withdraw from the contract and reclaim the gift from the donee according to the provisions concerning unjustified enrichment in the cases prescribed in clauses 267
1) to 3) of this Act.
(2) If a donor withdraws from a gratuitious contract on the basis provided for in clause 267 2) of this Act, the contract is not deemed to have been terminated if the donee pays the sum needed for the maintenance of the dependant pursuant to the procedure provided for in § 571 of this Act as of the transfer of the gift until the death of the donor.

§ 269. Restriction on compensation for damage

In the cases specified in §§ 267 and 268 of this Act, the donee does not have the right to claim compensation for the damage caused to him or her by withdrawal from the contract.

§ 270. Restrictions on withdrawal

(1) A donor may withdraw from a gratuitious contract within one year as of the time when the donor becomes or should have become aware of the creation of the right of withdrawal. If a gratuitious contract is performed, the donor may not withdraw from a gratuitious contract after the death of the donee.

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(2) If a donor dies before the expiry of the term provided for in subsection (1) of this section, the rights specified in subsection (1) transfer to his or her successors to the extent of the remaining term. Successors may withdraw from a gratuitious contract within the term specified in subsection (1) of this section only if the donee intentionally and unlawfully caused the death of the donor or hinders his or her withdrawal from the contract.
(3) A donor shall not withdraw from a gratuitious contract which is entered into for the observation of a moral obligation.

Part 3 CONTRACTS FOR USE

Chapter 15 LEASE CONTRACT

Division 1

General Provisions

§ 271. Definition of lease contract

By a lease contract, one person (the lessor) undertakes to grant the use of a thing to another person (the lessee)
and the lessee undertakes to pay a fee (rent) therefor to the lessor.

§ 272. Application of provisions upon lease of dwellings and business premises

(1) A dwelling is a residential building or apartment which is used for permanent habitation. Business premises are premises used in economic or professional activities.
(2) The provisions concerning the lease of immovables also apply to the lease of dwellings and business premises unless otherwise provided by law.
(3) The provisions concerning residential lease contracts and lease contracts of business premises also apply to the lease of things granted for use together with the dwelling or business premises by a lessor to a lessee.
(4) The provisions concerning residential lease contracts and lease contracts of business premises do not apply to the following:
1) lease contracts, with a term not exceeding three months, of premises of accommodation establishments and premises intended for holidays, and lease contracts entered into for the temporary use of other premises;
2) lease contracts the purpose of which is to sublease rooms for profit;
3) lease contracts the object of which is a dwelling which is part of the dwellings used by the lessor and the
greater part of which is furnished by the lessor;
4) lease contracts the object of which is a dwelling which the state, a local government or other legal person
in public law leases, in order to perform its functions arising from law, to persons who urgently need a dwelling
or persons acquiring education, if the lessee is informed of the intended use of the room upon entry into the
contract.

§ 273. Nullity of agreement related to residential lease contract

An agreement which makes entry into or continuation of a residential lease contract dependent on an obligation of a lessee in respect of a lessor or third party is void unless the obligation is directly related to the use of the leased dwelling.

§ 274. Effect of format of residential lease contract on term of contract

If a residential lease contract with a term exceeding one year is not entered into in writing, the contract is deemed to have been entered into for an unspecified term, but the contract shall not be cancelled such that it terminates earlier than one year after the transfer of the dwelling to the lessee.

§ 275. Mandatory nature of provisions

An agreement which derogates from the provisions of law regarding the rights, obligations and liability of the parties to a residential lease contract to the detriment of the lessee is void.

Law of Obligations Act Page 81 / 259

Division 2

Rights and Obligations of Parties

§ 276. General obligations of parties

(1) A lessor is required to deliver a thing, together with its accessories, to a lessee by the agreed time and in
a suitable condition for contractual use and to ensure that the thing is maintained in such condition during the
validity of the contract.
(2) A lessee shall use a thing with prudence and according to the intended purpose which is the basis for the lease.
(3) The lessee of a dwelling or business premises shall take the interests of other residents and neighbours into account.

§ 277. Failure to transfer leased thing on time and transfer of thing not conforming to contract

(1) If a lessor does not deliver a thing at an agreed time or transfers a thing the defects of which preclude the use of the thing for its intended purpose or restrict the use thereof to a significant extent, the lessee may withdraw from the contract.
(2) If, upon transfer of a thing, the lessee knows or ought to know that the thing does not conform to the contract but accepts the thing irrespective thereof, the lessee loses the right to withdraw from the contract and may exercise the rights provided for in § 278 of this Act only if the lessee reserves this right upon accepting the thing.

§ 278. Defects in leased thing which arise during term of contract and obstacle to use of thing

If a leased thing is, during the term of a contract, affected with a defect for which the lessee is not responsible and which the lessee need not remove at the expense thereof, or if there is an obstacle to the contractual use of the thing, the lessee may:
1) demand that the lessor remove the defect or obstacle pursuant to the provisions of § 279 of this Act;
2) demand that the lessor take over a legal dispute with a third party;
3) demand compensation for the damage from the lessor;
4) reduce rent pursuant to the provisions of § 296 of this Act;
5) deposit rent pursuant to the provisions of § 298 of this Act.

§ 279. Removal of defect or obstacle

(1) If a lessor knows or ought to know about a defect or obstacle specified in § 278 of this Act but does not remove it within a reasonable period of time after the lessor becomes or ought to have become aware thereof, the lessee may cancel the contract without advance notice if the defect or obstacle precludes the use of the thing for the intended purpose or restricts such use to a significant extent.
(2) A lessee does not have the right to demand the removal of a defect if the lessor substitutes the defective thing with a thing not affected by defects within a reasonable period of time.
(3) A lessee may remove a defect or obstacle and demand reimbursement of the necessary expenses incurred therefor if the lessor delays removal of the defect or obstacle or if the defect or obstacle only restricts the possibility of using the thing for the intended purpose to an insignificant extent.
(4) Agreements which derogate from the provisions of subsections (1) and (3) of this section to the detriment of the lessee are void.

§ 280. Removal of minor defects

A lessee shall remove the defects of a leased thing at the expense of the lessee if these defects can be removed by light cleaning or maintenance which is in any case necessary for the ordinary preservation of the thing.

§ 281. Prohibition on restriction of rights of lessee

An agreement concerning preclusion or restriction of the rights of a lessee in connection with the non- conformity of a leased thing to the contract is void if the lessor knows or ought to know, upon entry into the contract, that the thing does not conform to the contract and fails to notify the lessee thereof.

§ 282. Notification obligation of lessee

(1) A lessee shall promptly notify the lessor of the following:
1) the lack of conformity of the thing to the contract unless the lessee is required to correct the instance of non-
conformity;

Page 82 / 259 Law of Obligations Act

2) danger to the thing if it is necessary to take measures in order to avert the danger;
3) the right of a third party to the thing which becomes known to the lessee.
(2) If a lessee violates an obligation specified in subsection (1) of this section, the lessee shall compensate the lessor for loss caused by violation of the obligation.
(3) If a lessor cannot remove the defect of a leased thing or an obstacle to use of the thing for the reason that the lessee has violated an obligation specified in subsection (1) of this section, the lessee shall not exercise the rights provided for in § 278 of this Act in respect of the lessor or exercise the right of extraordinary cancellation of lease contract in the case provided for in subsection 314 (1) of this Act without granting the lessor a reasonable term to re-enable use of the leased thing.

§ 283. Obligation of lessee to tolerate

(1) A lessee shall tolerate work performed in respect of a thing and also other effects on the thing which are necessary in order to preserve the thing, remove defects, prevent damage or eliminate the consequences thereof. The obligation to tolerate work performed in respect of a thing and other effects on the thing does not preclude or restrict the right of a lessee to reduce rent or demand compensation for damage due to the work or other effects.
(2) A lessee shall allow the lessor to examine a thing if this is necessary to preserve the thing or to transfer or lease the thing to another person.
(3) A lessor shall notify a lessee of work performed and examination of a thing in good time and take the interests of the lessee into account upon performance of the work.

§ 284. Improvements and alterations made to thing by lessor

(1) A lessor may make improvements and alterations to a thing and the lessee shall tolerate the works and other effects on the thing related to the improvements and alterations, unless the work and effects are unfairly burdensome to the lessee.
(2) At least two months before commencement of the making of improvements and alterations, the lessor shall notify the lessee in a format which can be reproduced in writing of the nature, extent, time of commencement and expected duration of the measures planned for making the improvements and alterations, and of any potential increase in the rent which may arise therefrom.
(3) A lessee may cancel a contract within 14 days as of receipt of a notice specified in subsection (2) of this section by giving at least 30 days' notice. If a lessee cancels a contract, the making of improvements and alterations shall not commence before termination of the contract.
(4) The provisions of subsections (2) and (3) of this section do not apply if the improvements and alterations are insignificant and do not bring about an increase in the rent.
(5) Upon making improvements and alterations, the lessor shall take the interests of the lessee into account. The obligation to take the interests of the lessee into account does not preclude or restrict the right of the lessee to reduce the rent or demand compensation for damage. The lessor shall, to a reasonable extent, reimburse the expenses incurred by the lessee as a result of the improvements and alterations and, at the request of the lessee, pay such expenses to the lessee in advance.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336 - entry into force 01.07.2002]

§ 285. Improvements and alterations made to thing by lessee

(1) A lessee may make improvements and alterations to a leased thing only with the lessor's consent which is submitted in a format which can be reproduced in writing. The lessor shall not refuse to grant consent if the improvements and alterations are necessary in order to use the thing or manage the thing reasonably.
(2) If the lessor consents to improvements and alterations, the lessor may demand that the original condition be restored only if this has been agreed in a format which can be reproduced in writing.
(3) Upon expiry of a lease contract, the lessee may remove an improvement or alteration made to a thing if this is possible without damaging the thing. The lessee does not have the right to remove an improvement or alteration if the lessor pays a reasonable compensation therefor, unless the lessee has a legitimate interest in removing the improvement or alteration.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336 - entry into force 01.07.2002]

Law of Obligations Act Page 83 / 259

§ 286. Compensating lessee for expenses

(1) If, upon expiry of a lease contract, it becomes evident that the value of the thing has increased considerably due to the improvements or alterations made with the consent of the lessor, the lessee may demand reasonable compensation therefor.
(2) A lessee may demand that the lessor compensate for expenses other than those specified in subsection (1) of this section pursuant to the provisions regarding negotiorum gestio.
[RT I 2003, 78, 523 - entry into force 27.12.2003]

§ 287. Prohibition on agreement on contractual penalty upon lease of dwellings

Any agreement which requires the lessee of a dwelling to pay a contractual penalty upon violation of a contract is void.

§ 288. Sublease of thing

(1) A lessee may, with the consent of the lessor, transfer the use of a thing fully or partially to a third party
(sublease), particularly to sublet the thing.
(2) A lessor may refuse to grant consent for the sublease of a thing only if the lessor has good reason therefor, particularly if:
1) the lessee does not disclose the conditions for the sublease to the lessor;
2) the sublease would cause significant loss to the lessor;
3) the sublease would be unreasonably burdensome on the leased premises;
4) the lessor has good reason therefor arising from the identity of the sublessee.
(3) If a lessor refuses to grant consent for the sublease of a thing without good reason, the lessee may cancel the contract taking into account the terms provided for in § 312 of this Act.
(4) If the sublease of a thing may be expected only in conjunction with a reasonable increase in the rent, the consent may be made subject to the condition that the lessee agrees to the increase in the rent.
(5) If a lessee transfers the use of a thing to a sublessee, the lessee shall be equally responsible for the activities of the sublessee and for the activities of the lessee.
(6) A sublessee shall not use a thing after expiry of the lease contract or in any other manner than that permitted to the lessee. The lessor may demand this directly from the sublessee.

§ 289. Accommodation of family members of lessee of dwelling

The lessee of a dwelling has the right to accommodate in the leased dwelling his or her spouse, minor children and parents who are incapacitated for work without the consent of the lessor unless it is agreed in the lease contract that the lessee may do so only with the consent of the lessor.

§ 290. Transfer of lease contract

(1) A lessee may transfer the rights and obligations arising from a lease contract to a third party with the lessor's consent in a format which can be reproduced in writing.
(2) Upon transfer of the rights and obligations arising from a lease contract, the initial lessee and the person to whom the rights and obligations of the lessee are transferred shall be jointly and severally liable for performance of the obligations to the lessor which arise from the contract. The liability of the initial lessee expires as of the time when the lessor could cancel the lease contract for the first time or as of the time when the lease contract is terminated, but not later than two years after the transfer of the rights and obligations.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336 - entry into force 01.07.2002]

§ 291. Transfer of lease contract upon change of ownership of leased immovable

(1) If a lessor transfers an immovable after transfer of the immovable into the possession of a lessee, or if the owner of a leased thing changes after transfer of the thing into the possession of the lessee in the event of the transfer of the thing upon compulsory execution or in bankruptcy proceedings, the rights and obligations of the lessor arising from the lease contract are transferred to the acquirer of the thing.
(2) Upon constitution of a right of superficies or establishment of a usufruct on a leased thing after transfer of the thing into the possession of the lessee, the rights and obligations arising from the lease contract are transferred from the owner of the thing to the person with the limited real right.
(3) Upon establishment of a real servitude or personal right of use on a thing and if the exercise of the servitude restricts the rights of the lessee arising from the lease contract, the rights and obligations of the lessor are transferred to the person who is entitled according to the real servitude or personal right of use.

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(4) If the new lessor violates an obligation arising from the lease contract, the previous lessor shall be liable as a surety for three years as of the transfer of the rights and obligations of the lessor for damage caused to the lessee due to violation of the obligation.

Division 3

Rent and Accessory Expenses

§ 292. Accessory expenses

(1) In addition to the payment of rent, a lessee shall bear other expenses related to the leased thing (accessory expenses) only if so agreed. Charges for the services and acts of a lessor or a third party which are related to the use of a thing are accessory expenses.
(2) The lessor shall, at the request of the lessee, enable the lessee to examine documents certifying accessory expenses.

§ 293. Taxes and duties

All taxes and duties related to a thing shall be borne by the lessor unless agreed otherwise.

§ 294. Due date

If the rent is measured by certain periods of time, the rent and accessory expenses shall be payable after expiration of each of the corresponding periods of time, unless the parties have agreed otherwise. If the rent is not measured by periods of time, the lessee shall pay the rent and accessory expenses upon expiry of the contract.

§ 295. Obligation to disclose previous rent

Upon entry into a contract, the lessee may demand to be informed by the lessor of the rent payable according to the previous lease contract.

§ 296. Refusal to pay rent and reduction of rent

(1) A lessee need not pay rent or bear accessory expenses during any period when the lessee cannot use the thing for its intended purpose due to a defect or obstacle specified in § 278 of this Act or for the reason that the lessor has not granted use of the thing to the lessee.
(2) If the possibility of using the thing for its intended purpose has only diminished due to a defect or obstacle specified in § 278 of this Act, the lessee may reduce the rent to an extent corresponding to the defect for the period from becoming aware of the defect until removal of the defect.
(3) The lessee shall also pay rent for the period when the lessee is not able to use the thing due to circumstances depending on the lessee, particularly due to the absence of the lessee, although the lessee may deduct the amounts saved by the lessor from the rent and the value of any benefit received from the thing being used differently.

§ 297. Notification of set-off and refusal to pay rent

(1) The lessee of a dwelling or business premises may set off a claim belonging to the lessee against a lease claim of the lessor or may refuse to pay the rent on the bases provided by law if the lessee notifies the lessor of this intention at least one month prior to the due date for payment of the rent and in a format which can be reproduced in writing.
(2) Agreements which derogate from the provisions of subsection (1) of this section are void. [RT I 2002, 53, 336 - entry into force 01.07.2002]

§ 298. Deposit of rent

(1) If the lessee of a dwelling or business premises demands that the lessor remove defects or obstacles specified in § 278 of this Act, the lessee may set a term therefor a format which can be reproduced in writing and warn the lessor that, if the defects or obstacles are not removed, the lessee will deposit the rent which falls due after expiry of the term pursuant to the provisions of § 120 of this Act. The lessee shall notify the lessor of such deposit in a format which can be reproduced in writing.

Law of Obligations Act Page 85 / 259

(2) The lessor may demand payment of the deposited amount if the lessee does not file a claim specified in subsection (1) of this section against the lessor with a lease committee or court within 30 days as of the time when the first rent deposited becomes collectable.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336 - entry into force 01.07.2002]

§ 299. Increase in rent in case of lease contract for unspecified term

(1) In the case of a lease contract for an unspecified term, it is presumed that the lessor may raise the rent as follows:
1) upon the lease of immovables, ships entered in the ship register and aircraft entered in the Estonian aircraft register, after each six months as of entry into the contract;
2) upon the lease of furnished rooms or separately leased parking places, places in garages and the like, each month as of entry into the contract.
(2) The lessor of a dwelling shall notify the lessee of any increase in the rent in a format which can be reproduced in writing not later than 30 days before the increase in the rent and shall provide the reasons therefor. The notice shall clearly set out the following:
1) the extent of the increase in the rent and the new amount of rent;
2) the date as of which the rent is increased;
3) the reasons for increasing the rent and a calculation of the rent;
4) the procedure for contesting the increase in the rent.
(3) An increase in the rent is void if the lessor does not give notification thereof in the manner and form specified in subsections (1) and (2) of this section or warns the lessee that the lessor will cancel the lease contract if the increase in the rent is contested.
(4) Even if it is agreed in the lease contract that the lessor may unilaterally amend the terms and conditions of the contract not related to the amount of rent, the provisions of subsections (1) to (3) of this section apply if the lessor unilaterally amends the contract terms to the detriment of the lessee, particularly if the lessor reduces the services hitherto provided to the lessee or imposes new accessory expenses on the lessee.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336 - entry into force 01.07.2002]

§ 300. Agreement on periodical increase in rent of dwelling

An agreement on a periodical increase in the rent of a dwelling is valid only if:
1) the lease contract is entered into with a term of at least three years and
2) the rent increases not more than once a year and
3) the extent of the increase in the rent or the basis for calculation thereof are precisely determined.

§ 301. Excessive amount of rent for dwelling

(1) The rent for a dwelling is excessive if unreasonable benefit is received from the lease of the dwelling, except in the case of a luxury apartment or house.
(2) The amount of the rent for a dwelling is not excessive if it does not exceed the usual rent for a dwelling in a similar location and condition.
(3) An increase in the rent is not excessive if it is based on an increase in the expenses incurred in relation to the dwelling or an increase in the obligations of the lessor or if the increase in the rent is necessary in order to make reasonable improvements or alterations, including improving the condition of a part of a leased room or building such that the room or building is in the usual condition for such rooms and buildings.

§ 302. Contestation of amount of rent for dwelling during period of validity of contract

(1) If a lessor receives excessive benefit due to significant changes in the bases for calculation of the rent, particularly a decrease in expenses, the lessee may contest the excessive amount of the rent for the dwelling and claim a reduction of the rent as of the submission of an application with a lease committee or court.
(2) A lessee shall submit a request for reduction of the rent in a format which can be reproduced in writing to the lessor, who shall notify the lessee of the opinion of the lessor concerning the request 30 thirty days.
(3) If a lessor does not consent in full or in part to the reduction of the rent or does not respond to the request of a lessee specified in subsection (2) of this section within the prescribed term, the lessee may file a claim for reduction of the rent with a lease committee or court within 30 days as of the expiry of the term for responding. [RT I 2002, 53, 336 - entry into force 01.07.2002]

§ 303. Contestation of increase in rent for dwelling

(1) A lessee may contest an excessive increase in the amount of the rent for a dwelling as defined in § 301 of this Act within 30 days as of informing the lessee thereof.

Page 86 / 259 Law of Obligations Act

(2) Even if it is agreed in the lease contract that the lessor may unilaterally amend the terms and conditions of the contract which are not related to the amount of rent, the lessee may, within the term provided for in subsection (1) of this section, contest an amendment made unilaterally by the lessor to the detriment of the lessee, particularly any reduction of the services provided to the lessee or the imposition of new accessory expenses on the lessee.

§ 304. Lease claim upon change of ownership of leased thing

(1) Upon a change of the ownership of a leased thing, the acquirer may demand that the lessee pay rent as of the calendar month following the calendar month in which ownership is transferred. Any rent for the time before the transfer shall be paid to the former lessor.
(2) If, before a change of ownership, the lessor has disposed of a lease claim transferable to the acquirer of the thing, the claim applies to the acquirer only in so far as the acquirer is aware of the disposal of the claim upon the transfer of ownership.
(3) If the lessee has given security to the lessor of an immovable for performance of the obligations of the lessee, the security shall be transferred to the acquirer of the immovable upon transfer of the immovable.
(4) The provisions of subsections (1) to (3) of this section also apply correspondingly to the transfer of the rights and obligations arising from a lease contract if the acquirer of the leased thing transfers the thing or the thing is encumbered with a right of superficies or servitude.

Division 4

Securities for Lessor

§ 305. Right of security of lessor

(1) The lessor of an immovable has the right of security over movables located on the leased immovable and, upon the lease of a room, over movables which are part of furnishings or are used together with the room in order to secure claims arising from a lease contract even if the movables are not in the possession of the lessor. Claims for the rent of the current year and the previous year and claims for compensation shall be secured by a pledge.
(2) The right of security does not extend to things which cannot be the object of a claim.
(3) The rights of third parties to things concerning which the lessor knew or ought to have known that the things do not belong to the lessee and the rights of third parties to things in the possession of the lessee which are stolen from or lost by the owner or previous possessor or of which the owner or previous possessor is dispossessed in any other manner against the will thereof shall precede the right of security of the lessor.
(4) The provisions of the Law of Property Act concerning security over movables apply to the right of security of lessors, unless otherwise provided in this Division.

§ 306. Extinction of right of security

(1) The right of security of a lessor extinguishes with the removal of a thing from a leased immovable, unless the thing is removed without the knowledge of the lessor or the lessor contests the removal of the thing.
(2) A lessor shall not contest the removal of a thing if the removal corresponds to the regular management of the immovable or the daily living arrangements or if the remaining things are sufficient security for the lessor.
(3) The right of security of a lessor extinguishes when the lessee gives the lessor another security in order to secure performance of the obligations of the lessee. The right of security of a lessor over a thing extinguishes if the lessee gives the lessor another security which is equal to the value of the thing.
(4) If, during the term of a lease contract, the lessor learns that things brought into the premises by the lessee do not belong to the lessee and the lessor does not cancel the lease contract at the earliest opportunity, the right of security over these things extinguishes.

§ 307. Exercise of right of security

(1) If a lessee wants to move out or to remove things from the premises, the lessor may withhold things to the extent which is necessary in order to secure the claims of the lessor. The lessor may use self-help in order to exercise the right of security.

Law of Obligations Act Page 87 / 259

(2) If things are removed from an immovable without the knowledge of the lessor or regardless of the fact that the lessor contested the removal of the things beforehand, the lessor may reclaim the things in order to return them to the premises. If the lessee has moved out, the lessor may demand that the possession of the removed things be transferred to the lessor.
(3) The right of security extinguishes one month after the lessor becomes aware of the removal of the thing unless the lessor has filed an action for reclamation of the thing before.

§ 308. Deposit

(1) A residential lease contract may prescribe that the lessee pays a deposit in the amount of up to three months' rent to the lessor in order to secure claims arising from the contract. The lessee may pay the deposit within three months in equal instalments. The first instalment shall be paid after entry into the lease contract.
(2) The deposit shall be kept by the lessor in a credit institution separately from the assets of the lessor and at least at the local average interest rate. The interest belongs to the lessee and increases the deposit.
(3) The lessee may demand repayment of a deposit if the lessor does not inform the lessee of a claim of the lessor against the lessee within two months after expiry of the lease contract.

Division 5

Duration and Expiry of Lease Contract

§ 309. Duration of lease contract

(1) A lease contract entered into for a specified term expires upon expiry of the term unless the contract is extraordinarily cancelled earlier. The lessee and the lessor may cancel a lease contract entered into for an unspecified term according to the provisions of this Chapter.
(2) Withdrawal from a lease contract is permitted only in the cases provided for in this Chapter.
(3) Any agreement according to which the lessor of a dwelling has the right to cancel a lease contract entered into for an unspecified term on bases other than those specified in this Act is void.
(4) If a residential lease contract is entered into with a resolutive condition, the lease contract is deemed to have been entered into for an unspecified term after fulfilment of the condition. Upon fulfilment of the condition, the lessor may cancel the contract by adhering to the terms provided for in § 312 of this Act.

§ 310. Extension of lease contract entered into for specified term

(1) If, after expiry of the term of a lease contract, the lessee continues to use the thing, the lease contract is deemed to have become a lease contract entered into for an unspecified term unless the lessor or lessee expresses some other intention to the other party within two weeks. The term for the expression of such intention shall commence for the lessee as of expiry of the lease contract and for the lessor as of the time when the lessor learns that the lessee is continuing to use the thing.
(2) If, in the case of a residential lease contract entered into for a term of at least two years, neither party gives notification at least two months before expiry of the term that the party does not wish to extend the contract, the lease contract becomes a lease contract entered into for an unspecified term after expiry of the term.

§ 311. Ordinary cancellation of lease contract entered into for unspecified term

(1) Parties may cancel a lease contract entered into for an unspecified term by adhering to the terms provided for in § 312 of this Act. If the parties have agreed on a longer term for cancellation, they shall adhere to that term.
(2) If, upon cancellation, a party does not adhere to the term prescribed for cancellation, the contract is deemed to have been cancelled after expiry of the prescribed term.

§ 312. Terms for ordinary cancellation of lease contract for unspecified term

(1) Upon the lease of immovables, dwellings or business premises, ships entered in the ship register or aircraft entered in the Estonian aircraft register, either party may cancel a lease contract entered into for an unspecified term by giving at least three months' notice.
(2) Upon the lease of furnished rooms or separately leased parking places, places in garages and the like, a lease contract entered into for an unspecified term may be cancelled by giving at least one month's notice.
(3) Upon the lease of movables not specified in subsection (1) of this section, either party may cancel a lease contract entered into for an unspecified term by giving at least three days' notice.

Page 88 / 259 Law of Obligations Act

§ 313. Extraordinary cancellation of lease contract

(1) Either party may, with good reason, cancel a contract entered into for an unspecified term and a contract entered into for a specified term. A reason is good if, upon the occurrence thereof, a party who wishes to cancel cannot be presumed to continue performing the contract taking into account all the circumstances and considering the interests of both parties.
(2) Extraordinary cancellation is permitted mainly under the circumstances specified in §§ 314 to 319 of this
Act.
(3) Advance notice of extraordinary cancellation is not required unless otherwise provided by law.

§ 314. Extraordinary cancellation of lease contract if lessee cannot use leased thing

(1) If a lessee cannot use a leased thing for a reason dependent on the lessor, the lessee may cancel the lease contract if the lessee has already granted the lessor a reasonable term to enable the thing to be used and
the lessor has not enabled the lessee to use the thing within that term. The lessee need not grant a term for cancellation of the contract to the lessor beforehand if the lessee is no longer interested in performance of the contract due to the circumstances which cause the cancellation.
(2) If the possibility for a lessee to use a thing is restricted only to an insignificant extent, the lessee may cancel the contract for that reason only if there is a particular reason for cancellation of the contract.

§ 315. Extraordinary cancellation of lease contract upon non-stipulated use of thing

(1) A lessor may cancel a lease contract if:
1) the lessee or sublessee of the thing violates the obligations provided for in subsections 276 (2) or (3) of this
Act regardless of any prior warning given by the lessor;
2) the lessee or sublessee of the thing violates the obligations specified in subsections 276 (2) or (3) of this Act
materially or intentionally;
3) the lessee grants the use of the thing to a third party without authorisation therefor and if, as a result, the
lessor or neighbours are so affected that the lessor cannot be expected to continue the lease contract.
(2) The lessor of dwellings or business premises may cancel a lease contract in the cases specified in subsection (1) of this section by giving at least 30 days' notice. If the lessee or sublessee damages the dwellings or business premises intentionally, the term for cancellation need not be adhered to.

§ 316. Extraordinary cancellation of lease contract due to delay in payment

(1) A lessor may cancel a lease contract if:
1) the lessee is in delay for rent subject to payment, accessory expenses or a significant share thereof on three
consecutive due dates;
2) the amount of rent due exceeds the amount of rent subject to payment for three months;
3) the amount of the accessory expenses due exceeds the amount of accessory expenses subject to payment for
three months.
(2) A lessor does not have the right of cancellation specified in subsection (1) of this section if the lessee performs the obligations thereof before cancellation. Cancellation is void if the lessee had the right to set
off the lease claim and the lessee submits an application for set-off promptly after receipt of a declaration of cancellation.

§ 317. Extraordinary cancellation of lease contract due to health hazard related to dwelling

Either party may cancel a residential lease contract if the dwelling is in such a condition that the use thereof may involve significant hazard to human health.

§ 318. Cancellation of long-term lease contract

(1) Either party may cancel a lease contract entered into for longer than 30 years after 30 years by adhering to the terms provided for in § 312 of this Act.
(2) The provisions of subsection (1) of this section do not apply if a lease contract is entered into for the life of the lessor or lessee.

Law of Obligations Act Page 89 / 259

§ 319. Extraordinary cancellation of lease contract due to bankruptcy of lessee

(1) If the lessee is declared bankrupt, the lessor may demand security for payment of the future rent and accessory expenses. The lessor shall grant a reasonable term for providing security. The notice for granting the term shall be in a format which can be reproduced in writing.
(2) If security is not given to a lessor within the term specified in subsection (1) of this section, the lessor may cancel the contract without adhering to the term for cancellation.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336 - entry into force 01.07.2002]

§ 320. Validity of lease contract upon death of party

A lease contract is not terminated upon the death of a party unless the parties have agreed otherwise.

§ 321. Taking place of lessee in lease contract upon death of lessee

(1) Upon the death of a lessee of a dwelling, the spouse who lived in the dwelling together with the lessee has the right to take the place of the lessee in the lease contract. If the lessee did not have a spouse who has the right or who wishes to take the place of the lessee in the lease contract, other family members who lived in the
dwelling together with the lessee have the right to take the place of the lessee in the lease contract pursuant to an agreement between them.
(2) A spouse or other family member may take the place of the lessee in a lease contract within one month as of the death of a lessee by submitting a corresponding notice to the lessor.
(3) If several family members take the place of the lessee in a lease contract, they can exercise the rights arising from the contract only jointly and they shall be jointly and severally liable for performance of the obligations arising from the contract. A spouse or family member who takes the place of the lessee in a lease contract
shall be jointly and severally liable with the successor of the lessee for obligations which have arisen from the contract before the death of the lessee. In the relations between the spouse or family member and the successor, the successor shall be solely liable.
(4) If the lessee has paid the rent in advance for a period of time extending beyond his or her death and if his or her spouse or a family member take the place of the lessee in the lease contract, the spouse or family member
is required to return to the successor the amount which he or she obtained or saved as a result of the advance payment.
(5) If the spouse or a family member of the lessee does not take the place of the lessee in the lease contract, the rights and obligations arising from the lease contract transfer to the successor of the lessee. In such case,
the lessor or the successor of the lessee may cancel the lease contract within three months as of the death of the lessee by giving at least three months' notice.
(6) After the death of one lessee, a residential lease contract entered into jointly by lessees is valid with regard to the other lessee. The surviving lessee may cancel the lease contract within three months as of the death of the other lessee by giving at least three months' notice.
(7) Agreements which derogate from the provisions of subsections (1) to (6) of this section are void.

§ 322. Extraordinary cancellation of lease contract of movable entered into for specified term

(1) A lessee of a movable may cancel a lease contract entered into for a specified term by giving 30 days' notice if the movable is leased for purposes other than those related to the economic or professional activities of the lessee and the lessor has leased the movable as part of the economic or professional activities thereof. The lessor does not have the right to claim compensation for any damage caused by such cancellation.
(2) Agreements which derogate from the provisions of subsection (1) of this section to the detriment of the lessee are void.

§ 323. Cancellation of lease contract upon transfer of rights and obligations of lessor

(1) Upon the transfer of rights and obligations arising from a lease contract to a new lessor due to the transfer or encumbrance of a leased thing (§ 291 of this Act), the new lessor may cancel the lease contract within three months by adhering to the terms for cancellation provided for in § 312 of this Act unless the contract can be terminated earlier. The acquirer may cancel a residential lease contract or a lease contract of business premises for such reason only if the acquirer urgently needs the leased premises.
(2) If, in the case specified in subsection (1) of this section, the new lessor cancels a lease contract entered into for a specified term before expiry of the term of the contract, the previous owner shall be liable for any damage caused by termination of the contract to the lessee.
(3) The provisions of subsections (1) and (2) of this section also apply if the acquirer of a leased thing transfers the thing further.

Page 90 / 259 Law of Obligations Act

§ 324. Notation in land register

(1) The lessee of an immovable may demand that a notation regarding the lease contract be made in the land register.
(2) A notation entered in the land register ensures that the actual owner of an immovable or a person for whose benefit the immovable is encumbered with a limited real right shall permit the lessee to use the immovable pursuant to the lease contract and that a new owner does not have the right to cancel the lease contract pursuant to the provisions of § 323 of this Act.

§ 325. Form of cancellation of residential lease contracts and lease contracts of business premises

(1) The lessor and the lessee may cancel a residential lease contract or a lease contract of business premises with a declaration of cancellation which is submitted in a format which can be reproduced in writing.
(2) A declaration of cancellation submitted by a lessor shall contain at least the following information:
1) the leased thing;
2) the date of termination of the contract;
3) the bases for cancellation;
4) in case of cancellation of a residential lease contract, the procedure and limitation period for contestation of
the cancellation.
(3) In order to cancel a residential lease contract, the lessee requires the consent of his or her spouse who is living together with him or her in the leased dwelling and the consent shall be in a format which can be reproduced in writing.
(4) If the consent of the spouse specified in subsection (3) of this section cannot be obtained or if the spouse refuses to grant consent without good reason, the lessee may demand the consent of the spouse in court. In such case, a court judgment which satisfies the action shall replace consent.
(5) Cancellation which does not comply with the requirements provided for in subsections (1) to (4) of this section is void.
[RT I 2003, 78, 523 - entry into force 27.12.2003]

§ 326. Contestation of cancellation of residential lease contracts and extension of lease contracts

(1) A lessee of a dwelling may contest the cancellation of the lease contract by the lessor in a lease committee or court if the cancellation is contrary to the principle of good faith.
(2) Upon cancellation of a lease contract by the lessor or expiry of the term of a lease contract entered into for a specified term, the lessee of the dwelling may demand that the lessor extend the lease contract for up to three years if termination of the contract would result in serious consequences for the lessee or his or her family. If the lessor does not consent to the extension of the contract, the lessee may demand extension of the lease contract in a lease committee or court.

§ 327. Cancellation of residential lease contract contrary to principle of good faith

(1) The cancellation of a residential lease contract by the lessor is contrary to the principle of good faith if, above all, the lessor cancels the contract for one of the following reasons:
1) the lessee files a claim arising from the lease contract in good faith;
2) the lessor wishes to amend the lease contract to the detriment of the lessee and the lessee does not consent
thereto;
3) the lessor wishes to induce the lessee to acquire the leased dwelling;
4) the marital status of the lessee changes, although this does not result in any significantly harmful
consequences for the lessor.
(2) The cancellation of a residential lease contract by the lessor is contrary to the principle of good faith if the lessor cancels the contract during a period when proceedings are being conducted concerning the lease contract in a lease committee or court, or before three years have passed from the termination of proceedings concerning the lease contract in a lease committee or court if the decision or judgment was made to the detriment of the lessor.
(3) In the cases specified in subsection (2) of this section, the cancellation of a lease contract by the lessor is not contrary to the principle of good faith if the lessor cancels the contract with good reason, above all for one of the following reasons:
1) the lessee initiated the current proceedings in bad faith;
2) the lessor urgently needs the dwelling;
3) the lessee has arrears;

Law of Obligations Act Page 91 / 259

4) the lessee materially violates the obligations regarding prudence and the taking into account of the interests of others (subsections 276 (2) and (3) of this Act);
5) the lessee is declared bankrupt.

§ 328. Restrictions on extension of residential lease contract

(1) An application from the lessee of a dwelling for extension of the lease contract specified in subsection 326 (2) of this Act shall not be satisfied if extension of the lease contract is contrary to the legitimate interests of the lessor, above all for the following reasons:
1) the lessee owes rent or accessory expenses;
2) the lessee has materially violated an obligation specified in subsections 276 (2) or (3) of this Act;
3) the lessor cancels the lease contract on the basis specified in subsection 319 (2) of this Act;
4) taking into account future reconstruction work, the lease contract is entered into for a specified term until the
commencement of the work or receipt of a building permit;
5) the lessor offers another equivalent dwelling to the lessee;
6) the lease contract may be cancelled without advance notice for any other reason.
(2) Upon deciding on the extension of a lease contract and considering the interests of the parties, the court and lease committee shall take, inter alia, the following into account:
1) the circumstances relating to entry into the lease contract and the content of the contract;
2) the duration of the lease contract;
3) the personal, family and economic relations of the parties;
4) the need of the lessor to use the dwelling;
5) the situation on the local residential market.
(3) If the lessee repeatedly demands extension of the lease contract, the fact of whether the lessee has done all that is reasonable in order to find new housing shall also be taken into account.

§ 329. Procedure for contestation of cancellation and for extension of contract

(1) In order to contest cancellation of a residential lease contract pursuant § 326 of this Act, the lessee shall submit an application to a lease committee or court within 30 days as of the receipt of the declaration of cancellation.
(2) In order to extend a residential lease contract entered into for an unspecified term which is cancelled by the lessor, the lessee shall submit an application to a lease committee or court within 30 days as of the receipt of the notice of cancellation.
(3) In order to extend a residential lease contract entered into for a specified term or a contract which has already been extended by a lease committee or court, the lessee shall submit an application not later than 60 days before expiry of the term of the contract.
(4) During proceedings in a lease committee or court, the lease contract is valid under the conditions applicable up to that time unless otherwise agreed by the parties.
(5) If a lease committee or court has declared the cancellation of a lease contract to be contrary to the principle of good faith, the lease contract is deemed not to have been cancelled.
[RT I 2003, 78, 523 - entry into force 27.12.2003]

§ 330. Amendment of terms and conditions of contract upon extension of residential lease contract

(1) Either party to a residential lease contract may, in a lease committee or court, request that the terms and conditions of the contract be amended together with the extension of the contract in accordance with the changed circumstances.
(2) If the terms and conditions of the contract are not amended, the contract is valid throughout the extended term under the former terms and conditions. This does not preclude any other possibilities arising from law to amend the contract.

§ 331. Cancellation upon extension of residential lease contract

If a lease committee or court extends a residential lease contract, the lessee may exercise the right of extraordinary cancellation by giving at least two months' notice, unless the decision of the lease committee or the court judgment prescribes a different term for cancellation.

§ 332. Contestation of cancellation of sublease contract and extension of contract

(1) The provisions of §§ 326 to 331 of this Act also apply to sublease contracts unless the lease contract is terminated.
(2) A sublease contract shall not be extended for a period of time exceeding the duration of the lease contract.

Page 92 / 259 Law of Obligations Act

§ 333. Application of provisions to residential lease contract of employer's dwelling

The provisions of §§ 326 to 332 of this Act do not apply to a residential lease contract which is entered into between an employer or mandator as a lessor and an employee, mandatary or public servant as a lessee if:
1) the lessee has terminated the employment contract, authorisation agreement or service relationship without the employer or mandator having provided the lessee with a basis therefor arising from law;
2) the lessee has, by his or her behaviour, provided the employer or mandator with a basis arising from law for the termination of the employment contract, authorisation agreement or service relationship;
3) the lessor urgently needs the dwelling for another employee, mandatary or public servant.

Division 6

Return of Leased Thing upon Expiry of Contract and Claims

§ 334. Return of leased thing

(1) A lessee shall return a leased thing together with its accessories in a condition which conforms to the contractual use after the expiry of the contract. If, upon delivery of the leased thing to the lessee, an instrument of delivery concerning the thing is prepared, the thing is presumed to have been delivered in the condition set out in the instrument of delivery.
(2) The lessee shall be liable for the destruction and loss of and damage to a leased thing which occurs when the thing is in the possession of the lessee unless the lessee proves that the destruction, loss or damage occurred under circumstances which were not caused by the lessee or the person to whom the lessee transferred use of the thing in compliance with the contract. The lessee shall not be liable for the natural wear or deterioration of the thing or changes which accompany the contractual use.
(3) If a lessee has incurred expenses with respect to a movable for which the lessee can claim compensation, the thing may be withheld by the lessee until the expenses are reimbursed.
(4) Any agreement according to which the lessee, before termination of a lease contract, undertakes to pay compensation other than possible compensation for damage upon expiry of the lease contract is void.
(5) If the lessee transfers the right to use the thing to a third party, the lessor may, after expiry of the contract, demand the return of the thing even from the third party.
(6) A movable shall be returned at the place at which it was delivered, unless agreed otherwise.

§ 335. Claims arising from delay in return of leased thing

If a lessee does not return a thing after termination of the contract, the lessor may demand the rent agreed in the lease contract or rent which is usual in the case of a similar thing in a similar location as compensation for damage for the period of delay, unless the lessee justifiably withholds the thing in order to ensure payment
for the expenses incurred thereby. This does not preclude the right of the lessor to demand compensation for damage caused to the lessor by the delay in the return of the thing in an amount which exceeds the amount of rent.

§ 336. Inspection of thing and giving of notification of defects to lessee

(1) Upon return of a leased thing, the lessor shall inspect the condition of the thing and promptly notify the lessee of any defects for which the lessee is responsible. If the lessor fails to do this, the lessor loses the rights which belong thereto based on the defects of the thing, unless these are defects which cannot be identified by ordinary inspection.
(2) If the lessor subsequently identifies a defect of the thing which cannot be identified by ordinary inspection, the lessor shall promptly notify the lessee thereof. In the event of failing to give notification of a defect of a thing, the lessor loses the rights based on the defect.

§ 337. Repayment of rent and accessory expenses paid in advance

If a lessee has paid rent or accessory expenses in advance for the period after expiry of lease contract, the lessor shall repay the advance payment to the lessee together with the interest provided for in § 94 of this Act.

Law of Obligations Act Page 93 / 259

§ 338. Expiry of claims

(1) The limitation period of a claim by a lessor for compensation for alteration or deterioration of a leased thing and a claim by a lessee for compensation for expenses incurred in relation to a thing or for removal of alterations is six months.
(2) The limitation period of a claim of a lessor for compensation shall commence as of the return of the thing. The limitation period of the claims of a lessee shall commence as of the termination of the contract.
(3) The limitation period of a claim of a lessor for compensation for alteration or deterioration of a leased thing shall expire together with a claim for the return of the thing.

Chapter 16 COMMERCIAL LEASE CONTRACT

Division 1

General Provisions

§ 339. Definition of commercial lease contract

By a commercial lease contract, one person (the commercial lessor) undertakes to grant the use of the object of the commercial lease contract to another person (the commercial lessee) and enables the fruits received from the object of the commercial lease contract to be enjoyed under the rules of regular management. The commercial lessee is required to pay a fee (rent) therefor.

§ 340. Agricultural lease contract

(1) Enterprises designated mainly for agricultural production, including non-agricultural enterprises connected with agricultural production, agricultural immovables or parts thereof, may be the objects of an agricultural lease contract. Upon the lease of an agricultural immovable, the lease contract is presumed to include the accessories and rights relating to the immovable.
(2) The provisions concerning agricultural lease contracts also apply to commercial lease contracts regarding immovables intended for forestry use if such immovables are part of the assets of the leased agricultural enterprise.
(3) The provisions concerning agricultural lease contracts do not apply to commercial lease contracts the object of which is a plot of land with an area of less than 2 hectares.
(4) Agreements which derogate from the provisions of this Chapter to the detriment of the commercial lessee of an agricultural immovable or enterprise are void.

§ 341. Application of provisions concerning lease contracts to commercial lease contracts

The provisions concerning lease contracts also apply to commercial lease contracts unless the provisions of this
Chapter provide otherwise.

Division 2

Rights and Obligations of Parties

§ 342. Description of immovable subject to commercial lease

(1) Upon transfer of an immovable after entry into or expiry of a commercial lease contract, the commercial lessor and the commercial lessee of the immovable shall jointly prepare a description of the immovable which describes the parts, accessories and condition of the immovable upon transfer. The description shall set out the time of preparation of the description and it shall be signed by both parties.
(2) If one party refuses to participate in the preparation of a description or if material disagreements arise upon preparation of the description, either party may demand that an expert prepares the description, unless more than nine months have passed since the transfer of the immovable or more than three months have passed since the expiry of the commercial lease contract. The parties shall bear the costs of the expert's fees in equal shares.
(3) In the case of preparation of a description specified in subsection (1) of this section, the description is deemed to be correct in relations between the parties. If a description is not prepared, the immovable is deemed to have been transferred in good condition.

Page 94 / 259 Law of Obligations Act

§ 343. Commercial lessor's right to check

A commercial lessor has the right to check the management of the object of the commercial lease contract and that the maintenance thereof is ensured.

§ 344. Obligation to manage according to intended purpose

A commercial lessee shall manage the object of the commercial lease contract according to its intended purpose, particularly by preserving the economic purpose of the object of the commercial lease contract and using the object in a regular manner and prudently.

§ 345. Removal of defects

(1) The commercial lessee shall ensure the ordinary maintenance of the object of the commercial lease contract at the expense of the commercial lessee, particularly by removing defects which can be removed by cleaning or repair as part of ordinary preservation, and by carrying out customary small repairs and replacing equipment and tools of low value if, due to their age or use, they have become unusable.
(2) The commercial lessee of an agricultural immovable or enterprise shall, inter alia, ensure the ordinary maintenance of equipment necessary for the use and servicing of roads, tracks, ditches, dams, roofs, fences, water conduits and other objects of the commercial lease contract according to local custom.

§ 346. Commercial lease of immovable with accessories

(1) Upon the commercial lease of an immovable with accessories, the commercial lessee shall preserve the accessories and replace any destroyed or lost accessories even if they are destroyed or lost through no fault of the lessee. The commercial lessee shall replace animals forming part of the accessories that have become unfit for service by regular use in so far as this conforms to regular management.
(2) The commercial lessee shall preserve the accessories in a condition which conforms to regular management practice and replace accessories to this extent as and when necessary. Accessories replaced by the commercial lessee shall be transferred into the ownership of the commercial lessor.
(3) A condition of a contract which prohibits the commercial lessee from disposing of things forming part of the accessories or allows this to be done only with the consent of the commercial lessor or requires the accessories
to be transferred to the commercial lessor is valid only if the commercial lessor undertakes to acquire the accessories at least at their usual value upon expiry of the commercial lease contract.

§ 347. Care for leased animals

(1) The commercial lessee shall bear the costs of feeding and caring for leased animals.
(2) The commercial lessee shall be liable for any damage caused to a leased animal unless the lessee proves that the damage could not have been prevented by the commercial lessee, regardless of the regular feeding and care.
(3) The commercial lessee may demand reimbursement of expenses incurred in relation to the extraordinary care of an animal from the commercial lessor unless these expenses are caused by circumstances dependant on the commercial lessee.

§ 348. Alterations and improvements made by commercial lessor of agricultural immovable or enterprise

(1) In the case of an agricultural lease contract, the commercial lessee shall tolerate the measures taken by the commercial lessor to alter or improve the object of the commercial lease contract. The commercial lessee need not tolerate such measures if they have consequences which are not justified taking into account the legitimate interests of the commercial lessor. The commercial lessor shall compensate the commercial lessee to a reasonable extent for the expenses caused by application of the measures and for the loss of profit. At the request of the commercial lessee, the commercial lessor shall pay the compensation in advance.
(2) If the commercial lessee receives more profit due to measures specified in the first sentence of subsection (1) of this section or could receive such profit by regular management, the commercial lessor may increase the rent to the same extent unless payment of a larger amount of rent cannot be expected from the commercial lessee in the circumstances. Any increase in the rent does not enter into force before the profit actually increases.

§ 349. Change of way of management

(1) The commercial lessee may change the regular way of managing the object of a commercial lease contract and may make alterations and improvements to the object of the commercial lease contract which exceed ordinary maintenance only with the consent of the commercial lessor provided in a format which can be

Law of Obligations Act Page 95 / 259

reproduced in writing. If the commercial lessor consents to the alterations and improvements, the commercial lessor may demand the restoration of the former situation only if the obligation to restore was agreed on in a format which can be reproduced in writing.
(2) If a commercial lessor has not consented to changing the regular way of management in a format which can be reproduced in writing and if the commercial lessee does not restore the previous way of management within
a reasonable period, the commercial lessor may cancel the commercial lease contract without advance notice. In the case of business premises, the contract may be cancelled for that reason by giving at least 30 days' notice.
(3) If the commercial lessor refuses to grant consent specified in subsection (1) of this section, the commercial lessee may apply for the grant thereof by a court proceeding if the changes are necessary in order to maintain
or bring about a long-term improvement in the profitability of the enterprise and if the commercial lessor may be expected to grant consent taking into account the legitimate interests of the commercial lessor. The grant of consent shall not be demanded if the commercial lease contract has been cancelled or the contract expires within less than three years.
(4) In the case specified in subsection (3) of this section, a court judgment which satisfies an action shall replace consent.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336 - entry into force 01.07.2002]

§ 350. Amendment of terms of agricultural lease contract

(1) The amendment of an agricultural lease contract shall not be demanded on the bases and under the conditions provided for in § 97 of this Act before two years have passed since entry into the commercial lease contract or the last amendment thereof. This restriction does not apply if relations between the parties change significantly and permanently due to force majeure.
(2) If, in the case of an agricultural lease contract, the rent is unreasonably high, the commercial lessee may, taking into account the profit received upon regular management of the object of the commercial lease contract, demand a reduction of the rent by a reasonable amount as of the due date for payment of the rent following submission of the application for a change of the rent. The commercial lessee shall not demand a reduction of the rent if the value of the thing has changed as a result of the activities of the lessee unless such right has been agreed upon.
(3) Any agreement whereby the commercial lessee or commercial lessor waives the right to apply for amendment of a contract is void.

§ 351. Right of security of commercial lessor of agricultural immovable or enterprise

The commercial lessor of an agricultural immovable or enterprise has the right of security over things brought into the immovable or the enterprise by the lessee and over the fruits of the object of the commercial lease contract in order to secure the claims of the lessor arising from the commercial lease contract. The right of security does not secure future claims for compensation.

Division 3

Duration and Expiry of Commercial Lease Contract

§ 352. Extension of agricultural lease contract

If, in the case of an agricultural lease contract entered into for at least three years, neither party gives notification at least two months before the expiry of the contract that the party does not wish to extend the contract, the contract is presumed to have become an agricultural lease contract entered into for an unspecified term after expiry of the term. Agreements which derogate from this to the detriment of the commercial lessee are void.

§ 353. Ordinary cancellation of commercial lease contract entered into for unspecified term

(1) The parties may cancel a commercial lease contract entered into for an unspecified term by giving at least six months' notice.
(2) The parties may cancel an agricultural lease contract entered into for an unspecified term by giving at least one year's notice. The contract may be cancelled only such that it expires on 1 April or 1 October.
(3) Either party may at any time cancel an animal lease contract entered into for an unspecified term and not linked to an agricultural lease contract. Cancellation shall take place in good faith and not at a time unsuitable for the other party.

Page 96 / 259 Law of Obligations Act

§ 354. Form of cancellation

The cancellation of an agricultural lease contract or a commercial lease contract of premises is valid only if it is prepared in a format which can be reproduced in writing.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336 - entry into force 01.07.2002]

§ 355. Cancellation in event of incapacity for work of commercial lessee of agricultural immovable

If, in the case of an agricultural lease contract, the commercial lessee becomes permanently incapacitated for work, the commercial lessee may cancel the commercial lease contract by giving at least one month's notice.

§ 356. Death of commercial lessee in agricultural lease contract

(1) If, in the case of an agricultural lease contract, the commercial lessee dies, the spouse who lived together with the commercial lessee may take the place of the commercial lessee in the agricultural lease contract. If the commercial lessee did not have a spouse who lived together with him or her or the spouse does not wish to take the place of the commercial lessee in the agricultural lease contract, other successors have the right to take the place of the commercial lessee in the agricultural lease contract pursuant to an agreement between them.
(2) The spouse or other successors of a commercial lessee may take the place of the commercial lessee in an agricultural lease contract within one month as of the death of the commercial lessee by submitting a corresponding notice to the commercial lessor.
(3) If the person who takes the place of a party to an agricultural lease contract is evidently unable to manage the object of the commercial lease contract in a regular manner or if the commercial lessor cannot be expected to continue the commercial lease contract for other reasons, the commercial lessor may cancel the contract within 30 days as of receipt of a notice concerning the fact that the person will take the place of the party to the contract.
(4) If the spouse of the commercial lessee or any other entitled person does not take the place of the commercial lessee in the contract, the successors of the commercial lessee or the commercial lessor may cancel the commercial lease contract and shall give at least six months' notice thereof in a format which can be reproduced in writing.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336 - entry into force 01.07.2002]

§ 357. Extension of agricultural lease contract at request of commercial lessee

(1) Upon the cancellation of an agricultural lease contract by the commercial lessor, the commercial lessee may demand the extension of the contract by a court proceeding within three months as of the receipt of the notice concerning cancellation, if extension could have been expected on the part of the commercial lessor. A commercial lessee shall submit an application to a court for extension of a commercial lease contract entered into for a specified term nine months before the expiry of the contract.
(2) The commercial lessor shall prove that the commercial lessor cannot be expected to extend the contract. Extension of the commercial lease contract cannot be expected from the commercial lessor particularly:
1) if the commercial lessee has materially violated the obligations thereof arising from law or the contract;
2) upon insolvency of the commercial lessee;
3) if the commercial lessor, his or her spouse, close relative or close relative by marriage wishes to manage the
object of the commercial lease contract himself or herself;
4) if the agricultural enterprise is not worth maintaining;
5) if the planning prescribes that the immovable will be used in a different manner.
(3) A court shall decide on the extension of a commercial lease contract for not longer than six years. Upon determination of the term for extension, the personal situation of the parties, the type of object of the commercial lease and other relevant circumstances shall be taken into account.
(4) Upon deciding on the extension of a commercial lease contract, the court may, at the request of either party, amend the commercial lease contract in order to bring the contract into conformity with the changed circumstances.

§ 358. Return of object of commercial lease contract

(1) After expiry of a commercial lease contract, the commercial lessee shall return the object of the commercial lease contract together with the accessories. The object of the commercial lease contract and the accessories shall be returned in a condition corresponding to regular management having been continued until the return of the object of the commercial lease contract.

Law of Obligations Act Page 97 / 259

(2) The commercial lessee shall pay reasonable compensation to the commercial lessor for any deterioration of the object of the commercial lease contract which could have been avoided by the commercial lessee by regular management.

§ 359. Reimbursement of expenses to commercial lessee

(1) If, upon expiry of a commercial lease contract, it becomes evident that the value of the object of the commercial lease contract has permanently and considerably increased due to improvements or alterations made with the consent of the commercial lessor, the commercial lessee may demand reasonable compensation therefor.
(2) The commercial lessee may demand compensation for any increase in the value of the accessories if
the increase occurs due to work performed or expenses incurred by the commercial lessee. The commercial
lessor may refuse to accept accessories created by the commercial lessee which, under the rules of regular
management, are useless or too valuable for the immovable.
(3) Expenses other than those specified in subsections (1) and (2) of this section shall be reimbursed by the commercial lessor only if the commercial lessor is required to do so pursuant to the provisions regarding negotiorum gestio.
[RT I 2003, 78, 523 - entry into force 27.12.2003]

§ 360. Fruits of agricultural immovable

(1) The commercial lessee of an agricultural immovable does not have the right to fruits unsevered as of the expiry of the commercial lease contract, although the commercial lessee may demand reimbursement of any expenses incurred to obtain the fruits.
(2) The provisions of subsection (1) of this section also apply to trees not yet cut but subject to cutting. If the commercial lessee has cut more trees than necessary for regular management, the commercial lessee shall reimburse the cost of the timber to the commercial lessor to the extent which exceeds regular management.

Chapter 17 LEASING CONTRACT

§ 361. Definition of leasing contract

By a leasing contract, the lessor undertakes to acquire a certain object (the object of leasing) from a seller determined by the lessee and to grant use of the object to the lessee, and the lessee is required to pay a fee for use of the object of leasing.

§ 362. Obligations of lessor

(1) The lessor is required to ensure transfer of the possession of the object of leasing to the lessee and not to hinder the lessee upon possession or use of the object of leasing.
(2) The lessee may withdraw from the contract if the object of leasing is not delivered to the lessee within the term prescribed in the contract or, in the absence of such an agreement, within a reasonable period of time, and if the delay is caused by circumstances dependant on the lessor.
(3) The lessor is not liable to the lessee if the object of leasing does not conform to the contract unless:
1) the object of leasing or the seller thereof was selected by the lessor;
2) the lessee is a natural person and damage arising from reasonable belief in the professionalism of the lessor
is caused to the lessee, particularly if the lessor specialises in leasing certain objects.

§ 363. Obligations of lessee

A lessee is required to:
1) use the object of leasing with prudence and according to the intended purpose thereof which was the basis
for entry into the leasing contract or, in the absence of such an agreement, according to its ordinary purpose;
2) maintain the object of leasing in the condition in which it is delivered to the lessee, except for changes
resulting from the use of the object of leasing for its intended purpose;
3) return, upon termination of the contract, the object of leasing to the lessor in the condition specified in
clause 2) of this section, unless the lessee exercises the contractual right thereof to acquire the object of leasing.

§ 364. Transfer of risk of accidental loss or damage

The risk of accidental loss of or damage to an object of leasing transfers to the lessee upon delivery of the object of leasing to the lessee.

Page 98 / 259 Law of Obligations Act

§ 365. Liability of seller

(1) A lessee may make a claim of a lessor as a purchaser directly against the seller if the claim arises from violation of the contract of sale entered into with the lessor. Upon filing such claim, the lessee has all the rights and obligations of the purchaser, except the obligation to pay for the object and the right to demand the transfer of the ownership of the object.
(2) A lessee has the right to exercise the right of a lessor to withdraw from a contract of sale entered into with a seller only with the consent of the lessor.

§ 366. Cancellation in event of defects or destruction of object of leasing

If the object of leasing is destroyed or becomes unusable or if the lessee exercises the right, arising from the contract of sale entered into with the seller instead of the lessor, to withdraw from the contract, the lessor and the lessee may both cancel the leasing contract without advance notice.

§ 367. Consequences of cancellation

(1) Upon cancellation of a leasing contract, the lessee shall reimburse all expenses borne by the lessor in connection with the object of leasing to the lessor, particularly the purchase price of the object of leasing and the costs of financing the purchase price to the extent to which these are not covered by the leasing payments already paid.
(2) Determination of the expenses specified in subsection (1) of this section shall be based on the amount of the leasing payments to be paid by the lessee after cancellation, from which interest arising from the contract and other amounts which are not related to the expenses incurred for acquisition of the object of leasing shall be deducted.
(3) If the object of leasing remains in the ownership of the lessor after the cancellation of the leasing contract, the value of the object of leasing at the time of return of the object to the lessor shall be taken in account upon determining the amount of the claim for reimbursement of expenses provided for in subsection (1) of this section.
(4) A lessee shall reimburse any additional expenses caused by cancellation to the lessor, unless the cancellation is caused by circumstances dependant on the lessor.
[RT I 2003, 78, 523 - entry into force 27.12.2003]

Chapter 18 LICENCE AGREEMENT

§ 368. Definition of licence agreement

By a licence agreement, one person (the licensor) grants another person (the licensee) the right to exercise the rights arising from intellectual property to the agreed extent and on the agreed territory, and the licensee undertakes to pay a fee (the licence fee) therefor.

§ 369. Prerequisites for validity of right of use

(1) In the cases provided by law, it is necessary, in order for the right of use arising from a licence agreement to be created, for an entry to be made in a register in which the property concerning which the agreement is entered into has been entered.
(2) The licensee shall exercise the rights arising from a licence agreement if the licensor has a legitimate interest in the rights arising from the licence agreement being exercised, particularly if the existence of the rights arising from the licence agreement depends on the exercise of these rights.

§ 370. Non-exclusive licence agreement and exclusive licence agreement

(1) In the case of a non-exclusive licence agreement, the licensor may also exercise the right which is the object of the agreement or grant the right of use to other persons besides the licensee.
(2) An exclusive licence agreement grants the licensee the right to exercise the rights arising from intellectual property to the agreed extent and precludes the right of use of other persons and of the licensor to the same extent.

Law of Obligations Act Page 99 / 259

(3) If the right of use to which a licence agreement extends is not clearly specified in the agreement, the extent of the right of use shall be determined pursuant to the objective of the agreement.
(4) The right of use arising from a non-exclusive licence agreement which arises before the right of use arising from an exclusive licence agreement shall remain valid in respect of the person who was granted the right of use on the basis of the exclusive licence agreement.

§ 371. Transfer of right of use arising from licence agreement

(1) It is presumed that the right of use arising from a licence agreement may be transferred only with the consent of the licensor. The licensor shall grant consent if this can be expected of the licensor based on the principle of good faith.
(2) The provisions of subsection (1) of this section do not apply upon transfer of an enterprise if the right of use belongs to the enterprise.

§ 372. Communication of information

(1) The licensor shall deliver documents and communicate information necessary for exercise of the rights pursuant to the agreement to the licensee within a reasonable time after entry into the agreement.
(2) The licensee shall maintain the confidentiality of documents delivered and information communicated to the licensee unless:
1) the licensee communicates the information to persons who work in licensee's enterprise and who are required to maintain the confidentiality of the information;
2) the licensor cannot be expected to intend to maintain the confidentiality of the information based on the agreement or the nature of the delivered documents and communicated information.
(3) After expiry of an agreement, the licensee shall return the documents which have been delivered to the licensee to the licensor and maintain the confidentiality of the received information.

§ 373. Protection of rights

If a third party hinders a licensee when the licensee is exercising the rights thereof arising from a licence agreement or if a third party violates these rights, the licensee shall promptly give notification thereof to
the licensor who shall immediately take all necessary measures to enable the rights arising from the licence agreement to be exercised and to terminate the violation of the rights of the licensee. If the licensor takes such measures, the licensee shall co-operate with the licensor to the necessary extent.

§ 374. Cancellation of agreement entered into for unspecified term

Either party may cancel an agreement entered into for an unspecified term by giving at least one year's notice.

Chapter 19 FRANCHISE CONTRACT

§ 375. Definition of franchise contract

By a franchise contract, one person (the franchisor) undertakes to grant to another person (the franchisee) a set
of rights and information which belongs to the franchisor for use in the economic or professional activities of the
franchisee, including the right to the trade mark, commercial identifications and know-how of the franchisor.

§ 376. Obligations of franchisor

The franchisor is required to provide the franchisee with instructions for the exercise of the rights thereof and to provide permanent assistance related thereto to the franchisee.

§ 377. Obligations of franchisee

A franchisee is required:
1) in the activities thereof, to use the commercial identifications of the franchisor;
2) to ensure that the quality of the goods manufactured or services provided by the franchisee pursuant to the
contract is the same as those manufactured or provided by the franchisor;
3) to follow the instructions of the franchisor which are directed at the exercise of rights on the same bases and
in the same manner as the franchisor;
4) to provide clients with all additional services which they could expect upon acquiring goods or contracting
for services from the franchisor.

Page 100 /

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§ 378. Franchisor's right to check

A franchisor has the right to check the quality of the goods manufactured or services provided on the basis of a franchise contract by the franchisee.

Chapter 20 CONTRACTS RELATING TO PURCHASE OF RIGHT

TO USE BUILDINGS ON TIMESHARE BASIS, LONG-

TERM HOLIDAY PRODUCT CONTRACTS, AGENCY

AGREEMENTS AND EXCHANGE SYSTEM CONTRACTS

[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014, the word "vendor" in Chapter
20 of the Act, is substituted by the word "trader" in the appropriate case form]

§ 379. Definition of contract relating to purchase of right to use buildings on timeshare basis

(1) By a contract relating to the purchase of the right to use immovables, buildings or parts of buildings or movables used for accommodation purposes (a building) on a timeshare basis, a person who is engaged in professional or economic activities (trader) undertakes to grant a consumer the right to use the building for accommodation purposes over the course of more than one year for a specified or specifiable period during several periods of use. The consumer is required to pay a fee therefor.
(11) In calculating the duration of the contract, any agreement in the contract concerning extension of the contract shall be taken into account.
[RT I, 04.02.2011, 2 - entry into force 23.02.2011]
(2) The right specified in subsection (1) of this section may be a real right, any other right relating to the use of one or more buildings, or membership in an association of persons or holding in a company which grants such right of use.

§ 3791. Definition of long-term holiday product contract

By a long-term holiday product contract, the trader undertakes to grant a consumer the right to obtain benefits upon the use of the building over the course of more than one year and the consumer undertakes to pay a fee therefor. In calculating the duration of a contract, the provisions of subsection 379 (11) of this Act apply.

§ 3792. Definition of agency agreement and exchange system contract

(1) By an agency agreement, the trader undertakes to act as an intermediary for a consumer who enters into contracts with third persons or to indicate opportunities for entering into contracts with third persons, and the consumer undertakes to pay a fee therefor to the trader. The objective of the contract with the trader is the delivery, acquisition or transfer of the rights arising from a contract relating to the purchase of the right to use the building on a timeshare basis or a long-term holiday product contract.
(2) The provisions concerning brokerage contracts also apply to agency agreements unless the provisions of this
Chapter provide otherwise.
[RT I, 04.02.2011, 2 - entry into force 23.02.2011]
(3) By an exchange system contract, the trader undertakes to enable the consumer, for a charge, to share in a system which purpose is to grant on timeshare basis the rights arising from a contract relating to the purchase of the right to use the building on a timeshare basis between the consumers for a charge or without a charge.

§ 380. Precontractual information and advertising

(1) In good time before the consumer enters into a contract relating to the purchase of the right to use the building on a timeshare basis or makes a binding declaration of intent, the trader shall submit to the consumer on a durable medium which is easily accessible to the consumer, in a clear and comprehensible manner and free of charge the precontractual information setting out the following data:
1) name, address and legal status of the trader which is a party to the contract;
2) short description of the use of the building on timeshare basis, e.g. description of the building;
3) exact nature and content of the right;
4) exact period within which the right which is the subject of the contract may be exercised and, if necessary,
its duration;

Law of Obligations Act Page 101 /

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5) date on which the consumer may start to exercise the contractual right;
6) date on which the building and facilities or services will be complete or become available if the subject of
the contract is a specific building under construction;
7) charge to be paid by the consumer for acquiring the right;
8) outline of additional obligatory costs imposed under the contract, e.g. annual fees, other recurrent fees,
levies, local taxes, including type of costs and indication of amounts;
9) summary of key utilities services available to the consumer, e.g. electricity, water, maintenance, refuse
collection, and an indication of the amount to be paid by the consumer for such services;
10) summary of facilities, such as swimming pool and sauna, which the consumer has the right to use;
11) information concerning whether the cost of using such utilities services and facilities are included in the
costs indicated in clause 8) of this subsection;
12) specification of what is included in the costs indicated in clause 8) of this subsection and what has to be
paid for, if the cost of using such utilities services and facilities are not included in the costs indicated in clause
8) of this subsection;
13) information concerning whether the consumer has the possibility to join the exchange system;
14) name of the exchange system, if the consumer has the possibility to join the exchange system;
15) indication of costs for membership in an exchange of the exchange system, if the consumer has the
possibility to join the exchange system;
16) information concerning whether the trader has signed a code of conduct and, if yes, where can it be found;
17) the right of the consumer to withdraw from the contract within 14 calendar days from the entry into the
contract or a preliminary contract or receipt of these contracts if that takes place later;
18) prohibition of advance payments during the withdrawal period according to which it is explained that the
prohibition concerns any payments, provision of guarantees, explicit acknowledgement of debt and performance
of other such transactions or acts, and it includes not only payments from the consumer to the trader, but also to
third parties;
19) information on that the consumer shall not bear any costs or obligations other than those specified in the
contract;
20) information on that in accordance with international private law, the contract may be governed by a law
other than the law of this member state of the European Union in which the consumer is resident or is habitually
domiciled, and possible disputes may be referred to courts other than those of the member state of the European
Union in which the consumer is resident or is habitually domiciled.
(11) In addition to the information specified in subsection (1) of this section, the trader shall also present the following information to the consumer:
1) conditions governing the exercise of the right which is the subject of the contract within the territory of the member states of the European Union in which the building is situated and information on whether those conditions have been fulfilled or, if they have not been fulfilled, what conditions remain to be fulfilled;
2) where the contract provides the right to use the building to be selected from a pool of buildings, information on restrictions on the consumer's ability to use any building in the pool at any time;
3) an accurate and detailed description of the immovable and its location or sufficient description of the building and its location if the object of the contract concerns a number of buildings (multi-resorts), or a sufficient description of the building and facilities belonging thereto if the object of the contract is not an immovable;
4) the utilities services, e.g. electricity, water, maintenance, refuse collection, to which the consumer has or will have access to and under what conditions;
5) the common facilities, such as swimming pool, sauna, and the conditions for the use thereof, where the consumer has or may have the right for the use thereof;
6) accurate and appropriate information concerning all costs associated with a contract relating to the purchase of the right to use the building on a timeshare basis and on how these costs will be divided between the consumers and how and when such costs may be increased, and the method for the calculation of the amount of charges relating to use of the building, statutory monetary obligations, e.g. taxes and fees, and the administrative overheads, e.g. management, maintenance and repairs;
7) information concerning any charges, encumbrances, mortgages or other rights of security entered in a register;
8) information concerning the procedure for and consequences of termination of linked contracts if the consumer is offered to terminate the linked contract;
9) conditions for terminating the contract, the consequences of termination and information on any liability of the consumer for any costs which might result from such termination;
10) information concerning how maintenance and repairs of the building and its administration and management are arranged, including whether and how consumers may influence and participate in the decisions regarding these issues;
11) information concerning whether or not it is possible to join a system for the intermediation of the contractual rights, information concerning the system and an indication of costs related to the intermediation through this system;
12) indication of the language available for communication with the trader in relation to the contract, for instance in relation to management board decisions, increase of costs and the handling of queries and complaints;
13) the possibility for out-of-court dispute resolution, if such possibility exists.
(2) If the right of use concerns a building which is being designed or is under construction, the trader shall set out the following information in addition to the description specified in subsections (1) and (11) of this section:

Page 102 /

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1) the state of completion of the building and the utilities services which will render the building fully operational, e.g. gas, electricity, water, telephone connections, and of any such facilities, which the consumer has the right to use;
2) the date of completion of the building and the utilities services rendering it fully operation, e.g. gas, electricity, water, telephone connections, and a reasonable estimate of the date of completion of any such facilities, which the consumer has the right to use;
3) the number of the building permit and the name and address of the administrative agency which exercises supervision over the building;
4) a guarantee regarding completion of the building or a guarantee regarding reimbursement of any payment made if the building is not completed and, where appropriate, the conditions governing the operation of such guarantees.
(21) In good time before the consumer enters into a long-term holiday product contract or makes a binding declaration of intent, the trader shall submit to the consumer on a durable medium which is easily accessible to the consumer in a clear and comprehensible manner and free of charge the following information:
1) name, address and legal status of the trader which is a party to the contract;
2) short description of the long-term holiday product contract;
3) exact nature and content of the right;
4) exact period within which the right which is the subject of the contract may be exercised and, if necessary,
its duration;
5) date on which the consumer may start to exercise the contractual right;
6) fee to be paid by the consumer for acquiring the right, including any recurring costs the consumer can expect
to incur resulting from the right of the consumer to obtain access to the building, travel and any other related
products or services as specified in the contract;
7) equal amounts of instalments of the fee for each year of the length of the contract and the dates on which
they are due to be paid;
8) information on that after the first year the subsequent amounts may be adjusted by agreement of the parties
to ensure that the real value of those instalments is maintained, for instance to take account of inflation;
9) outline of additional obligatory costs imposed under the contract, e.g. annual fees, including type of costs
and indication of amounts;
10) summary of key services available to the consumer, e.g. discounted hotel stays and flights, etc.;
11) information concerning whether the cost of using key services are included in the costs indicated in clause
6) of this subsection;
12) specification of what is included in the costs indicated in clause 6) of this subsection and what has to
be paid for, if the cost of using the key services are not included in the costs indicated in clause 6) of this
subsection;
13) the information specified in clauses (1) 16) to 20) of this section.
(22) In addition to the information specified in subsection (21) of this section, the trader shall also present to the consumer the following information:
1) an appropriate and correct description of discounts available for future bookings, illustrated by a set of examples of recent offers;
2) information concerning the restrictions on the consumer's ability to exercise the rights, such as limited availability or offers provided on a first-come-first-served basis, and time limits on particular promotions;
3) the information specified in clauses (11) 8), 9) and 13) of this section;
4) indication of the language available for communication with the trader in relation to the contract, for
instance in relation to the handling of queries and complaints.
(23) In good time before the consumer enters into an agency agreement or makes a binding declaration of intent, the trader shall submit to the consumer, on a durable medium which is easily accessible to the consumer, in a clear and comprehensible manner and free of charge the following information:
1) name, address and legal status of the trader which is a party to the contract;
2) short description of the service, e.g. concerning marketing;
3) duration of the contract;
4) charge to be paid by the consumer for acquiring the services;
5) outline of additional obligatory costs imposed under the contract, e.g. local taxes, notary fees, advertising
expenses, including type of costs and indication of amounts;
6) the information specified in clauses (1) 16), 17), 19) and 20) of this section;
7) prohibition of advance payments until the entry into of the contract intermediated or expiry of the agency
agreement in any other manner according to which it is explained that the prohibition concerns any payments,
provision of guarantees, explicit acknowledgement of debt and performance of other such transactions or acts,
and it includes not only payment to the intermediaries, but also to third parties.
(24) In addition to the information specified in subsection (23) of the section, an intermediary shall also present to the consumer the information specified in clauses (11) 9) and 13) and clause (22) 4) of this section.

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(25) In good time before the consumer enters into an exchange system contract or makes a binding declaration of intent, the trader shall submit to the consumer, on a durable medium which is easily accessible to the consumer, in a clear and comprehensible manner and free of charge the following information:
1) name, address and legal status of the trader which is a party to the contract;
2) short description of the right;
3) exact nature and content of the right;
4) exact period within which the right which is the subject of the contract may be exercised and, if necessary,
its duration;
5) date on which the consumer may start to exercise the contractual right;
6) charge to be paid by the consumer for the exchange membership fees;
7) outline of additional obligatory costs imposed under the contract, e.g. renewal fees, other recurrent fees,
levies, local taxes, including type of costs and indication of amounts;
8) summary of key services available to the consumer;
9) information concerning whether the cost of using the services are included in the costs specified in clause 7)
of this subsection;
10) specification of what is included in the costs indicated in clause 7) of this subsection and what has to be
paid for, including type of costs and indication of amounts, e.g. an estimate of the amount to be paid by the
consumer for individual exchange transactions, including all additional charges;
11) information specified in clause (1) 17) of this section and information stating that in the cases where the
exchange system contract is offered at the same time with entry into the contract relating to the purchase of the
right to use the building on a timeshare basis, only a single withdrawal period shall apply to both contracts;
12) the information specified in clauses (1) 16), 18), 19) and 20) of this section.
(26) In addition to the information specified in subsection (25) of this section, the trader shall also present to the consumer the following information:
1) explanation of how the exchange system works, including the possibilities and modalities for granting the use on timeshare basis, an indication of the value allotted to the consumer's timeshare in the exchange system and examples of specific possibilities for granting the use;
2) an indication of the number of resorts available and the number of members in the exchange system, including all limitations on the availability of the building selected by the consumer, for example, as the result of peak periods of demand, the potential need to book a long time in advance, and indications of any restrictions on the choice resulting from the timeshare rights deposited into the exchange system by the consumer;
3) a brief and sufficient description of the immovables and their location, or a sufficient description of the building and the facilities attached to it, if the object of the contract is not an immovable, and a description of where the consumer can obtain further information;
4) information on the obligation of the trader to provide details before the grant of use is arranged in respect of the grant of use, and of any additional charges for which the consumer is liable in respect of the exchange;
5) the information specified in clauses (11) 8) and 9) of this section;
6) the information specified in subsection clause (22) 4) of this section.
(27) The information specified in subsections (1), (21), (23) and (25) of this section shall be presented to the consumer according to the standard information form set out in Annexes I, II, III and IV to Directive 2008/122/ EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on the protection of consumers in respect of certain aspects of timeshare, long-term holiday product, resale and exchange contracts (OJ L 33, 03.02.2009, pp. 10-30).
The trader may use the applicable standard information form for submission of the information specified in
subsections (11), (2), (22), (24) and (26) of this section. If the information specified in subsections (11), (2),
(22), (24) and (26) of this section is not submitted to the consumer on a standard information form, the standard information form shall refer to the place where the respective information may be accessed.
(3) A trader may change the information contained in the precontractual information before entry into a contract only if this is necessary due to force majeure circumstances. The data contained in the precontractual information may be changed by agreement of the parties. These changes shall be communicated to the consumer on a durable medium easily accessible to the consumer before the contract is entered into.
(4) Any advertising referring to the right to use a building on a timeshare basis, long-term holiday product contract, exchange system and the intermediation thereof shall always indicate the possibility to access the precontractual information specified in subsections (1) to (26) of this section and the place at which the precontractual information may be accessed.
(41) Where a contract relating to the purchase of the right to use buildings on a timeshare basis, long-term holiday product contract, exchange system contract or agency agreement is to be offered to a consumer at a promotion or sales event, the trader shall clearly indicate the commercial purpose and the nature of the event in the invitation. The information specified in subsections (1) to (26) of this section shall be accessible by the consumer according to the type of the contract offered during the whole promotion or sales event.
(42) A right to use a building on a timeshare basis and a long-term holiday product shall not be defined as an investment product or service in any advertising or offer.

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(5) Before the entry into the contract, the trader shall explicitly draw the consumer's attention to the existence of the right of withdrawal, the length of the withdrawal period referred to in § 383 of this Act, and the ban on advance payments during the withdrawal period referred to in § 385 of this Act.
(6) Code of conduct means a set of rules or agreement not imposed by legislation, which describes the activities of the trader having joined it in certain economic of professional activities and which the trader undertakes to comply with.
[RT I, 04.02.2011, 2 - entry into force 23.02.2011]
(7) The provisions on the obligation to provide precontractual information specified in subsection 14 (2) and
§ 141of this Act shall not apply to preparations for entry into contracts relating to the purchase of rights to use immovable properties on a timeshare basis, long-term holiday product contracts exchange system contracts or agency agreements.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

§ 381. Requirements for contracts

(1) A contract relating to the purchase of the right to use the building on a timeshare basis, long-term holiday product contract, exchange system contract and agency agreement shall be entered into in writing unless more stringent requirements for the format are provided by law. The contract or a copy of the contract shall be given to the consumer immediately after the entry into thereof.
(2) Information contained in the precontractual information specified in § 380 of this Act shall form a part of the contract. In addition to the information specified in subsections 380 (1) and (2) of this Act in the case of
a contract relating to the purchase of the right to use the building on a timeshare basis, information specified
in subsections 380 (21) and (22) of this Act in the case of a long-term holiday product contract, information specified in subsections 380 (23) and (24) of this Act in the case of an agency agreement, information specified in subsections 380 (25) and (26) of this Act in the case of an exchange system contract, the contract shall also contain the following information:
1) the name, address and signature of the contracting parties;
2) the date and place of entry into the contract.
(3) If the information contained in the precontractual information has been changed by agreement of the parties or due to force majeure for the purposes of subsection 380 (3) of this Act, the contract shall explicitly refer to
the amendment.
(4) The consumer shall sign separately the contractual clauses which contain the provisions of subsection
380 (5) of this Act. The contract shall include a standard form for right of withdrawal intended to facilitate the
exercise of the right of withdrawal.
(5) The standard form for right of withdrawal shall be established by a regulation of the minister responsible for the area.
[RT I, 04.02.2011, 2 - entry into force 23.02.2011]

§ 382. Language of precontractual information and contract

(1) The precontractual information provided for in § 380 and the contracts provided for in § 381 of this Act shall be prepared, as chosen by the consumer, in one of the following languages:
1) Estonian;
2) the language of another member state of the European Union which is the state of residence of the
consumer;
3) the language of this member state of the European Union of which the consumer is a citizen.
[RT I, 04.02.2011, 2 - entry into force 23.02.2011]
(2) In the case of a contract relating to the purchase of the right to use the building on a timeshare basis, the object of which is one specific immovable and the contract is drawn up in a language other than that of the state where the building is situated, the trader shall provide an authenticated translation of the contract to the consumer in the language of the state in which the building is situated.
(3) If the state of residence of the consumer is Estonia, the trader shall provide a translation of the contract in
Estonian to the consumer.

§ 383. Right of consumer to withdraw

(1) A consumer may withdraw from a contract within 14 days as of the date of entry into the contract. If the consumer receives the contract or a copy of the contract later than specified in the first sentence of this

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subsection, the withdrawal period shall start from the day the consumer receives it. The provisions of this section concerning contracts also apply to preliminary contracts.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(2) If the consumer is provided the standard form for right of withdrawal specified in the second sentence of subsection 381 (4) of this Act in a filled in form on a durable medium within one year from the day when the withdrawal period specified in subsection (1) of this section starts, the withdrawal period is deemed to start on the day when the consumer receives such standard form.
[RT I, 04.02.2011, 2 - entry into force 23.02.2011]
(21) The consumer may withdraw from the contract within one year and fourteen days from the day when the withdrawal period specified in subsection (1) of this section starts if the trader has failed to submit in a filled in form the standard form for right of withdrawal specified in subsection 381 (5) of this Act on a durable medium to the consumer.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(3) If the information specified in subsections 380 (1) to (26) of this Act is submitted to the consumer on a durable medium within three months from the day when the withdrawal period specified in subsection (1) of this section start, the withdrawal period is deemed to start on the day when such information is given to the consumer.
[RT I, 04.02.2011, 2 - entry into force 23.02.2011]
(31) The consumer may withdraw from the contract within three months and fourteen days from the day when the withdrawal period specified in subsection (1) of this section starts if the trader has failed to submit the information specified in subsections 380 (1) to (26) of this Act on a durable medium to the consumer.
[RT I, 04.02.2011, 2 - entry into force 23.02.2011]
(32) Contract terms which impede the right of withdrawal from being exercised, in particular agreements pursuant to which withdrawal is bound to payment of earnest money or a contractual penalty, are void. [RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(4) If a consumer withdraws from a contract, the trader shall not demand a charge for the services provided or the use of the building or any other expenses related to the contract.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(5) The consumer's withdrawal application shall be in a format which can be reproduced in writing. The consumer may use the standard form of application for withdrawal specified in subsection 381 (5) of this Act for submitting a standard for right of withdrawal.
[RT I, 04.02.2011, 2 - entry into force 23.02.2011]
(6) The deadline for withdrawal is deemed to have been observed by the consumer if the consumer has sent a respective notice to the supplier within the withdrawal period.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

§ 384. Effect of withdrawal on consumer credit contract

[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(1) If the amount payable on the basis of the contract is fully or partly covered by the trader or a third person by the credit granted based on an agreement between the third person and the trader and the contract is a contract economically linked to a consumer credit contract for the purposes of § 414 of this Act, the consumer is deemed to have also withdrawn, in the case of withdrawal from the contract under the conditions provided for in § 383
of this Act, from the consumer credit contract and collateral contracts linked thereto.
(2) In the case specified in subsection (1) of this section, a consumer shall not be required to pay interest or other expenses in the case of withdrawal from a consumer credit contract.
[RT I, 04.02.2011, 2 - entry into force 23.02.2011]
(3) If credit is provided by a third party and the amount of the credit has already been paid to the trader, the rights and obligations of the trader with regard to the consumer transfer to the creditor in the case of withdrawal by the consumer.

§ 3841. Effect of withdrawal to related contract

[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(1) If the consumer exercises the right of withdrawal specified in § 383 of this Act with regard to the contract relating to the purchase of the right to use a building on a timeshare basis or long-term holiday product contract, the consumer is deemed to have also withdrawn from the contract linked to the contract relating to the purchase of the right to use the building on a timeshare basis or long-term holiday product contract, which the consumer

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has entered into with the trader or the third person based on an agreement between the third person and the trader.
(2) In the case specified in subsection (1) of this section, the trader or the third person shall not demand payment by the consumer for any expenses for withdrawal from a contract linked to the contract relating to the purchase of the right to use the building on a timeshare basis or long-term holiday product contract.

§ 385. Prohibition on demanding and accepting advance payments

(1) In the case of a contract relating to the purchase of the right to use a building on a timeshare basis, long-term holiday product contract and exchange system contract, the trader or the third person is prohibited to demand
and accept from a consumer any payments, provision of guarantees, explicit acknowledgement of debt and performance of other such transactions or acts prior to the expiry of the withdrawal period specified in § 383 of this Act.
(2) In the case of an agency agreement, the trader or the third person is prohibited to demand or accept from the consumer any payments, provision of guarantees, explicit acknowledgement of debt and performance of other such transactions or acts before the actual entry into the contract intermediated or expiry of the agency agreement.

§ 3851. Specifications for long-term holiday product contracts

(1) In the case of long-term holiday product contracts, the payment shall be in instalments of equal value for each year of the duration of the contract. The trader shall send a corresponding notice to the consumer on a durable medium at least 14 days before the due date for the payment of the instalment.
(2) From the second instalment period onwards, the consumer has the right to cancel the contract without incurring any expenses by giving notice to the trader within fourteen days as of receiving the last notice specified in subsection (1) of this section.

§ 386. Application of provisions

The provisions of this Chapter apply to a contract entered into with a consumer residing in Estonia or in another member state of the European Union if the immovable, building or any part thereof which is the object of the contract is located in Estonia or if the trader pursues commercial or professional activities in Estonia or the contract is entered into as a result of a public tender, advertising or other similar economic activities in Estonia, or if the contract is essentially linked to the territory of Estonia for any other reason, regardless of the state
which state's law applies to the contract.

§ 387. Prohibition on violation of provisions

A person or institution provided by law may, pursuant to the procedure provided by law, demand that a supplier who has violated the provisions provided in this Chapter concerning transfers terminate the violation and avoid any such violation.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

§ 388. Mandatory nature of provisions

Agreements which derogate from the provisions of this Chapter to the detriment of the consumer are void.

Chapter 21 CONTRACT OF LOAN FOR USE

§ 389. Definition of contract of loan for use

By a contract of loan for use, one person (the lender) undertakes to grant the use of an object to another person
(the borrower) free of charge.

§ 390. Liability of lender

(1) The lender shall be liable for any damage caused to the borrower by violation of the contract of loan for use only if the lender acts intentionally or with gross negligence.
(2) If the lender intentionally does not notify the borrower of the rights of a third party to the object or of the defects of the object, the lender shall compensate the borrower for the damage caused thereby.

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§ 391. Costs of preservation of object

(1) The borrower shall bear the expenses necessary for preservation of the object granted for use.
(2) The borrower may demand the reimbursement of expenses other than those specified in subsection
(1) of this section only pursuant to the provisions regarding negotiorum gestio. The borrower may remove
improvements made to the thing by the borrower if this is possible without damaging the thing.

§ 392. Use of object

(1) The borrower may use the object only in the manner prescribed in the contract or, in the absence of an agreement, in a manner arising from the nature of the object or the purpose of use thereof.
(2) The borrower shall not transfer use of the object to a third party without the consent of the lender.
(3) The borrower shall not be liable for any alterations to or deterioration in an object lent if such alterations or deterioration are caused by the contractual use.

§ 393. Obligation to return

(1) The borrower shall return the lent object upon expiry of the term for use.
(2) If the term for use of the object is not specified, the object shall be returned after the purpose of the contractual use of the object has been attained. The lender may also demand that the object be returned earlier if the period during which the borrower could have attained the purpose of use has passed.
(3) If the term of use of the object is not specified and does not derive from the purpose of use of the object, the lender may cancel the contract and demand the return of the object at any time after entry into the contract.
(4) If the borrower transfers the use of the object to a third party, the lender may also demand that the object be returned by the third party after expiry of the contract.

§ 394. Extraordinary cancellation of contract by lender

The lender may cancel the contract of loan for use, regardless of the provisions of § 393 of this Act, and demand the return of the lent object if:
1) the lender needs the object due to unforeseeable circumstances;
2) the borrower uses the object contrary to the provisions of § 392 of this Act, in particular by unjustifiably
transferring use of the object to a third party or if the object is seriously endangered due to violation of the
obligations of the borrower;
3) the borrower is a natural person and dies or the borrower is a legal person and is dissolved.

§ 395. Expiry of claims

(1) Claims of lenders for compensation for damage on account of alterations to or deterioration in a lent object shall expire within six months as of the return of the object.
(2) Claims of borrowers for reimbursement of expenses or removal of improvements shall expire within six months as of the expiry of the contract.
(3) The limitation period for a claim for return of a lent thing begins to run upon termination of the contract.

Chapter 22 LOAN AGREEMENT AND CREDIT AGREEMENT

Division 1

General Provisions

§ 396. Definition of loan agreement

(1) By a loan agreement, one person (the lender) undertakes to grant a sum of money or a fungible thing (a
loan) to another person (the recipient of the loan), and the recipient of the loan undertakes to repay the same sum
of money or return a thing with the same characteristics in the same amount and with the same quality.
(2) A person who owes a sum of money or a fungible thing on any other legal basis may agree with the obligee that the sum of money or thing is owed as a loan.
(3) The provisions of this Chapter also apply if the objects of a loan agreement are things with specific characteristics, particularly securities, unless the parties have agreed otherwise.

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§ 397. Loan interest

(1) Interest shall be paid on loans granted in economic or professional activities. In the case of other loan agreements, interest shall be paid only if so agreed.
(2) If the interest rate is not agreed on in the agreement, the ordinary rate which is usual in the case of loans of the same type at the time when and in the place where the loan is granted is presumed to be the rate or, in the absence of an ordinary rate, the rate provided for in § 94 of this Act is deemed to be the rate.
(3) Interest shall be calculated and paid at the end of each calendar year. If a loan is to be repaid before the end of a year, interest shall be paid upon repayment of the loan.
(4) The provisions of subsections (1) to (3) of this section do not preclude or restrict the rights of the parties as regards penalties for late payment.

§ 398. Ordinary cancellation of loan agreement entered into for unspecified term

(1) If the term for repayment of a loan is not agreed, the lender may demand repayment of the loan after cancellation of the loan agreement. The lender and the recipient of the loan may cancel the loan agreement entered into for an unspecified term by giving at least two months' notice.
(2) The recipient of a loan may cancel the loan agreement without interest and repay the loan without giving advance notice.

§ 399. Extraordinary cancellation of loan agreement by lender

(1) A lender may cancel a loan agreement and demand immediate repayment of the loan if:
1) according to the agreement, the loan is to be repaid in parts and the recipient of the loan delays the
repayment of more than two parts or delays the repayment of one part for longer than three months;
2) the recipient of the loan fails to perform the obligation to pay interest;
3) the recipient of the loan violates the requirement to use the loan only for a certain specified purpose.
(2) A lender may cancel a loan agreement before the grant of the loan or may refuse to grant the loan if the financial situation of the recipient of the loan has deteriorated such that the repayment of the loan is at risk or if the recipient of the loan has knowingly submitted false information in order to obtain the loan. The lender also has this right if the recipient of the loan has become insolvent before entry into the agreement and if this becomes known to the lender only after entry into the agreement.

§ 400. Extraordinary cancellation of unfixed interest rate loan agreement by borrower

[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(1) The recipient of an unfixed interest rate loan may cancel the loan agreement at any time by giving at least three months' notice.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(2) A loan agreement is not deemed to have been cancelled by the recipient of the loan pursuant to subsection (1) of this section if the recipient does not repay the loan within two weeks after the cancellation enters into force.
(3) Any agreement to preclude the right of cancellation which belongs to the recipient of a loan who is a consumer pursuant to subsections (1) and (2) of this section or to impair the exercise thereof is void.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(4) The provisions of this section do not apply to a consumer credit contract, in the case of which the consumer may perform the obligations arising from it before the prescribed time pursuant to § 411 of this Act.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]

§ 401. Credit agreement

(1) A credit agreement is an agreement by which one person (the creditor) undertakes to transfer a sum of money (the credit) to the disposal of another person (the debtor), and the debtor undertakes to pay a fee for the use of the credit and repay the credit upon the expiry of the agreement.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(2) The postponement of a due date for a charge, leasing or any other similar financial accommodation may be the object of a credit agreement.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]

Law of Obligations Act Page 109 /

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(3) The provisions concerning loan agreements apply to credit agreements unless otherwise provided by law.

§ 4011. Credit intermediation contract

A credit intermediation contract is a contract by which one person (credit intermediary) undertakes to arrange, for a charge, for credit to be granted to consumers in the course of the economic or professional activities of the credit intermediary or to indicate the possibility to enter into a credit contract or undertakes, in the interests of and for the benefit of the creditor, to negotiate or enter into contracts in the name and on account of the creditor independently and on a permanent basis.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]

§ 4012. Freedom to contract insurance together with credit contract

(1) If the conditions of a credit contract prescribe the obligation of the debtor to enter into an insurance contract, the conditions of the credit contract concerning the main subject matter of the contract shall not depend on
which insurer having the right to engage in insurance activities in Estonia the debtor chooses or the services of which insurance intermediary having the right to engage in mediation activities in Estonia the debtor uses upon entry into the insurance contract, if the insurance contract entered into provides insurance cover equivalent to
the insurance contract offered by the insurer preferred by the creditor or mediated by the insurance intermediary.
(2) The creditor is required to inform the debtor of the freedom of choice provided for in subsection (1) of this section prior to entry into the credit contract.
(3) Upon violation of the prohibition provided for in subsection (1) of this section, the policyholder has the right to cancel the insurance contract which was the condition for entry into the credit contract. The credit contract is valid under the former terms and conditions.
[RT I, 07.07.2015, 1 - entry into force 01.01.2016]

Division 2

Consumer Credit Contract and Contracts Linked Thereto

§ 402. Definition of consumer credit contract and consumer credit contract relating to residential immovable property

[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1 - entry into force 21.03.2016]
(1) A consumer credit contract is a credit contract by which a creditor, in the course of the economic or professional activities thereof, grants or undertakes to grant credit or a loan to a consumer.
(2) A consumer credit contracts relating to residential immovable property is a consumer credit contract which is secured by a mortgage or another comparable security, or a consumer credit contract which objective is the acquirement of a registered immovable, membership in a building association or an existing or planned building, or preservation of the specified rights.
(3) The provisions concerning consumer credit contracts apply to consumer credit contracts relating to residential immovable property, unless otherwise provided for in this Division.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1 - entry into force 21.03.2016]

§ 403. Application of provisions

(1) Where the credit intermediation activities are carried out as an ancillary activity, the credit intermediary is not required to perform the obligations specified in subsections 541(6) and (7), subsection 551(3), §§ 4031and
4034and subsections 407 (21) to (23) of this Act. The provisions of this subsection shall not apply to consumer
credit contracts relating to residential immovable property.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1 - entry into force 21.03.2016]
(2) The provisions of this Division also apply to contracts entered into by a natural person to obtain credit to commence independent economic or professional activities in the case where the credit to be drawn down or
the net price of the thing or service to be acquired for the credit does not exceed an amount equivalent to 50,000 euros.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(21) The provisions of this Division also apply to any agreements to amend pre-existing consumer credit contracts which involve postponement of a due date for a charge or payment of additional fees.
[RT I, 11.03.2015, 1 - entry into force 01.10.2015]
(22) The provisions of this Division pertaining to credit intermediaries also apply to any persons engaged in economic or professional activity who arrange for credit to be granted to consumers while the credit is granted

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by any person who is not engaged in that person's economic or professional activity. The provisions of this
Division apply to credit contracts entered into in the manner specified in the previous sentence.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1 - entry into force 21.03.2016]
(3) The provisions of this Division do not apply to credit contracts or credit intermediation contracts:
1) [repealed - RT I 2009, 18, 108 - entry into force 01.05.2009]
2) [repealed - RT I 2009, 18, 108 - entry into force 01.05.2009]
3) entered into between an employer and an employee as an ancillary activity, free of interest or at the annual
percentage rate below which is lower than the market average and if the entry into such contract is not offered to
third persons;
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
4) in the case of which the liability of the consumer for the obligations arising from a consumer credit contract
shall be limited only to the value of the pledged thing in the possession of the creditor;
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
5) which the consumer enters into with an investment firm or credit institution in the course of provision of
ancillary investment services specified in clause 44 2) of the Securities Market Act;
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
6) which are of no fixed duration or which is due to be repaid within 12 months, used by the consumer as a
temporary financing solution while transitioning to another financial arrangement for the immovable property.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1 - entry into force 21.03.2016]
(31) The exclusions provided for in clauses (3) 4) and 5) of this section shall not apply to consumer credit contracts relating to residential immovable property.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1 - entry into force 21.03.2016]
(4) The provisions of subsections 407 (21) to (25), (32); (4) and (41) and §§ 414 and 417 shall not apply to consumer credit contracts relating to residential immovable property.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1 - entry into force 21.03.2016]
(41) The provisions of § 411 of this Act do not apply to lease contracts which do not prescribe the obligation of the consumer to purchase the object of the contract.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(5) The provisions of §§ 409 and 410 and subsection 414 (2) shall not apply to credit contracts entered into as a judicial compromise.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1 - entry into force 21.03.2016]
(51) The provisions of subsection 541(6), subsection 551(3), §§ 4031and 4035, subsections 404 (2) to (22), subsections 407 (4) and (41), § 409, subsection 410 (2), §§ 411, 4141 and 4142of this Act do not apply to overdraft agreements specified in subsection 407 (21) of this Act. The provisions of this subsection shall not apply to consumer credit contracts relating to residential immovable property.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1 - entry into force 21.03.2016]
(52) Only the provisions specified in subsections 407 (4) and (41) and § 415 of this Act apply to the overdraft agreements specified in subsection 407 (4) of this Act. The provisions of this subsection shall not apply to consumer credit contracts relating to residential immovable property.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1 - entry into force 21.03.2016]
(53) The provisions specified in subsection 407 (21) of this Act with regard to consumer credit contracts apply to such contracts pursuant to which credit shall be repaid within three months and in the case of which insignificant charges have to be paid.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(54) The provisions of this Division pertaining to consumer credit contracts relating to residential immovable property shall not apply to consumer credit contracts which are entered into with restricted number of consumers under a statutory provision with a general interest purpose and on the terms and conditions which are more favourable to the consumer than those prevailing on the market.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1 - entry into force 21.03.2016]
(6) The provisions of this Division apply to consumer credit contracts entered into with a consumer residing in Estonia or in a Member State of the European Union even if the contract is entered into as a result of a public tender, advertising or other similar economic activities in Estonia or if the contract is essentially linked to the territory of Estonia for any other reason, regardless of the state whose law is applicable to the contract.
[RT I 2003, 78, 523 - entry into force 27.12.2003]

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§ 4031. Precontractual information

(1) The consumer shall be given the opportunity to compare different offers in order to make an informed decision on entry into the consumer credit contract. For this purpose, the creditor or credit intermediary shall provide the consumer, in good time before the consumer enters into a contract or is bound by their offer, on a durable medium on the Standard European Consumer Credit Information form the following information based on the terms and conditions of the contract of the creditor and, if applicable, preferences expressed and the information submitted by the consumer:
1) the name and address of the creditor;
2) the type of credit;
3) the amount of credit drawn down or the upper credit limit;
4) the terms and conditions of governing the drawdown;
5) the duration of the consumer credit contract;
6) the amount of the principal sum, interest and any other charges (hereinafter repayment) number and
frequency of repayments as at the time of submitting the information and, where appropriate, which payments
arising from the consumer credit contract are covered by the repayment made by the consumer in the case of
outstanding balances charged at different interest rates;
[RT I, 03.12.2012, 1 - entry into force 01.05.2013]
7) the total amount of all the payments made by the consumer for repayment of the credit and the payments
made to cover the total cost of the credit;
8) the annual interest rate and the conditions governing the application of that rate. In the case of an unfixed
interest rate, the creditor shall specify the periods, conditions and procedure for changing thereof. Where the
loan interest depends on the reference interest rate, the reference rate applicable to the initial interest rate shall
be specified. If different interest rates apply in difference circumstances, the above mentioned information in
respect of all the applicable interest rates;
[RT I, 04.02.2011, 2 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
9) the annual percentage rate;
10) a warning regarding the consequences of missing payments;
11) the annual or daily rate of penalty applicable upon delay of payments and the arrangements for the
adjustment thereof, and, where applicable, any costs payable upon a delay;
[RT I, 11.03.2015, 1 - entry into force 01.10.2015]
12) the existence or absence of a right of withdrawal;
13) the right of early repayment, and, where applicable, information concerning the creditor's right to
compensation and the way in which the compensation is determined;
14) the consumer's right to be informed immediately and free of charge pursuant to subsection 4034(10) of this
Act of the information used for the purposes of assessing the consumer's creditworthiness;
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1 - entry into force 21.03.2016]
15) the consumer's right to get a copy of the draft consumer credit contract from the creditor free of charge
pursuant to the provisions of subsection (6) of this section.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(2) The creditor or the credit intermediary shall also provide the consumer in addition to the information specified in subsection (1) of this section the following information using the Standard European Consumer Credit Information form:
1) the name and address of the credit intermediary, if the entry into the consumer credit contract is provided by a credit intermediary;
2) charges deriving from the consumer credit contract and the conditions under which those charges may be changed, if the consumer is charged. Such charges include, for example, the charges for maintaining an account recording payment transactions and drawdowns, unless the opening of an account is optional, and charges for using a means of payment for both payment transactions and drawdowns;
3) securities, if securities are required from the consumer;
4) the obligation to enter into a contract where the entry into a collateral contract, in particular an insurance
policy, is compulsory in order to obtain the credit or to obtain it on the terms and conditions offered;
5) the obligation to pay notary fees if the consumer is to cover these fees upon entry into the consumer credit
contract;
6) a clear and concise statement that the consumer credit contract shall not guarantee the repayment of the
credit drawn down under the consumer credit contract if the payments made by the consumer do not give rise to
an immediate reduction of the obligation of the consumer to the creditor but are used to constitute capital during
periods and under conditions laid down in the credit contract or in a collateral contract. No such statement is
submitted if the repayment of the credit drawn down under the consumer credit contract is guaranteed;
7) the period of time during which the creditor is bound by the precontractual information, if the creditor has
determined such period of time pursuant to subsection (7) of this section;
8) in the case of a consumer credit contract the object of which is the acquisition of a thing, provision of a
service or financing of another object of the contract and in the case of economically linked consumer credit
contracts, the thing or service which is the object of the contract and its cash price (net price). In the case of a
leasing contract, the price for which the lessor purchases the object of leasing is deemed to be the net price.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(3) The total cost of the credit to the consumer means all the costs, including interest, commissions, taxes and other fees which the consumer is required to pay in connection with the consumer credit contract and which are or should be known to the creditor. The notary fees shall not be taken into account upon calculation of the total cost of the credit. Where a collateral contract, in particular an insurance contract, has to be entered into in order

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to obtain a credit or to obtain it on the terms and conditions offered, the costs arising from the specified contract, in particular insurance premiums, shall also be taken into account upon calculation of the total cost of the credit. [RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(4) The total amount of all the payments made by the consumer for the repayment of the credit and covering the total cost of the credit and the annual percentage rate specified in clauses (1) 7) and 9) of this section shall be provided by means of a representative example. The creditor shall specify all the information and assumptions used in order to calculate the annual percentage rate. Where the consumer has informed the creditor of the consumer's preferred terms and conditions of the contract, such as the duration of the consumer credit contract, amount of credit or upper credit limit, the creditor shall take the information obtained from the consumer into account upon providing a representative example.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(5) Where the consumer credit contract provides different ways of drawdown with different charges or interest rates relating to the consumer credit contract and the creditor uses the assumption provided for in subsection
4061(2) of this Act, the creditor shall indicate that other drawdown mechanisms for this type of consumer credit contract may result in higher annual percentage rates.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(6) At the request of the consumer, the creditor shall also supply the consumer, free of charge, with a copy of the draft consumer credit contract in addition to the Standard European Consumer Credit Information form, unless the creditor is not willing to continue precontractual negotiations with the consumer.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(7) The creditor may designate a term during which the consumer is bound by the precontractual information provided to the creditor.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(8) The formats of the Standard European Consumer Credit Information form shall be established by a regulation of the minister responsible for the area. The Standard European Consumer Credit Information form shall not be altered or supplemented. Any information which the creditor wishes to supply to the consumer in addition to the provisions of this section shall be provided in a separate document which may be annexed to the Standard European Consumer Credit Information form.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(9) In the case of distance consumer credit contracts, the creditor is deemed to comply with the requirements for information specified in subsections 541(1) and (3) of this Act if the creditor has provided the Standard European Consumer Credit Information form to the consumer with the information specified in this section and additional information concerning distance marketing of financial services.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(10) The obligation specified in subsection (1) of this section to supply the precontractual information on the Standard European Consumer Credit Information form shall not apply to such consumer credit contracts which are entered into with a restricted number of consumers under a statutory provision with a general interest purpose and on the terms and conditions which are more favourable to consumers than those prevailing on the market or at interest rates which are lower than those prevailing on the market.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(11) The provisions on the obligation to provide precontractual information specified in subsection 14 (2) and §
141of this Act shall not apply to the obligation to provide precontractual information specified in this section. [RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

§ 4032. Implementation of principle of responsible lending

[Repealed - RT I, 11.03.2016, 1 - entry into force 21.03.2016]

§ 4033. Precontractual information in case of consumer credit contracts relating to residential immovable property

(1) The creditor or the credit intermediary provides the consumer with the personalised precontractual information so that the consumer can compare the consumer credit contracts relating to residential immovable property available on the market, assess the implications of the contracts and make an informed decision on entry into a credit contract. The creditor or credit intermediary provides the consumer with the precontractual information taking into consideration the information received from the consumer on his or her needs, financial situation and preferences in accordance with the provisions of clause 4034(1) 1) and subsections (2), (3) and (4) of this Act. The consumer is provided with the information without undue delay after receipt of the information

Law of Obligations Act Page 113 /

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specified in the previous sentence from the consumer and at the same time within a reasonable time before the consumer enters into a consumer credit contract relating to residential immovable property or makes a binding offer.
(2) The creditor or the credit intermediary provides the information referred to in subsection (1) of this section to the consumer on a durable medium in the European Standardised Information Sheet.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1 - entry into force 01.07.2016]
(3) The format of the European Standardised Information Sheet shall be established by a regulation of the minister responsible for the area.
(4) The European Standardised Information Sheet may not be amended or supplemented, except in the
European Standardised Information Sheet or in the cases specified in the instructions on how to complete it. Any
information with which the creditor wishes to provide the consumer in addition to the information contained
in the information sheet or must provide pursuant to law shall be given in a separate document which may be
annexed to the European Standardised Information Sheet.
(5) If an offer is made to the consumer which is binding on the creditor, it is provided on a durable medium together with the European Standardised Information Sheet unless the consumer was already earlier provided with the European Standardised Information Sheet or the characteristics of the offer are different from the information contained in the European Standardised Information Sheet.
(6) If an offer is made to the consumer which is binding on the creditor, the creditor or the credit intermediary shall also provide the consumer, in addition to the European Standardised Information Sheet, a copy of a draft consumer credit contract.
(7) In the case of consumer credit contracts relating to residential immovable property entered into at distance, it shall be deemed that the creditor complies with the requirements on information provided for in subsection
541(1) of this Act if the consumer has been provided, prior to entry into the contract, with the European
Standardised Information Sheet according to this section.
(8) The provisions on the obligation to provide precontractual information specified in subsection 14 (2) and §
141of this Act do not apply to the obligation to provide precontractual information specified in this section. [RT I, 11.03.2016, 1 - entry into force 21.03.2016]

§ 4034. Implementation of principle of responsible lending

(1) A creditor is obliged to comply with the principle of responsible lending in connection with consumer credits. To comply with the principle of responsible lending, the creditor is obliged, prior to entry into a consumer credit contract:
1) to acquire information which allows to assess whether the consumer is able to pay back the credit under the conditions agreed upon in the credit contract (hereinafter creditworthiness) and
2) to assess the creditworthiness of the consumer.
(2) In assessing the creditworthiness of a consumer, the creditor shall adhere to due diligence. In assessing the creditworthiness of the consumer, the creditor shall take into consideration all the circumstances known to the creditor which may have an impact on the consumer's ability to repay the credit under the terms and conditions agreed upon in the contract, including the consumer's financial situation, regular income, other financial obligations, performance of earlier payment obligations and the impact of potential increase of the financial obligations arising from the consumer credit contract by means of determining the extent of the
required assessment operations according to the terms and conditions of the consumer credit contract, available consumer data and the amount of the financial commitment undertaken. Upon performance of the obligation provided for in previous sentence, the creditor must also be based on the provisions of clauses 49 (1) 1) to 7), clauses (2) 1) to 3), clauses (3) 1) to 3) and subsection (7) of the Creditors and Credit Intermediaries Act.
(3) In order to obtain information necessary for an assessment of creditworthiness, the creditor shall request information from the consumer, if necessary, and use appropriate databases. The consumer must provide the creditor with correct and complete information which is necessary for assessment of his or her creditworthiness.
(4) In order to obtain the information which allows assessing of the creditworthiness of a consumer, a creditor shall inform the consumer about what kind of information specified in subsection (2) of this section, which evidence to prove it and during which term the consumer must submit to the creditor. The creditor verifies
the information provided by the consumer according to subsections 50 (3) and (4) of the Creditors and Credit
Intermediaries Act.
(5) The creditor shall not promote or encourage the consumer not to provide the information required for the assessment of the credit status of the consumer. The creditor shall warn the consumer that if the consumer
fails to provide the information or evidence necessary for assessment of the creditworthiness and therefore the creditor is unable to assess the creditworthiness of the consumer, no consumer credit contract can be entered into with the consumer.

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(6) The creditor may enter into a consumer credit contract with the consumer only in the case the creditor is sure as a result of analysing the data constituting the basis for the assessment of creditworthiness in aggregate that the consumer is creditworthy.
(7) If the creditor violates the provisions of subsection (6) of this section, the interest rate of the consumer credit contract shall be deemed to be the interest rate provided for in § 94 of this Act, unless this is higher than the interest rate earlier agreed upon. The consumer shall owe no other fees to the creditor in this case. The creditor shall redetermine the repayments taking into account the reduction of the interest rate and other expenses,
and communicate these to the consumer. The provisions of this subsection shall not apply if the consumer intentionally did not provide information according to subsections (3) and (4) of this section or falsified the information provided to the creditor and as a result thereof the creditor made an incorrect assessment of the creditworthiness of the consumer.
(8) In addition to the provisions of subsection (7) of this section, the consumer has the right to use other appropriate legal remedies, except for compensation for damage to the extent which is covered by reduction of the interest rate.
(9) Where the creditor and the consumer agree to change the amount of credit drawn down by the consumer or the upper credit limit after the entry into the consumer credit contract, the creditor shall update the information
at the disposal of the creditor concerning the creditworthiness of the consumer and assess the creditworthiness of the consumer each time before changing the amount of the credit or upper limit of the credit.
(10) If the decision not to enter into a consumer credit contract with the consumer is made on the basis of consulting any databases, the creditor shall inform the consumer immediately and free of charge of the results
of such consultation and of the details of the databases used. The information obtained from databases shall not be provided if the provision of such information is prohibited by legislation or is contrary to objectives of public policy or public security.
(11) If the creditor decides not to enter into a consumer credit contract relating to residential immovable property with the consumer, the creditor shall immediately inform the consumer of its decision, and if the decision is based on automated processing of data, even of this fact.
(12) The creditor is not obliged to assess the creditworthiness of the consumer if the consumer credit contract to be entered into is a contract which is entered into with a restricted number of consumers under a statutory provision with a general interest purpose and on the terms and conditions which are more favourable to the consumer than those prevailing on the market or at interest rates which are lower than those prevailing on the market.
(13) If necessary, a creditor shall demonstrate the performance of the obligations required for compliance with the principles of responsible lending.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1 - entry into force 21.03.2016]

§ 4035. Provision of explanations to consumers

(1) Prior to entry into a consumer credit contract, the creditor is obliged to provide the consumer with adequate explanations in order to place the consumer in a position enabling the consumer to assess whether the proposed consumer credit contract corresponds to the needs and the financial situation of the consumer. In the case of consumer credit contracts relating to residential immovable property, the creditor or the credit intermediary is obliged to also provide the consumer, in addition to the explanations given according to the previous sentence, with explanations of the ancillary agreement proposed to the consumer so that the consumer could assess whether the ancillary agreement corresponds to the needs and financial situation of the consumer.
(2) If it may be presumed that the consumer needs or requests additional explanations concerning the precontractual information provided pursuant to § 4031of this Act, the essential characteristics and effect that the contracts proposed to the consumer may have on the consumer, including consequences of payments delayed
by the consumer, then the creditor or credit intermediary is obliged to provide additional explanations to the consumer and warn the consumer of potential risks upon obtaining a consumer credit.
(3) In the case of consumer credit contracts relating to residential immovable property, the explanations shall in particular include:
1) the precontractual information provided to the consumer according § subsection 4033of this Act, if the explanations are given by the creditor, and the precontractual information provided pursuant to §§ 4033and
4171of this Act if the explanations are given by the credit intermediary;
2) the essential characteristics of the products proposed;
3) the specific effects which the products proposed may have on the consumer, including the consequences of
default in payment by the consumer; and

Law of Obligations Act Page 115 /

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4) information about whether the contract can be terminated separately and the implications for the consumer for doing so, where ancillary agreements are bundled with a consumer credit contract.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1 - entry into force 21.03.2016]

§ 404. Application of consumer to enter into contract

(1) In the case of a consumer credit contract, an application submitted by a consumer to assume obligations
shall be in a format which can be reproduced in writing. The contract or a copy of the contract shall be promptly
given to the consumer on a durable medium.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(2) A declaration of intent of the consumer shall set out the following information in a clear and concise manner:
1) the name and address of the consumer;
2) the information specified in clauses 4031(1) 1) to 11) of this Act;
3) the right of the consumer to request from the creditor, free of charge and at any time throughout the duration
of the consumer credit contract, the consumer credit contract amortisation table which specifies the term of
repayment of the principal sum;
4) a statement showing the periods and conditions for the payment of the interest and of any associated
recurrent and non-recurrent charges if the charges and interest have to be paid without repaying the principal
sum of the credit;
5) the existence or absence of the right of withdrawal, the period during which that right may be exercised
and other conditions governing the exercise thereof, including information concerning the obligation of the
consumer pursuant to subsection 409 (3) of this Act to repay the principal sum of the credit and the interest
accrued thereon from the date the credit was drawn down until the date of repayment thereof to the creditor, and
the amount of interest per day;
[RT I, 04.02.2011, 2 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
6) in the case of an economically linked consumer credit contract, the rights arising from § 414 of this Act and
the procedure for the exercise thereof;
7) the procedure for cancellation of consumer credit contracts;
8) the right of early repayment, the procedure for early repayment, as well as information concerning the
creditor's right to compensation and the way in which that compensation will be calculated;
9) the name and address of the competent supervisory authority;
10) the information concerning the possibility for out-of-court resolution of disputes arising from consumer
credit contracts;
11) the securities and insurance required from the consumer, if required;
12) the information specified in clauses 4031(2) 2), 5) and 6) of this Act;
(13) where applicable, other contractual terms and conditions. [RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(21) The annual percentage rate specified in clauses 4031(1) 7) and 9) of this Act and the total amount of all the payments made by the consumer for repayment of the credit and the payments made to cover the total cost of
the credit shall be calculated as at the time of entry into the consumer credit contract and all the information and assumptions used in order to calculate the annual percentage rate shall be specified in the contract.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(22) At the request of the consumer, the creditor shall make available to the consumer, free of charge and at any time throughout the duration of the consumer credit contract, an amortisation table specified in this clause (2)
3) of this section. The amortisation table shall indicate the amounts owing and the due dates and conditions of repayment of such amounts. The table shall contain a breakdown of each repayment showing the repayment of the principal sum of the credit, the interest calculated on the basis of the annual interest rate and any additional costs, where the consumer is required to pay additional costs. In the case of an unfixed interest rate consumer credit contract or in the case the additional costs may be changed under the consumer credit contract, the amortisation table shall indicate, clearly and concisely, that the data contained in the table remain valid only until such time as the interest rate or the additional costs are changed in accordance with the consumer credit contract.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(23) Upon entry into consumer credit contracts relating to residential immovable property, a declaration of
intent of the consumer must indicate, in addition to the information provided for in subsection (2) of this section,
the following information in a clear and concise manner:
1) the name and address of the credit intermediary, if the entry into the consumer credit contract relating to
residential immovable property is provided by a credit intermediary;
2) the currency of the credit;
3) the information stating that the consumer credit contract is in foreign currency, if it is such a contract;
4) the maximum credit amount in the national currency of the consumer, if it is a consumer credit contract in
foreign currency and the parties agree upon such maximum amount;
5) the conditions for converting the consumer credit contract into the national currency of the consumer or
another procedure applied to limit the exchange rate risk for the consumer on the basis of the credit contract, if it
is a foreign currency consumer credit contract;

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6) if applicable, the information on that during the term of the consumer credit contract, the consumer shall pay only interest (interest-only consumer credit contract);
7) the amount owed by the consumer after the expiry of the consumer credit contract, if it is an interest-only consumer credit contract;
8) the assumed value, at the time of entry into the contract, of the registered immovable over which the security is created, if the consumer is required to create such a security;
9) information on the law applicable to the consumer credit contract, if the contract is entered into at a distance. [RT I, 11.03.2016, 1 - entry into force 21.03.2016]
(3) [Repealed - RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011] (4) [Repealed - RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]

§ 4041. Information concerning interest rate

(1) Changes of interest rates shall enter into force in the case of a consumer credit contract if the creditor has notified the consumer beforehand, on a durable medium, of the change in the interest rate. The information shall state the amount of payments due after the entry into force of the new interest rate and where the number or frequency of the payments changes, the respective particulars thereof.
(2) The parties may agree in the consumer credit contract that the information specified in subsection (1) shall be provided to the consumer periodically in the cases where the change in the interest rate is caused by a change in a reference rate, and the new reference rate is made publicly available by appropriate means and the information concerning the new reference rate is available in the premises of the creditor. In the case of
consumer credit contracts relating to residential immovable property, the creditor provides the consumer with the information on the reference interest rate in addition to the information provided for in subsection (1) of this section.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1 - entry into force 21.03.2016]
(3) Where changes in the interest rates of consumer credit contracts relating to residential immovable property are determined by way of auction on the capital markets and it is therefore impossible for the creditor to inform the consumer of any change before the change takes effect, the creditor shall, within reasonable time before the auction, inform the consumer on a durable medium thereof and provide information on how the interest rate can be affected by the auction.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1 - entry into force 21.03.2016]

§ 405. Contracts to finance acquisition of things or provision of services

1) In the case of a consumer credit contract the object of which is the acquisition of a thing, provision of a service or financing of another object of the contract and in the case of economically linked consumer credit contracts, the following shall be indicated in the contract:
1) In the case of a consumer credit contract the object of which is the acquisition of a thing, provision of a service or financing of another object of the contract and in the case of economically linked consumer credit contracts, the following shall be indicated in the contract:
1) a description of the thing, service or other performance of an act which is the object of the contract;
2) the price of the thing or service acquired for the credit, if payment is to be made immediately (net price);
21) the information specified in subsections 404 (2) and (21) of this Act. [RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(2) [Repealed - RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(3) In the case of a leasing contract, the price for which the lessor purchases the object of leasing is deemed to be the net price.
(4) [Repealed - RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]

§ 406. Annual percentage rate

(1) The annual percentage rate of the credit is the total cost of the credit to the consumer expressed as an annual percentage of the credit amount drawn down or the upper credit limit provided that the consumer credit contract is valid for the agreed term and that the creditor and the consumer fulfil their obligations under the terms and conditions and by the dates agreed upon in the consumer credit contract.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(2) The total cost of the credit to the consumer determined upon calculation of the annual percentage rate of the credit does not contain the costs which the consumer is required to bear upon violation of the obligations arising from the contract, or costs which the consumer is required to bear in connection with the acquisition of a thing

Law of Obligations Act Page 117 /

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or the use of a service. Upon calculation of the annual percentage rate, the price of the thing or the charge for the use of the service shall be taken into account regardless of whether the payment for the thing or the use of the service is made by means of drawing down the credit or not.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(3) The costs of the charges for using the means of payment enabling the payment transactions and drawdowns, and charges for maintaining such an account where the payment transactions and drawdowns are made and other charges relating to payment transactions shall be taken into account upon calculation of the total cost of the credit, unless the opening of the account is optional and the costs of the account have been clearly and separately shown in the consumer credit contract or in any other contract entered into with the consumer.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(4) [Repealed - RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(5) If changes in the interest rate or changes unquantifiable at the time of calculation have been agreed, the consumer credit contract shall set out, instead of the annual percentage rate, the initial annual percentage rate based on the initial interest rate and other conditions at the time of entry into the contract as if they were to be applicable during the whole term of the contract.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(51) If it is known at the time of entry into force of the credit contract that certain costs will change upon expiry of a specific period, this shall be taken into account upon calculation of the rate.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(52) In the case of consumer credit contracts relating to residential immovable property for which a fixed interest rate is agreed initially for at least five years and at the end of which negotiations are held for determining a fixed interest rate for a new period of substantial length, the additional illustrative annual percentage rate in the European Standardised Information Sheet shall take into consideration only the period with the initially fixed interest rate and the calculation is based on the assumption that the outstanding principal amount shall is repaid at the end of the fixed interest rate period.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1 - entry into force 21.03.2016]
(53) Where consumer credit contracts relating to residential immovable property allow for variations in the interest rate according to the consumer credit contracts, the consumer shall be informed of possible impacts of variations in the interest rate on the amounts payable and on the annual percentage rate at least in the
European Standardised Information Sheet. For this purpose, the consumer shall be also provided another annual percentage rate, which illustrates the possible risks linked to a significant increase in the interest rate. Where the interest rate is not capped, this information shall be accompanied by a warning which highlights that the total cost of the credit for the consumer, shown in the annual percentage rate, may change. The provisions of this
subsection do not apply in the case specified in subsection (52) of this section. [RT I, 11.03.2016, 1 - entry into force 21.03.2016]
(6) The specific procedure for calculation of the annual percentage rate based on the requirements of the
European Union shall be established by the minister responsible for the area.

§ 4061. Additional assumptions for calculation of annual percentage rate

(1) If a consumer credit contract allows the consumer to choose the time of drawdown by the consumer, the total amount of the credit shall be deemed to be drawn down immediately and in full upon calculation of the annual percentage rate.
(2) If a consumer credit contract provides different ways of drawdown with different charges and interest rates, the total amount of the credit shall be deemed to be drawn down at the highest charges and interest rate applied to the most common drawdown mechanism for this type of consumer credit contracts.
(3) If a consumer credit contract provides different ways of drawdown but the consumer credit contract imposes, among the different ways of drawdown, a limitation with regard to the amount and period of time, the total amount of the credit shall be deemed to be drawn down on the earliest date provided for in the contract in accordance with those drawdown limitations upon calculation of the annual percentage rate.
[RT I, 03.12.2012, 1 - entry into force 01.05.2013]
(4) If it is not an overdraft, it is deemed upon calculation of the annual percentage rate in the case of a consumer credit contract for an unspecified term and a consumer credit contract pursuant to which the credit has to be repaid within a certain term or after the expiry of a certain term, whereafter drawdown is possible again, that:
1) the credit is provided for a period of one year as of the first drawdown of the credit and the consumer shall repay with the last payment the whole remaining principal sum, interest and other charges, if any;
2) the credit drawn down shall be repaid in twelve equal repayments at equal intervals as of when one month has passed from the first drawdown of the credit. If the principal sum has to be repaid in full during each payment term as a single payment, it shall be deemed upon calculation of the annual percentage rate that thereafter the credit is drawn down and the repayments are made within one year;

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3) the interest and other charges are calculated on the credit drawn down pursuant to the consumer credit contract and the interest and other charges are paid together with the repayments of the principal sum.
[RT I, 03.12.2012, 1 - entry into force 01.05.2013]
(41) If it is not an overdraft, it is deemed upon calculation of the annual percentage rate in the case of a consumer credit contract relating to residential immovable property for an unspecified term and a consumer credit contract relating to residential immovable property pursuant to which the credit has to be repaid within a certain term or after the expiry of a certain term, whereafter drawdown is possible again, that:
1) the credit is provided for a period of 20 year as of the first drawdown of the credit and the consumer shall repay with the last payment the whole remaining principal sum, interest and other charges, if any, provided the objective of the consumer credit contract is to acquire or retain a right relating to immovable property;
2) the credit is provided for a period of one year as of the first drawdown of the credit and the consumer shall repay with the last payment the whole remaining principal sum, interest and other charges, if any, provided the objective of the consumer credit contract is not to acquire or retain a right relating to immovable property or if, in the case of a consumer credit contracts, the credit is drawn down by deferred debit cards or credit cards;
3) the credit drawn down shall be repaid in equal monthly payments at equal intervals after one month has passed from the first drawdown of the credit. If the principal sum has to be repaid in full during each payment term as a single payment, it shall be deemed upon calculation of the annual percentage rate that thereafter the credit is drawn down and the repayments are made within one year;
4) the interest and other charges are calculated on the credit drawn down pursuant to the consumer credit contract and are paid together with the repayments of the principal sum.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1 - entry into force 21.03.2016]
(5) If it is not an overdraft or a contract specified in subsections (4), (41), (11) and (12) of this section and if the amount of repayments is not determined, the amount of each repayment shall be deemed upon calculation of the annual percentage rate that it is the lowest for which the contract provides.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1 - entry into force 21.03.2016]
(6) If it is not an overdraft or a contract specified in subsections (4), (41), (11) and (12) of this section and if the date of making the repayments is not determined, it shall be deemed upon calculation of the annual percentage rate that the repayment is made on the earliest date provided for in the contract.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1 - entry into force 21.03.2016]
(61) If it is not an overdraft or a contract specified in subsections (4), (41), (11) and (12) of this section and if the date of entry into a consumer credit contract is unknown, it shall be deemed upon calculation of the annual percentage rate that the credit is first drawn down on the due date which will result in the shortest period of time between the due date of drawing down the credit and the due date of the first repayment.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1 - entry into force 21.03.2016]
(7) If the consumer credit contract does not specify the upper credit limit, it shall be deemed upon calculation of the annual percentage rate that the upper credit limit is 1500 euros.
(71) If a consumer credit contract relating to residential immovable property does not specify the upper credit limit, it shall be deemed upon calculation of the annual percentage rate that the upper credit limit is 170,000 euros. In the case of consumer credit contracts relating to residential immovable property which objective is not to acquire or retain any rights relating to immovable property or land, except for the credit contracts specified
in subsection (11) of this section, or in the case of which the credit is drawn down as overdrafts or by deferred debit cards or credit cards, it shall be deemed upon calculation of the annual percentage rate that the upper credit limit is 1500 euros.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1 - entry into force 21.03.2016]
(8) In the case of overdraft facilities the total amount of the credit shall be deemed to be drawn down for the whole duration of the of the overdraft agreement. If the duration of the overdraft agreement is not known,
the percentage rate shall be calculated on the assumption that the duration of the overdraft agreement is three months.
(81) If the date of making the repayment or the amount of the repayment cannot be determined pursuant to the consumer credit contract or the conditions provided for in subsections (4), (41, (5), (6), (61), (8), (11) or (12) of this section, it shall be deemed upon calculation of the annual percentage rate that the repayment is made on the due date and on the terms and conditions specified by the creditor.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1 - entry into force 21.03.2016]
(82) If the terms and conditions specified in subsection (81) of this section are unknown, it shall be deemed upon calculation of the annual percentage rate that:
1) the interest is paid together with the repayments of the principal sum of the credit;

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2) a single other charge, which is not interest, shall be paid on the day of entry into the consumer credit contract;
3) other multiple charges, which are not interest, shall be paid at regular intervals as of the due date of the first repayment of the principal sum and if the amount thereof is unknown, it shall be deemed that they are equal amounts;
4) the last payment shall pay the whole remaining principal sum, interest and other charges, if any. [RT I, 03.12.2012, 1 - entry into force 01.05.2013]
(9) If different interest rates and charges are offered to the consumer within a specified period, the interest rate and charges shall be deemed to be the agreed highest interest rate and the highest charges throughout the duration of the consumer credit contract upon calculation of the annual percentage rate.
(10) In the case of consumer credit contracts for which a fixed interest rate is agreed for the initial period, which is subsequently regularly adjusted according to an agreed indicator, it shall be deemed upon the calculation
of the annual percentage rate that starting from the end of the fixed interest rate period the interest rate is the interest rate deriving from the value of the agreed indicator in force at the time of calculation of the annual percentage rate.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(11) In the case of consumer credit contracts relating to residential immovable property which act as a guarantee to another separate but ancillary transaction and in the case of which the principal credit sum secured against
the immovable property is drawn down only in the case any event determined in the contract occurs, it shall be deemed upon calculation of the annual percentage rate that the credit is drawn down in full at the earliest of:
1) the latest draw down day of the credit which is permitted under the credit contract being the potential source of the liability or guarantee; or
2) in the case of a rolling credit contract at the end of the initial period prior to the rollover of the contract. [RT I, 11.03.2016, 1 - entry into force 21.03.2016]
(12) In the case of consumer credit contracts relating to residential immovable property, where the repayable principal sum of credit is based on a contractually set percentage of the value of the immovable property at the time of the principal sum repayment or repayments, it shall be deemed upon calculation of the annual percentage rate that:
1) the consumer makes the repayment on the latest day or days permitted under the consumer credit contract;
2) the percentage increases in value of the immovable property which secures the consumer credit contract, and
the rate of any inflation index referred to in the contract, shall be assumed to be a percentage equal to the higher
of the current Eesti Panktarget inflation rate or the level of inflation in the Member State where the immovable
property is located at the time of entry into the credit contract or zero, if those percentages are negative.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1 - entry into force 21.03.2016]

§ 4062. Maximum annual percentage rate

(1) A consumer credit contract is void, if the annual percentage rate payable by the consumer exceeds at
the time of granting the credit the past six months' average annual rate of consumer credits granted by credit
institutions to private individuals and last published by Eesti Pankfor more than three times. The calculation
of the average annual percentage rate of consumer loans granted to private individuals by credit institutions
specified in this subsection shall not take into account the consumer loans secured by mortgage. The publishing
of the average annual percentage rate shall be arranged by 1 January and 1 July of each year by Eesti Pankon its
website.
(2) In the event of assessment of conformity of the annual percentage rate payable by a consumer with the maximum annual percentage rate provided for in subsection (1) of this section, the costs relating to insuring of the object of leasing shall not be taken into account upon calculation of the annual percentage rate payable by consumers in the case of leasing contracts.
(3) If a consumer credit contract is void pursuant to the provisions of subsection (1) of this section, the consumer shall repay the amount received on the basis of the void consumer credit contract by the date by which the consumer had to repay the whole credit according to the void consumer credit contract. In this case, interest is due for the period of use of the credit at the rate provided for in subsection 94 (1) of this Act. The prerequisites provided for in § 4061of this Act shall apply to the determination of the terms and conditions for repayment of any amounts received on the basis of consumer credit contracts entered into for an unspecified term. The creditor shall redetermine the repayments and dates for repayments taking into account the reduction of the interest rate and other expenses, and communicate these to the consumer.
[RT I, 12.03.2015, 5 - entry into force 01.07.2015]

§ 407. Overdraft agreement

[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(1) An overdraft agreement means a consumer credit contract whereby a creditor permits the consumer to overdraw the payment account by a particular amount. The provisions concerning consumer credit contracts apply to overdraft agreements with the specifications provided for in this section.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]

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(2) [Repealed - RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(21) The consumer shall be given the opportunity to compare different offers in order to make an informed decision on entry into the overdraft agreement pursuant to which the credit has to be repaid on demand of the creditor or within three months. For this purpose, the creditor or credit intermediary shall provide the consumer in good time before the consumer enters into a contract or is bound by his offer, on a durable medium, the following information based on the terms and conditions of the contract of the creditor and, if applicable, preferences expressed and the information submitted by the consumer:
1) the information specified in clauses 4031(1) 1), 2), 3), 5), 11), 14) and 15) of this Act;
2) the information specified in clause 4031(2) 1) of this Act in the case of credit intermediation;
(3) the information concerning that the consumer may be requested to repay the amount of credit in full on demand at any time;
4) the annual interest rate and the conditions governing the application of that rate. Where the loan interest depends on the reference interest rate, the reference rate applicable to the initial interest rate shall be specified;
5) the annual percentage rate by means of a representative example indicating all the information and assumptions used in order to calculate the annual percentage rate;
6) the charges due from the time the contract is entered into and, where applicable, the conditions under which those charges may be changed;
7) the period of time during which the creditor is bound by the precontractual information, if the creditor has
determined such period of time pursuant to subsection 4031(7) of this Act. [RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(22) The information specified in subsection (21) of this section shall be provided in a clear and comprehensible manner. For the purpose of providing the information specified in subsection (21) of this section, the creditor or the credit intermediary may use the European Consumer Credit Information form established by a regulation of the minister responsible for the area for overdrafts.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(23) In the case of a distance contract specified in subsection (21) of this section, the creditor has fulfilled the information requirements specified in subsections 54 (11) and (2) of this Act if the creditor has provided the Standard European Consumer Credit Information form to the consumer for overdraft with the information specified in subsection (21) of this section and additional information concerning distance marketing of financial services.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(24) The contract specified in subsection (21) of this section shall provide, in a clear and comprehensible manner, the following information:
1) the information specified in clauses 4031(1) 1) to 5) and 8) of this Act;
2) the information specified in clause 4031(2) 1) of this Act;
3) the information specified in clause 404 (2) 1) of this Act;
4) the annual percentage rate and the total cost of the credit to the consumer;
5) the information specified in subsection clauses (21) 3) and 6) of this section. [RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(25) The annual percentage rate and the total cost of the credit to the consumer shall be calculated as at the time of entry into the overdraft agreement and the contract shall specify all the information and assumptions used in order to calculate the annual percentage rate.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(3) [Repealed - RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(31) The creditor shall notify the consumer regularly by providing a statement of account to the consumer a durable medium. A statement of account shall set out the following information:
1) the precise period to which the statement of account relates;
2) amounts drawn down by the consumer and dates of drawdowns;
3) the balance from the previous statement, and the date thereof;
4) the new balance;
5) the dates and amounts of payments made by the consumer;
6) applicable interest rate;
7) applicable charges;
8) the minimum amount to be paid if so agreed.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]

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(32) Changes of interest rates shall enter into force in the case of an overdraft agreement with unfixed interest rate if the creditor has notified the consumer beforehand on a durable medium of the change in the interest rate. In the overdraft agreement the parties may agree that the information concerning the change of the interest rate shall be provided in the manner specified in subsection (31) of this section in the cases where the change in
the interest rate is caused by a change in a reference rate, the new reference rate is made publicly available by appropriate means and the information concerning the new reference rate is available in the premises of the creditor.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(4) In the absence of an agreement to grant an overdraft and if the creditor allows the consumer to overrun the payment account or if the creditor permits the consumer to overrun the upper overdraft limit agreed upon in the overdraft agreement, the consumer shall be notified of the circumstances specified in clauses (21) 4) and 6) of this section. The creditor shall provide that information regularly on a durable medium.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(41) In the case of a consumer credit contract specified in subsection (4) of this section, the creditor shall inform the consumer without delay on a durable medium in the event of a significant overrunning of the payment account exceeding the period of one month:
1) of the overrunning;
2) of the amount of such overrunning;
3) of the interest rate;
4) of any contractual penalties, charges or interest on arrears applicable.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(5) [Repealed - RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(6) The provisions on the obligation to provide precontractual information specified in subsection 14 (2) and §
141of this Act shall not apply to the obligation to provide precontractual information specified in this section. [RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

§ 408. Consequences of failure to conform with format of contract

(1) A consumer credit contract is void upon failure to comply with the requirement for format provided for in subsection 404 (1) of this Act or the absence of any of the information provided for in §§ 404 or 405 of this Act.
(2) In the absence of the information provided for in subsection 404 (2) or (23) of this Act, a credit contract becomes valid if the consumer receives the loan or begins to use the credit.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1 - entry into force 21.03.2016]
(3) In the absence of information provided for in § 405 of this Act, a credit contract becomes valid if the thing is delivered or service is provided to the consumer or another obligation is performed with respect to the consumer.
(4) If, in the case specified in subsection (2) of this section, there is no information on the interest rate, annual percentage rate or initial annual percentage rate, or the gross amount of all the payments to be made by the consumer in order to repay the credit and bear the total cost of the credit, the interest rate provided for in §
94 of this Act is deemed to be the interest rate, unless this is higher than the interest rate previously agreed. If, in the case specified in subsection (2) of this section, there is no information on other expenses owed by a consumer, the consumer does not owe costs of which the consumer is not informed. The creditor shall re-
determine the repayments taking into account the reduction in the interest rate and other costs and inform the consumer thereof.
[RT I, 03.12.2012, 1 - entry into force 01.05.2013]
(5) If, in the case specified in subsection (3) of this section, there is no information on the gross amount of all the payments to be made by the consumer in order to repay the credit and bear the total cost of the credit, the annual percentage rate or the initial annual percentage rate, the interest rate shall not be higher than the interest rate provided for in § 94 of this Act unless this is higher than the interest rate previously agreed. If, in the case specified in subsection (3) of this section, there is no information on other expenses owed by a consumer,
the consumer does not owe costs of which the consumer is not informed. The creditor shall re-determine the repayments taking into account the reduction in the interest rate and other costs and inform the consumer thereof.
[RT I, 03.12.2012, 1 - entry into force 01.05.2013]
(6) If, in the case specified in subsection (2) of this section, the prerequisites for changing the conditions which affect the size of the costs relating to credit are not communicated to the consumer, the size of the costs relating to the credit shall not be changed to the detriment of the consumer.
(7) If, in the case specified in subsection (3) of this section, the net price is not communicated to the consumer, the market price is deemed to be the net price.

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(8) If, upon entry into a consumer credit contract, the creditor has not informed the consumer of the security which is required from the consumer, security may be demanded later only if the net amount of credit exceeds an amount equivalent to 50,000 euros.
(9) If the annual percentage rate is indicated in a consumer credit contract as being lower than the actual rate, the rate of interest which is agreed in the consumer credit contract shall be reduced by the percentage rate by which the indicated annual percentage rate is lower than the actual rate.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(10) If penalties for late payment are not expressed as annual and daily rates, the creditor has the right to demand penalties for late payment from a consumer only at the rates of the penalties for late payment provided for in the second sentence of subsection 113 (1) of this Act.
[RT I, 11.03.2015, 1 - entry into force 01.10.2015]

§ 409. Right of consumer to withdraw

(1) A consumer may withdraw from a consumer credit contract within 14 days without giving a reason. In
the case of consumer credit contracts relating to residential immovable property, the consumer may cancel the
consumer credit contract within seven days. If a consumer withdraws from a consumer credit contract, a person
who joined in an obligation arising from the consumer credit contract may also withdraw from the contract.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1 - entry into force 21.03.2016]
(2) The term specified in subsection (1) of this section commences to run as of the date of entry into the consumer credit contract or as of the date when the consumer received the contractual terms and conditions and the information specified in § 404 of this Act, if this date is later than the date of entry into the contract.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(21) If a consumer exercises the right to withdraw from a contract specified in subsection (1) of this section, the application for withdrawal shall be submitted before the expiry of the term specified in subsection (1).
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(3) The consumer shall repay the creditor immediately, but not later than within 30 days after submitting an application for withdrawal, the principal sum of the credit and the interest on the principal sum as of the drawdown of the credit until repayment of the principal sum. In the event of withdrawal, the creditor shall have no right to demand any other compensation from the consumer besides the non-returnable charges paid by the creditor based on a public law relationship in the credit relationship. The provisions of §§ 188-192 of this Act apply to other consequences of withdrawal.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(31) If the consumer fails to repay the credit within the term specified in the first sentence of subsection (3) of this section, the consumer is deemed not to have withdrawn from the contract.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(32) If the consumer exercises the right of withdrawal specified in this section with regard to the consumer credit contract, the consumer is deemed to have withdrawn from the collateral contract linked to the consumer credit contract which objective is to provide a service or another benefit and which the creditor or a third person provides based on an agreement between the third person and the creditor.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(4) If the consumer withdraws from a consumer credit contract which is economically linked to a contract
of sale for the purposes of § 414 of this Act, the provisions of § 414 of this Act apply to withdrawal from the
contract of sale.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(41) In the case of withdrawal from a leasing contract, the expenses relating to the return of the thing or compensation for services and the related risks shall be borne by the creditor. The parties may agree that the consumer bears the regular expenses relating to the return of the thing to the extent of 10 euros, except in cases where the thing delivered or service provided is not that which was ordered. If a consumer is not notified of
the right of withdrawal, the consumer shall, in the case of withdrawal, be liable only for any damage caused
to the thing intentionally or through gross negligence. The provisions of §§ 188-192 of this Act apply to other
consequences of withdrawal.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(5) [Repealed - RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011] (6) [Repealed - RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]

Law of Obligations Act Page 123 /

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(7) [Repealed - RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(8) Contract terms which impede the right of withdrawal from being exercised, in particular agreements pursuant to which withdrawal is bound to payment of earnest money or a contractual penalty, are void. [RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

§ 410. Consumer credit contract entered into as off-premises contract and distance contract

[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(1) The formal requirement specified in subsection 404 (1) of this Act shall not preclude distance consumer credit contracts. The contract or a copy of the contract shall be promptly given on a durable medium to the consumer having entered into a distance consumer credit contract.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(2) The consumer may withdraw from a consumer credit contract entered into as an off-premises contract or distance contract without specifying the reason for withdrawal only pursuant to the procedure and in the manner provided for in § 409 of this Act.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(3) [Repealed - RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]

§ 411. Right of consumers to early repayment

(1) A consumer may perform the obligations arising from a consumer credit contract in part or in full before the prescribed time. In such case, the consumer does not owe interest or other charges for the period when the credit is not used.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(11) If the early repayment of the credit falls within the period for which the interest rate is fixed, the creditor
has the right to demand only reasonable compensation from the consumer for the damage directly linked to early
repayment of the credit. The damage shall be determined in particular based on the opportunity of the creditor
to lend out the repaid credit on the loan market due to early repayment, taking into account the savings of the
creditor due to early repayment.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(12) The amount of the compensation specified in subsection (11) of this section shall not exceed one percent of the amount of the credit repaid early, if the period of time between the early repayment of the credit and termination of the consumer credit contract agreed in the consumer credit contract exceeds one year, and 0.5 percent of the amount of the credit repaid early, if this period does not exceed one year.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(13) The creditor shall not demand the compensation specified in subsection (11) of this section from the consumer, if the credit is repaid based on an insurance contract entered into for securing the repayment of the credit, in the case of overdraft facilities, or within the period for which the interest is not fixed.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(14) If the credit specified in subsection (11) of this section is a credit relating to residential immovable property, the limitations specified in subsection (12) of this section shall not preclude the right of the creditor to claim additional compensation from the consumer, if the creditor suffered a bigger loss due to early repayment of the credit.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1 - entry into force 21.03.2016]
(2) [Repealed - RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011] (3) [Repealed - RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(4) If the early repayment of a consumer credit contract relating to residential immovable property falls within the period for which the interest rate is not fixed, the creditor may claim from the consumer, differently from
the provisions of the second sentence of subsection (1) of this section, the amount of interest lost for the term of three following months.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1 - entry into force 21.03.2016]
(5) The compensation claimed from the consumer subject to this section shall not exceed the amount which the consumer would have paid as interest during the period between the early repayment and the date of expiry of the consumer credit contract.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(6) The creditor shall have no right to demand compensation from the consumer on the basis of subsections (11), (14) or (4) of this section if the creditor failed to comply with the provisions of clause 4034(6) of this Act. The provisions of this subsection shall not apply if the consumer intentionally did not provide information

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according to subsections 4034(3) and (4) of this Act or falsified the information provided to the creditor and as a result thereof the creditor made an incorrect assessment of the credit worthiness of the consumer.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1 - entry into force 21.03.2016]
(7) If the consumer informs the creditor of a desire to perform the obligations arising from the consumer credit contract relating to residential immovable property before the due date, the creditor shall provide the consumer immediately on a durable medium with the information necessary to consider that option. The information provided to the consumer shall contain the following data:
1) the early repayment amount;
2) the amount of the compensation demanded from the consumer according to subsections (11), (14) or (4) of this section;
3) the assumptions used which shall be reasonable and justifiable. [RT I, 11.03.2016, 1 - entry into force 21.03.2016]

§ 412. Assignment of claims of creditor arising from consumer credit contract

[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(1) If the creditor assigns a claim arising from the consumer credit contract, the consumer shall be informed of the assignment of the claim, unless the creditor continues to be an obligee with respect to the consumer by agreement with the new obligee.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(2) Agreements which preclude or restrict the right of a consumer to plead defences arising from a contract against third parties to whom the obligee assigns the claims arising from the consumer credit contract against the creditor or which preclude or restrict the right of set-off of the consumer are void.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]

§ 413. Use of bills of exchange and cheques

(1) Consumers shall not be required to give security for claims arising from a consumer credit contract by means of bills of exchange or to issue cheques, and creditors shall not accept such bills of exchange or cheques. [RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(2) If a bill of exchange or cheque specified in subsection (1) of this section is accepted, the consumer may reclaim this from the creditor at any time. The creditor shall compensate the consumer for the costs and damage caused by issue of the bill of exchange or cheque.

§ 414. Effect of withdrawal on economically linked contract of sale

[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(1) A contract of sale forms a contract linked to a consumer credit contract if the purpose of the credit contract is to finance the payment of a purchase price and both contracts are deemed to be economically uniform. Contracts are deemed to be economically uniform if the seller grants credit for financing the purchase price,
if the creditor uses the assistance of a seller in preparing or entering into the consumer credit contract or if the object of the contract of sale is explicitly specified in the consumer credit contract.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(2) If a consumer withdraws from a consumer credit contract pursuant to the provisions of § 409 of this Act, the consumer may also withdraw, during the term provided for in § 409 of this Act, from a contract of sale economically linked to the consumer credit contract. The deadline for withdrawal from an economically linked contract of sale is deemed to have been observed by the consumer if the consumer has submitted the application for withdrawal before the expiry of the term.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(21) If the credit amount is received by the seller, the rights and obligations of the seller are transferred to the creditor in the event of the seller's withdrawal from the contract of sale.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(22) In the case of withdrawal from a contract of sale, the expenses relating to the return of the thing and the related risks shall be borne by the seller. The parties may agree that the consumer bears the regular expenses relating to the return to the extent of 10 euros, except in cases where the goods delivered is not that which was ordered.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

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(23) If a consumer is not notified of the right of withdrawal, the consumer shall, in the case of withdrawal, be liable only for any damage caused to the thing intentionally or through gross negligence. The provisions of §§
188-192 of this Act apply to other consequences of withdrawal. [RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(24) Contract terms which impede the right of withdrawal from a contract of sale economically linked to a consumer credit contract being exercised, in particular agreements pursuant to which withdrawal is bound to payment of earnest money or a contractual penalty, are void.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(25) In the case of a distance contract of sale or an off-premises contact of sale, the provisions of §§ 492, 493,
561and 562of this Act apply mutatis mutandis.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(3) If the seller fails to perform the obligation to deliver a thing arising from the contract of sales linked to the consumer credit contract or if the thing does not confirm to the terms and conditions of the contract and the seller illegitimately refuses to follow the legal remedies of the consumer, the consumer may refuse to perform the consumer's obligations with respect to the creditor based on the contract of sale. If the consumer withdraws
from the contract of sale, the consumer may also withdraw from the credit contract linked to the contract of sale. [RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(4) The provisions of subsections (1) to (3) of this section also apply to consumer credit contracts by which the performance of obligations other than the delivery of things is financed.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(5) The provisions of subsections (1) to (3) of this section do not apply to consumer credit contracts the purpose of which is to finance the acquisition of securities, foreign currency or precious metals.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]

§ 4141. Specifications for ordinary cancellation of consumer credit contract for unspecified term

(1) If no period of notice has been agreed on ordinary cancellation of a consumer credit contract for unspecified term, the consumer may cancel the contract at any time without adhering to the term for advance notice. If a
term of advance notice is agreed, it shall not exceed one month.
(2) Ordinary cancellation of a consumer credit contract by the creditor is permitted if such possibility
is prescribed by the contract. The creditor's declaration of cancellation shall be in a format which can be
reproduced in writing and communicated to the consumer at least two months before the cancellation enters into
force unless a longer period of notice has been agreed in the contract. Any declaration of cancellation which
derogates from the formal requirements is void.
(3) If the right to cancel the contract is exercised with respect to the person, the cancellation not in compliance with the agreed term to the detriment of the person shall be deemed to enter into force upon expiry of the agreed term from the submission of the declaration of cancellation. If the creditor has the right to ordinary cancellation of the consumer credit contract but there is no agreement on the term of cancellation, the parties are deemed
to have agreed upon the term specified in subsection (2) of this section. Failure to comply with the term of cancellation shall not render the cancellation void.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]

§ 4142. Right of creditor to refuse drawdown

(1) In the case of a consumer credit contract for an unspecified term, the creditor may refuse drawdown to the consumer for good reason if this is agreed upon in the contract. Refusal is permitted in particular in the case of a significantly increased risk of the consumer being unable to fulfil the obligation to repay the credit or upon existence of circumstances which give reason to believe that the credit is drawn down for criminal purposes.
(2) In the case specified in subsection (1) of this section, the creditor shall inform the consumer of the refusal
to draw down the credit and the reasons therefor on a durable medium, unless the provision of such information
is prohibited or is contrary to objectives of public policy or public security. The consumer shall be notified in
advance, if possible, but at the latest immediately after the refusal to draw down the credit.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]

§ 415. Penalty for late payment and making of insufficient payments

(1) If a consumer delays the payments owed, any penalty for late payment demanded from the consumer shall not exceed the amount provided for in subsection 113 (1) of this Act. This does not preclude or restrict the right of the creditor to demand compensation for damage from the consumer in an amount which exceeds the penalty for late payment. Agreements which allow to claim payment of earnest money or contractual penalty from the consumer in the case of late payments are void.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]

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(2) If, on the basis of a consumer credit contract, a consumer has made a payment which is insufficient for the performance of all obligations which have fallen due, the payment shall cover:
1) firstly, the expenses incurred for collection of the debt;
2) secondly, the principal sum owed;
3) thirdly, interest;
4) fourthly, other obligations.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(3) The provisions of subsection (2) of this section do not apply if the consumer makes payments on the basis of an execution document which is prepared as a principal claim in order to reclaim interest.
(4) A creditor shall not refuse to accept insufficient payments. [RT I 2003, 78, 523 - entry into force 27.12.2003]

§ 416. Restrictions on cancellation of consumer credit contracts

(1) In the case where credit is repayable in tranches, the creditor may cancel the consumer credit contract due to a delay in payment by the consumer only if the consumer is wholly or partly in delay for at least three consecutive repayments and if the creditor has, without success, granted an additional term of at least two weeks to the consumer for the payment of the remaining amount together with notification that the creditor will cancel the contract upon failure to pay the tranches within the term and will claim for payment of the whole debt. The creditor's declaration of cancellation shall be in a format which can be reproduced in writing, and upon failure to comply with such requirement the cancellation is deemed void.
(2) A creditor shall, not later than at the same time as granting a term specified in subsection (1) of this section, offer a consumer the opportunity to negotiate in order to reach an agreement.
(3) If a creditor cancels a contract, the total outstanding amount of all the payments made by the consumer for repayment of the credit and the payments made to cover the total cost of the credit shall be respectively reduced by the interest and the costs calculated for the consumer for the period when the credit is not used.
[RT I, 03.12.2012, 1 - entry into force 01.05.2013]
(4) The creditor may cancel the contract in the case the creditor was unable to correctly assess the creditworthiness of the consumer because the consumer knowingly withheld information specified in § 4034of this Act or falsified the information submitted to the creditor. The provisions of the first sentence of subsection (1) and of subsection (2) of this section shall not apply to cancellation of consumer credit contracts according to this provision.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1 - entry into force 21.03.2016]

§ 417. Withdrawal of creditor from consumer credit contract

[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(1) If a consumer is in delay with the repayment of credit, the creditor may withdraw from the consumer credit contract the object of which is the delivery of things or performance of obligations for payment of repayments only under the conditions specified in subsection 416 (1) of this Act.
[RT I, 03.12.2012, 1 - entry into force 01.05.2013]
(2) [Repealed - RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]

§ 4171. Additional notification obligation of credit intermediary

(1) A credit intermediary shall notify a consumer prior to entry into a credit intermediation contract of the following:
1) the extent of the powers of the credit intermediary, in particular whether the credit intermediary works with one or more creditors or independently;
2) the amount of the fee payable for credit intermediation, if this is paid by the consumer.
(11) In the case of residential property credit intermediation, the credit intermediary shall provide the consumer within a reasonable period of time before conducting the operations provided for in § 4011of this Act on a durable medium with the following information:
1) the name and address of the credit intermediary;
2) the name of the register in which the credit intermediary is entered, the registration number, where
applicable, and the means for verifying such registration;
3) the information on whether the credit intermediary is tied to or works exclusively for one creditor (credit
agent) or more creditors and in such case the name of the creditor for which the intermediary acts as an
intermediary;

Law of Obligations Act Page 127 /

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4) the information on whether the credit intermediary offers advisory services;
5) the method of calculating the fee payable by the consumer for the information or credit intermediation
specified in clause (1) 2) of this section, if it is impossible to indicate the amount of the fee;
6) the procedure allowing to register complaints internally about credit intermediaries which can be used by
the consumer and other interested parties and, where appropriate, the means by which recourse to out-of-court
complaint and redress procedures can be sought;
7) the existence and, where known, the amount of commissions or other inducements payable by the creditor or
third parties to the credit intermediary for their services in relation to the credit contact.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1 - entry into force 21.03.2016]
(12) credit intermediaries who are not credit agents for the purposes of § 21 of the Creditors and Credit Intermediaries Act but who receive commission from one or more creditors shall, at the consumer's request, provide information in the case of intermediation of credit relating to residential immovable property on the amounts of the commission payable by different creditors with whom entry into credit contracts is being offered to the consumer. The consumer shall be informed that the consumer has the right to request such information. [RT I, 11.03.2016, 1 - entry into force 21.03.2016]
(13) Where a credit intermediary charges a fee to the consumer and at the same time receives commission from the creditor or a third party, the credit intermediary shall explain to the consumer in the case of intermediation of credit relating to residential immovable property whether the commission will be offset against the fee either in part or in full.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1 - entry into force 21.03.2016]
(14) A credit intermediary may announce that the credit intermediary is independent if the credit intermediary complies with the requirements provided for in subsections 51 (2) and (4) of the Creditors and Credit Intermediaries Act.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1 - entry into force 21.03.2016]
(15) If the amount of the costs specified in clause (11) 7) of this section is unknown at the time of providing the information, the credit intermediary shall inform the consumer that the actual amount of the fees will be disclosed later in the European Standardised Information Sheet.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1 - entry into force 21.03.2016]
(2) The credit intermediary shall notify the creditor of the fee payable by the consumer to the credit intermediary in such a manner that the creditor would be able to take it into account upon calculation of the annual percentage rate.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]

§ 418. Requirements for credit intermediation contract

[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(1) A credit intermediation contract shall be entered into in a format which can be reproduced in writing before the consumer submits an application for assuming the obligations arising from the consumer credit contract for the purposes of subsection 404 (1) of this Act.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(11) A credit intermediation contract shall set out:
1) the extent of the powers of the credit intermediary, in particular whether the credit intermediary works with
one or more creditors or independently;
2) the amount of the fee payable by the consumer to the credit intermediary;
3) the fact whether the credit intermediary also agrees the fee with the creditor and the amount of such fee.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(12) Credit intermediation contracts relating to residential immovable property shall indicate the information specified in subsection 4171(12) of this Act.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1 - entry into force 21.03.2016]
(2) A credit intermediation contract and a credit application shall not be contained in one document. (3) A credit intermediary shall issue a copy of a contract to the consumer.
(4) Credit intermediation contracts which do not comply with the requirements provided for in subsection (1), clauses (11) 2) or 3), subsection (12) or (2) of this section are void.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1 - entry into force 21.03.2016]

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§ 419. Commission payable to credit intermediaries

(1) A consumer shall pay commission to a credit intermediary only if the consumer is granted credit as a result of the activities of the intermediary and the consumer can no longer withdraw from the consumer credit contract pursuant to § 409 of this Act.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(2) If credit is taken for the early payment of other credit with the knowledge of the credit intermediary, the credit intermediary has the right to receive commission only if the annual percentage rate or the initial annual percentage rate does not increase. Upon calculation of the annual percentage rate or the initial annual percentage rate for repayable credit, the possible intermediation costs for the repayable credit shall not be taken into
account.
(3) With respect to services related to arranging for credit to be granted to a consumer or informing the consumer of the possibility to enter into a consumer credit contract, a credit intermediary shall not claim anything other than the commission specified in subsections (1) or (2) of this section and, with the agreement of the consumer, reimbursement of the necessary expenses incurred by the credit intermediary.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]

§ 4191. Provision of advisory services in case of consumer credit contracts relating to residential immovable property

(1) Advisory services means the provision of independent and personal recommendations to the consumer upon offer of a credit relating to residential immovable property in respect of one or more contracts entered into for receipt of consumer credit relating to residential immovable property.
(2) Advisory services constitute a separate activity from granting of credits and credit intermediation activities. Advising is not considered to include provision of precontractual information to the consumer for the purposes of § 4033or provision of explanations to the consumer about consumer credit contracts for the purposes of §
4035of this Act.
(3) In the cases not regulated by the provisions of this section, the provisions of § 51 of the Creditors and Credit Intermediaries Act and the provisions of this Act concerning authorisation agreements apply to provision of advisory services.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1 - entry into force 21.03.2016]

§ 4192. Foreign currency consumer credit contracts relating to residential immovable property

(1) If a consumer credit contract relating to residential immovable property is not entered into in the currency of the Member State of the European Union (foreign currency) where the consumer had the permanent residence
at the time of entry into the contract (national currency of the consumer), the consumer may require conversion of the consumer credit contract into the national currency of the consumer or into the currency of the Member State of the European Union where the permanent residence of the consumer currently is, if the value of the total amount payable by the consumer which remains outstanding or of the regular instalments increases by more
than 20 % due to changes in the exchange rate from what it would be according to the exchange rate applicable at the time of entry into the credit contract.
(2) The parties may agree in the consumer credit contract relating to residential immovable property that the national currency of the consumer is in addition to that provided for in subsection (1) of this section or instead of it the currency in which the consumer primarily receives income or holds assets from which the credit is to be repaid, and which was determined at the time the most recent creditworthiness assessment of the consumer was made. In the case specified in the previous sentence, the consumer has the right to request recalculation of
the contract into the national currency of the consumer on the terms and conditions specified in subsection (1) of this section.
(3) The exchange rate applicable to conversion is the applicable exchange rate on the day of conversion published by Eesti Pank, unless otherwise provided in the consumer credit contract relating to residential immovable property.
(4) The parties may agree in the consumer credit contract relating to residential immovable property that in addition to the right to convert provided for in subsections (1) and (2) of this section or instead of this there are other arrangements in place to limit the exchange rate risk to which the consumer is exposed under the consumer credit contract.
(5) In the case of consumer credit contracts relating to residential immovable property entered into in foreign currency, the creditor warns the consumer each month on a durable medium if the value of the total amount payable by the consumer which remains outstanding or the regular instalments increases by more than 20 per

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cent compared to what the total amount payable by the consumer which remains outstanding or the regular instalments would be according to the exchange rate applicable at the time of entry into the consumer credit contract in the national currency of the consumer. The warning shall inform the consumer of a rise in the total amount payable by the consumer, set out where applicable the right to convert the contract and the conditions for conversion and explain any other applicable mechanism for limiting the exchange rate risk to which the consumer is exposed.
(6) The consumer shall be informed of the opportunities provided for in subsections (1), (2) and (4) of this section in the European Standardised Information Sheet established on the basis of subsection 4033(3) of this Act and in the consumer credit contract relating to residential immovable property.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1 - entry into force 21.03.2016]

§ 4193. Tying of entry into consumer credit contracts relating to residential immovable property to other financial services

(1) The creditor may not make the entry into a consumer credit contract relating to residential immovable property dependant on entry into a contract for provision of another financial service in such a manner that separate entry into a consumer credit contract relating to residential immovable property is impossible. The provisions in the previous sentence do not include offers of consumer credit contracts relating to residential immovable property together with contracts for provision of other financial services if the consumer credit contract relating to residential immovable property can be also entered into separately but on the same terms and conditions as together with entry into any other contact.
(2) Regardless of the provisions of subsection (1) of this section, the creditor may make entry into a consumer credit contract relating to residential immovable property dependant on the obligation of the consumer to:
1) enter into a contract for opening a payment or savings account where the only purpose of the account held on the basis of this contract is to accumulate capital for the performance of the obligations arising from the consumer credit contract relating to residential immovable property, or to pool resources to obtain the credit, or to provide additional security for the creditor in the event of default by the consumer, or
2) enter into a contract for provision of investment services or, in the case such a contract has already been entered into, to continue the performance thereof where it provides additional security for the creditor in the event of default or if the purpose thereof is to accumulate capital to perform the obligations arising from the consumer credit contract relating to residential immovable property or to pool resources to obtain the credit.
(3) If the entry into a consumer credit contract relating to residential immovable property is made dependant on entry into an insurance contract, the provisions of § 4012of this Act apply.
(4) The creditor may make entry into a consumer credit contract relating to residential immovable property dependant on entry into another contract if the creditor is able to demonstrate to the competent authorities that bundled contracts or categories of contracts offered on the same terms and conditions which are not available separately are clearly beneficial for the consumer, taking due account of the availability of these contracts on the market and the fee paid on the basis thereof.
(5) The contract on the entry into which the entry into the consumer credit contract relating to residential immovable property is made dependant is void if the prohibition provided for in subsection (1) of this section was violated. The consumer credit contract relating to residential immovable property shall continue under the hitherto terms and conditions.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1 - entry into force 21.03.2016]

§ 420. Prohibition on violation of provisions

A person or institution provided by law may, pursuant to the procedure provided by law, require a creditor and credit intermediary who has violated the provisions provided in this Division to terminate such violation and refrain from future violation.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

§ 421. Mandatory nature of provisions

Agreements which derogate from the provisions of this Division to the detriment of the consumer are void. The provisions of this Division also apply if an attempt is made to avoid application of the provisions by different wording of agreements, in particular upon division of the credit amount between several contracts.

Part 4 INSURANCE CONTRACT

Chapter 23

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GENERAL PART

Division 1

General Provisions

§ 422. Definition of insurance contract

(1) Pursuant to an insurance contract, a person (insurer) undertakes, upon the occurrence of an insured event, to compensate for damage caused by the insured event or to pay the agreed amount of money as a lump sum or in instalments, or to perform the contract as otherwise agreed (insurer's performance obligation). The other person (policyholder) undertakes to pay insurance premiums to the insurer.
(2) [Repealed - RT I, 07.07.2015, 1 - entry into force 01.01.2016]

§ 4221. Obligatory insurance and compulsory insurance

(1) In the cases provided by law, a policyholder is required to enter into an insurance contract (obligatory insurance). This Act applies to obligatory insurance contracts with the specifications arising from the Act which establishes obligatory insurance.
(2) In the cases provided by law, a policyholder is required to pay a premium and the obligation to compensate rests with a legal person in public law or a legal person in private law performing public duties (compulsory insurance). This Act applies to compulsory insurance in the case it is prescribed by the Act which establishes compulsory insurance.
[RT I, 07.07.2015, 1 - entry into force 01.01.2016]

§ 423. Insured event and insured risk

(1) An insured event is an incident previously agreed upon, upon the occurrence of which the insurer shall fulfil the performance obligation arising from the contract.
(2) Insured risk is the hazard against which insurance is provided.

§ 424. Insured person and object of insurance

(1) An insured person is the policyholder or a third party, whether identified by name or not, whose insured risk is insured. It is presumed that the insured risk against which insurance is provided relates to the policyholder.
(2) An object of insurance is an object the insured risk of which is insured.

§ 425. Beneficiary

(1) A beneficiary is a person who, upon the occurrence of an insured event, is entitled to the insurance indemnity, agreed amount of money or performance by the insurer of any other obligation provided in the contract.
(2) After a policyholder dies, the successors of the policyholder shall not replace the beneficiary.

§ 426. Sum insured

(1) In indemnity insurance, the insurer shall compensate for damage caused upon the occurrence of the insured event only to the extent of the agreed amount of money which is the maximum amount payable by the insurer (sum insured). This shall not affect the provisions of § 477 of this Act.
(2) The sum insured may be expressed in a manner other than in the form of the maximum amount payable.

§ 427. Limitations on freedom of contract

(1) Any agreement which derogates from the provisions of §§ 428, 432, 433 and 435, subsections 436 (2) and
438 (3), § 439, subsections 441 (2) and (3), § 442, subsection 445 (3), §§ 449 and 450, subsections 452 (2) and
454 (2), §§ 457 to 459, 461, 462, 468 to 472, 474, 475, 487 and 491, subsection 492 (3), and §§ 515, 519 to 531,
535 to 537, 542 to 547 and 557 to 567 of this Act to the detriment of the policyholder is void.
(2) The provisions of subsection (1) of this section shall not apply to:
1) reinsurance contracts;

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2) railway rolling stock, aircraft and ship insurance contracts;
3) insurance contracts with respect to the carriage of goods;
4) aircraft and ship liability insurance contracts;
5) credit and suretyship insurance contracts if insured risks arising from business or professional activities are
being insured.
(3) The provisions of subsection (1) of this section also do not apply to land vehicle, fire and natural forces or financial loss insurance contracts or to general liability insurance contracts, if the policyholder satisfies at least two of the following conditions:
1) the balance sheet total exceeds an amount which is equivalent to 6,200,000 euros;
2) the net turnover of the financial year exceeds an amount which is equivalent to 12,800,000 euros;
3) the average number of employees during the financial year is not less than 250.
(4) In the case of companies belonging to the same consolidation group within the meaning of the Accounting Act, the figures provided in subsection (3) of this section shall be calculated on the basis of the company data in the consolidated reports.
[RT I 2005, 39, 308 - entry into force 01.01.2006]

Division 2

Entry into Contract

§ 428. Information to be disclosed to persons wishing to enter into insurance contracts

(1) An insurer shall ensure that a natural person who wishes to enter into an insurance contract is provided, prior to entering into the contract, with at least the following information:
1) the name and legal form of the insurer;
2) the address of the insurer, and the address of the office through which the contract is entered into if this is
not done at the seat of the insurer;
3) standard terms applicable to the insurance contract, and the rights applicable to the contract;
[RT I, 07.07.2015, 1 - entry into force 01.01.2016]
4) obligations of the insurer if different from those prescribed in the standard conditions;
[RT I, 07.07.2015, 1 - entry into force 01.01.2016]
5) the period of validity of the insurance contract and conditions for termination thereof;
6) the size of the insurance premiums and the procedure for payment thereof, stating separately the size of
different insurance premiums for different insurance covers, if the insurance relationship is to comprise several
insurance covers;
[RT I, 07.07.2015, 1 - entry into force 01.01.2016]
7) the types of charges and fees payable by the policyholder together with insurance premiums and of all other
charges and fees affecting the sums payable by the insurer and the amounts thereof;
[RT I, 07.07.2015, 1 - entry into force 01.01.2016]
8) the term during which the person wishing to enter into the insurance contract is bound by the application to
enter into the contract;
9) the address of the competent insurance supervisory body where the policyholder may lodge a complaint
concerning the activities of the insurer;
10) the procedure for settlement of complaints and the address of the body which settles insurance disputes and
which can be addressed by policyholders for settlement of complaints concerning insurance contracts.
[RT I, 11.04.2014, 1 - entry into force 01.10.2014]
(2) Prior to entry into a life insurance contract, the insurer shall ensure that the policyholder who is a natural person is provided with the following information in addition to the information provided for in subsection (1) of this section:
[RT I, 07.07.2015, 1 - entry into force 01.01.2016]
1) types of insurance indemnities and terms of payment;
[RT I, 07.07.2015, 1 - entry into force 01.01.2016]
11) in the case of an insurance contract with profit sharing feature, the principles of determination and distribution of the profit;
[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]
2) surrender value of the insurance contract, if surrender value of such insurance contract can be calculated;
[RT I, 07.07.2015, 1 - entry into force 01.01.2016]
3) the minimum sum specified in subsection 543 (2) to convert to premium-free insurance and the obligations
of the insurer arising from premium-free insurance;
[RT I, 07.07.2015, 1 - entry into force 01.01.2016]
4) in the case of unit linked life assurance, information concerning the nature of the underlying assets of the
insurance and the risks related thereto which allow the policyholder to make a carefully considered investment
decision, whereas it is not permitted to emphasise any potential benefits arising from the entry into a unit linked
life insurance without clear indication of the risks related to the entry into that contract;
[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]
5) general information concerning the principles of taxation applicable to the insurance contract;
[RT I, 07.07.2015, 1 - entry into force 01.01.2016]

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6) information on where the solvency and financial condition report of insurance undertaking disclosed pursuant to subsection 125 (1) of the Insurance Activities Act is available.
[RT I, 07.07.2015, 1 - entry into force 01.01.2016]
(21) If the amount of the indemnity payable under a life insurance contract may prove to be bigger than the amount of indemnity guaranteed by the insurance contact and the insurer submits sample calculations of this amount to the policyholder, the insurer shall use at least three different interest rates in these calculations. [RT I, 07.07.2015, 1 - entry into force 01.01.2016]
(22) The sample calculations of the amount of indemnity provided for in subsection (21) of this section shall contain a statement that these are based solely on the assumptions made in the calculations and no indemnities in such amounts are guaranteed to the policyholder.
[RT I, 07.07.2015, 1 - entry into force 01.01.2016]
(23) The provisions of subsection (21) of this section do not apply to term and whole life insurance contracts. [RT I, 07.07.2015, 1 - entry into force 01.01.2016]
(3) The provisions on the obligation to provide precontractual information specified in § 141of this Act shall not apply to preparations for entry into an insurance contract.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(4) Upon entry into an insurance contract through a representative or with the mediation of an insurance broker, the notification obligation provided for in this section shall be considered performed when the insurer has submitted the respective information to the representative or insurance broker.
[RT I, 07.07.2015, 1 - entry into force 01.01.2016]

§ 429. Provision of information during period of validity of contract

(1) During the period of validity of an insurance contract, the insurer shall ensure that information concerning changes to the information specified in § 428 of this Act is communicated to the policyholder who is a natural person.
[RT I, 07.07.2015, 1 - entry into force 01.01.2016]
(2) In the case of life insurance contracts with profit sharing feature, the policyholder who is a natural person shall be informed once a year of how much supplementary profit was assigned to him or her during the year and how much the amounts payable under the life insurance contract have increased due to this. If the insurer has submitted profit sharing forecasts to the policyholder, the policyholder must also be informed of any difference between the actual profit sharing and the estimated profit sharing.
[RT I, 07.07.2015, 1 - entry into force 01.01.2016; the second sentence of subsection 429 (2) shall apply to the insurance contracts entered into as of 1 January 2016.]

§ 430. Manner of notification

Information specified in §§ 428 and 429 of this Act shall be forwarded to the policyholder in a format which
can be reproduced in writing and shall be unambiguously worded, clearly organised and prepared in Estonian or,
if so agreed, in another language.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336 - entry into force 01.07.2002]

§ 431. Application for entry into insurance contract

(1) Application forms for entering into an insurance contract may contain only so many proposals for varying insurance contracts as not to compromise their clarity, readability or intelligibility.
(2) An insurer shall indicate the standard terms applicable to an insurance contract on the application form issued by the insurer or make the standard terms available to the applicant prior to submission of the form or at the same time therewith.

§ 432. Consequences of violation of notification obligation

(1) If an insurer fails to perform the obligations provided for in § 428 of this Act, including making the standard terms applicable to an insurance contract available to the policyholder, the contract is deemed not to have been entered into if the policyholder objects to the contract in a format which can be reproduced in writing within 14 days after the information and standard terms are made available to the policyholder.
(2) The term set out in subsection (1) of this section shall commence only if, in addition to the provisions
of subsection (1) of this section, the policyholder has been informed in a format which can be reproduced in
writing and in typographically clear form of the right to contest and about the beginning and length of the term.

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The insurer shall prove that the documents were received. Sending the objection within the term shall suffice to make it timely.
(3) Regardless of the provisions of subsection (2) of this section, the policyholder's right to contest expires after one year after payment of the first insurance premium.
(4) The policyholder shall not have the right specified in subsection (1) of this section if the insurer provides
the policyholder with immediate insurance cover and the parties agree to waive the delivery of policy conditions
and of the information specified in § 428 of this Act. At the request of the policyholder, the information and
policy conditions shall still be delivered thereto together with the policy at the latest.
[RT I 2003, 78, 523 - entry into force 27.12.2003]

§ 433. Withdrawal of policyholder from contract

(1) If an insurance contract, including a life insurance contract, is entered into for a term of more than one year, the policyholder may withdraw from the contract within 14 days after entry into the contract without giving a reason. Sending the application for withdrawal within the term shall suffice to make it timely. The provisions of
§ 56 of this Act apply to distance contracts for life insurance or pension insurance. [RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(2) The term specified in subsection (1) of this section shall not commence until the insurer has informed the policyholder of the right to withdraw and the policyholder has confirmed this by a signature. If the policyholder is not informed of the right to withdraw, the right to withdraw shall expire one month after payment of the first insurance premium.
(21) If the policyholder is a consumer, the consumer is obliged to compensate, upon withdrawal, only for the value of the insurance cover until withdrawal from the contract. The expenses relating to compensation and the related risks shall be borne by the insurer. The parties may still agree that the policyholder bears the expenses to the extent of 10 euros, except in the cases where the withdrawal arises from nonconformity of the insurance service. The insurer cannot file other claims against the policyholder besides the claims specified in this subsection.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(3) The policyholder shall not have the right to withdraw if the insurer provides the policyholder with immediate insurance cover or if the insurance contract is entered into for the policyholder's ongoing business or professional activities.
(4) The provisions of subsection (3) of this section shall not apply to life insurance contracts. [RT I 2004, 75, 522 - entry into force 10.11.2004]
(5) Contract terms which impede the right of withdrawal from being exercised by a policyholder who is the consumer, in particular agreements pursuant to which withdrawal is bound to payment of earnest money or a contractual penalty, are void.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

§ 434. Policy

(1) An insurer shall issue the policyholder with a document which can be reproduced in writing concerning entry into the insurance contract (policy). At the request of the policyholder, the policy shall be issued in writing.
[RT I, 07.07.2015, 1 - entry into force 01.01.2016]
(2) At least the information provided for in § 428 of this Act shall be set out in a policy along with:
1) the name and address of the policyholder and the insured person, unless the policy is a bearer policy;
2) the class of insurance, a definition of the object of the insurance contract, a list of insured risks and the term
for notification of an insured event;
3) the sum insured or the bases for calculation thereof;
4) the effective date of the contract and the duration of any possible extension of the contract, and the duration
of insurance cover;
5) in the case of obligatory insurance, the legislation which renders entry into the insurance contract obligatory.
(3) The data provided for in § 428 of this Act need not be indicated in the policy provided that the policyholder was informed of these data already prior to entry into the contract and the policy refers to it.
[RT I, 07.07.2015, 1 - entry into force 01.01.2016]

§ 435. Replacement of policy and copies of applications

(1) If a policy is lost or destroyed, the policyholder may request the insurer to issue a replacement policy. (2) The policyholder may request copies of any declarations of intent made in a format which can be
reproduced in writing thereby with respect to the contract. The insurer shall inform the policyholder of this right
when the policy is issued.

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(3) If the policyholder needs a copy in order to perform a legal act with respect to the insurer which has to be performed within a certain period of time and the insurer fails to issue the copy to the policyholder in advance, the running of the term shall be suspended from the submission of a request for a copy to be issued until the receipt of the copy.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336 - entry into force 01.07.2002]

§ 436. Disparity between policy and application of policyholder

(1) If the contents of a policy deviate from the application of the policyholder, the deviation shall be deemed to have been approved by the policyholder if the policyholder does not object thereto in a format which can be reproduced in writing within 14 days after receiving the policy.
(2) A deviation shall be deemed to have been approved only if the insurer has brought the provisions of subsection (1) of this section to the attention of the policyholder with a separate notice in a format which can be reproduced in writing at the time the policy is issued. The notice may be replaced by a notation on the policy which is highlighted and separate from the contents of the policy. Each deviation shall be indicated separately.
(3) If the provisions of subsection (2) of this section are not complied with, any deviation shall not be binding on the policyholder and the terms and conditions included in the policyholder's application shall be deemed to be the terms and conditions of the contract.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336 - entry into force 01.07.2002]

§ 437. Commencement of insurance cover

If the term of the obligations of an insurer (insurance cover) is determined in days or a longer period of time, it is presumed that the insurance cover commences at 00:00 on the day following entry into the contract and expires at 24:00 on the last day of the term.

§ 438. Retroactive insurance cover

(1) A contract may prescribe that insurance cover commences retroactively prior to entry into the contract.
(2) The insurer shall not require payment of an insurance premium for retroactive insurance cover if the insurer knew or should have known at the time of entry into the contract that the insured event had not occurred.
(3) The insurer does not have a performance obligation when providing retroactive insurance cover if the policyholder knew or should have known at the time of entry into the contract of the occurrence of the insured event. In this case, the insurer may demand that the insurance premiums be paid until the end of the period of insurance in which the insurer became aware of the insured event having occurred, unless the insurer already knew or should already have known of the occurrence of the insured event at the time of entry into the contract.

§ 439. Immediate insurance cover

(1) A policyholder may, prior to entering into a contract and using the application to enter into the insurance contract, apply for the insurer to provide the insurance cover prescribed in the contract during the term for which the policyholder is bound by the application (immediate insurance cover).
(2) If an application for immediate insurance cover is submitted, the insurer shall inform the policyholder of whether immediate insurance cover will be provided for or not.

§ 440. Obligation of policyholder to notify of material circumstances

(1) Upon entering into a contract, the policyholder shall inform the insurer of all circumstances known to the policyholder which, due to their nature, may influence the insurer's decision to enter into the contract or to enter into the contract on the agreed terms (material circumstances). Material circumstances are presumed to be circumstances concerning which the insurer has directly requested information in a format which can be reproduced in writing.
(2) The policyholder is under no obligation to inform the insurer of circumstances which are already known to the insurer or which the policyholder may reasonably assume to be known to the insurer.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336 - entry into force 01.07.2002]

§ 441. Withdrawal of insurer from contract upon violation of notification obligation

(1) If, in violation of the provisions of § 440 of this Act, a policyholder fails to provide information concerning material circumstances, intentionally prevents material circumstances becoming known or provides incorrect information concerning material circumstances, the insurer may withdraw from the contract.

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(2) The insurer shall not withdraw from a contract in the case specified in subsection (1) of this section if:
1) the insurer knew that the information was incorrect or knew of circumstances concerning which information
was not provided;
2) failure to provide information or the provision of incorrect information was not the fault of the policyholder;
3) circumstances concerning which information was not provided or concerning which incorrect information
was provided ceased to exist before the insured event occurred;
4) the insurer has waived the right to withdraw.
(3) If the policyholder has to inform the insurer of material circumstances on the basis of questions submitted by the insurer in a format which can be reproduced in writing, the insurer may withdraw from the contract on
the direct grounds of failure to provide information regarding circumstances not included in the questions only if the circumstances are concealed intentionally.
(4) If the insurer cannot withdraw from an insurance contract on the basis of the provisions of subsection
(2) of this section, the insurer may demand higher insurance premiums from the policyholder pursuant to the
provisions of § 460 of this Act.
(5) The provisions of subsections (1) to (4) of this section do not preclude the insurer's right to annul the contract on the grounds of misrepresentation.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336 - entry into force 01.07.2002]

§ 442. Term for insurer to withdraw from contract

(1) An insurer may withdraw from a contract on the basis specified in § 441 of this Act only within one month as of the time when the insurer becomes aware or should have become aware of the violation of the notification obligation specified in § 440 of this Act. An insurer may not withdraw from a contract if three years have passed since entry into the contract.
(2) If an insurer withdraws from a contract on the basis specified in § 441 of this Act after the insured event
has occurred, the insurer shall perform the obligations arising from the contract if the circumstances concerning
which information was not provided had no bearing on the occurrence of the insured event and do not preclude
or restrict the validity of the insurer's performance obligation. When assessing the existence of the insurer's
performance obligation, the proportion of the insurance premiums paid to the insurance premiums which should
have been paid if information concerning the circumstances had been provided shall be taken into account.

Division 3

Increase in Probability of Insured Risk

§ 443. Notification of increase in probability of insured risk

A policyholder shall immediately notify the insurer of an increase in the probability of the insured risk, unless the increase in the probability of the insured risk is caused by circumstances which are common knowledge and which do not affect the insured risk of this policyholder alone.

§ 444. Prohibition on increasing probability of insured risk

After entering into a contract, a policyholder shall not increase the probability of the insured risk without the consent of the insurer or allow the risk to be increased by persons for whom the policyholder is responsible.

§ 445. Release of insurer from obligation to perform insurance contract upon increase in probability of insured risk

(1) If a policyholder violates the requirement provided for in § 443 of this Act, the insurer shall be released from the obligation to perform the insurance contract if the insured event occurs at least one month after the time when the insurer should have received the notice unless, at the time when the insurer should have received the notice, the insurer was or should have been aware of the increase in the probability of the insured risk.
(2) If a policyholder violates the requirement provided for in § 444 of this Act, the insurer shall be released from the obligation to perform the insurance contract to the extent of the increase in the probability of the insured risk due to the circumstances caused by the policyholder, if the insured event occurs after an increase in the insured risk.
(3) The provisions of subsections (1) and (2) of this section shall not apply if:
1) by the time the insured event occurs, the term for the insurer to cancel the contract due to an increase in the
probability of the insured risk or to request amendment thereof has expired without the insurer cancelling the
contract or requesting amendment thereof;
2) the increase in the probability of the insured risk had no bearing on the occurrence of the insured event;
3) a higher insured risk would not have affected the validity or scope of the insurer's performance obligation;
4) the increase in the probability of the insured risk was the fault of the insurer.

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(4) If, pursuant to the provisions of subsection (1) or (2) of this section, an insurer is released from the performance obligation only with respect to certain insured objects or persons, the insurer shall be released from the entire performance obligation if, under the circumstances, it can be presumed that the insurer would not have entered into the contract on the same terms solely for such objects or persons.

§ 446. Amendment and cancellation of contract in event of increase in probability of insured risk

(1) If a policyholder violates the obligation provided for in § 444 of this Act, the insurer may cancel the insurance contract without prior notice. If the violation was not the fault of the policyholder, the insurer may cancel the contract by giving one month's advance notice.
(2) If the probability of the insured risk increased due to a change effected by the policyholder without the consent of the insurer and the policyholder failed to give notice of the increase in the probability of the insured risk in time, the insurer may cancel the insurance contract without prior notice. If the policyholder was not responsible for the violation of the prohibition on increasing the probability of the insured risk, the insurer may cancel the contract by giving one month's advance notice.
(3) If the insured risk increases after entry into the contract and independently of the policyholder, the insurer may demand amendment of the contract retroactively, as of the increase in the insured risk. If the policyholder does not agree to the amendment of the contract or if the insurer would not have entered into the contract under the circumstances of the increased insured risk, the insurer may cancel the contract by giving one month's advance notice.
(4) The insurer's right to demand amendment of a contract or to cancel the contract in the cases specified in subsections (1) to (3) of this section expires if the insurer does not exercise the right within one month as of becoming aware of the increase in the insured risk. The insurer also has the right to cancel the contract in the cases specified in subsections (1) to (3) of this section even if the situation prior to the increase in the insured risk is restored.
(5) The provisions of subsections (1) to (4) of this section do not apply if the insured risk increased due to circumstances related to the insurer.

§ 447. Application of provisions

(1) The provisions of this Division shall also apply to an increase in the insured risk which took place during the period of time between the submission of an application to enter into a contract by the policyholder and entry into the contract if the insurer was not aware of the increase in the insured risk at the time of entering into the contract.
(2) The provisions of this Division shall not apply if an increase in the insured risk is insignificant or if the parties to the contract agree that the increase in the insured risk does not affect the insurance contract.
(3) The provisions of this Division shall not affect any agreement by which the policyholder undertakes to reduce the insured risk or prevent the insured risk from increasing.

Division 4

Occurrence of Insured Event

§ 448. Notification of insured event

(1) A policyholder shall immediately notify the insurer of the occurrence of an insured event.
(2) An insurer may, after the occurrence of an insured event, request information from the policyholder which is necessary to determine the obligation to perform the contract. The insurer may request the submission of evidence insofar as the policyholder can reasonably be expected to submit such evidence.

§ 449. Consequences of failure to give notice of insured event

(1) If an insurer suffers damage as the result of a violation of the obligation provided for in § 448 of this Act, the insurer may reduce its performance obligation to the extent of such damage.
(2) If the policyholder intentionally violates the obligation provided for in § 448 of this Act, the insurer shall be released from its performance obligation.

Law of Obligations Act Page 137 /

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§ 450. Insurer's performance obligation upon occurrence of insured event

(1) An insurer's obligation to perform a contract falls due after the occurrence of an insured event and the completion of the process of determining the extent of the insurer's performance.
(2) Irrespective of the provisions of subsection (1) of this section, the insurer's obligation to perform a contract falls due if, two months after notifying the insurer of the insured event, the policyholder requests an explanation from the insurer as to why the process of determining the extent of performance has not yet been completed and the insurer fails to respond to the enquiry within one month.
(3) If the process of determining the extent of the insurer's performance is not completed within one month
after notification being given of an insured event, the policyholder may, if the occurrence of the insured event is
established, request that money be paid at the expense of the insurer's performance obligation in the minimum
amount which the insurer should pay under the circumstances. The running of the term shall be suspended for
the period during which completion of the process is hindered by circumstances arising from the policyholder.

§ 451. Requirement to pay policyholder penalty for late payment

Any agreement by which the insurer is not required to pay a fine for a delay in the performance of its obligation is void.

§ 452. Release of insurer from performance obligation upon violation of obligations by policyholder

(1) An insurer shall be released from the performance obligation if the policyholder, the insured person or the beneficiary intentionally caused the occurrence of the insured event. Any agreement which derogates from this requirement is void.
(2) The insurer shall not rely on an agreement whereby the insurer is released from the performance obligation upon the occurrence of the insured event due to the policyholder violating an obligation if:
1) the policyholder has violated an obligation, other than the obligation to pay the insurance premium, which is to be performed with respect to the insurer prior to the occurrence of the insured event and the violation is caused by reason other than the fault of the policyholder or if the violation did not affect the occurrence of damage or the extent thereof;
2) the policyholder violates an obligation with respect to the insurer to reduce the insured risk or prevent
an increase of the insured risk and the violation had no bearing on the occurrence of the insured event or the
insurer's performance obligation;
3) the obligation was to be fulfilled with respect to the insurer after the occurrence of the insured event and the
policyholder did not violate the obligation intentionally;
4) the obligation was to be performed with respect to the insurer after the occurrence of the insured event and
the policyholder violated the obligation due to gross negligence, but the violation had no bearing on establishing
the occurrence of the insured event or the insurer's performance obligation.

Division 5

Insurance Premium

§ 453. Period of insurance

A period of insurance is the period of time based on which insurance premiums are calculated. It is presumed that a period of insurance lasts for one year.

§ 454. Payment of insurance premium

(1) A policyholder shall pay the insurance premium or, in the event of an agreement to pay periodic insurance premiums, the first insurance premium immediately after entry into the contract.
(2) If the policyholder is to be issued with a policy, the policyholder may refuse to pay the insurance premium until the policy has been issued to the policyholder.
(3) It is presumed that the beginning of each new period of insurance is the due date for payment of the insurance premium for the subsequent period of insurance.

§ 455. Payment of insurance premium by third party

(1) An insurance premium which has become collectable or another amount payable pursuant to an insurance contract may, rather than by the policyholder, be paid by the insured person or the beneficiary or a pledgee in whose favour the claim of the policyholder against the insurer arising from the insurance contract is pledged. The insurer shall not refuse to accept payment from the above-mentioned person even if the insurer could refuse to accept the payment pursuant to the provisions of the General Part of this Act.

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(2) If an insurance premium is paid by the insured person or the beneficiary or a pledgee, the insurer's claim for payment of the insurance premium against the policyholder transfers to the person who made the payment
to the extent that the claim is satisfied. If a payment pursuant to an insurance contract is made by a pledgee, the pledgee's claim against the policyholder shall be secured by a pledge on the policyholder's claim against the insurer.

§ 456. Right to set-off insurance premium

An insurer may set off an insurance premium which has become collectable or another claim which belongs to the insurer pursuant to a contract against the insurer's performance obligation even if the insurer owes performance of an obligation arising from the contract to a third party other than the policyholder. The insurer does not have such right with respect to the injured party in obligatory liability insurance.

§ 457. Delay in payment of first insurance premium

(1) If a policyholder fails to pay a single premium or the first premium within 14 days after entry into the insurance contract, the insurer has the right, as long as the premium has not been paid, to withdraw from the contract. The insurer is presumed to have withdrawn from the contract if the insurer does not file an action to collect the insurance premium within three months after the premium becomes collectable.
(2) If the insurance premium or first insurance premium which has become collectable has not been paid by the time the insured event occurs, the insurer shall be released from its performance obligation.
(3) The insurer shall not rely on the provisions of subsections (1) and (2) of this section if the insurer did not inform the policyholder of these consequences prior to entry into the contract.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336 - entry into force 01.07.2002]

§ 458. Delay in payment of subsequent insurance premiums

(1) If the policyholder fails to pay the second or a subsequent premium in time, the insurer may, in a format which can be reproduced in writing, set a term of at least two weeks or, if a structure is insured, one month
for the policyholder to pay. In the notice, the legal consequences resulting from the expiry of the term shall be indicated.
(2) If the insurer has set an additional term for the payment of an insurance premium and the insured event occurs after the expiry of the term and if at the time of occurrence of the insured event the policyholder is in default with payment of the insurance premium, the insurer shall be released from its performance obligation, unless failure to pay the insurance premium was due to circumstances beyond the control of the policyholder.
(3) If the insurer has set a term for payment specified in subsection (1) of this section and the policyholder fails to pay the insurance premium within the specified term, the insurer may cancel the insurance contract without prior notice. The insurer may state in the notice specified in subsection (1) of this section that it will consider the contract as having been cancelled upon expiry of the term if the policyholder fails to pay the premiums within
the term.
(4) If the policyholder pays the insurance premium within one month as of the cancellation of the contract or the expiry of the term for payment and the insured event does not occur before payment, the contract shall not be deemed to have been cancelled in the case specified in subsection (3) of this section.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336 - entry into force 01.07.2002]

§ 459. Payment of insurance premium upon termination of contract

If an insurance contract is terminated prematurely during a period of insurance by cancellation or withdrawal or for any other reason, the insurer is entitled to the insurance premium only for the period of time up to the termination of the contract.

§ 460. Insurer's right to demand increase of insurance premium

(1) If, upon entry into a contract, the policyholder has violated the obligation to notify provided for in § 440 of this Act, the insurer may demand payment of a reasonably higher insurance premium by the policyholder as of the beginning of the current period of insurance and if the insurer does not have the right to withdraw from the contract since the violation of the obligation to notify was not due to the fault of the policyholder and the higher premium is reasonable given the increased probability of the insured risk.
(2) The insurer shall not demand an increase of the insurance premium under the circumstances specified in subsection (1) of this section later than within one month as of becoming aware of the facts of which the policyholder did not inform the insurer.

Law of Obligations Act Page 139 /

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§ 461. Policyholder's right to cancel contract upon increase of insurance premium

If the insurer increases the insurance premium pursuant to the terms of the insurance contract without changing the insurance cover, the policyholder may, within one month after receipt of the insurer's notice, cancel the insurance contract as of the effective date of the increase.

§ 462. Policyholder's right to demand reduction of insurance premium

(1) A policyholder may demand the reduction of the insurance premium for subsequent periods of insurance if a larger insurance premium was agreed upon due to circumstances increasing the insured risk and such circumstances cease to exist or become insignificant within the period of time between the submission of an application to enter into a contract and entry into the contract or thereafter or if the insured risk has continuously decreased during such period of time.
(2) The provisions of subsection (1) of this section shall also apply if a higher insurance premium was agreed upon because the policyholder provided erroneous information concerning circumstances increasing the insured risk.

Division 6

Insurance of Insured Risk of Third Party

§ 463. Rights of third party and policyholder with respect to insurer

(1) If insured risk relating to a third party is insured, the third party has the right to demand performance and all the rights related thereto from the insurer. The third party shall not dispose of such rights without the consent of the policyholder.
(2) The policyholder may dispose of the rights arising from the insurance contract for a third party in the policyholder's own name, including collecting the claim of the insured person against the insurer, waiving the claim or entering into transactions involving the claim.
(3) The insurer shall perform its obligation to the policyholder only if the policyholder proves that the third party had granted its consent for the insurance contract to be entered into.

§ 464. Preferential right of policyholder to have claims satisfied

A policyholder has a preferential right to satisfy the policyholder's claim against a third party and related to the insured object at the expense of a claim against the insurer to perform the insurance contract before the third party and obligees of the third party.

§ 465. Knowledge and conduct of insured person serving as that of policyholder

(1) If the knowledge and conduct of a policyholder have legal effect according to this Act, the knowledge and conduct of a third party shall be deemed equal to the knowledge and conduct of the policyholder upon insurance of an insured risk relating to the third party.
(2) Knowledge of the third party regarding a fact shall not be deemed equal to the knowledge of the policyholder if the contract was entered into without the knowledge or against the will of the third party.

Division 7

Termination of Insurance Contract and Expiry of Claims

§ 466. Withdrawal from insurance contract

Withdrawal from an insurance contract is permitted only in the cases provided by law.

§ 467. Invalidity of agreement to extend insurance contract

Any agreement under which an insurance contract which is not cancelled prior to expiry thereof is deemed to be extended for longer than one year is void.

§ 468. Ordinary cancellation of insurance contract entered into for indefinite period

(1) If an insurance contract has been entered into for an indefinite period of time, it may be cancelled by either party at the end of the current insurance period.
(2) The term for giving notice of cancellation shall be the same for both parties and may not be less than one month or longer than three months.

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(3) Both parties may, by mutual agreement, waive their rights to cancel the contract for up to two years.

§ 469. Cancellation of long-term insurance contract

A policyholder may cancel an insurance contract entered into for a period of more than five years at the end of the fifth year or any subsequent year by giving at least three months' notice thereof, unless otherwise provided by law.

§ 470. Cancellation of contract due to violation of obligations of policyholder

(1) If a policyholder materially violates an obligation prescribed by the contract due to circumstances arising from the policyholder, the insurer may cancel the contract without prior notice within one month as of becoming aware of the violation, unless otherwise provided by law.
(2) If the insurer does not cancel the contract within the term specified in subsection (1) of this section, the insurer shall not rely on the agreement of being released from the performance obligation later in the event the policyholder violates an obligation.

§ 471. Cancellation of contract upon withdrawal of activity licence of insurer

A policyholder may cancel an insurance contract if the activity licence of the insurer is withdrawn or suspended, unless otherwise provided by law.

§ 472. Expiry of contract due to bankruptcy of insurer

An insurance contract shall terminate upon the declaration of bankruptcy of an insurance undertaking or upon the abatement of bankruptcy proceedings without declaring bankruptcy.
[RT I, 07.07.2015, 1 - entry into force 01.01.2016]

§ 473. Cancellation of contract due to insolvency of policyholder

If a policyholder is declared bankrupt or compulsory administration is ordered for an insured immovable, the insurer may cancel the insurance contract by giving at least one month's notice.

§ 474. Partial termination of contract

(1) If an insurer has the right to withdraw from a contract or cancel the contract only with respect to certain insured objects or persons, the insurer may do so with respect to the remaining objects or persons only if, under the circumstances, it can be presumed that the insurer would not have entered into the contract on the same terms solely for such objects or persons.
(2) If an insurer withdraws from a contract or cancels the contract with respect to certain objects or persons only, the policyholder has the right to cancel the entire contract by the end of the period of insurance during which the insurer's withdrawal or cancellation is effected at the latest.

§ 475. Expiry of claims arising from insurance contract

(1) The limitation period for claims arising from an insurance contract is three years. The limitation period commences from the end of the calendar year during which the claim falls due.
(2) If an insurer has been informed of a claim arising from an insurance contract, the running of the limitation period shall be suspended until the policyholder receives the decision made by the insurer concerning the claim. In this case, the claim expires ten years after the end of the calendar year during which the claim fell due.
(3) If a policyholder submits an application to an insurer for the performance of an obligation of the insurer arising from the insurance contract and the insurer notifies the policyholder in writing of the denial of the application, the insurer shall be released from the performance obligation if the policyholder does not file an action for compulsory performance of the obligation within one year as of the receipt of the response denying the application. The insurer shall not be released from the performance obligation if the insurer does not inform the policyholder of the legal consequences of the expiry of the one year term in its response.

Chapter 24 NON-LIFE INSURANCE

Division 1

Law of Obligations Act Page 141 /

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General Provisions

Subdivision 1

Contents of Contract

§ 476. Insurer's obligation to compensate

(1) In the case of non-life insurance and upon the occurrence of an insured event, the insurer shall, pursuant to the contract, compensate the insured person for any damage sustained by the insured person due to the insured event. If a thing is insured, the insurer shall, among other things, compensate for damage sustained as a result of eliminating the consequences of the insured event and for damage sustained if insured things are lost in the course of the insured event.
(2) If a body of things is insured, the insurance shall cover all the things which constitute the body of things upon the occurrence of the insured event.
(3) The insurer shall compensate for damage in money, unless the contract prescribes compensation for damage in another manner.
(4) Non-life insurance shall cover loss of income due to the occurrence of the insured event only if so agreed separately.

§ 477. Restriction of liability of insurer

The performance obligation of the insurer to a policyholder is limited to the actual extent of the damage even if the sum insured exceeds the insurable value at the time the insured event occurs.

§ 478. Lack of insurable interest

(1) Insurable interest is the interest of the policyholder in being insured against a certain insured risk.
(2) If there is no insurable interest upon the commencement of insurance cover or no insurable interest arises upon the insurance of future insured risk, the policyholder shall be released from the obligation to pay insurance premiums. In this case, the insurer may demand compensation for reasonable administrative expenses from the policyholder.
(3) If insurable interest ceases to exist after the commencement of insurance cover, the insurer shall be entitled to the insurance premiums which the insurer could have claimed had insurance been taken out only until the time when the insurer became aware of the cessation of insurable interest.
(4) If insurable interest ceases to exist due to the occurrence of the insured event, the insurer shall be entitled to the insurance premium for the current period of insurance.

Subdivision 2

Insurable value

§ 479. Insurable value

(1) Insurable value is the value of insurable interest at the time an insured event occurs.
(2) The insurable value of a fungible movable is the sum of money needed to obtain a similar thing, taking reasonably into account the decrease in the value of the thing caused by depreciation.
(3) The insurable value of a structure is its ordinary local construction value from which a reasonable amount reflecting the condition, and in particular the age and depreciation, of the structure has been deducted.

§ 480. Agreed value

(1) Insurable value may be determined in advance as a fixed amount (agreed value).
(2) Agreed value shall not be determined upon the insurance of loss of income due to the occurrence of the insured event.
(3) Agreed value shall not be deemed to be insurable value if, at the time of the occurrence of the insured event, it differs significantly from the actual insured value. In this case, the actual insured value applies.

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(4) If a structure is insured, the parties may agree on using the cost of restoring the insured structure as the insurable value of the structure.

§ 481. Over-insurance

If it becomes evident that the sum insured exceeds the insurable value to a significant extent (over-insurance), both the insurer and the policyholder may reduce the sum insured, together with a corresponding reduction of the insurance premium, in order to eliminate over-insurance. The sum insured and the insurance premium shall be reduced by making a corresponding declaration of intent to the other party to the contract.

§ 482. Under-insurance

If the sum insured is less than the insurable value at the time of the occurrence of the insured event (under- insurance), the insurer shall be liable for the damage in proportion to the relation of the sum insured to the insurable value at the time of the insured event.

Subdivision 3

Multitude of Insurers

§ 483. Notification of entry into new insurance contract

A policyholder shall notify the insurer immediately if the same insured risk is insured by another insurer, including cases where loss of income is insured by one insurer and other damage by another insurer. The name of the other insurer and the sum insured shall be indicated in the notice.

§ 484. Co-insurance

If one and the same insurance or the insurance of insured risks relating to the same assets is divided in fixed parts between several insurers (co-insurance), each insurer is required to pay indemnities only in proportion to the part which it insures.

§ 485. Leading insurer in co-insurance

(1) In the case of co-insurance, the leading insurer, which is deemed to be the representative of the other insurers, shall be designated in the contract.
(2) The leading insurer shall forward declarations of intent prescribed by the contract and the policyholder shall forward such declarations the leading insurer. The leading insurer shall also organise the satisfaction of claims arising from the insurance contract.
(3) If no leading insurer is specified in the contract, the policyholder may select one of the co-insurers to be the leading insurer. The selection is deemed to have been made when the selected insurer is informed thereof.

§ 486. Multiple insurance

(1) If a policyholder insures the same insured risk with several insurers and the total amount of indemnities payable by the insurers would exceed the extent of the damage or the total of the sums insured would exceed the insurable value (multiple insurance), the insurers shall be liable as solidary obligors.
(2) In the case specified in subsection (1) of this section, each insurer shall be liable to the policyholder to the extent of the sum insured to be paid by the insurer pursuant to the contract, but the policyholder shall not claim more in total than the extent of damage.
(3) In the case specified in subsection (1) of this section, insurers shall be liable between themselves in proportion to the amount each of them has to pay the policyholder pursuant to the insurance contract.
(4) Contracts entered into by a policyholder who takes out multiple insurance with the intention of acquiring an unlawful patrimonial advantage shall be void. If the insurer was unaware of the invalidity of the contract at the time of entry into the contract, the insurer shall be entitled to insurance premiums until the end of the period of insurance during which the insurer became or should have become aware of the invalidity of the contract.
(5) Any agreement which derogates from the provisions of subsections (1) to (4) of this section is void.

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§ 487. Elimination of multiple insurance

(1) If a policyholder unknowingly entered into a contract resulting in multiple insurance or if multiple insurance occurred later due to a decrease in insurable value, the policyholder may cancel the contract which was entered into later or reduce the sum insured to the amount not covered by earlier insurance. Together with a reduction of the sum insured, the policyholder may also reduce the insurance premium.
(2) In the case specified in subsection (1) of this section, the policyholder may only cancel the contract or reduce the sum insured immediately after becoming aware of multiple insurance.
(3) A contract shall be deemed to have been cancelled under the circumstances specified in subsection (1) of this section or the sum insured and the insurance premium shall be deemed to have been reduced by the end of the period of insurance during which the policyholder cancelled the contract or notified the insurer of the reduction of the sum insured and the insurance premium.

Subdivision 4

Insured Event

§ 488. Obligation to prevent and reduce damage and to ensure possibility of establishing damage

(1) Upon the occurrence of an insured event, the policyholder shall, insofar as is possible, attempt to prevent and reduce any damage and, in so doing, observe the instructions given by the insurer. If circumstances permit, the policyholder shall ask the insurer for such instructions.
(2) Prior to damage being established, the policyholder shall not make any changes with respect to the damaged thing without the permission of the insurer if such changes would hinder or render impossible establishment of the cause or extent of the damage, unless the change is necessary to reduce the damage or in the public interest.
(3) If the policyholder violates the obligation specified in subsection (1) or (2) of this section and the insurer sustains damage as the result thereof, the insurer shall have the right to reduce the indemnity by the extent of the damage sustained.

§ 489. Establishment of damage

(1) The insurer shall immediately establish the extent of damage to be compensated for.
(2) If one of the parties to the contract refuses to participate in establishing the extent of the damage or if the parties are unable to agree on the extent of the damage, they may turn to a court for the extent of the damage to be established.
(3) An insurer shall not lose the right to contest the policyholder's claim for compensation if the insurer participates in establishing the extent of damage.
(4) Any agreement which restricts the policyholder's right to be assisted by a representative in establishing the extent of damage is void.

§ 490. Expert assessment

(1) An agreement between an insurer and a policyholder pursuant to which the insurer's obligation to pay an indemnity or the extent of damage is to be determined by an expert shall be valid only if the expert is appointed by a third party not involved in the matter or if the insurer and the policyholder both appoint an equal number of experts.
(2) Neither the insurer nor the policyholder shall rely on the insurer's obligation to pay the indemnity or the extent of damage being established by an expert, if this is obviously significantly different from the actual circumstances. Any agreement which derogates from this requirement is void.
(3) In the case specified in subsection (2) of this section and also if the expert cannot or will not establish the extent of damage or delays so doing, the parties may turn to a court for the extent of the damage to be established.

§ 491. Compensation for expenditure to policyholder

(1) If an insurer has to compensate for damage sustained, the insurer shall also compensate for the expenses incurred by the policyholder in connection with establishment of the extent of the damage. The insurer need not compensate the policyholder for the expenses of hiring an expert or advisor if the policyholder was not required to hire an expert or advisor pursuant to the contract.
(2) In addition to the provisions of subsection (1) of this section, the insurer shall compensate the policyholder for expenses incurred in connection with the prevention or reduction of damage pursuant to the provisions of

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subsection 488 (1) of this Act which the policyholder deemed necessary under the circumstances even if these expenses failed to produce the desired result. The insurer shall compensate for expenses incurred according
to the insurer's instructions even if such expenses in combination with the other indemnities exceed the sum insured. If the policyholder so requests, the insurer shall, pursuant to the instructions of the insurer, make an advance payment of the expenses to be incurred.
(3) In the case of under-insurance, the insurer shall compensate for expenses only in the proportion provided for in § 482 of this Act.

§ 492. Transfer of claim

(1) A claim for the compensation of damage against a third party which belongs to a policyholder or the insured person shall transfer to the insurer to the extent of damage to be compensated by the insurer.
(2) If the policyholder waives a claim against a third party or waives the right which secures such claim, the insurer shall be released from its performance obligation with respect to the policyholder insofar as the policyholder could have claimed compensation on the basis of the claim or right.
(3) If the policyholder has a claim against his or her ascendant, descendant or spouse or another family member who lives with the policyholder, the insurer shall have the rights provided for in subsections (1) and (2) of this section only insofar as the liability of the relevant person is insured or if the person caused damage intentionally.

§ 493. Performance of contract after occurrence of insured event

(1) After the occurrence of an insured event, the insurer shall be liable for damage caused by a later insured event only to the extent of the sum insured remaining after compensating the earlier damage. For future periods of insurance, the insurer is entitled to insurance premiums which are smaller than the previous insurance premiums in the same proportion as the residual sum insured is smaller than the initial sum insured.
(2) After the occurrence of the insured event, either party to the contract may cancel the contract within one month as of completion of the process of establishing the extent of damage. The insurer shall give one month's notice of cancellation of the contract. The policyholder may cancel the contract on these grounds such that the contract terminates not later than by the end of the current period of insurance.
(3) An agreement which derogates from the provisions of subsection (2) of this section shall only be valid if the right to cancel is the same for both parties.

Subdivision 5

Transfer of Insured Thing

§ 494. Continuation of insurance upon transfer of thing

(1) If a policyholder transfers an insured thing, all the policyholder's rights and obligations arising from the insurance contract transfer to the acquirer of the thing.
(2) The transferor and acquirer of the thing shall be jointly and severally liable to the insurer for payment of the insurance premium for the period of insurance during which the transfer takes place.
(3) The policyholder's rights and obligations arising from the insurance contract shall not be deemed to have been transferred with respect to the insurer until the insurer becomes aware of the transfer of the insured thing.

§ 495. Cancellation of insurance contract upon transfer of thing

(1) An insurer may, upon the transfer of an insured thing, cancel the insurance contract with respect to the acquirer of the thing within one month as of becoming aware of the transfer of the thing if the insurer gives at least one month's notice of the cancellation.
(2) The acquirer of an insured thing may cancel the insurance contract by the end of the current period of insurance within one month as of acquiring the thing. If the acquirer did not know that the thing is insured, the right to cancel expires one month after the time of becoming aware of the insurance.
(3) If an insurance contract is cancelled on the grounds provided for in subsection (1) or (2) of this section, the transferor of the thing shall pay the insurer insurance premiums, but not for longer than for the period of insurance during which the insurance contract terminates. In such case, the acquirer shall not be liable for the payment of insurance premiums.

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§ 496. Notification of transfer

(1) Upon the transfer of an insured thing, the transferor or acquirer of the thing shall notify the insurer of the transfer immediately.
(2) If the insurer is not notified of the transfer of a thing in time, the insurer shall be released from its performance obligation if the insured event occurs more than a month after the time when the insurer should have received the corresponding notice.
(3) The provisions of subsection (2) of this section shall not apply if:
1) the insurer was aware of the transfer at the time when the insurer should have been notified;
2) at the time of the occurrence of the insured event, the insurer's right to cancel the contract has expired and
the insurer has not exercised the right.

§ 497. Agreement which derogates to detriment of acquirer

(1) Any agreement which derogates from the provisions of §§ 494 to 496 of this Act to the detriment of the acquirer is void.
(2) A contract may prescribe that the notice regarding the transfer of a thing and the cancellation of a contract on these grounds shall be in a particular format.

§ 498. Application of provisions

The provisions of §§ 494-497 of this Act shall also apply to the transfer of insured things in execution proceedings and bankruptcy proceedings.

Subdivision 6

Liability of Insurer to Mortgagee upon Insurance of Structures

§ 499. Notification obligation of insurer and policyholder

(1) A policyholder shall immediately notify the insurer who insured a structure of any encumbrance of the registered immovable under the structure with a mortgage.
(2) If, upon the insurance of a structure, the immovable on which the structure is located is encumbered with a mortgage, the insurer shall immediately notify the mortgagee known to the insurer in a format which can
be reproduced in writing of the setting of a term for the policyholder to pay the insurance premium if the policyholder has failed to pay the premium and of the cancellation of the contract.
(3) The insurer shall notify the mortgagee known to the insurer of the occurrence of an insured event within
one week as of becoming aware of the occurrence of the insured event, unless the damage is insignificant to the
mortgagee.
(4) The insurer shall inform the mortgagee of the existence of insurance cover and the size of the sum insured immediately at the request of the mortgagee.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336 - entry into force 01.07.2002]

§ 500. Validity of payment of indemnity with respect to mortgagee

(1) If the insurance contract of a structure prescribes that the policyholder is required to use the insurance indemnity to restore the structure, the payment of the insurance indemnity for other purposes or without ensuring restoration of the structure shall not be valid with respect to the mortgagee and the mortgagee may request another payment from the insurer, unless the mortgagee consents to payment of the insurance indemnity in such manner.
(2) The consent specified in subsection (1) of this section shall be deemed to have been granted by the mortgagee if the mortgagee has been informed, in a format which can be reproduced in writing, of the intention to pay the indemnity but has not responded thereto within one month.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336 - entry into force 01.07.2002]

§ 501. Rights of mortgagee upon violation of obligations by policyholder

If a policyholder violates an obligation arising from the insurance contract and, as a result thereof, the insurer is released from its performance obligation with respect to the policyholder, the insurer shall still perform the obligation to the mortgagee, unless the insurer is released from its performance obligation with respect to the policyholder because the policyholder has failed to pay the insurance premiums or intentionally caused the insured event.

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§ 502. Transfer of mortgage

If an insurer satisfied a claim to the mortgagee of a policyholder pursuant to § 501 of this Act, the mortgage shall transfer to the insurer to the extent that the insurer satisfied the claim. The insurer shall not exercise rights arising from the mortgage to the disadvantage of a mortgagee of the same or lower ranking with respect to whom the insurer's performance obligation still remains.

§ 503. Application of provisions to real encumbrance

The provisions of §§ 500-502 of this Act shall apply correspondingly if an immovable is encumbered with a real encumbrance.

§ 504. Inapplicability of mortgagee's rights to policyholder

The rights of mortgagees provided for in §§ 500-503 of this Act shall not be exercised on the basis of mortgages where the mortgagee is a policyholder.

Division 2

Goods in Transit Insurance

§ 505. Insured risks

If the risk of transporting goods on land or an internal water body is insured, it is presumed that the insurance covers all risks relating to the goods.

§ 506. Restriction of liability of insurer

(1) An insurer shall not compensate for damage which:
1) is caused by the policyholder or by the consignor or consignee of the goods;
2) is caused by the nature of the goods or by their defective packaging;
3) is caused by vermin.
(2) If circumstances specified in subsection (1) of this section have increased the damage, the insurer shall only compensate for damage to the extent for which the insurer would have been liable if the circumstances had not occurred.

§ 507. Duration of insurance

Insurance commences when a carrier accepts goods for transport and continues for as long as the goods are in the carrier's care.

§ 508. Insurable value of goods

(1) The insurable value of goods is the usual value of the goods at the place of dispatch at the time of commencement of insurance. This is also deemed to be the insurable value at the time of occurrence of the insured event.
(2) If goods are damaged, the actual value of the goods at the place of delivery shall be deducted from the value the goods would have had at the place of delivery had they not been damaged. The proportion of insurable value corresponding to the decrease in the value of the goods shall be deemed to be the extent of the damage.

§ 509. Restriction of cancellation of contracts

Upon the insurance of goods in transit, the insurer shall not cancel the insurance contract during transportation of the goods due to the probability of the insured risk increasing regardless of the intent of the policyholder or due to the transfer of the insured goods.

Division 3

Liability Insurance

Subdivision 1

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General Provisions

§ 510. Definition of liability insurance

In liability insurance, the insurer shall, in place of the policyholder, perform the obligation to compensate for damage caused by the policyholder to a third party (injured party) as the result of an insured event which occurs during the period of validity of the insurance, and to cover the costs of legal assistance.

§ 511. Covering costs of legal assistance

(1) Insurance shall cover the costs of legal assistance incurred by a policyholder against whom a claim is filed
to the extent that the policyholder could consider such costs necessary to protect the rights of the policyholder in
court and extra-judicially, even if the claim proves to be unfounded.
(2) Insurance shall also cover costs incurred for the protection of the interests of the policyholder in criminal proceedings or administrative court proceedings if the facts established in the course of the proceedings may constitute a basis for the civil liability of the policyholder with respect to the injured party, insofar as such costs are incurred according to the insurer's instructions. The insurer shall cover the costs in advance at the request of the policyholder.
(3) If the sum insured is agreed upon, the insurer shall cover the costs incurred in relation to a court action which the insurer requested from or recommended to the policyholder and the costs of defence specified in subsection (2) of this section even if such costs together with the rest of the indemnity exceed the sum insured. The same shall apply to interest payable for a delay initiated by the insurer in the satisfaction of a claim of the injured party.
(4) If the policyholder has the right to avoid compulsory execution of a court decision by providing security or depositing money, the insurer shall, at the request of the policyholder, provide security for the compulsory execution or deposit money up to the extent of the sum insured and, in the case specified in subsection (3) of this section, in addition to the extent of costs related to the court action. The insurer shall be released from the obligation to provide security or deposit money if the insurer admits that the claim of the injured party against the policyholder is justified.
[RT I 2008, 59, 330 - entry into force 01.01.2009]

§ 512. Insurance of liability arising from economic activities

(1) Insurance of the liability arising from a policyholder's economic activities covers the liability of persons employed for service or hired by representatives of the policyholder and the policyholder to manage an enterprise or a part thereof or to exercise supervision over an enterprise.
(2) If an enterprise is transferred or use thereof is granted to another person, the policyholder's rights and obligations arising from the contract shall transfer to the transferee, unless such rights and obligations are related to the period of time prior to the transfer or grant of use. The provisions of subsections 494 (2) and (3) of this
Act and §§ 495 to 497 of this Act shall apply accordingly.

§ 513. Release of insurer from performance obligation

An insurer shall be released from its performance obligation if the policyholder intentionally and unlawfully caused the occurrence of the event due to which the liability of the policyholder with respect to the injured party arises.

§ 514. Notification of circumstances

(1) A policyholder shall notify the insurer of circumstances which may result in the occurrence of an insured event and of a claim being filed against the policyholder by an injured party within one week as of the time when the policyholder became aware of the circumstances or the claim being filed.
(2) Sending the notice within the term specified in subsection (1) of this section shall suffice to make it timely. (3) The policyholder shall immediately notify the insurer of the initiation of judicial or other proceedings
against the policyholder which may result in the liability of the insurer and of circumstances which may
constitute the basis for a claim being filed against the policyholder.

§ 515. Payment of indemnity

(1) The insurer must pay the indemnity without delay but not later than within two weeks as of the satisfaction of the claim of the injured party by the policyholder or as of the claim being established by a court decision, admission of the claim or a compromise agreement. If costs are to be compensated for pursuant to § 511 of this Act, the insurer shall cover the costs within two weeks as of being notified of the total size of the costs.
[RT I 2008, 59, 330 - entry into force 01.01.2009]

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(2) Any agreement between the insurer and policyholder is void if, under the agreement, the insurer is to be released from the performance obligation if the policyholder satisfies the claim of the injured party or admits such claim without the consent of the insurer if, given the interests of the injured party, failure to satisfy or admit such claim is clearly contrary to the principles of good faith.

§ 516. Payments by instalment

If the policyholder is to pay the injured party in instalments and if the sum insured is less than the estimated total size of the instalments, the policyholder may only demand the corresponding part of the payments by instalment from the insurer.

§ 517. Rights of injured party

(1) The insurer has the right to pay the indemnity directly to the injured party if:
1) the amount payable by the policyholder to the injured party is determined by a court decision or a
compromise agreement, and
[RT I 2008, 59, 330 - entry into force 01.01.2009]
2) the insurer informs the policyholder of its intention in advance.
(2) The insurer shall pay the indemnity directly to the injured party if the policyholder so requests.
(3) Disposal of a claim of the policyholder against the insurer is void with respect to the injured party. The same shall apply to the disposal of a claim in execution proceedings or if the claim is disposed of in order to secure an action.
(4) If the circumstances which caused the policyholder's liability result in claims from several injured parties and the total size of such claims exceeds the sum insured, the insurer shall satisfy the claims in proportion to the size of the claims.

§ 518. Rights of injured party upon bankruptcy of policyholder

Upon the bankruptcy of a policyholder, an injured party has the right to satisfy a claim against the policyholder at the expense of a claim for compensation against the insurer before the other obligees of the policyholder.

§ 519. Cancellation of contract after occurrence of insured event

(1) Either party may cancel a liability insurance contract if, after the occurrence of an insured event, the insurer has admitted its obligation to compensate the policyholder or has refused to compensate after the indemnity became collectable.
(2) A contract may be cancelled within one month after the admission of the obligation to compensate or refusal to compensate. The provisions of § 493 of this Act shall also apply.

Subdivision 2

Obligatory Liability Insurance

§ 520. Duty to enter into contract

An insurer shall enter into a liability insurance contract required by law (obligatory liability insurance) if the policyholder meets the requirements prescribed in the standard terms.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336 - entry into force 01.07.2002]

§ 521. Claim for compensation of damage of injured party

(1) An injured party may demand the compensation of damage caused thereto by the policyholder from both
the policyholder and the insurer. Compensation for damage may be requested from the insurer only in monetary
form.
(2) If a claim for the compensation of damage is filed against both the policyholder and the insurer, they shall be liable as solidary obligors. In the relationship between the insurer and the policyholder, only the insurer shall be liable. If the insurer is released from its performance obligation, only the policyholder shall be liable for performance of the obligation in the relationship between the insurer and the policyholder.
(3) The insurer may present the same objections against the claim of an injured party as the policyholder.

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(4) The claim of an injured party against an insurer shall expire after the same term as a claim against a policyholder. Suspension or interruption of the limitation period with respect to the policyholder shall also apply to the insurer and vice versa.
(5) The insurer shall not refuse to satisfy the claim of an injured party on the grounds that the insurer has been released from its liability to the policyholder in part or in full.
(6) [Repealed - RT I 2008, 59, 330 - entry into force 01.01.2009] (7) [Repealed - RT I 2003, 78, 523 - entry into force 27.12.2003]
(8) Upon the imposition of the excess of a policyholder provided for in an insurance contract, the insurer shall indemnify the injured party for the loss in full and the policyholder shall pay the excess to the insurer.
[RT I, 07.07.2015, 1 - entry into force 01.01.2016]

§ 522. Notification obligation of injured party

(1) An injured party shall notify the insurer within two weeks as of becoming aware of the insurer and in a format which can be reproduced in writing of an insured event and of the filing of a claim against the policyholder and shall notify the insurer immediately of the filing of an action against the policyholder.
(2) The insurer may request information necessary to determine the cause and extent of damage from the injured party. The injured party shall provide information only insofar as it is reasonable to expect that such information can be obtained from the injured party.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336 - entry into force 01.07.2002]

§ 523. Violation of obligation by injured party

(1) If an injured party fails to give notice in a timely manner of an insured event or the filing of an action against the policyholder or violates the obligation specified in subsection 522 (2) of this Act, the insurer shall not be liable for the compensation of damage to an extent exceeding the liability of the insurer had the insurer been notified of the insured event or the filing of an action in a timely manner.
(2) If the obligation specified in subsection 522 (2) of this section is violated, the insurer may rely on the provisions of subsection (1) of this section only if the injured party has been expressly informed of the consequences of the violation beforehand in a format which can be reproduced in writing.
(3) The restriction on the liability of the insurer provided for in subsection (1) of this section shall apply accordingly if the policyholder enters into compromise agreement with an injured party or admits the claim of an injured party without the consent of the insurer. The restriction on the liability of the insurer shall not apply if, given the interests of the injured party, entry into the compromise agreement or failure to admit the claim would clearly be contrary to the principles of good faith.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336 - entry into force 01.07.2002]

§ 524. Transfer of insurance contract

(1) In the event of obligatory insurance of a liability which may arise from a thing and if the right of ownership of the thing is transferred, the policyholder's rights and obligations arising from the insurance contract transfer to the acquirer of the thing. The provisions of §§ 494 to 498 of this Act apply accordingly.
(2) If, in the case specified in subsection (1) of this section, the acquirer of the thing enters into a new obligatory liability insurance contract, the insurance contract which transferred to the acquirer shall expire.

§ 525. Limitation of release from performance

(1) If, upon the insurance of insured risk relating to a third party, the insurer is released from its performance obligation with respect to the policyholder, the insurer shall only be released from its performance obligation with respect to the third party if the circumstances which are the basis for such release arise from the third party or if the third party was or should have been aware of these circumstances.
(2) If the insurer has to perform its obligation with respect to a third party under the circumstances specified in subsection (1) of this section, the insurer may, upon performance of the obligation with respect to the third party, demand that the policyholder compensate any expenses incurred in order to perform the obligation.

Division 4

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Legal Expenses Insurance

§ 526. Obligations of insurer

(1) In legal expenses insurance, the insurer shall, to the extent prescribed by the contract, protect the legal interests of the policyholder upon the occurrence of an insured event and cover the costs of legal assistance, procedure expenses and other similar expenses incurred as a result thereof. It is presumed that the insurance covers legal assistance both in court and in administrative proceedings and outside administrative agencies.
(2) The provisions of this Division concerning insurers shall also apply to insured persons who are not policyholders.

§ 527. Information in insurance contract

If insured risks in the field of legal expenses insurance are insured together with other insured risks, the
scope of the insurance cover in legal expenses insurance and the insurance premiums payable therefor shall be
indicated separately in the insurance contract. If the insurer entrusts an independent loss adjuster with the task of
managing the performance of obligations arising from an insurance contract, this shall also be indicated in the
contract.

§ 528. Choice of advocate

(1) The policyholder may choose an advocate to represent the policyholder and to protect the interests of the policyholder in judicial or administrative proceedings or to protect the legal interests of the policyholder in any other manner, including in the policyholder's relationship with the insurer.
(2) If the policyholder applies to the insurer for the appointment of an advocate, the insurer shall expressly inform the policyholder of the right specified in subsection (1) of this section.
(3) Persons other than advocates may be appointed to represent the policyholder in judicial or administrative proceedings or to protect the legal interests of the policyholder in any other manner only by agreement with the insurer.

§ 529. Provision of expert assessment

(1) An insurance contract shall prescribe the provision of expert assessment which complies with the conditions provided for in § 490 of this Act to assess the prospects of legal assistance being effective or being in bad faith and which the policyholder may use if the insurer refuses to perform the obligation because, in the insurer's opinion, the prospects of legal assistance being effective are not sufficient or if legal assistance would be in bad faith.
(2) If the insurer refuses to perform its obligation, the insurer shall inform the policyholder of the right to obtain expert assessment.
(3) If the provisions of subsection (1) or (2) of this section are not complied with, the policyholder's need for legal assistance in this particular case shall be deemed to have been recognised by the insurer.
(4) The limitation period of the policyholder's claim shall be suspended while the expert assessment provided for in subsection (1) of this section is provided, although the period shall not be suspended for longer than three months.

§ 530. Insurer's obligation to inform policyholder of insurance cover

(1) If a policyholder submits a claim arising from subsection 526 (1) of this Act to an insurer, the insurer shall inform the policyholder within two weeks and in a format which can be reproduced in writing of whether the insurer will perform the obligation arising from the contract. Refusal to perform the obligation shall be justified and the facts or the provisions of law or of the contract which are the basis for refusal shall be indicated.
(2) If the policyholder has not forwarded all the information necessary to verify the claim arising from subsection 526 (1) of this Act to the insurer, the insurer may demand the submission of additional documents during the term provided for in subsection (1) of this section. In such case, the term provided for in subsection (1) of this section shall begin to run as of the submission of documents.
(3) If the insurer fails to prove that the insurer performed the obligation provided for in subsection (1) of this section, the insurer shall compensate for all costs for legal assistance which are covered by the insurance and which have been incurred during the period of time from the expiry of the term specified in subsection (1) of this section to communication of the insurer's position to the policyholder.

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[RT I 2002, 53, 336 - entry into force 01.07.2002]

§ 531. Transfer of insurance contract

If the costs for legal assistance relating to the enterprise of a policyholder are insured and the enterprise is transferred or use thereof is granted to another person, the policyholder's rights and obligations arising from the insurance contract transfer to the transferee or the person to whom use thereof is granted. The provisions of §§
494 to 498 of this Act apply accordingly.

Chapter 25 LIFE INSURANCE

§ 532. Insurer's performance obligation

In life insurance, the insurer shall, pursuant to the contract, pay the beneficiary the agreed amount as a lump sum payment or in instalments if the insured person attains a certain age, marries, dies or has a child.

§ 533. Restrictions on insuring life of third party

(1) A life insurance contract relating to the death of a third party shall only be valid if the third party grants written consent to the contract.
(2) If the third party is a person with restricted active legal capacity and the policyholder is his or her legal representative, the policyholder may represent the third party in the grant of consent only with the permission of the court of the residence of the third party.
[RT I 2009, 60, 395 - entry into force 01.07.2010]

§ 534. Consequences of stating incorrect age

If the age of the insured person is stated incorrectly and, as a result thereof, the insurance premium is established at too low a level, the liability of the insurer shall be reduced in proportion to the relation of the insurance premium corresponding to the actual age of the person to the insurance premium agreed upon.

§ 535. Increase in Probability of Insured Risk

(1) Only a change in circumstances relating to the insured risk which is explicitly deemed to be an increase in the probability of the insured risk pursuant to a written agreement shall be deemed to be an increase in the probability of the insured risk.
(2) The insurer shall not rely on an increase in the probability of the insured risk if three years have passed since the increase of the risk, unless the policyholder intentionally violated the obligation to obtain the consent of the insurer or to notify the insurer.

§ 536. Specifications of cancellation of contracts

A policyholder may at any time cancel a life insurance contract as of the end of the current insurance period.

§ 537. Appointment and change of beneficiary

(1) A policyholder has the right to determine a third party as beneficiary without the consent of the insurer and to change that person even if the beneficiary is specified in the contract.
(2) The beneficiary shall have the right to demand performance by the insurer only upon the occurrence of the insured event.
(3) If the beneficiary dies before the occurrence of the insured event, the insurer shall perform the obligation with respect to the policyholder or the successors of the policyholder unless the policyholder specifies otherwise.

§ 538. Several beneficiaries

If several persons have been appointed beneficiaries without their respective shares having been specified, they shall be deemed to be beneficiaries in equal shares. Any share which a beneficiary refuses to accept or cannot accept shall be added to the shares of the other beneficiaries.

§ 539. Release of insurer from performance obligation

In the case of insurance for the event of death, the insurer shall be released from its performance obligation if the insured person commits suicide within two years as of entering into the contract. The insurer's obligation

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remains valid if the insured person who commits suicide has a pathological mental condition which precludes free will.

§ 540. Death of insured person caused by policyholder or beneficiary

(1) In the case of a life insurance contract entered into for the event of the death of a third party, the insurer shall be released from its performance obligation if the death of the third party is caused by an intentional unlawful act by the policyholder.
(2) If a beneficiary is appointed in a life insurance contract entered into for the event of death and the beneficiary causes the death of the insured person by an intentional unlawful act, the beneficiary shall be deemed not to have been appointed.

§ 541. Notification of insured event

(1) The insurer need not be notified of an insured event if the attainment by the insured person of a certain age has been agreed upon as the insured event.
(2) If a third party is entitled to performance of the obligation by the insurer, the third party shall give notice of the insured event and provide information and submit evidence concerning the insured event.
[RT I 2003, 78, 523 - entry into force 27.12.2003]

§ 542. Change in size of insurance premium

(1) An insurer has the right to increase an insurance premium if this is necessary to ensure continuous performance of its obligations arising from insurance contracts.
(2) The insurer shall not amend a contract solely on the grounds that the insured person is ageing or his or her state of health is deteriorating. The parties may, however, agree that, when the insured person attains a certain age, the initial insurance premium will be increased to an amount which, according to the relevant insurance premium rate, is payable with regard to an insured person who enters into an insurance contract at that age.
(3) Any declaration by the insurer which increases the insurance premium retroactively is void.
(4) An increase in the insurance premium shall not take effect earlier than one month after the policyholder is notified of the increase.

§ 543. Conversion of insurance into premium-free insurance

(1) A policyholder may apply for the insurance to be converted as of the end of the current period of insurance in such a manner that the policyholder need not pay any more insurance premiums during the period of validity of the contract but that the insurer shall still perform the obligation arising from the insurance contract on account of the insurance premiums already paid (premium-free insurance).
(2) The policyholder may demand that the insurance be converted into premium-free insurance if the minimum amount agreed upon by the insurer and the policyholder has been reached on account of the insurance premiums already paid. If the minimum amount of insurance premiums agreed upon has not been reached, the policyholder shall be entitled to receive the surrender value of the insurance from the insurer.

§ 544. Insurer's performance obligation in premium-free insurance

(1) If insurance is converted into premium-free insurance, the extent of the insurer's performance obligation as at the end of the current period of insurance shall be calculated according to the recognised principles of actuarial mathematics.
(2) If insurance is converted into premium-free insurance, the insurer may make deductions from its performance obligation only to the extent agreed upon by the parties, provided that such deductions are reasonable.

§ 545. Conversion of insurance into premium-free insurance if insurer cancels contract

(1) If the insurer cancels an insurance contract due to failure to pay the second or a subsequent insurance premium, the insurance is converted into premium-free insurance.
(2) In the case provided for in subsection 458 (2) of this Act, the insurer shall be required to perform to the extent which would have been the extent of the insurer's obligation if the insurance had been converted into premium-free insurance by the time of the occurrence of the insured event.

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(3) The notice which, pursuant to the provisions of § 458 of this Act, sets a term for payment of the insurance premium shall contain information which states that failure to pay the outstanding insurance premium in time will result in the insurance being converted into premium-free insurance.

§ 546. Surrender value

(1) If a life insurance contract terminates due to withdrawal or cancellation or if the contract is recognised as void or if one of the parties annuls the contract on the bases provided for in the General Part of the Civil Code Act, the insurer shall pay the surrender value of the insurance to the policyholder. This shall not apply if the parties agree to convert the contract into premium-free insurance.
(2) The insurer shall pay the surrender value even if the insurer has been released from its performance obligation after the occurrence of the insured event. The insurer need not pay the surrender value in the case specified in subsection 540 (1) of this Act.
(3) The surrender value of insurance shall be calculated according to the recognised principles of actuarial mathematics as at the end of the current period of insurance.
(4) Any insurance premium arrears shall be deducted from the surrender value upon calculation thereof. The insurer may make deductions from the surrender value only to the extent agreed upon by the parties, provided that such deductions are reasonable.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336 - entry into force 01.07.2002]

§ 547. Beneficiary becomes policyholder

(1) The beneficiary may replace the policyholder in an insurance contract with the consent of the policyholder if the policyholder's claim against the insurer for the performance of the insurer's obligation is seized or if an execution proceeding is initiated with respect to such claim or if the policyholder is declared bankrupt.
(2) Upon taking the place of the policyholder in the contract in the case provided for in subsection (1) of this section, the beneficiary shall satisfy the claims of the policyholder's obligees to the extent of the surrender value of the insurance which the policyholder would have received from the insurer if the policyholder had cancelled the contract at the time of seizure, initiation of the execution proceeding or declaration of bankruptcy.
(3) If no beneficiary is named, the policyholder's spouse and children shall have the rights and obligations provided for in subsections (1) and (2) of this section.
(4) Taking the place of the policyholder in the contract is effected by notifying the insurer thereof. Notice may be given within one month as of the time when the person who is entitled to take the place of the policyholder in the contract became aware of the seizure, initiation of the execution proceeding or declaration of bankruptcy.
(5) Any agreement which derogates from the provisions of subsections (1) to (4) of this section to the detriment of the beneficiary is void.

Chapter 26 ACCIDENT INSURANCE

§ 548. Insurer's obligation to compensate

In the case of accident insurance, the insurer shall, upon the occurrence of an accident, pay the amount specified in the contract as a lump sum payment or in instalments, compensate for patrimonial damage caused by the occurrence of the insured event or perform the contract in any other agreed manner.

§ 549. Application of life insurance and non-life insurance provisions

(1) If payment of an agreed amount of money rather than compensation for damage is prescribed as the insurer's performance obligation, the policyholder shall have the right to appoint a beneficiary pursuant to the provisions of §§ 537 and 538 of this Act.
(2) The parties to the contract may agree upon the application of relevant provisions of non-life insurance insofar as such provisions do not contradict the nature of accident insurance.

§ 550. Persons covered by accident insurance

(1) If an accident involving a third party is insured against, it shall be presumed that the third party is the insured person.
(2) If a policyholder has taken out insurance against an accident involving a third party in order to insure the insured risk of the policyholder, the written consent of the third party is needed for the contract to be valid. If the third party is a person with restricted active legal capacity and the policyholder is his or her legal representative,

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the policyholder may represent the third party in the grant of consent only with the permission of the court of the residence of the third party.
[RT I 2009, 60, 395 - entry into force 01.07.2010]

§ 551. Intentional causing of accident

(1) If a policyholder has taken out insurance against an accident involving a third party in order to insure the insured risk of the policyholder, the insurer shall be released from its performance obligation if the accident is caused by an intentional unlawful act of the policyholder.
(2) If the beneficiary causes an accident by an intentional unlawful act, the beneficiary shall be deemed not to have been appointed.

§ 552. Deterioration of health of insured person

It is presumed that the health of the insured person deteriorated due to circumstances beyond his or her control.

§ 553. Notification obligation of beneficiary

If a beneficiary is entitled to performance of the obligation by the insurer, the beneficiary shall give notice of the insured event and provide information and submit evidence concerning the insured event.

Chapter 27 SICKNESS INSURANCE

§ 554. Classes of sickness insurance

Sickness insurance may be provided as:
1) medical expenses insurance;
2) hospital insurance;
3) insurance against incapacity for work;
4) long-term care insurance;
5) insurance of another class.

§ 555. Obligations of insurer

(1) In the case of medical expenses insurance, the insurer shall, to the extent of the sum insured, compensate the insured person for medical expenses which are incurred as a result of an illness or accident and are medically necessary and perform other contractual obligations. The costs of out-patient examinations conducted in order to establish and prevent illnesses shall also be compensated for.
(2) In the case of hospital insurance, the insurer shall pay the insured person the agreed hospital daily allowance agreed for in-patient treatment which is medically necessary.
(3) In the case of insurance against incapacity for work, the insurer shall compensate the insured person for loss of income or a reduction thereof due to incapacity for work caused as a result of an illness or accident by paying the insured person a daily allowance, making periodic payments or paying a lump-sum amount, as agreed.
(4) In the case of long-term care insurance and if the need to provide care arises, the insurer shall compensate for the costs of caring for the insured person to the extent agreed upon (long-term care expenses insurance) or pay an agreed daily allowance for the care (long-term care daily allowance insurance).

§ 556. Application of non-life insurance provisions

If sickness insurance cover is provided pursuant to the principles of non-life insurance, the provisions concerning non-life insurance shall apply to sickness insurance accordingly. The provisions of §§ 443 to 447 and § 460 of this Act do not apply to sickness insurance.

§ 557. Duration of sickness insurance contract

(1) Sickness insurance contracts are entered into for an unspecified term.
(2) An insurance contract against incapacity for work may be entered into for a specified term but not for less than three years.

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(3) A sickness insurance contract may be entered into for a specified term if it is related to training, stay in a foreign state, travelling or the performance of work or an activity during a specified term.

§ 558. Waiting periods

(1) If the parties agree that the obligations of the insurer commence after a certain period of time has passed from the insurance contract being entered into (waiting period), the waiting period shall not exceed five months in the case of medical expenses insurance, hospital insurance and insurance against incapacity for work and nine months in the case of childbirth and health services related thereto. In the case of long-term care insurance, the waiting period shall not exceed three years.
(2) If the insured event occurs before the end of the waiting period, the insurer shall be required to perform only if the policyholder proves that the illness occurred or that the child was conceived only after entry into the contract.

§ 559. Insurance of born child

If, at the time of the birth of a child, at least one of the parents is covered by sickness insurance, the insurer shall enter into an insurance contract to insure the child as of his or her birth without any additional insurance premiums or waiting periods, provided that an application for the child to be insured is submitted not later than two months after his or her date of birth. The insurer has the obligation to insure the child to the extent that the insurance cover applied for the child does not exceed the scope of the insurance cover of the insured parent.

§ 560. Change in size of insurance premium

(1) An agreement under which the insurer may, after entry into a sickness insurance contract, unilaterally increase the insurance premium or unilaterally change the scope of insurance cover, including establishing the excess which the policyholder has to pay, shall be valid only if agreement is reached to change the insurance premium or the scope of insurance cover if any of the following circumstances change:
1) circumstances which are specified in the insurance contract as basis for the calculation of the insurance premium and which are beyond the control of the parties;
2) the average life expectancy of the insured persons;
3) the frequency at which the insurer's performance obligation is used by persons insured according to this
insurance premium rate;
4) the scope of state compensation for sickness insurance services;
5) fees charged by providers of health care services for the use of their services;
6) legislation changing health care administration.
(2) Agreement shall not be reached on the right to increase the insurance premium unilaterally or to change the scope of insurance cover unilaterally solely on the grounds that the insured person is ageing or his or her state of health is deteriorating. The parties may, however, agree that, when the insured person attains a certain age, the initial insurance premium will be increased to an amount which, according to the relevant insurance premium rate, is payable with regard to an insured person who enters into an insurance contract at that age.
(3) Any declaration by the insurer which retroactively increases the insurance premium or changes the scope of insurance cover is void.
(4) An increase in the insurance premium and a change in the scope of insurance cover shall not take effect earlier than one month after the policyholder is notified of the increase or change.

§ 561. Policyholder's right to cancel

(1) The policyholder may cancel a sickness insurance contract by giving at least three months' notice of the cancellation so that the contract terminates at the end of the year. The policyholder may cancel a sickness insurance contract which is entered into for a term of less than one year by giving at least three days' notice of the cancellation.
(2) If the insurer increases the insurance premium or reduces its obligations, the policyholder may cancel the contract within one month as of receiving notice of the change. In such case, the contract terminates on the effective date of the increase of the insurance premium or reduction of obligations.
[RT I 2003, 78, 523 - entry into force 27.12.2003]

§ 562. Restriction of ordinary cancellation by insurer

Ordinary cancellation of a contract of hospital insurance or medical expenses insurance by the insurer is only permitted within the first three years after entry into the contract and by giving at least three months' notice of the cancellation.

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§ 563. Restriction on withdrawal from contract

If more than three years have passed since a sickness insurance contract was entered into, the insurer shall not withdraw from the contract on the grounds that the policyholder has violated the notification obligation upon entry into the contract.

§ 564. Release of insurer from performance obligation

(1) The insurer shall be released from its performance obligation if the policyholder or the insured person intentionally caused his or her illness or an accident.
(2) If the policyholder intentionally caused the illness or accident of the insured person, the insurer's performance obligation with respect to the insured person shall remain in force. Upon performance of the obligation, the claim of the insured person for compensation of damage against the policyholder shall transfer to the insurer.

§ 565. Insurer's obligation to provide information

The insurer shall, at the request of an insured person, grant access to the information concerning the state of health of the insured person obtained by the insurer upon entry into the insurance contract or during the period of validity of the insurance contract.

§ 566. Death or dissolution of policyholder

(1) If an insurance contract terminates with the death of the policyholder or the dissolution of a policyholder who is a legal person, the insured person has the right to extend the insurance contract within two months after the death or dissolution of the policyholder if the insured person gives notice of the name of the new policyholder.
(2) The provisions of subsection (1) of this section apply accordingly if the policyholder cancels the insurance contract. The cancellation shall only be valid if the policyholder proves that the insured person is aware of the declaration of cancellation.

§ 567. Group sickness insurance

(1) If a person is excluded from the circle of persons who are insured with group insurance, including on the grounds of the person's retirement or the termination of a contract entered into between the policyholder and the insurer, the person who was insured under the group insurance may submit an application to the insurer to continue insurance of the same class separately for the person pursuant to insurance premium rates applicable to individual insurance without any waiting periods or additional charges besides the insurance premium being applied.
(2) The right of the insured person provided for in subsection (1) of this section shall expire if the person does not submit an application specified in subsection (1) of this section within one month as of being excluded from the circle of insured persons or termination of the group sickness insurance and performance of the notification obligation by the insurer.
(3) Upon the submission of an application specified in subsection (1) of this section, the insurance premium shall be determined based on the age of the person when the person entered into the group sickness insurance contract.
(4) The insured person shall not have the right provided for in subsection (1) of this section if the person is excluded from the circle of insured persons because of the extraordinary cancellation of the insurance contract by the insurer on the grounds of a violation of the insurance contract by the insured person.
(5) The insurer shall inform each person who is insured with a group insurance upon entry into the group sickness insurance contract or at the time the insurance cover extends to such person of the conditions under which the insurance is terminated and of the consequences regarding the size of the insurance premium if separate insurance were to be continued.
(6) Ordinary cancellation of a group sickness insurance contract by the insurer is only permitted if the insured persons may continue the insurance relationship in the form of individual insurance.

Part 5

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SUPPORT CONTRACTS

Chapter 28 LIFE ANNUITY

§ 568. Definition of life annuity contract

(1) In a life annuity contract, one person (the grantor of a life annuity) undertakes to pay, on a periodic basis, a specific sum of money or deliver other objects which are limited by specific characteristics (life annuity) to the other party or a third party (life annuitant) during the lifetime of the grantor, annuitant or other person. The payment of a life annuity is presumed to be without charge.
(2) The provisions of this Chapter apply to life annuities established by law or a court judgment unless otherwise provided by law or the court judgment.

§ 569. Term

(1) A life annuity contract is presumed to have been entered into for the duration of the lifetime of the annuitant.
(2) A life annuity established for the duration of the lifetime of the grantor of the life annuity or a third party shall transfer to the successors of the annuitant in the case of death of the annuitant.

§ 570. Form

Life annuity contracts shall be entered into in writing.

§ 571. Payment of annuity

(1) Monetary life annuities shall be paid three months in advance. Life annuities in a form other than in money shall be paid a reasonable period in advance if such advance payment may be reasonably presumed on the basis of the nature of the life annuity.
(2) If a person for the duration of whose life a life annuity is established dies before the expiry of the period for which the life annuity has been paid in advance, the life annuity which has already been paid cannot be reclaimed.
(3) If in the case specified in subsection (2) of this section the life annuity has not yet been paid, the life annuity for the period shall be paid to the successors of the life annuitant.

Chapter 29 MAINTENANCE CONTRACT

§ 572. Definition of maintenance contract

(1) In a maintenance contract, one person (dependant) undertakes to deliver assets or specific objects into the ownership or possession of another person (maintenance provider), and the maintenance provider undertakes to maintain the dependant and provide him or her with care during the lifetime of the dependant or another period as agreed.
(2) The provisions concerning succession contracts apply to a maintenance contract if assets or other objects are to be delivered after the death of the dependant.

§ 573. Form of maintenance contract

Maintenance contracts shall be notarially authenticated.

§ 574. Obligations of maintenance provider

A maintenance provider shall maintain the dependant and provide him or her with care in a manner which it
is reasonable for the dependant to expect on the basis of the value of that which is delivered by him or her and
on the basis of his or her existing way of life. The maintenance provider shall ensure that the dependant has
reasonable housing and provide him or her with the necessary care and health services if he or she is or falls ill.

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§ 575. Withdrawal from Contract

A dependant may withdraw from a maintenance contract on the same bases and pursuant to the same procedure as a donor from a gratuitous contract.

§ 576. Death of maintenance provider

A maintenance contract is not presumed to terminate with the death of the maintenance provider.

§ 577. Restriction on waiver of claim

A claim for maintenance of a dependant arising from a maintenance contract is not subject to waiver or claim for payment.

Part 6 COMPROMISE CONTRACT

§ 578. Definition of compromise contract

(1) A compromise contract is a contract which is entered into in order to render a contestable or ambiguous legal relationship incontestable by way of mutual concession. Amongst other things, uncertainty as to whether a claim can be enforced is also deemed to be ambiguity.
(2) It is presumed that the parties will waive their claims as a result of the compromise contract and acquire new rights on the basis of the compromise contract.

§ 579. Validity of rights of third parties

A compromise contract does not affect the rights of third parties which arise from contestable or ambiguous legal relationships.

Part 7 CONTRACT OF PARTNERSHIP

Chapter 30 GENERAL PROVISIONS

§ 580. Definition of contract of partnership

(1) In a contract of partnership, two or more persons (partners) undertake to act to achieve a mutual objective and to help to achieve the objective in the manner established by the contract, above all by making contributions.
(2) Partners are required to protect the partnership from loss and to consider the interests of the other partners.

§ 581. Contributions

(1) The contribution made by a partner may be any manner of promotion of a mutual objective, including the transfer of assets to the partnership, grant of the use of assets to the partnership or provision of services to the partnership.
(2) The contributions of all partners are presumed to be equal.
(3) When contributions are made, the provisions relating to lease contracts apply to the transfer of risk of accidental loss of or damage to objects and to liability for any defects of objects if a partner grants the use of an object to the partnership, and the provisions relating to contracts of sale apply thereto if a partner transfers an object to the partnership.
(4) A partner is not required to increase an already agreed upon contribution or to make additional contributions.

Chapter 31

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RELATIONS BETWEEN PARTNERS

§ 582. Management of partnership

(1) Each partner has the right and the obligation to participate in the management of the partnership. (2) The partners shall manage the partnership jointly and the consent of all partners is needed for any
transaction to be concluded.

§ 583. Management by one or several partners

(1) The right to manage a partnership may be granted by the contract of partnership to one or several partners. In this case, the other partners shall not participate in the management of the partnership. If the right to manage
is granted to several partners, they shall manage the partnership jointly and the consent of all authorised partners is needed for any transaction to be concluded.
(2) A partner who holds a management right granted to him or her by the contract of partnership may be deprived of the right with good reason by a unanimous resolution of the other partners unless the contract of partnership prescribes that any such resolution of the partners be taken by a majority of votes. The primary good reason shall be a material violation of an obligation by a partner or his or her inability to manage the partnership.
(3) A partner may relinquish his or her right to manage if he or she has good reason therefor. If a partner relinquishes his or her right to manage at a time when the partnership cannot be managed in any other manner, he or she shall compensate any damage incurred by the other partners for this reason except in the case where, taking into consideration the interests of the partner and the partnership, the partner cannot have been expected to continue managing the partnership.
(4) The provisions concerning authorisation agreements apply to the rights of partners authorised to manage the partnership and to their obligations before other partners, unless otherwise provided by this Part.

§ 584. Right to contest

A partner authorised to manage the partnership shall not perform an act if another partner authorised to manage the partnership contests it.

§ 585. Personal execution of management right

It is presumed that a partner authorised to manage the partnership shall not delegate his or her managerial duties to other persons. A partner authorised to manage may use the assistance of other persons when performing his or her managerial duties.

§ 586. Reporting and provision of information

(1) Upon the dissolution of a partnership, the partner authorised to manage the partnership is required to give a report on his or her activities to the other partners. This shall also be done during the term of the contract of partnership if the objective of the partnership or the managerial duties dictate such reporting.
(2) The partner authorised to manage the partnership shall inform the other partners of any significant circumstances concerning the partnership and, if they so request, provide them with information with respect to the transactions of the partnership.
(3) A partner has the right to examine all documents relating to the partnership.
(4) Agreements which derogate from the provisions of subsection (2) to (3) of this section are void.

§ 587. Resolutions

(1) A resolution of the partners is required in order to conclude any transaction beyond the scope of the everyday activities of the partnership. It is presumed that the consent of all partners is required to pass a resolution.
(2) If the contract of partnership prescribes that any resolution be passed by a majority of votes, it shall be presumed that the majority is calculated on the basis of the number of partners.

§ 588. Non-transferability of rights of partners

Claims of partners which are created against one another on the basis of a contract of partnership are not subject to waiver, except for claims for compensation of costs arising from the management of the partnership and
claims on profits or on assets acquired by liquidation.

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§ 589. Partnership property

(1) Contributions made by partners and assets acquired for the partnership shall be transferred to the joint property of the partnership (partnership property).
(2) Assets which are acquired on the basis of a right included in the partnership property or as compensation for the destruction of, damage to or seizure of objects included in the partnership property are also included in the partnership property.
(3) If an obligor of a partnership performs an obligation to a partner and, while doing so, does not or need not know that the claim from which the obligation to be performed by the obligor arises is actually included in the partnership property, the partners shall not jointly claim performance of such obligation subsequently. In such case, the provisions provided in §§ 169 and 171 of this Act concerning waiver of claims apply correspondingly.

§ 590. Integrity of partnership property

(1) Partners shall not dispose of objects which are included in the partnership property or demand the division of the partnership property.
(2) An obligor of a partnership shall not set off a claim which is included in the partnership property with a claim against a partner.

§ 591. Submission of reports and distribution of profits

Upon the dissolution of a partnership, the partners authorised to manage the partnership shall prepare a management report, submit it to the partners and make a proposal for the profits to be distributed or losses covered. If a partnership is founded for a period longer than one year, it shall be presumed that a report is to be prepared and profits distributed after the end of each financial year.

§ 592. Shares in distribution of profits and covering of losses

(1) If the shares of partners in the distribution of profits and covering of losses have not been determined, the share attributable to each partner shall be calculated in proportion to the size of the partner's contribution.
(2) If the shares of partners have been determined only in the distribution of profits or in the covering of losses, it shall be presumed that such determination is valid for both profits and losses.

Chapter 32 RELATIONS OF PARTNERS WITH THIRD PARTIES

§ 593. Representation

If, on the basis of the contract of partnership, a partner is authorised to manage the partnership, it shall be presumed that the partner is also authorised to represent other partners in relations with third parties.

§ 594. Withdrawal of right of representation

(1) A partner who holds a right of representation granted to him or her by the contract of partnership may be deprived of such right with good reason by a unanimous resolution of the other partners unless the contract of partnership prescribes that any resolution be taken by a majority of votes. The primary good reason shall be a material violation of an obligation by a partner or his or her inability to represent the partners.
(2) If a partner is authorised to manage the partnership and represent other partners by the contract of partnership, he or she may be deprived of the right of representation only together with the withdrawal of his or her management right.

§ 595. Liability of partners

It shall be presumed that all partners are jointly and severally liable to third parties for obligations assumed by the partnership.

Chapter 33

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DISSOLUTION OF PARTNERSHIP AND DEPARTURE OR EXCLUSION OF PARTNERS

§ 596. Bases for dissolution of partnership

(1) A partnership is dissolved:
1) by a resolution of the partners;
2) by cancellation of the contract of partnership by a partner;
3) by cancellation of the contract of partnership by an obligee of a partner in the case specified in § 599 of this
Act;
4) by the death of a partner;
5) if the objective of the partnership is achieved or if it becomes clear that it is impossible to achieve the
objective;
6) upon the expiry of the term of the partnership if the partnership is founded for a specified term;
7) if a partner is declared bankrupt.
(2) The dissolution of a partnership does not terminate or alter the obligations of the partners to third parties.

§ 597. Cancellation by partner

(1) A partner has the right, at any time, to cancel a contract of partnership entered into for an unspecified term.
A contract of partnership which is entered into for a specified term may be cancelled only with good reason. The
primary good reason shall be a material violation of an obligation by another partner.
(2) Even if a term for cancellation has been determined in the contract of partnership, the partnership may be cancelled without adhering to the term for cancellation for the goods reason specified in subsection (1) of this section.
(3) A contract of partnership entered into for the duration of the lifetime of a partner may be cancelled in the same manner as a contract of partnership entered into for an unspecified term. This also applies if partners continue the activities of a partnership entered into for a specified term after the expiry of the term.
(4) A contract of partnership shall not be cancelled at a time when the dissolution of the partnership would unreasonably damage the lawful interests of the other partners. If a partner cancels a contract of partnership at such time without good reason, the cancelling party is required to compensate any damage incurred by the other partners for this reason.
(5) Any agreements which preclude the right of a partner to cancel a contract of partnership with good reason or which limit such right, contrary to the provisions of subsections (1) to (4) of this section, are void.

§ 598. Obligation to inform of death or bankruptcy of partners

The successors of a partner shall immediately inform the other partners of the death of the partner even if the death of the partner does not constitute a basis for the dissolution of the partnership according the contract of partnership. A trustee in bankruptcy has the same obligation upon the declaration of a partner as bankrupt.

§ 599. Cancellation by obligee of partner

(1) If, in order to satisfy a claim made by an obligee of a partner, execution proceedings have been conducted against the assets of a partner but the claim made by the obligee has not been satisfied, the obligee has the right to cancel the contract of partnership on behalf of the partner without adhering to the term for cancellation.
(2) Rights of a partner arising from the contract of partnership shall not be subject to a claim for payment made by an obligee of the partner during the term of the contract of partnership, except for the rights to a share of the profits.

§ 600. Liquidation of partnership

(1) Upon the dissolution of a partnership, the partnership shall be liquidated and the partnership property shall be distributed between the partners. The provisions concerning distribution of common ownership apply to liquidation unless otherwise provided by this Chapter.
(2) Upon liquidation, partnership property shall be sold in so far as this is necessary to perform the obligations of the partnership and to return contributions.

§ 601. Specifications of management right upon liquidation of partnership

(1) Partners shall perform acts relating to liquidation jointly even if the management right was previously granted only to some of the partners. If the management right is granted to some of the partners by the contract

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of partnership, these partners may perform acts of management until such time as they become aware or should become aware of the dissolution of the partnership.
(2) If, due to the joint management right arising from the dissolution of a partnership, the interests of the partnership are endangered as a result of the belated consent of all partners for the performance of a transaction, each partner has the right and obligation to continue performing the management obligations granted to him or her by the contract of partnership until such time as the partners are able to organise the performance of the act in another manner. The successors of a partner have the same obligation upon the death of the partner.

§ 602. Performance of obligations

(1) The obligations of a partnership for which the partners are jointly and severally liable shall be the first to be performed out of the partnership property, including the obligations which are divided between the partners with respect to obligees and the obligations with respect to a partner for which the other partners are liable as obligors. If an obligation has not fallen due or is contestable, the amount necessary for the performance of such obligation shall be deposited.
(2) If the partnership property is insufficient to perform the solidary obligations, the partners shall be liable for the amount missing in proportion to their share in the covering of losses. If the amount to be borne by a partner cannot be obtained from the partner, the other partners shall cover the deficit in proportion to their share in the covering of losses, and the claim against the partner who failed to perform the obligation shall pass to them.

§ 603. Return of contributions

(1) After the obligations are performed, contributions made by the partners shall be returned from the remaining partnership property.
(2) If the value of a contribution has decreased, the corresponding partner shall be compensated for the decrease in value.
(3) If the return of a contribution is not possible, compensation shall be paid for the value of the contribution at the time it was made. Compensation shall not be paid for a contribution which consisted of the provision of services to the partnership or the delivery of objects for the partnership to use.
(4) If the partnership property is insufficient to return the contributions, the provisions of subsection 602 (2) of this Act apply.

§ 604. Distribution of residue

Assets remaining after the performance of solidary obligations and the return of contributions belong to the partners in proportion to their share in the distribution of profits.

§ 605. Continuation of partnership

If the partnership contract prescribes that, upon the cancellation of the contract by a partner, the death of a partner or the declaration of a partner as bankrupt, the partnership is to be continued by the remaining partners, the partner is deemed to have departed from the partnership if any of these events occur.

§ 606. Exclusion of partner

If cancellation of the contract of partnership is based on violation of an obligation by a partner, the partner who violates the obligation may be excluded from the partnership by a joint resolution of the other partners. Exclusion shall be effected by making a petition concerning the partner to be excluded.

§ 607. Payment of compensation to departed or excluded partner

If a partner departs or is excluded from a partnership, the other partners shall return or pay compensation for the contribution made by the departed or excluded partner to the partner pursuant to the provisions of § 603 of this Act to the extent that the partner would have received upon the liquidation of the partnership if the partnership had been dissolved at the time of his or her departure or exclusion.

§ 608. Liability of departed or excluded partner

(1) A partner who has departed or been excluded from the partnership shall be jointly and severally liable with the other partners for any obligation of the partnership with respect to obligees which arose before the departure or exclusion of the partner from the partnership if the obligation has fallen due or will fall due within five years after the departure or exclusion of the partner from the partnership.

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(2) If an obligee of a partnership demands the performance of an obligation specified in subsection (1) of this section from a partner who has departed or been excluded from the partnership, the other partners shall be liable for the performance of the obligation of the partnership with respect to the partner who has departed or been excluded from the partnership. If such obligation has not yet fallen due, the other partners shall provide the partner who has departed or been excluded from the partnership with security at the partner's request.
(3) If the partnership property is insufficient to perform the joint obligations and cover the contributions, the partners who have departed or been excluded from the partnership shall be liable to the other partners for the amount missing in proportion to their share in the covering of losses.

§ 609. Completion of transactions

(1) A partner who has departed or been excluded from a partnership shall participate in the distribution of profits and the covering of losses of the partnership arising from the transactions which were not completed by the time of his or her departure or exclusion. The other partners have the right to complete such transactions in the manner which they consider to be the most profitable.
(2) With regard to transactions specified in subsection (1) of this section, a departed or excluded partner may, at the end of each financial year, demand that the partnership submit a report concerning transactions which have been completed in the meantime, pay the amount belonging to the partner and communicate information concerning the status of transactions not yet completed.

Chapter 34 CONTRACT OF SILENT PARTNERSHIP

§ 610. Definition of contract of silent partnership

(1) In a contract of silent partnership, the silent partner undertakes to make a specific contribution to the management of the enterprise or a part thereof and the trader undertakes to pay the silent partner a share of the profits corresponding to the silent partner's contribution.
(2) It shall be presumed that the assets delivered by a silent partner are transferred to the property of the trader. (3) Rights and obligations which arise from transactions concluded in the process of managing of an enterprise
are created only with respect to the trader. The trader shall manage the enterprise diligently and act in good faith
with respect to the silent partner.
(4) The provisions concerning contracts of partnership apply to contracts of silent partnership unless the provisions of this Chapter provide otherwise.

§ 611. Transfer of rights and obligations arising from contract of silent partnership

The rights and obligations of a silent partner arising from a contract of silent partnership may only be transferred with the consent of the trader. Consent thereto may be granted in advance in the contract of silent partnership.

§ 612. Withdrawal of management right from silent partner

If a silent partner has been granted the right in a contract to participate in the management of the enterprise,
the trader may deprive the silent partner of such right only in the cases prescribed by the contract, in the case of
a material violation of an obligation by the silent partner, or in the case of the inability of the silent partner to
manage the company.

§ 613. Silent partner's inspection right

A silent partner has the right to inspect the accounting records of a trader which concern the economic activities in which the silent partner participates, and to receive a copy of the annual report of the trader.

§ 614. Distribution of profits and covering of losses

(1) It shall be presumed that the profits of an enterprise are distributed and the losses covered corresponding to the relationship between the value of the enterprise and the contribution of the silent partner at the time of entry into the contract of silent partnership.
(2) Any agreement which precludes the participation of a silent partner in the distribution of profits is void. (3) If, pursuant to the contract of silent partnership, a silent partner participates in the management of the
enterprise, the silent partner has the right to receive a reasonable share of the profits for such activity. The
remaining profits shall be distributed pursuant to the provisions of subsection (1) of this section.

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§ 615. Calculation of profits and losses

(1) A trader shall calculate profits and losses within two months after approval of the annual report and pay the share attributable to the silent partner thereto.
(2) A silent partner is not required to return a share of the profits which has already been paid thereto after subsequent losses.
(3) If a silent partner has not paid the contribution in full or the contribution has decreased due to losses, any profits created shall be used primarily to cover the contribution of the silent partner.
(4) It shall be presumed that the share of the profits which is not paid to a silent partner does not increase the contribution of the silent partner.

§ 616. Death of silent partner

If a silent partner dies, the successor of the silent partner shall become the party to the contract of silent partnership. The contract of silent partnership may be cancelled by either the trader or the successor within three months after the death of the silent partner and the cancellation is effective as of the end of the financial year.

§ 617. Termination of contract of silent partnership

(1) Upon the termination of a contract of silent partnership, the trader shall return the contribution of the silent partner, either increased by profits or reduced as a result of losses, within two months after the dissolution of the partnership.
(2) A silent partner shall also participate in the distribution of profits and the covering of losses which arise from any transactions not completed by the time of the termination of the silent partnership.

§ 618. Bankruptcy of trader

(1) A contract of silent partnership terminates upon the declaration of the trader as bankrupt, and the silent partner may, on the basis of the silent partner's contribution, file a claim against the trader as a creditor in bankruptcy proceedings to the extent which the contribution of the silent partner exceeds the share of the silent partner in the covering of losses.
(2) If a silent partner has not paid the contribution, the silent partner shall transfer the missing share to the bankruptcy estate in the extent which is necessary to cover the silent partner's share in the covering of losses.

Part 8 CONTRACTS FOR PROVISION OF SERVICES

Chapter 35 AUTHORISATION AGREEMENT

§ 619. Definition of authorisation agreement

By an authorisation agreement, one person (the mandatary) undertakes to provide services to another person (the mandator) pursuant to an agreement (to perform the mandate) and the mandator undertakes to pay remuneration to the mandatary therefor if so agreed.

§ 620. Diligence of mandatary upon performance of mandate

(1) Upon the performance of a mandate, the mandatary shall act in a loyal manner with respect to the mandator and exercise the necessary level of diligence commensurate with the nature of the mandate.
(2) A mandatary shall perform the mandate to the maximum benefit of the mandator in the light of and according to the mandatary's knowledge and abilities and shall prevent any damage to the property of the mandator. In addition, a mandatary who is acting for the purposes of the mandatary's economic or professional activities shall apply the generally recognised skills of the mandatary's profession.

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§ 621. Instructions of mandator

(1) A mandatary shall adhere to the instructions provided by the mandator upon performance of the mandate. A mandator shall not provide specific instructions concerning the manner or conditions of performance of
the mandate in the case where the mandatary is expected to perform the mandate based on the mandatary's professional skills or abilities.
(2) If a mandatary wishes to deviate from the instructions of the mandator, the mandatary shall inform the mandator thereof and wait for the decision of the mandator, except in the case where a delay would be likely to cause unfavourable consequences for the mandator and if it may be presumed under the circumstances that the mandator will approve of the deviation.
(3) In the case where adherence to the instructions of a mandator would be likely to cause unfavourable consequences for the mandator, the mandatary shall comply with the instructions only after the mandatary has called the mandator's attention to such consequences and if the mandator fails to modify the instructions.
(4) A mandatary shall not be liable for violation of the obligations provided for in subsections (1) to (3) of this section if the mandator later approves of the action of the mandatary.

§ 622. Performance of mandate in person

It is presumed that a mandatary shall perform the mandate in person. A mandatary also has the right to use the assistance of third parties in performing the mandate.

§ 623. Conflict of interests

(1) In the case where the object of a mandate is entry into a transaction, the mandatary may concurrently be the other party to the transaction to be entered into for performance of the mandate or the mandatary of the other party to the transaction only if the possibility of a conflict of interests is precluded.
(2) In the case of a mandate specified in subsection (1) of this section, the mandatary shall inform the mandator of the mandatary's direct or indirect interest with regard to the transaction which is the object of the mandate.
(3) A transaction entered into by the mandatary with the mandatary upon the performance of a mandate does not restrict the right of the mandatary to receive remuneration and to the reimbursement of expenses if the provisions of subsection (1) of this section have been adhered to.
(4) The provisions of subsections (1) to (3) of this section do not preclude or restrict the validity of the right of representation of a mandatary.

§ 624. Notification obligation of mandatary

(1) The mandatary shall inform the mandator of all relevant facts relating to performance of the mandate, above all of facts which may cause the mandator to modify the mandator's instructions, and, at the request of the mandator, shall provide the mandator with information on performance of the mandate.
(2) Upon performance of a mandate, the mandatary shall provide the mandator with an overview of the expenditure and revenue relating to performance of the mandate together with the documentation which is the basis for the overview.
(3) Any agreement to derogate from the provisions of subsections (1) or (2) of this section to the detriment of the mandator shall be entered into in writing.

§ 625. Duty to maintain confidentiality

(1) During the performance of a mandate, the mandatary shall maintain the confidentiality of facts which become known thereto in connection with the mandate and which the mandator has a legitimate interest in keeping confidential, above all by maintaining the mandator's production and business secrets. A mandatary is not required to maintain confidentiality if the mandator has granted the mandatary permission to disclose facts or if the mandatary's duty to disclose arises from law.
(2) A mandatary's duty specified in subsection (1) of this section shall continue after the expiry of the authorisation agreement to the extent needed to protect the legitimate interests of the mandator.

§ 626. Obligation to transfer

(1) A mandatary shall hand over anything received or created in connection with performance of the mandate to the mandator, along with anything which the mandatary received and did not use to perform the mandate.
(2) If a mandatary uses money in the mandatary's own interests despite being required to use the money in
the interests of the mandator or to hand over the money to the mandator, the mandatary shall pay interest in an
amount provided by law for the time during which the mandatary used the money.

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(3) Claims and movables which a mandatary acquires when performing a mandate in the mandatary's name but on account of the mandator, and claims and movables which the mandator transfers to the mandatary for performance of the mandate are not included in the bankruptcy estate of the mandatary and they cannot be subject to a claim against the mandatary in an enforcement procedure.

§ 627. Remuneration of mandatary

(1) In the case where the amount of remuneration payable has not been agreed upon in the authorisation agreement, remuneration shall be paid if it can be reasonably presumed that the mandate would only be performed for remuneration, above all if the mandatary performed the mandate for the purposes of the mandatary's economic or professional activities.
(2) If the amount of remuneration has not been specified, remuneration which is reasonable under the circumstances shall be paid.

§ 628. Procedure for payment of remuneration to mandatary and for reimbursement of expenses and compensation of damages

(1) If the remuneration payable to a mandatary is determined on the basis of certain periods of time, the remuneration shall be paid after each corresponding period. In the case of a mandate where the object is entry into a transaction, it is presumed that remuneration is payable after performance of the mandate.
(2) A mandator shall reimburse the mandatary for any reasonable expenses which the mandatary has incurred in performing the mandate and which the mandatary could have deemed to be necessary in the circumstances, except in the case where the expenses are to be covered from the remuneration of the mandatary. It is presumed that the expenses arising from the performance of a mandate which are usually incurred by the mandatary and the expenses which the mandatary would have incurred even without entering into an authorisation agreement shall be covered from the remuneration of the mandatary.
(3) The mandator shall release the mandatary from obligations to third parties which the mandatary has assumed for performance of the mandate.
(4) Before commencing performance of a mandate, the mandatary has the right to demand that an advance payment be made by the mandator in a reasonable amount for the remuneration payable and expenses to be reimbursed.
(5) A mandator shall compensate for damage which is caused to the mandatary upon performance of a mandate and which arises from the risks usually involved in the performance of such a mandate or from the instructions of the mandator, except in the case where damage is to be covered from the remuneration of the mandatary or
if the damage was caused by the mandatary behaving in a manner which, under the circumstances, could not be deemed to be necessary for performance of the mandate.
(6) It is presumed that remuneration paid to a mandatary covers the damage specified in subsection (5) of this section.

§ 629. Payment of remuneration in event of expiry of authorisation agreement

(1) If the mandatary is to be remunerated after performance of the mandate or expiry of the term granted for performance of the mandate and if the authorisation agreement expires before the mandate is performed or before the expiry of the term granted for the performance thereof, the mandatary is entitled to receive
a reasonable part of the remuneration. In such case, the mandatary is entitled to receive full remuneration only if the agreement was terminated due to circumstances dependent on the mandator and if the payment of remuneration is justified under the circumstances.
(2) Upon determination of the amount of remuneration in the case specified in subsection (1) of this section, anything which has already been performed by the mandatary, the gains created thereby to the mandator and the reason for termination of the agreement shall be taken into consideration among other circumstances. Any amounts which the mandatary would have saved as a result of the termination of the agreement or which the
mandatary would have obtained in any other manner or could reasonably have been expected to obtain shall be deducted from the remuneration.
(3) If the mandatary cancels the authorisation agreement before the performance thereof, the mandatary has the right to demand that remuneration be paid to the extent which corresponds to the services already provided and that expenses not covered by the remuneration be reimbursed in so far as the mandator has an interest in the services provided up to that point.

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§ 630. Ordinary cancellation of authorisation agreement entered into for unspecified term

(1) Both parties have the right to cancel an authorisation agreement entered into for an unspecified term at any time until the mandate is performed.
(2) However, a mandatary has the right to cancel an authorisation agreement entered into for an unspecified term only on condition that the mandator can receive the service or enter into the transaction which is the object of the mandate in another manner. If the mandatary cancels the authorisation agreement without considering the above, the mandatary shall compensate the mandator for any damage caused thereby.
(3) If an authorisation agreement is entered into for the life of one party or for a period longer than five years, the mandatary has the right to cancel the contract once five years have passed from the date of entry into the contract by giving at least six months' advance notice.

§ 631. Extraordinary cancellation of authorisation agreement

Both parties have the right to cancel both an authorisation agreement entered into for a specified term and an authorisation agreement entered into for unspecified term without observing the provisions of § 630 of this
Act if it becomes evident that, bearing in mind all the circumstances and the interests of both parties, the party wishing to cancel the agreement cannot be expected to continue performance of the authorisation agreement until expiry of the term for cancellation or the term of the agreement or until the mandate is performed.

§ 632. Death or bankruptcy of mandator

(1) It is presumed that an authorisation agreement does not expire upon the death of the mandator.
(2) In the event of the bankruptcy of the mandator, the authorisation agreement shall expire upon the declaration of bankruptcy, except in the case where there is no connection between the authorisation agreement and the bankruptcy estate.
(3) If an authorisation agreement expires upon the death of the mandator or upon the declaration of the mandator as bankrupt, the authorisation agreement is nevertheless deemed to be in force until such time as the mandatary becomes aware or ought to become aware of the death of the mandator or of the declaration of the mandator as bankrupt.

§ 633. Death or bankruptcy of mandatary

(1) It is presumed that an authorisation agreement expires upon the death of the mandatary.
(2) In the event of the bankruptcy of the mandatary, the authorisation agreement shall expire upon the declaration of bankruptcy, except in the case where there is no connection between the authorisation agreement and the bankruptcy estate.

§ 634. Notification obligation of successors

In the event of the death of a party to an authorisation agreement, the successors of the party shall immediately inform the other party thereof.

Chapter 36 CONTRACT FOR SERVICES

§ 635. Definition of contract for services

(1) By a contract for services, one person (the contractor) undertakes to manufacture or modify a thing or to achieve any other agreed result by providing a service (work), and the other person (the customer) undertakes to pay remuneration therefor.
(2) The provisions of §§ 620 to 626, subsections 628 (2) and (3), § 629 and §§ 631 to 634 of this Act apply to a contract for services where the object of the contract is entry into a transaction.
(3) It is presumed that a contractor is not required to perform the obligations arising from the contract in person. (4) A consumer contract for services is a contract for services entered into by a contractor acting for the
purposes of the contractor's economic or professional activities and a customer who is a consumer where the
object of the contract is the provision of a service with regard to a movable of the consumer or the manufacture
or production of a movable for the consumer.

§ 636. Obligation to deliver

[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

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(1) If the object of a contract for services is the manufacture, modification of a thing or achievement of any other result which can be delivered, it shall be delivered to the customer. In addition to the delivery,
the contractor shall make possible the transfer of the object of the contract for services specified in the first sentence.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(2) If the contractor is obliged to deliver a thing to the customer in a place other than the place where the thing is during the performance of the work, the provisions of subsection 209 (4) of this Act additionally apply to the performance of the obligation to deliver a thing.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(3) If, upon the manufacture of a thing, it is agreed that the ownership of the thing will remain with the contractor until the remuneration is paid, the provisions of § 233 of this Act apply.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336 - entry into force 01.07.2002]
(4) [Repealed - RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(5) If the parties have not specified the time of delivery of a thing in the case of the object of a consumer contract for services, the contractor shall perform the obligation to deliver the thing immediately but not later than 30 days after the entry into the contract.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

§ 637. Duty to pay fee

(1) If remuneration or the amount thereof has not been agreed in a contract for services, the standard remuneration or, if there is no standard remuneration, reasonable remuneration under the circumstances is payable.
(2) It is presumed that a contractor shall not demand remuneration for preparation of the budget for the work. (3) The claim of a contractor for payment falls due after the completion of the work.
(31) If the contractor is obliged to deliver a thing to the customer in a place other than the place where the thing is during the performance of the work, the claim for payment shall not fall due before the performance of the obligation to deliver the thing.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]
(4) If acceptance of work by a customer has been agreed upon or is usual, the claim of the contractor for payment falls due after the work has been accepted or is deemed to have been accepted. If work is to be delivered in parts and the price has also been calculated in parts, each part shall be paid for after the acceptance of the corresponding part of the work.
(5) A customer is not required to pay for work before having the opportunity to examine the thing, unless the agreed manner of delivery or the terms and conditions of payment do not grant the customer such opportunity.
(6) [Repealed - RT I, 04.02.2011, 1 - entry into force 05.04.2011]

§ 638. Duty to accept work

A customer is required to accept completed work if the delivery of the work had been agreed upon or is usual due to the nature of the work. Work is also deemed to have been accepted if the customer fails, without legal basis, to accept the completed work during a reasonable term granted by the contractor to the customer therefor.

§ 639. Budget overdraft

(1) A budget for the work, which may be binding on the contractor or not, may be agreed in the contract of services. It is presumed that the budget is binding unless agreed otherwise.
(2) In the event of a significant overdraft of a budget which is not binding budget, the contractor may demand that remuneration be paid in the amount exceeding the amount prescribed in the budget unless the overdraft was foreseeable. In such case, the contractor shall immediately notify the customer of the significant overdraft. In the case of failure to notify, the contractor has the right to demand that the amount exceeding that prescribed in the budget be paid only to the extent to which the customer was unjustifiably enriched as a result of the overdraft.
(3) If the customer cancels the contract due to a budget overdraft, the customer is not required to pay remuneration in the amount exceeding the amount prescribed in the budget.

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§ 640. Transfer of risk of accidental loss or damage

(1) The customer shall pay the contractor for work performed also in the case where the work was accidentally destroyed or damaged after the risk of accidental loss of or damage to the thing had passed to the customer.
(2) A contractor shall bear the risk of accidental loss or damage until the completion of the work. If acceptance of the work by a customer has been agreed upon or if this is usual, the contractor shall bear the risk of accidental loss or damage until the work has been accepted or is deemed to have been accepted.
(3) If the contractor is obliged to deliver a thing to the customer in a place other than the place where the thing is during the performance of the work, the risk of accidental loss of or damage to the thing shall not pass to the customer before the performance of the obligation to deliver the thing.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

§ 641. Conformity of work

(1) Work shall conform to the contract. Documents accompanying work shall also conform to the contract. (2) Work does not conform to the contract if, among other things:
1) the work does not have the agreed qualities;
2) in the absence of an agreement concerning the qualities of the work, the work is not fit for the specific
purpose for which the customer needs it and of which the contractor was aware or ought to have been aware
at the time of entry into the contract if the customer could reasonably have expected to be able to rely on the
professional skills or expertise of the contractor, and in other cases for the purpose for which work of the same
description would ordinarily be used;
3) the use of the work is hindered by provisions of legislation of which the contractor was aware or ought to
have been aware at the time of entry into the contract;
4) third parties have claims or other rights which they may submit with respect to the work;
5) under a consumer contract for services, the work is not of the quality which is usual for such type of work
and which the customer may reasonably have expected based on the nature of the work and considering the
declarations made publicly by the contractor with respect to the particular qualities of the work, in particular in
advertising the work or on labels, unless the contractor proves that the declarations had been modified by the
time of entry into the contract or that the declarations did not affect entry into the contract.
(3) The contractor is not liable for the non-conformity of work resulting from the instructions provided by the customer, defects in the material supplied by the customer or preliminary work performed by third parties if the contractor had sufficiently checked the instructions of the customer, the materials or the preliminary work.
(4) The lack of conformity of a thing produced as work resulting from the incorrect installation of the thing
is deemed to be equal to a lack of conformity resulting from the work if the installation was carried out by the
contractor or under the contractor's responsibility. The same applies if the thing is installed by the customer and
the incorrect installation thereof results from insufficient information provided by the contractor with respect to
installation of the thing.

§ 642. Liability of contractor in event of lack of conformity of work

(1) The contractor is liable for the lack of conformity of work at the time when the risk of accidental loss or damage passes to the customer even if the lack of conformity only becomes evident later. Under a consumer contract for services, the contractor is liable for the lack of conformity of work at the time of delivery of the work to the consumer even if the passing of the risk of accidental loss or damage was agreed at an earlier date.
(2) Under a consumer contract for services, the contractor is liable for any lack of conformity of work which becomes evident within two years as of the delivery of the work to the consumer. Under a consumer contract for services, it is presumed that any lack of conformity which becomes evident within six months as of the date of delivery of the work to the customer already existed before delivery of the work, unless such presumption is contrary to the nature of the work or lack of conformity.
(21) In the case of a contract for services the object of which is construction work for the purposes of Building
Code and which is entered into by a person engaged in economic and professional activities and a consumer,
it is presumed that any non-conformity with the terms and conditions of the contract which becomes evident
within two years as of the day of delivery of the work to the consumer existed at the time of delivery of the
work, if such an assumption is not inconsistent with the nature or defect of the work. Agreements which
derogate from the provisions of this subsection to the detriment of the consumer are void.
[RT I, 23.03.2015, 3 - entry into force 01.07.2015]
(3) The contractor is also liable for the lack of conformity of work which occurs after the risk of accidental loss of or damage to the thing passes to the customer if the lack of conformity of the work arises from a violation of the obligations of the contractor.

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§ 643. Duty to examine work

If a customer has entered into a contract for services in connection with the customer's professional or economic activities, the customer shall promptly examine the work performed or have the work performed examined.

§ 644. Notification of lack of conformity of work

(1) The customer shall notify the contractor of the lack of conformity of work within a reasonable time after the customer becomes or should have become aware of the lack of conformity. Under a consumer contract for services, the consumer shall notify the contractor of the lack of conformity of work within two months.
(2) A customer who entered into a contract for services in connection with the customer's professional or economic activities shall provide a detailed description of the lack of conformity upon notification thereof.
(3) The customer shall not rely on the lack of conformity of work if the customer does not notify the contractor of the lack of conformity in due time or, in the case of a contract entered into by a customer in connection
with the customer's professional or economic activity, if the customer does not provide a sufficiently detailed description of the lack of conformity. If failure to notify is reasonably excusable, the customer may, by relying on the lack of conformity, still reduce the amount of remuneration payable or claim compensation for damage from the contractor, except for any loss of profit.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336 - entry into force 01.07.2002]

§ 645. Specifications for relying on lack of conformity of work

(1) A customer may rely on the lack of conformity regardless of the customer's failure to examine the work or failure to give notification of the lack of conformity in due time if:
1) the lack of conformity is caused due to the intent or the gross negligence of the contractor;
2) the contractor is aware or ought to be aware of the lack of conformity or the circumstances related thereto
and does not inform the customer thereof.
(2) Upon failure to perform the obligation to examine work, a customer who is acting in the course of the customer's economic or professional activities may rely on the lack of conformity of a thing, which the customer could have discovered by examining the thing only if the customer proves that the work already lacked conformity at the time when the risk of accidental loss or damage passed to the customer.
(3) A contractor shall not rely on an agreement which precludes or restricts the rights of the customer which are related to the lack of conformity of work if the contractor was aware or ought to have been aware that the work did not conform to the contract and failed to notify the customer thereof.

§ 646. Requirement to perform contract as legal remedy

(1) If work does not conform to the contract, the customer may demand that the work be improved or substitute work be performed by the contractor if this does not cause the contractor to incur unreasonable expenses
or suffer unreasonable inconvenience taking into consideration, inter alia, the value of the thing and the significance of the lack of conformity. The contractor may, instead of improving the work, perform substitute work which conforms to the contract.
(2) In the case specified in the first sentence of subsection (1) of this section and provided that the given contract for services is not a customer contract for services, the customer may, in the event of the lack of conformity of work, demand that substitute work be performed only if the lack of conformity of the work constitutes a fundamental breach of the contract.
(3) If the contractor performs work which conforms to the contract to replace non-conforming work, the contractor may demand that the customer return the non-conforming work. In such case, the provisions of §§
189 to 191 of this Act apply.
(4) The contractor shall incur the expenses relating to remedying the lack of conformity of work or performance of substitute work, in particular expenses relating to transport, work, travel and materials.
(5) If the customer legitimately demands that the work be improved and the contractor fails to do this within a reasonable period of time, the customer may improve the work or have the work improved and claim reimbursement of any reasonable expenses incurred thereupon from the contractor.
(6) The customer loses the right to demand that the contractor improve the work or perform substitute work
if the customer fails to submit a corresponding request to the contractor with the notice concerning the lack of
conformity of the work or within a reasonable period of time after submission of the notice, unless the behaviour
of the contractor is contrary to the principle of good faith.

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(7) The provisions of subsection (6) of this section do not apply to consumer contracts for services.

§ 647. Fundamental breach of contract for services by contractor

(1) A contractor is deemed to be in fundamental breach of a contract for services if, inter alia, the improvement or substitution of work is not possible or fails or if the contractor refuses to improve or substitute the work without good reason or fails to do so within a reasonable period of time after the contractor has been notified of the lack of conformity.
(2) Under a consumer contract for services, the causing of unreasonable inconvenience to a customer by the improvement or substitution of work is also deemed to be a fundamental breach of contract by the contractor.
(3) In the cases specified in subsections (1) and (2) of this section, the customer is not required to grant the contractor an additional term for performance as specified in § 114 of this Act and has the right, inter alia, to withdraw from the contract.

§ 648. Restrictions on reduction of remuneration

The customer shall not reduce remuneration payable to the contractor if:
1) the contractor brings the work into conformity with the contract or performs substitute work;
2) the customer refuses, without legal basis, to accept the contractor's proposal to bring the work into
conformity with the contract or to perform substitute work.

§ 649. Specifications for compensation for damage

The customer may also claim compensation from the contractor for damage caused due to the thing produced as work being used for purposes other than those intended, if such use was caused due to the contractor providing insufficient information to the customer, and compensation for damage which is caused to the thing due to its lack of conformity.

§ 650. Contractor's guarantee and duty to inform of servicing

(1) It is presumed that, upon the assumption of a guarantee obligation (contractor's guarantee) by a contractor with respect to work, the guarantee covers all aspects of the lack of conformity of the work which become evident during the term of the guarantee. The provisions of §§ 230 and 231 of this Act apply to contractor's guarantee.
(2) If, under a consumer contract for services, the customer can reasonably presume that services related to the use, maintenance or repair of work performed will be provided but the contractor does not provide these services, the contractor shall, at the time of delivery of the work and also thereafter if so requested by the consumer, provide sufficient information to the customer on the possibilities of using such services.

§ 651. Commencement of limitation period of claims arising from lack of conformity of work

(1) The limitation period of a claim arising from the lack of conformity of work shall commence as of the completion of the work. If the customer is required to accept the work, the limitation period of a claim shall commence as of the acceptance of the work or as of the work being deemed to have been accepted.
(2) Upon the performance of substitute work, the limitation period shall commence as of the completion of the substitute work. Upon remedying a lack of conformity, the limitation period shall recommence with respect to the remedied lack of conformity as of the remedying of the lack of conformity.

§ 652. Delay by customer

(1) If, in order for work to be performed, a customer must perform an act which may among other things consist of the supply of material, provision of instructions or assistance in any other manner in the performance of the work and the customer delays the performance thereof, the contractor has the right to demand compensation
for the damage created to the contractor by the delay. The duration of the delay, the amount of remuneration, the savings made by the contractor due to the delay and anything which the contractor obtained or could reasonably have obtained by using the labour force thereof for different purposes shall be taken into account upon determination of the amount of compensation.
(2) If, in order for work to be performed, a customer must perform an act which may among other things consist of the supply of material, provision of instructions or assistance in any other manner in the performance of the work and the customer delays the performance thereof and by doing so fundamentally violates the contract, the contractor has the right to cancel the contract and to demand payment of a part of the remuneration corresponding to the work already performed and reimbursement of expenses not included in the remuneration.
(3) If a delay in acceptance of work is caused by the customer, the contractor has the right to demand payment of the total agreed remuneration from which the amount which the contractor saved in costs by cancelling the contract or obtained or could reasonably have obtained by using the labour force thereof for different purposes is deducted.

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§ 653. Destruction or deterioration of work or impossibility of performing work for reasons arising from customer

If, due to a defect in the material supplied by the customer or an order given by the customer for performance of work, the work is destroyed or deteriorates or it becomes impossible to perform the work before its completion or, in the case where work has to be accepted, before its acceptance, the contractor has the right to cancel the contract and demand payment of a part of the remuneration corresponding to the work already performed and reimbursement of expenses not included in the remuneration.

§ 654. Right of security

(1) In order to secure claims arising from a contract for services, the contractor has the right of security over the movables of the customer which the contractor has manufactured, repaired or modified if such movables are in the possession of the contractor for contracting purposes.
(2) In order to secure claims arising from a contract, a contractor who is required to construct, repair or modify
a structure or a part thereof has the right to demand the establishment of a mortgage on the immovable on which
the structure is situated.
(3) In order to secure claims arising from a contract, a contractor who is required to construct, repair or alter a ship entered in the ship register has the right to demand the establishment of a maritime mortgage on a ship belonging to the customer.

§ 655. Customer's right of cancellation

(1) A customer has the right to cancel a contract for services at any time. If the customer has cancelled the contract for services, the contractor has the right to demand payment of the agreed remuneration from which the savings made by the contractor due to the cancellation of the contract and anything which the contractor obtained or could reasonably have obtained by using the labour force thereof for different purposes are deducted.
(2) The provisions of subsection (1) of this section do not apply if the customer cancels the contract due to violation thereof by the contractor.

§ 656. Prohibition on violation of provisions

Under a consumer contract for services, a person or an agency provided by law has the right, pursuant to the procedure provided by law, to demand that a contractor who is in violation of the provisions concerning contracts for services specified in this Chapter and in the General Part of this Act terminate the violation and refrain from further violation.

§ 657. Mandatory nature of provisions under consumer contracts for services

(1) Under a consumer contract for services, any agreement which derogates from the provisions of this Chapter and from the provisions of the General Part of this Act concerning legal remedies used in the event of a breach of contract to the detriment of the customer is void.
[RT I, 04.02.2011, 1 - entry into force 05.04.2011]
(2) The provisions of this Chapter apply to consumer contracts for services entered into with customers residing in Estonia if the contracts are concluded as a result of public tenders, advertising or other similar economic activities which occur in Estonia, regardless of which state's law is applicable to the contract.

Chapter 37 BROKERAGE CONTRACT

§ 658. Definition of brokerage contract

(1) By a brokerage contract, one person (the broker) undertakes to act as an intermediary for another person (the mandator) who enters into contracts with third persons or to indicate to the mandator opportunities for entering into contracts with third persons, and the mandator undertakes to pay a fee (a brokerage fee) for such activities
to the broker.
(2) The provisions regulating authorisation agreements apply to brokerage contracts unless the provisions of this Chapter provide otherwise.

Law of Obligations Act Page 173 /

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§ 659. Restriction on acceptance of performance of obligation

A broker has the right, on behalf of the parties to a contract regarding which the broker is the intermediary or
to which the broker refers a party, to accept payments and the performance of other obligations arising from the
contract if the broker holds separate authorisation therefor.

§ 660. Prohibition on giving incorrect advice

A broker shall not suggest to the mandator that the mandator should enter into a contract with a person with regard to whom the broker is aware or ought to be aware of circumstances which give reasonable basis for
doubt as to whether the person will be able to perform the obligations arising from the contract in an appropriate manner.

§ 661. Failure to disclose identity of party to contract

Upon the request of a party to a contract for whom the broker is acting as an intermediary, the broker may refuse to disclose the identity of the party to the other party.

§ 662. Preservation of documents

A broker shall preserve documents related to the professional activities of the broker for as long as these documents are relevant to protect the interests of a mandator, but not for less than three years. This requirement does not preclude or limit the duties of a broker arising from law related to the preservation of accounting records.

§ 663. Duty to maintain records concerning contracts

(1) A broker shall keep chronological records of all contracts entered into regarding which the broker acts as an intermediary or to which the broker refers a party.
(2) If the parties do not enter into a contract in writing, the broker shall immediately, at the request of the party to the contract for whom the broker acts as an intermediary or who was referred to the contract by the broker, present an extract signed by the broker which sets out the terms and conditions of the contract.

§ 664. Duty to pay brokerage fee

(1) A broker has the right to a brokerage fee as of the entry into a contract as a result of the broker acting as an intermediary or referring a party to the contract.
(2) If, pursuant to a brokerage contract, the right to receive a brokerage fee arises for the broker after performance of an obligation in respect of the mandator arising from the contract regarding which the broker acts as an intermediary or to which the broker refers a party, the broker also has the right to a brokerage fee if the obligation is not performed due to circumstances depending on the mandator.
(3) The right of a broker to a brokerage fee is not affected if the contract regarding which the broker acts as an intermediary or to which the broker refers a party is entered into or an obligation arising therefrom is performed after termination of the brokerage contract.
(4) If a contract regarding which the broker acts as an intermediary or to which the broker refers a party is entered into with a suspensive condition, the broker has the right to demand payment of the brokerage fee only upon fulfilment of the condition. If a contract is entered into with a resolutive condition, the right to the brokerage fee does not extinguish with the fulfilment of the condition.
(5) A broker shall retain the right to a brokerage fee also in the case where a contract entered into under the intermediation or referral of the broker is invalid, provided that the broker was not aware and did not have to be aware of the reason for such invalidity. If a contract is cancelled or a party withdraws from a contract due to a fundamental breach of the contract, the broker does not have the right to a fee if the broker was aware or ought to have been aware that the breach of contract was likely.
(6) If a brokerage contract is entered into for a broker to act as an intermediary in the contraction of marriage or to refer to an opportunity for the contraction of marriage, the obligation arising from such contract is imperfect. Any other obligation which a mandator assumes with regard to a broker is also imperfect if the objective of
the obligation is payment of a fee acting as an intermediary in the contraction of marriage or for referring to an opportunity for the contraction of marriage.

§ 665. Size of brokerage fee

If the size of the brokerage fee has not been agreed, it shall be deemed to be the size of the standard local brokerage fee for acting as an intermediary for or referring to the opportunity to enter into such contracts or, in the absence thereof, a reasonable amount of remuneration.

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§ 666. [Repealed - RT I 2005, 39, 308 - entry into force 01.01.2006]

§ 667. Reimbursement of expenses of broker

(1) A broker has the right to demand that expenses incurred upon the performance of a brokerage contract be reimbursed only if so agreed separately.
(2) If a contract regarding which a broker acts as an intermediary or to which a broker refers a party is not entered into, the broker still has the right to demand that expenses incurred upon the performance of the brokerage contract be reimbursed if so agreed separately.

§ 668. Activities of broker for benefit of other party

(1) If, contrary to a brokerage contract, the broker has also acted for the benefit of another party to a contract regarding which the broker has acted as an intermediary on behalf of the mandator or to which the broker
has referred the mandator, the broker does not have the right to demand payment of a brokerage fee or the reimbursement of expenses by the mandator.
(2) If a broker has acted for the benefit of another party to a contract regarding which the broker has acted as an intermediary on behalf of the mandator or to which the broker has referred the mandator, it is presumed that the parties to the contract shall pay an equal share of the brokerage fee.

§ 669. Specifications of liability of broker

(1) A broker is not liable for the performance of a contract regarding which the broker acts as an intermediary or to which the broker refers a party.
(2) In the case specified in § 661 of this Act, a broker shall be liable for the performance of the obligations by the party to the contract regarding which the broker acts as an intermediary or to which the broker refers the party whose identity the broker refused to disclose.

Chapter 38 AGENCY CONTRACT

§ 670. Definition of agency contract

(1) By an agency contract, one person (the agent) undertakes, in the interests of and for the benefit of another person (the mandator), to negotiate or enter into contracts in the name and on account of the mandator independently and on a permanent basis. The mandator undertakes to pay a fee to the agent therefor.
(2) An agent acts independently if the agent has the right to a large extent to organise the activities and determine the working hours of the agent freely.
(3) A person who performs the obligations specified in subsection (1) of this section on the basis of an employment contract entered into with a mandator is not deemed to be an agent. Members of the directing body, partners or trustees in bankruptcy of a mandator who is a legal person who have the right arising from law or from the statutes, articles of association or partnership agreement to assume obligations for the legal person are also not deemed to be agents.
(4) The provisions for authorisation agreements apply to agency contracts unless the provisions of this Chapter provide otherwise.

§ 671. Acting as agent as principal or ancillary activity

Acting as an agent may be the principal activity or an ancillary activity of an agent. Acting as an agent is deemed to be an ancillary activity if the person is not principally active as an agent or does not obtain the greater part of the person's income therefrom. In the event of a dispute, the mandator may rely on the fact that acting as an agent is an ancillary activity of the person only if this is clear from the agency contract.

§ 672. Document setting out content of agency contract

Each party has the right to demand that the content of the agency contract, of any amendments thereto and of any additional agreements be set out in a document signed by the other party. Any agreements which restrict or limit this right are void.

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§ 673. Obligations of agent

(1) An agent shall perform the obligations thereof with the diligence normally expected from a person acting for the purposes of the person's economic or professional activities, including by making reasonable efforts in the interests of the mandator to enter into or negotiate contracts. An agent shall immediately inform the mandator
of every contract negotiated or entered into by the agent and also of other circumstances which are relevant for compliance with the interests of the mandator.
(2) Agreements which derogate from the provisions of subsection (1) of this section and subsection 621 (1) of this Act are void.
[RT I 2003, 78, 523 - entry into force 27.12.2003]

§ 674. Obligations of mandator

(1) A mandator shall do everything to enable the agent to act successfully, including:
1) placing, at the mandator's expense, documents which are necessary for the agent's activities at the disposal
of the agent, including examples, drawings, price lists, printed advertising matter and the terms and conditions
of a contract;
2) informing the agent of circumstances necessary for the performance of the agent's obligations and carefully
checking any notices submitted by the agent;
3) immediately informing the agent of the entry into a contract negotiated by the agent, of approval of a
contract entered into by the agent without the right of representation or exceeding the limits of the right of
representation, and of failure to perform a contract negotiated or entered into by the agent;
4) informing the agent immediately if the mandator anticipates that the extent of contracts entered into by the
mandator will be significantly lesser than that which the agent could normally have expected.
(2) Agreements which derogate from the provisions of subsection (1) of this section are void.

§ 675. Several mandators or agents

(1) An agent may also act for the benefit of other mandators unless otherwise agreed in writing.
(2) A mandator may also authorise other persons to perform the same obligations as the agent. If a mandator has assigned a particular area to the agent or has determined a group of customers for the agent with whom the agent is to negotiate or enter into contracts, the agent has the exclusive right to negotiate and enter into contracts in the name and on account of the mandator in that area with that group of customers unless agreed otherwise in writing.

§ 676. Specifications of authority of agent

(1) An agent has the right to accept notices concerning defects of things and also other declarations through which the other party to a contract negotiated or entered into by the agent performs the rights arising from unsatisfactory performance of the contract. An agent also has this right in the case where the agent does not have the right to enter into contracts in the name of the mandator.
(2) The restriction of the right specified in subsection (1) of this section is valid with regard to the other party
to a contract negotiated or entered into by the agent only in the case where the other party was aware or ought to
have been aware of the restriction upon submission of the notice or other declaration.
(3) An agent may accept monetary payments or the performance of obligations arising from contracts negotiated or entered into by the agent and may make declarations of intent for the amendment of contracts, above all with respect to deadlines for payment, only if this is prescribed in the agency contract.
(4) If an agent has entered into a contract in the name of the mandator without having the authority to do so and the other party to the contract was not aware of the agent's lack of authority, the contract is deemed to have been approved by the mandator unless the mandator, immediately after the agent or other party informs the mandator of entry into the contract and of the contents thereof, informs the other party of the mandator's refusal to approve of the contract.

§ 677. Specifications of authority of insurance agent

(1) An agent who is authorised on a permanent basis to negotiate or enter into insurance contracts (an insurance agent) is deemed to have been authorised to do the following in the insurance sector and area assigned to the agent:
1) accept offers to enter into, extend or/ and amend insurance contracts, and applications for the withdrawal of such offers;
2) accept notices forwarded by policyholders during the term of insurance contracts, applications for cancellation or declarations of withdrawal and other applications concerning insurance contracts;
3) accept insurance premiums, interest and compensation for expenses.
(2) An insurance agent has the right to perform all legal acts relating to the contracts negotiated or entered into by the agent.

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(3) If the authority of an insurance agent specified in subsections (1) and (2) of this section has been restricted, the restriction is valid with respect to a third party only where the third party was aware or ought to have been aware of the restriction with respect to the insurance agent upon performance of a legal act. Any agreement which derogates from this requirement is void.

§ 678. Contracts on which agency fee shall be paid

(1) An agent has the right to an agency fee on all the contracts entered into by the mandator as a result of the activities of the agent during the term of the agency contract. An agent also has the right to an agency fee on contracts entered into with a person who, as a result of the activities of the agent, entered into a permanent business relationship with the mandator for entry into such contracts which were usually negotiated or entered into by the agent. An insurance agent has the right to an agency fee only on contracts negotiated or entered into by the agent in the name of the mandator.
(2) If a specific area has been assigned to an agent or if the group of customers of the agent has been determined, the agent has, in addition to the provisions of subsection (1) of this section, the right to an agency fee on contracts entered into during the term of the agency contract without the agent's participation with persons in the area or belonging to the group of customers assigned to the agent. An insurance agent does not have the right to receive an agency fee for such contracts.
(3) An agent also has the right to an agency fee on contracts entered into after the expiry of the agency contract if the agent has negotiated the contract or prepared the entry into the contract such that entry into the contract could be deemed, for the most part, to be the result of the activities of the agent and if the contract was entered into within a reasonable time after expiry of the agency contract, and also on contracts for which the agent has the right to receive an agency fee pursuant to the provisions of subsection (1) and (2) of this section if an offer by a third party for entry into such contract reaches the agent or mandator before expiry of the agency contract.
(4) An agent does not have the right to receive an agency fee for contracts on which an agency fee is paid to the previous agent pursuant to subsection (3) of this section. The agency fee shall be divided between the agents if this is justified under the circumstances.

§ 679. Prerequisites for payment of agency fee

(1) The right of an agent to an agency fee arises when the mandator has performed the obligations of the mandator arising from a contract negotiated or entered into by the agent.
(2) If the parties have agreed that the agency fee is to be paid later than provided in subsection (1) of this section, the agent has the right to receive a reasonable advance payment. The right of the agent to an agency fee still arises as soon as the other party to the contract negotiated or entered into by the agent has performed the obligations of the party arising from the contract.
(3) The right of an insurance agent to an agency fee arises when the policyholder has paid the insurance premium from which the agency fee is to be calculated according to the agency contract.
(4) An agent does not have the right to an agency fee if it is evident that the contract is not performed due to a circumstance beyond the control of the mandator. In such case the agent shall refund the fee received pursuant to the provisions concerning unjustified enrichment.
(5) An agent also has the right to an agency fee if the mandator does not perform the contract and if the non- performance is caused by circumstances dependent on the mandator.
(6) The claim of an agent for an agency fee falls due on the last day of the month during which, pursuant to the provisions of subsection 682 (1) of this Act, the size of the agency fee is to be calculated.
(7) Any agreements which derogate from the provisions of subsections (4) to (6) of this section to the detriment of an agent are void.
[RT I 2003, 78, 523 - entry into force 27.12.2003]

§ 680. Size of agency fee

(1) If the size of the agency fee has not been agreed, the standard local agency fee or, in the absence thereof, a reasonable amount of remuneration shall be deemed to be the agreed amount.
(2) The agency fee shall be calculated according to the contract entered into as a result of the activities of
an agent from the amount payable by the other party to the contract or by the mandator. Accessory expenses,
including transportation and packaging costs and other payments, shall be deducted from the amount only if
they are indicated separately.

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(3) In the case of contracts for use, the agency fee shall be calculated from the user fee for the entire term of the contract.

§ 681. Additional agency fee for liability

(1) If an agent, by agreement with the mandator, undertakes to be liable for the performance of an obligation of the other party arising from a contract negotiated or entered into by the agent, this obligation shall be expressed in written form.
(2) If an agent undertakes to be liable for the performance of an obligation specified in subsection (1) of this section, the agent has the right to receive an additional fee therefor (del crederecommission). Any agreements which preclude the right of agents to receive del crederecommission are void.
(3) The right of an agent to del crederecommission arises as of entry into a contract from which obligations arise for the performance of which the agent is liable.

§ 682. Calculation of agency fee

(1) A mandator shall calculate the fee payable to an agent on a monthly basis. The calculation period may be extended to three months by agreement.
(2) The calculation of the agency fee shall be forwarded to the agent not later than by the end of the month following the calculation period. The calculation of the agency fee shall set out the size of the agency fee and the circumstances which are relevant for the determination thereof.
(3) Upon receipt of a calculation, an agent may demand submission of an extract from the accounting documentation of the mandator concerning all contracts on which an agency fee is to be paid to the agent pursuant to § 678 of this Act. Submission of an extract may be demanded later only if the parties have not reached an agreement concerning the calculation.
(4) In addition to a calculation of the agency fee and an extract from the accounting records, an agent may demand that information be submitted on all circumstances relevant to the claim for an agency fee, to the date on which it falls due and to the method of its calculation.
(5) If a mandator refuses to provide a calculation or an extract or if an agent has reason to doubt the correctness or completeness of the calculation, the agent may demand that the mandator allow either the agent or an auditor appointed by the agent, whichever the agent chooses, to examine the mandator's accounting records to the extent necessary to certify the correctness or completeness of the calculation or the extract. If the mandator allows the agent to examine the records, the agent has the right to use the assistance of an auditor in such examination.
(6) Any agreements which preclude or restrict the rights of an agent provided for in subsections (1) to (5) of this section are void.

§ 683. Collection charge

In addition to an agency fee payable on contracts entered into, an agent has the right to an additional fee payable on amounts collected according to the orders of the mandator and delivered to the mandator.

§ 684. Reimbursement of expenses of agent

(1) An agent may demand that reasonable expenses incurred thereby upon the performance of an agency contract be reimbursed if they exceed the expenses usually incurred upon the performance of this type of agency contract. An agent may demand that expenses usually incurred upon the performance of an agency contract be reimbursed if so agreed upon or if this is usual under the circumstances.
(2) An agent may demand that expenses be reimbursed regardless of whether the agent has the right to receive an agency fee.

§ 685. Right of security

(1) In order to secure claims arising from an agency contract which have fallen due, the agent has the right of security over the movables and securities of the mandator which, on the basis of the agency contract, are in the possession of the agent, and also to payments made by third parties and received by the agent in the case where the agent has the right to receive such payments. An agent may refuse to hand over documents only in the case where this is necessary to secure claims for an agency fee or for the reimbursement of expenses which have fallen due.
(2) Any agreements to waive or restrict the right of security are void.

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§ 686. Ordinary cancellation of agency contract

(1) Each party to an agency contract entered into for an unspecified term have the right to cancel the contract by giving at least one month's advance notice. If the contract has been in force for more than one year and acting as an agent has been the agent's principal activity, the mandator shall give the agent at least two months' advance notice of cancellation of the contract. If the contract has been in force for more than two years and acting as an agent has been the agent's principal activity, the mandator shall give the agent at least three months' advance notice of cancellation of the contract. The contract may be cancelled only at the end of a month.
(2) Any agreements by which the terms for cancellation specified in subsection (1) of this section are extended such that the term for cancellation prescribed for a mandator is shorter than the term for cancellation prescribed for the agent are void.
(3) If the parties continue to perform an agency contract after expiry of the term of the contract, the contract is deemed to become an agency contract for an unspecified term after expiry of the term.
[RT I 2003, 78, 523 - entry into force 27.12.2003]

§ 687. Preclusion of extraordinary cancellation of agency contract

Any agreements which preclude or restrict the right to cancel an agency contract with good reason are void.

§ 688. Right of agent to compensation for termination of contract and compensation for damage caused by termination of contract

(1) An agent has the right to receive separate compensation (termination-of-contract compensation) upon termination of an agency contract if:
1) the agent has created business relationships with new clients for a mandator or significantly extended the existing business relationships of the mandator, and
2) the mandator has significantly benefited from such business relationships even after termination of the agency contract, and
3) due to the termination of the agency contract, the agent loses the right to an agency fee which, had the contract continued, the agent would have been entitled to on contracts which were already entered into or would have been entered into in the future with persons who, as a result of the activities of the agent, entered into a permanent business relationship with the mandator for entry into contracts which were usually negotiated or entered into by the agent, and
4) payment of compensation is justified taking into consideration all the circumstances.
(2) An agent does not have the right to demand payment of a termination-of-contract compensation which exceeds the average annual fee of the five last years of the agent's activity or, if the agency contract was in force for a shorter period, a termination-of-contract compensation which exceeds the average annual fee of the entire period of the duration of the contract. If the agency contract was in force for less than one year, the agent does not have the right to demand payment of a compensation in an amount which exceeds the size of the agency fee earned during the entire term of the contract.
(3) Payment of a termination-of-contract compensation does not preclude or restrict the right of an agent to demand compensation for damage caused to the agent by the termination of the agency contract. Such damage is presumed to exist if an agent does not receive the agency fee which the agent would have earned had the agency contract continued, while at the same time the mandator gained substantial income due to the activities of the agent. Such damage is also presumed to exist if the agent was unable to amortise expenses which the agent incurred due to performance of the agency contract and following the instructions provided by the mandator.
(4) An agent does not have the right to a termination-of-contract compensation or compensation for damage specified in subsection (3) of this section if:
1) the agency contract is cancelled by the agent, except in the case where the reason for cancellation is a circumstance dependent on the mandator or the age or state of health of the agent which does not enable the agent to continue the activities thereof;
2) the agency contract is cancelled by the mandator due to the wrongful behaviour of the agent;
3) after termination of a contract, the mandator and the agent enter into an agreement pursuant to which the
agent is substituted by a third party who pays a fee to the departing agent in an amount equal to the termination-
of-contract compensation and compensation for damage to which the agent would otherwise be entitled;
4) acting as an agent was an ancillary activity of the agent.
(5) Any agreements entered into before the termination of an agency contract which preclude or restrict the right of an agent to a termination-of-contract compensation or compensation for damage are void.

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§ 689. Restraint of trade clause

(1) Any agreement which restricts the economic activity of an agent after the termination of an agency contract
(a restraint of trade clause) shall be entered into in writing.
(2) An agreement on a restraint of trade clause shall be entered into for a term of up to two years after termination of the agency contract and shall only extend to the area determined by the agency contract or to the group of customers with whom the agent was to negotiate or enter into contracts pursuant to the agency contract and only to contracts which the agent was to negotiate or enter into.
(3) The mandator shall pay reasonable compensation to the agent for the period of the duration of the restraint of trade clause even if this has not been agreed.
(4) Until to the termination of the agency contract, the mandator has the right to cancel an agreement on a restraint of trade clause in writing. If the agency contract expires within six months as of the date on which the mandator cancels a restraint of trade clause, the mandator shall pay the compensation specified in subsection (3) of this section to the agent for the period of time between the date on which the agency contract expired and the date when six months have passed from the cancellation of the restraint of trade clause.
(5) If an agency contract is cancelled due to a violation of the contract by a party, the cancelling party may also cancel the restraint of trade clause within one month. In such case, the mandator is not required to pay the compensation specified in subsection (3) of this section.
(6) Any agreements which derogate from the provisions of subsections (1) to (5) of this section to the detriment of the agent are void.

§ 690. Expiry of claims arising from agency contract

(1) The limitation period of a claim arising from an agency contract is four years as of the end of the year in which the claim falls due. Parties to a contract shall not agree on a limitation period shorter than one year.
(2) The limitation period of a claim for termination-of-contract compensation and compensation for damage is one year as of the date of termination of the agency contract.

§ 691. Specifications regarding foreign agent and ship's agent

On the agreement of the parties to a contract, the parties may derogate from the provisions of this Chapter in the following cases even if this Act expressly provides or the nature of a provision indicates that derogation from
this Act is not permitted:
1) an agent who does not live in Estonia or in a member state of the European Union is acting for the benefit of
a mandator who has a place of business or, in the absence thereof, residence or seat in Estonia;
2) an agent negotiates or enters into contracts the object of which is the chartering of ships, preparation of ships
for voyage, supply of ships or carriage of passengers by ship.

Chapter 39 CONTRACT OF COMMISSION

§ 692. Definition of contract of commission

(1) By a contract of commission, one person (the commission agent) undertakes to enter into a transaction in the commission agent's own name and on account of another person (the principal), above all to sell an object belonging to the principal or buy an object for the principal (the commission object). The principal undertakes to pay the commission agent a fee (commission) therefor.
(2) The provisions regulating authorisation agreements apply to contracts of commission unless the provisions of this Chapter provide otherwise.
(3) The provisions of §§ 671, 672, 678, 681, 682 and 686 to 689 of this Act also apply to the relationship between a principal and a commission agent if the activity of the commission agent with respect to the principal is of a permanent nature.

§ 693. Instructions of principal

(1) If a commission agent violates the obligation to adhere to instructions provided by the principal (§ 621 of this Act), the principal has the right to deem a transaction entered into by the commission agent not to have been entered into on account of the principal. In such case, the commission agent shall compensate for damage caused to the principal by the deviation from the instructions provided by the principal.
(2) If a commission agent has sold the commission object for a price lower than that prescribed by the principal or has exceeded the price prescribed to the commission agent for the purchase of the object and if the principal

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does not want the transaction to be deemed to have been entered into on the principal's account, the principal shall inform the commission agent thereof immediately after having been notified of entry into the transaction. If the principal fails to perform the obligation to notify, the principal is deemed to have approved of the deviation from the prescribed price.
(3) If a commission agent has deviated from the price prescribed by the principal but offers, upon notification of entry into transaction, to offset the price difference, the principal does not have the right to deem the transaction not to have been entered into on the principal's account. In such case, the principal still has the right to demand compensation for damage in the amount which exceeds the price difference.

§ 694. Grant of credit by commission agent

(1) A commission agent does not have the right to make advance payments or grant credit to third parties on account of the principal without the consent of the principal. It is presumed that a commission agent does not have the right to extend deadlines for payment of the purchase price or the right to allow payment in instalments.
(2) If, upon the sale of a commission object, the commission agent grants credit to the purchaser or agrees to postpone the deadline for payment of the purchase price without the consent of the principal, the commission agent shall immediately pay the entire purchase price to the principal. If the purchase price would have been lower in the case of sale without granting credit, the commission agent is only required to pay the lower price.

§ 695. Entry into contract on more favourable terms and conditions

If a commission agent enters into a contract on more favourable terms and conditions than the terms and conditions prescribed by the principal, the performance of the contract of commission shall be based on the more favourable terms and conditions.

§ 696. Commission agent as seller or purchaser

(1) The commission agent may be the purchaser of the commission object to be sold by the commission agent or the seller of the commission object to be purchased by the commission agent only if a conflict of interests is precluded. The provisions of § 623 of this Act apply correspondingly.
(2) If a commission agent purchases the commission object to be sold by the commission agent or sells
the commission object to be purchased by the commission agent, the commission agent has the right to the
commission usually paid under similar circumstances and to the reimbursement of expenses usually incurred, as
well as the rights provided in § 702 of this Act.

§ 697. Commission agent as seller or purchaser on stock exchange or other regulated market

(1) If a commission object is sold or purchased on a stock exchange or another regulated market, the commission agent may be the purchaser of the object to be sold by the commission agent or the seller of the object to be purchased by the commission agent unless otherwise prescribed by the principal. If in such case the commission agent is the purchaser or seller of the commission object, the obligation of the commission agent
to notify (subsection 624 (2) of this Act) shall be limited to certification provided by the commission agent to the principal with respect to adherence by the commission agent, upon the purchase or sale of the commission object, to the exchange or market price of the object at the time of entry into the transaction.
(2) Upon the sale or purchase of an object with a quoted exchange or market price, a commission agent who is the seller or purchaser of the object shall not set a more unfavourable price for the principal than the exchange or market price which has been set officially.
(3) If a commission agent, by acting with due diligence upon the performance of the obligations of the agent, could have purchased or sold the commission object at a more favourable price than the price specified
in subsections (1) and (2) of this section, the commission agent shall set the more favourable price for the principal.
(4) Agreements which derogate from the provisions of subsections (1) to (3) of this section to the detriment of the principal are void.

§ 698. Defective commission object

(1) If a commission agent is required to purchase an object for the principal, the commission agent shall
perform all the obligations of a purchaser, including the obligation to examine the object and inform the seller of
any deficiencies discovered.
(2) If a commission object delivered by the principal for sale by the commission agent is defective at the time
of delivery and the deficiency can be detected by external examination of the object, the commission agent shall

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make sure that the object is preserved and that the existence of the defect can be certified and shall immediately inform the principal of the deficiency. If a commission object is damaged during carriage, the commission agent shall do everything in the agent's power to prevent the loss of possible claims of the principal against the carrier. In the event of violation of such obligations, the commission agent shall reimburse the expenses caused thereby to the principal.
(3) If the commission object is highly perishable or rapid depreciation in the value of the object is to be anticipated and there is no time to obtain instructions from the principal or the principal delays the provision thereof, the commission agent has the right to sell the commission object on account of the principal pursuant to the provisions of section § 125 of this Act. The commission agent may be required to sell the commission object depending on the circumstances.

§ 699. Liability of commission agent for commission object

(1) A commission agent shall be liable for the loss of and damage to a commission object delivered to the commission agent, unless the loss or damage did not occur due to the fault of the commission agent.
(2) A commission agent is required to insure a commission object only if so agreed or if the commission agent has been instructed to do so by the principal. A commission object shall be insured on account of the principal.

§ 700. Liability of commission agent for obligations of third parties

(1) A commission agent shall be liable for the performance of obligations of a third party arising from a contract entered into by the commission agent on account of a principal if:
1) separately agreed in the contract of commission;
2) the liability arises from a local custom at the location of the activities of the commission agent acting for the
purposes of the agent's commercial or professional activities;
3) upon notification of entry into the transaction, the commission agent does not disclose the name of the third
party with whom the agent enters into the transaction.
(2) In the case provided for in subsection (1) of this section, the commission agent shall be liable for the performance of the obligation of a third party in the same manner as the third party.

§ 701. Commission

(1) If the amount of commission has not been agreed, it shall be deemed to be the standard amount of local commission or, in the absence thereof, a reasonable amount of remuneration. If, in the case specified in clauses
700 (1) 1) or 2) of this Act, a commission agent is liable for the performance of an obligation of a third party, the commission agent has the right to demand reasonable remuneration therefor (del crederecommission).
(2) A commission agent has the right to demand payment of commission if a contract entered into on account of the principal was performed by a third party or if the contract was not performed due to circumstances dependent on the principal. A commission agent does not have the right to demand payment of commission if a contract was not performed for other reasons, although the commission agent may demand the reimbursement of expenses incurred in the course of performing the activities of the agent in an amount deemed to be reasonable under the circumstances.

§ 702. Right of security of commission agent

(1) A commission agent has the right of security over a commission object in the agent's possession, including
if the possession arises from a bill of lading, warehouse receipt or other document granting the right of disposal,
in order to secure the following claims:
1) a claim for reimbursement of expenses incurred on a commission object;
2) a claim for payment of commission;
3) a claim for compensation of advance payments made with the consent of the principal in order to acquire a
commission object;
4) a claim for release from obligations assumed with respect to a commission object with the consent of the
principal.
(2) A commission agent also has the right of security and rights arising therefrom if the commission object belongs to the agent or the agent is the purchaser or seller of the object.
(3) If the principal is declared bankrupt or enforcement proceedings are initiated against the principal, the commission agent has the right to satisfy the claims specified in subsection (1) of this section out of the money received upon performance of the contract of commission before the principal and the obligees thereof.

Chapter 40 PAYMENT ORDER AND PAYMENT SERVICE

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[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

Division 1

Payment order

§ 703. Payment order

(1) With a payment order, the authorised person is ordered to pay or transfer, at the expense of the originator, money or securities to a third party (beneficiary), and the beneficiary is entitled to accept the execution of the order.
(2) A payment order may be given, inter alia, by means of bill of exchange, cheque, credit card or any other similar payment instrument.

§ 704. Acceptance of payment order

Acceptance of a payment order is a declaration of intent by which the authorised person accepts the obligation arising from the payment order. The acceptance of a payment order issued in the form of a document shall be entered on the document.

§ 705. Execution of payment order

(1) The authorised person who has accepted the payment order shall undertake to perform the obligation arising from the payment order and may contest the claim of the beneficiary to execute the payment order only in so far as it arises from the relationship with the beneficiary or from the validity of the payment order or acceptance,
and not from the relationship with the originator.
(2) If a payment order is issued in the form of a document, the authorised person shall perform the obligation arising from the payment order only if the document has been delivered to the authorised person.
(3) The authorised person is not required to accept a payment order or perform obligations arising therefrom only because the authorised person is an obligor of the originator. Upon execution of a payment order, the authorised person is however released from the obligations thereof to the extent to which the payment order is executed.

§ 706. Notification obligation of beneficiary

(1) If a beneficiary learns that the authorised person refuses to accept the payment order or perform the obligation arising therefrom, the beneficiary shall immediately notify the originator thereof.
(2) In the event of a violation of the notification obligation provided in subsection (1) of this section, the originator has the right to demand compensation from the beneficiary for damage caused by the violation of the obligation.

§ 707. Withdrawal of payment order

Until the authorised person has accepted a payment order or performed the obligation arising therefrom, the originator has the right to withdraw the payment order even if the originator thereby violates the obligations thereof to the beneficiary. In order to withdraw a payment order, the originator shall notify the authorised person thereof.

§ 708. Restrictions on expiry of payment order

A payment order does not expire upon the death or declaration of bankruptcy of the originator, authorised person or beneficiary.

Division 2

Payment Service Contract

[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

Subdivision 1

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General Provisions

§ 709. Payment service contract and related definitions

(1) Payment service contract means a contract under which, in accordance with law, a mandatary having the right to provide a payment service (hereinafter payment service provider) undertakes to make payment transactions specified in the Payment Institutions and E-money Institutions Act by order of the mandator (hereinafter payer) and the client of the payment service provider undertakes to pay a fee therefor.
(2) A payment service contract may also be entered into for the execution of a single payment order (hereinafter

single payment service contract).

(3) A payment service contract may also include the obligation to open and the conditions for holding a payment account. A payment service contract corresponding to the above characteristics is also referred to as a settlement contract.
(4) Payment account means an account held in the name of the payment service client for the execution of payment transactions.
(5) Payer within the meaning of this Division is a person for whom a payment account has been opened and who gives a payment order for the debiting of the payment account or, if there is no payment account, a person who gives a payment order. Payee within the meaning of this Division is a person who is a beneficiary in conformity with the payment order.
(6) Payment transaction means any payment into account or disbursement of cash or transfer of money, regardless of the underlying legal relationship between the payer and the payee.
(7) Payment order means any order for the making of a payment transaction which is given by the payer to the payment service provider. A payment order may also be given through the payee.
(8) Means of payment, payment instrument or method of payment (hereinafter all jointly means of payment) within the meaning of this Act denote any personalised device or set of procedures agreed on between the payment service provider and its client, which are used by the client of the payment service provider for the initiation of a payment order.
(9) A payment service provider may use the help of a payment intermediary upon execution of a payment order. Payment intermediary means a person who participates in making a payment upon agreement with the payment service provider of the payer or the payment service provider of the payee and who is neither the payer nor the payee.
(10) Business day means a day on which the payment service provider of the payer or the payment service provider of the payee involved in the execution of a payment transaction, including the payment intermediary, is open for business as required for the making of a payment transaction.
(11) Value date means a day when a payment service provider debits the account of the payer or credits the account of the payee and which is the basis for the calculation of interest on the amount of money in the account.
(12) Unique identifier means a combination of letters, numbers or symbols specified to the client by the payment service provider, which may be the name or account number of the payee, and which is provided by a client to identify unambiguously the client of the other payment service provider or the account thereof used in the payment transaction.
(13) [Repealed - RT I 2010, 77, 590 - entry into force 01.07.2011]
(14) Reference exchange rate means an exchange rate which is used as the basis to calculate any currency exchange rate and which is made available by the payment service provider or comes from a publicly available source.
(15) Reference interest rate means an interest rate which is used as the basis for calculating any interest rate to be applied and which comes from a publicly available source.
(16) Any settlements at and with Eesti Pankare performed on the basis of the Eesti PankAct and legislation arising therefrom.
(17) Eesti Pankmay establish more detailed requirements on maintenance of payment accounts and settlement of payments by credit institutions and other financial institutions.
(18) This Division also applies to payment transactions executed by means of e-money and contracts related thereto unless otherwise provided in this Division.
[RT I, 08.07.2011, 6 - entry into force 18.07.2011]

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(19) This Division does not apply to payment transactions executed through the payment system specified in subsection 87 (2) of the Credit Institutions Act and through the securities settlement system or the linked system specified in subsections 213 (1) and 2131(1) of the Securities Market Act.
[RT I, 29.06.2011, 1 - entry into force 30.06.2011]
(20) The provisions of this Division do not apply to money transfers where the originator or recipient is a credit institution.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

§ 710. Obligation to enter into payment service contract and ensure access to payment systems

(1) If a person and the terms of the contract sought by the person correspond to the provisions of law and the general terms of services or the standard terms of provision of payment service established by the payment service provider, the payment service provider is obliged, at the request of the person, to enter into a payment service contract with the person, under which the payment service provider undertakes to provide one or several services specified in subsection 3 (1) of the Payment Institutions and E-money Institutions Act to the person in the procedure and to the extent established in the above general terms or standard terms.
(2) A payment system operator shall provide payment service providers with the right of access to its system by establishing for this purpose the terms for connecting to the payment system (hereinafter system rules), which must be objective towards the connectees, proportionate and ensure equal treatment. Access to the payment system may be restricted by the system rules only proceeding from specific risks, in particular in order to
prevent settlement risk, operational risk and business risk and to ensure financial and operational stability of the payment system.
(3) The following may not be imposed by payment system rules on payment service providers, clients of payment service providers or other payment systems:
1) restrictions on participation in other payment systems;
2) conditions which discriminate between payment service providers in relation to their rights and obligations
as participants in the payment system;
3) restrictions based on the institutional form of participants in the payment system.
(4) Subsections (2) and (3) of this section do not apply:
1) to the payment system specified in subsection 87 (2) of the Credit Institutions Act and the securities
settlement system or the linked system specified in subsections 213 (1) and 2131(1) of the Securities Market
Act;
[RT I, 29.06.2011, 1 - entry into force 30.06.2011]
2) to payment systems corresponding to the characteristics defined in Article 2 (a) of Directive 98/26/EC of the
European Parliament and of the Council on settlement finality in payment and securities settlement systems (OJ
L 166, 11.06.1998, pp. 45-50);
3) to payment systems composed exclusively of payment service providers belonging to a consolidation group
composed of entities linked by capital where one of the linked entities enjoys effective control over the other
linked entities;
4) to payment systems, where a sole payment service provider acts or can act as the payment service provider
for both the payer and the payee and is exclusively responsible for the management of the system, and allows
other payment service providers to participate in the system and the latter have no right to decide on fees
associated with the payment system although they may establish their own pricing in relation to payers and
payees.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

§ 711. Information concerning payment service contract

(1) A payment service provider shall provide each client with the following information and conditions concerning the terms of the payment service contract:
1) the name of the payment service provider, the address of its place of business and other relevant address significant in the relations between the client and the payment service provider and, where necessary, the address of its agent or branch if it is situated in Estonia;
2) the name and contact details of the supervisory authority of the payment service provider and a reference to the list specified in § 105 of the Payment Institutions and E-money Institutions Act, where the payment service provider is entered;
3) a description of the payment services provided by the payment service provider;
4) information or unique identifier to be provided by the client of the payment service provider in order for a
payment order to be properly executed;
5) the form of and procedure for giving consent or approval to execute a payment transaction and for
withdrawal of the payment order in accordance with §§ 7241and 726 of this Act;
6) the time of receipt of the payment order in accordance with § 7242of this Act;
7) the maximum term for execution of the payment order;

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8) information concerning a possibility to agree on spending limits on transactions made through the payment instrument in accordance with subsection 73311(2) of this Act;
9) fees payable by the client of the payment service provider and, where applicable, information concerning the
bases for formation of fees or their breakdown;
10) where applicable, the interest rates and exchange rates to be applied or, if reference interest rate or
exchange rate is to be used, the method of calculating the actual interest, the date and index or the base for
determining the reference interest rate or exchange rate;
11) the manner in and frequency with which information under this Act is provided, and where applicable, the
means of distance communication to be used on agreement of the parties, including technical requirements for
the means of distance communication of the client of the payment service provider;
12) information concerning the language or languages, in which communication between the parties is
undertaken;
13) information concerning the right, frequency and manner of receiving information specified in this
subsection and in § 727 of this Act;
14) where applicable, a description of fulfilment of safekeeping requirements of the payment instrument and
the manner of notification of the payment service provider in order to fill the requirement under clause § 733102)
of this Act;
15) the conditions on blocking a payment instrument in accordance with subsections 73311(3) and (4) of this
Act;
16) information concerning the liability of the client in accordance with § 7338of this Act, which must also include information concerning the amount of the liability limit;
17) information concerning the notification obligation and the term for its performance in connection with
unauthorised payment transactions or incorrectly executed payments in accordance with § 7337of this Act;
18) information concerning the liability of the payment service provider in connection with unexecuted or
incorrectly executed payments in accordance with § 7333of this Act;
19) the conditions for refund of the transferred amount in the case of payments initiated by or through a payee
in accordance with § 7336of this Act;
20) information concerning the procedure for amendment of the conditions of the payment service contract
provided for in § 7191of this Act;
21) duration of the payment service contract;
22) information concerning the right of the client of the payment service provider to terminate the contract in
accordance with § 720 of this Act;
23) the conditions concerning the law applicable to the payment service contract and the procedure for
settlement of disputes;
24) information concerning the possibility for out-of-court settlement of disputes.
(2) The information specified in subsection (1) of this section shall be provided to the client of the payment service provider on paper or on another durable medium. The information shall be provided in a clear and unambiguous manner and in Estonian or in another language agreed on by the parties.
(3) The information shall be considered provided also by the transmission of the draft payment service contract if it includes the information provided for in subsection (1) of this Act.
(4) A payment service provider is obliged, at any time during the period of validity of the payment service contract at the request of the client of the payment service provider, to provide information concerning the conditions of the payment service contract and other information specified in subsection (1) of this section free of charge.
(5) The information specified in subsection (1) of this section shall be provided to the client of the payment service provider free of charge in good time before entry into the contract. The payment service provider shall perform the obligation specified in the first sentence of this subsection promptly after entry into the contract if the contract is entered into on the initiative of the client and using such means of distance communication which does not allow the provision of information in accordance with the first sentence of this subsection.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]
(6) The provisions on the obligation to provide precontractual information specified in subsection 14 (2) and §
141of this Act shall not apply to preparations for entry into a payment service contract. [RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

§ 7111. Information concerning single payment service contract

(1) A payment service provider shall make at least the following information about single payment service contract available to each client:
1) information or unique identifier to be provided by the client of the payment service provider in order for a payment order to be properly executed;
2) the maximum term for execution of the payment order;
3) fees payable by the client of the payment service provider and, where applicable, information concerning the
bases for formation of fees or their breakdown;
4) where applicable, the exchange rate or reference exchange rate used.

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(2) A payment service provider is obliged to make the information provided for in subsection 711 (1) of this Act and not specified in subsection (1) of this section available in connection with a single payment service contract only if such information is relevant.
(3) The information specified in this section shall be provided at the request of the client of the payment service provider to the client on paper or on another durable medium before entry into the contract free of charge. The information shall be provided in a clear and unambiguous manner and in Estonian or in another language agreed on by the parties. The provisions of subsection 711 (3) and the second sentence of subsection 711 (5) of this Act apply to the provision of information specified in this section.
(4) Where, on the basis of a single payment service contract, a payment order is given by means of a payment instrument issued on the basis of the payment service contract, the payment service provider has no obligation to provide or make available any information that has already been provided to its client on the basis of the payment service contract entered into with another payment service provider or that will be provided to the client in the future in accordance with this payment service contract.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]
(5) The provisions on the obligation to provide precontractual information specified in subsection 14 (2) and §
141of this Act shall not apply to preparations for entry into a single payment service contract. [RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

§ 7112. Charging of fee upon provision of information

(1) A payment service provider may charge a fee for providing or making available information upon agreement of the parties only if the information is requested by the client of the payment service provider and the payment service provider:
1) provides it, based on an agreement, more frequently than is provided for in sections 7111, 727 and 7271of this Act;
2) provides information, which is not provided for in sections 711, 7111, 727 and 7271of this Act; or
3) provides information in a manner not agreed on in the payment service contract.
(2) A fee for the information provided for in subsection (1) of this section shall be appropriate and in line with the actual costs of the payment service provider.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

§ 712. [Repealed - RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

§ 7121. Obligations of payment service provider or other account manager provided by law upon provision of financial collateral

(1) Upon encumbrance of money in an account, a deposit or another similar financial claim (hereinafter in this section cash instruments) with financial collateral specified in § 3141of the Law of Property Act, a payment service provider, or other account manager provided by law, is required to maintain records on cash instruments in the account such that the cash instruments subject to financial collateral are separated from other cash instruments held in the account of the pledgor.
(2) A payment service provider, or other account manager provided by law, is required:
1) as of the date of entry into force of the irrevocable right to dispose of the cash instruments encumbered with
financial collateral granted to the pledgee and communicated to the payment service provider, or other account
manager provided by law, by the pledgor, to fulfil only the orders of the pledgee to debit the corresponding
account with an amount not exceeding the cash instruments encumbered with financial collateral;
2) until the date specified in clause 1) of this subsection, to fulfil the joint orders of the pledgor and pledgee to
debit the corresponding account with an amount not exceeding the cash instruments encumbered with financial
collateral.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

§ 713. Making of entry in account

(1) The crediting of an account is the making of an entry in the account which increases the obligations of the payment service provider to the client or reduces the obligations of the client to the payment service provider. The account of the client of the payment service provider shall be deemed to be credited if the payment service provider has made a credit entry in the client's account.
(2) The debiting of an account is the making of an entry in the account which reduces the obligations of the payment service provider to the client or increases the obligations of the client to the payment service provider.

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The account of the client of the payment service provider shall be deemed to be debited if the payment service provider has made a debit entry in the client's account.
(3) A payment service provider may debit the client's account:
1) on the instruction of the client;
2) at the request of a third party under the conditions prescribed by the payment service contract;
3) in other cases provided by law.
(4) A payment service provider may debit the client's account by way of set-off only to set off claims arising from the payment service contract, including to set off the claim for the fee payable to the payment service provider for settlements.
(5) The provisions of subsection (4) of this section do not apply to payment systems provided for in subsection
710 (2) of this Act.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

§ 714. Keeping of records by and notification obligation of payment service provider

(1) A payment service provider shall keep records of the crediting and debiting of the client's account.
(2) The client of the payment service provider may, at any time, demand information at the client's expense concerning the balance of the account and details of the crediting or debiting of the account.
(3) A payment service provider shall submit a statement of account to the client at agreed intervals. The payment service provider shall not demand payment from the client for the statement of account specified in
this subsection or the forwarding thereof. Unless otherwise agreed, a statement of account concerning a calendar year shall be forwarded by 15 January of the following year at the latest.
(4) On discovering an erroneous entry made in the account, the client shall promptly notify the payment service provider thereof.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

§ 715.–§ 716.[Repealed - RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

§ 717. Obligation to pay interest

(1) A payment service provider shall pay interest to the client for the funds deposited in the account of the client of the payment service provider. Interest shall be calculated on an annual basis and interest shall be transferred
to the client's account at least once a year.
(2) If the interest rate specified in subsection (1) of this section is not prescribed by the contract, the interest rate shall be that which credit institutions normally pay for demand deposits (call deposits).
[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

§ 718. Account maintenance and commission fees

(1) Upon agreement of the parties, account maintenance and commission fees may be demanded from the client. The fee shall be appropriate and in line with the actual costs of the payment service provider.
(2) The provisions of subsection (1) of this section do not apply to securities accounts. [RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

§ 719. Duty to maintain confidentiality

(1) A payment service provider and the payment intermediary shall, both during the term of the payment service contract and upon expiry thereof, maintain the confidentiality of all information of which they become aware on the basis of their relationship with the client, including information concerning the client and the account and payment transactions thereof, unless the right or obligation to disclose information arises from legislation.
(2) A payment service provider shall be released from the obligation to maintain confidentiality to the extent that the client has granted consent to the disclosure of information in writing or in a format which can be reproduced in writing.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

§ 7191. Amendment of payment service contract

(1) A payment service provider may amend the payment service contract only if the payment service provider notifies the client thereof in the manner provided for in subsection 711 (2) of this Act no later than two months before entry into force of the amendment.

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(2) A payment service provider and the client may agree that the client consents to amendment of the contract unless the client of the payment service provider notifies the payment service provider of not accepting the amendment before entry into force of the amendment. In such event the payment service provider shall notify the client of the consequences of tacit consent and of the right to cancel the contract in accordance with subsection (3) of this section.
(3) If there is an agreement provided for in subsection (2) of this section between the client of the payment service provider and the payment service provider, the client has the right to cancel the payment service contract promptly and free of charge before entry into force of the amendment.
(4) Upon agreement of the parties, a payment service provider has the right to change the interest rates and exchange rates specified in the payment service contract without prior notice provided that the changes are based on a reference interest rate or reference exchange rate agreed on between the parties.
(5) A payment service provider shall notify the client of any change in the interest rate in the manner provided for in subsection 711 (2) of this Act at the earliest opportunity unless otherwise agreed by the parties. There is no obligation to notify the client of changes in the interest rates or exchange rates which are more favourable to the client of the payment service provider.
(6) Changes in the interest rate or exchange rate used shall be implemented and calculated in a manner that enables to treat clients of the payment service provider equally under equal conditions.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

§ 720. Ordinary cancellation of payment service contract

(1) Unless the parties have agreed on the term for advance notice of cancellation, the client of the payment service provider may cancel the payment service contract at any time. Any agreement of the parties whereby a longer term than one month is determined as the term for notice of cancellation is void.
(2) A payment service provider may cancel the payment service contract in the case the contract is entered into for an unspecified term and the parties have agreed on the right to cancel the contract. The term for advance notice of cancellation may not be shorter than two months. An application for cancellation shall be made in the manner provided for in subsection 711 (2) of this Act.
(3) In the event of expiry of the payment service contract, the regular fees under the contract are payable
only until the expiry of the contract. Upon expiry of the contract, advance payments made by the client of the
payment service provider shall be refunded proportionately, considering thereby the actual costs incurred by the
payment service provider for the provision of the service by the moment of expiry of the contract.
(4) The client shall not be charged any fee for cancellation of a payment service contract entered into for a term longer than twelve months or for an unspecified term in the event that the client cancels the contract after 12 months have passed from entry into the contract. In other cases the fees charged shall be appropriate and in line with the costs of termination of the contract.
(5) Upon expiry of a payment service contract, the payment service provider shall pay the funds in the account to the client or a third party designated by the client, or transfer the funds to an account with the same or another payment service provider as specified by the client unless otherwise prescribed by law.
(6) If a payment made to the client is received by the payment service provider within one month as of the expiry of the payment service contract, the payment service provider shall accept the payment, notify the client thereof and pay the amount pursuant to the provisions of subsection (5) of this section.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

§ 721. [Repealed - RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

Subdivision 2

Performance of Payment Service Contract

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[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

§ 722.–§ 724.[Repealed - RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

§ 7241. Authorisation of payment

(1) A payment transaction is binding to the payer if the payer has given consent to its execution (hereinafter authorisation). Consent may be given before execution of the transaction or upon agreement of the parties also by means of retroactive approval.
(2) The manner and procedure of authorisation for the execution of one or several payment transactions shall be determined upon agreement of the parties. If consent is given to execution of a payment transaction in a manner not agreed on, the execution of the payment transaction is not deemed to be authorised.
(3) A payer may give consent to execution of a payment transaction using a payment instrument agreed on between the payer and the payment service provider.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

§ 7242. Receipt of payment order

(1) A payment order is binding to a payment service provider from the moment the payment service provider receives it.
(2) If a payment service provider receives a payment order on a day which is not a business day of the payment service provider, the payment order is deemed received on the business day following such day.
(3) A payment service provider may determine that a payment order which is received before the end of a business day, but after a determined time, is deemed received on the following business day. The determined time shall not significantly differ from the time of end of the business day.
(4) If a client of the payment service provider who initiates a payment order or by whom or through whom a payment order is initiated and the payment service provider agree on the exact time for execution of the payment order, the payment order is deemed received at the agreed time for the purposes of the provisions of § 728
of this Act. If the agreed time falls on a day which is not a business day of the payment service provider, the payment order is deemed received on the business day following such day.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

§ 7243. Refusal to execute payment order

(1) If a payment service provider refuses to execute a payment order, it shall notify the client who has initiated the payment order thereof and, if possible, of reasons therefor and of possibilities for correcting the payment order. A payment service provider is not required to provide the reasons for refusal if the payment service provider would thereby violate an obligation imposed on it by other legislation.
(2) The notice specified in subsection (1) of this section shall be provided or made available in the manner agreed on by the parties promptly or no later than within the time limits established in § 728 of this Act.
(3) A payment service contract may include a condition according to which a fee must be paid to the payment service provider for the notification specified in subsection (1) of this section if refusal to execute the payment order is justified.
(4) A payment service provider has no right to refuse to execute an authorised payment order if the payment order meets the conditions determined in the payment service contract and the execution of the payment order does not violate any obligation established by other legislation.
(5) A payment order which execution has been justifiably refused is considered as a not received payment order in accordance with the provisions of §§ 728 and 7333of this Act.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

§ 725. Transferred amount and payable fees

(1) The payment service provider of the payer, the payment service provider of the payee and other intermediaries of payment shall ensure the transfer of the total amount indicated in the payment order (hereinafter payment amount). No fees shall be deducted from the transferred amount unless otherwise provided for in this section.
(2) The payment service provider of the payee may make deductions from the payment amount only upon agreement with the payee. In such case the payee shall be notified in the manner provided for in subsection 711 (2) of this Act of the total payment amount indicated in the payment order and the amounts deducted therefrom.

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(3) If any fees other than those specified in subsection (2) of this section are deducted from the transferred amount, the payment service provider of the payer shall ensure that the payee receives the total amount indicated in the payment order of the payer. If a payment order is initiated by or through the payee, the payment service provider of the payee shall ensure that the payee receives the total amount indicated in the payment order.
(4) A payment order shall be executed in the currency determined in the agreement of the parties. If a currency conversion service is offered before the execution of the payment order at the respective point of sale or if such service is offered by the payee, the party offering such service shall notify the payer of the fees payable for the service and of the exchange rate used for the conversion, where appropriate.
(5) A payment service provider shall not charge any fees for the implementation of the obligations related to the provision of information provided for in this Subdivision and in Subdivisions 3 and 4 of this Division and of preventive or corrective measures related to the execution of payment orders, except in the cases provided
for in subsections 7243(1) to (3), 726 (4) and (5) and 7333(5) of this Act. The fee charged in such cases shall be appropriate and in line with the actual costs of the payment service provider.
(6) Upon execution of a payment order, the payer shall pay the fees charged by its payment service provider and the payee shall pay the fees charged by its payment service provider. The above does not apply if the execution
of a payment order involves a currency exchange service.
(7) A payment service contract between the payee and the payment service provider of the payee may prescribe the right to agree on a fee with the payer or to offer a discount to the payer for using a certain payment instrument.
(8) If a payee requires a fee from the payer or offers a discount for using a specific payment instrument, the payee shall notify the payer thereof before initiation of the payment order. If a payment service provider or
a third person requires a fee from the payer for using a specific payment instrument, it shall notify the payer thereof before initiation of the payment order.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

§ 726. Withdrawal of payment order

(1) A client of the payment service provider cannot withdraw a payment order if the payment order has been received in accordance with § 7242of this Act and unless otherwise provided for in this section. Consent given to execute several payment transactions may be withdrawn by consent of the parties, including such that each payment which follows the receipt of the withdrawal application by the payment service provider is considered as an authorised payment.
(2) A payer cannot withdraw a payment transaction initiated by or through the payee after its consent to the execution of the payment order or payment transaction has been transmitted to the payee. In the case of direct debit order, a payer may withdraw a payment order until the end of the business day preceding the debiting day, without prejudice to its rights provided for in § 7336of this Act.
(3) If a payment service provider and a client of the payment service provider have agreed on the day of execution of a payment order in accordance with the provisions of subsection 7242(4) of this Act, the client may withdraw the payment order until the end of the business day preceding the agreed day.
(4) After expiry of the time limits specified in subsections (1) to (3) of this section a payment order may be withdrawn only upon agreement of the parties and in the case provided for in subsection (2) of this section the consent of the payee is also required.
(5) A client may be charged a fee by the payment service provider in the case specified in subsection (4) of this section if it has been agreed on in the payment service contract.
(6) A participant in the payment system provided for in subsection 710 (2) of this Act may withdraw a payment order at the time determined in the legislation or the standard terms applicable to the payment system.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

§ 727. Information concerning execution of payment order under payment service contract

(1) Before execution of a payment order given under a payment service contract, the payment service provider shall, at the request of the payer, transmit information concerning the time limit for execution of the payment order, the payable fees and, where applicable, information concerning the bases for formation of fees or their breakdown.
(2) After the amount of a payment order is debited from the payer's payment account or, where the payer does not use a payment account, after receipt of the payment order, the payment service provider of the payer shall

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promptly provide the payer in the manner provided for in subsection 711 (2) of this Act with the following information:
1) the number or another identifier of the payment order enabling the identification of the payment order and, where appropriate, information concerning the payee;
2) the amount transferred in the currency in which the payer's account was debited or in the currency referred to in the payment order;
3) the amount of fees payable for execution of the payment order and, where applicable, information concerning the bases for formation of fees or their breakdown and information concerning the formation of payable interests;
4) where applicable, the exchange rate used by the payment service provider of the payer and the transferred amount after conversion of the currency;
5) the debit value date or the date of receipt of the payment order.
(3) After execution of a payment order given under the payment service contract, the payment service provider of the payee shall provide the payee in the manner provided for in subsection 711(2) of this Act with the following information:
1) the number or another identifier of the payment order enabling the identification of the payment order and, where appropriate, information concerning the payer;
2) the transferred amount in the currency in which it is made available to the payee;
3) the amount of fees payable by the payee for execution of the payment order and, where applicable,
information concerning the bases for formation of fees and information concerning the formation of payable
interests;
4) the exchange rate used by the payment service provider of the payee and the transferred amount before
conversion of the currency, where applicable;
5) the credit value date.
(4) Upon agreement of the parties the information specified in subsections (2) and (3) of this section shall be provided or made available, if possible, at least once a month and in an agreed manner, which shall enable the client of the payment service provider to store the information and reproduce it in unchanged form.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

§ 7271. Information concerning execution of payment order under single payment service contract

(1) After receipt of a payment order given under the single payment service contract, the payment service provider of the payer shall immediately provide or make available to the payer in the manner provided for in subsection 711 (2) of this Act the following information:
1) the number or another identifier of the payment order enabling the identification of the payment transaction and, where appropriate, information concerning the payee;
2) the transferred amount of money in the currency indicated in the payment order;
3) the amount of fees payable by the payer and, where applicable, information concerning the bases for
formation of fees or their breakdown;
4) where applicable, the exchange rate or reference exchange rate if it differs from the rate provided pursuant to
clause 7111(1) 4) of this Act, and the transferred amount after such currency conversion;
5) the date of receipt of the payment order.
(2) After execution of a payment order under the single payment service contract, the payment service provider of the payee shall provide or make available to the payee in the manner provided for in subsection 711 (2) of this Act the following information:
1) the number or another identifier of the payment order enabling the identification of the payment transaction and, where appropriate, also information concerning the payer and other information transmitted in the payment order;
2) the transferred amount in the currency in which it is made available to the payee;
3) the amount of fees payable by the payee for execution of the payment order and, where applicable,
information concerning the bases for formation of fees or their breakdown;
4) where applicable, the exchange rate or reference exchange rate used by the payment service provider of the
payee and the transferred amount after conversion of the currency;
5) the credit value date.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

§ 728. Term for executing payment order

(1) The payment service provider of the payer shall ensure that the payment amount would reach the account of the payment service provider of the payee no later than on the business day following the receipt of the payment order unless otherwise provided for in this Act.
(2) If a payment order is initiated on paper, the term specified in subsection (1) of this section may be extended by one more business day.
(3) If a payment is initiated by or through a payee, the payment service provider of the payee shall transmit the payment order to the payment service provider of the payer within the period of time agreed on between the payee and the payment service provider of the payee. In the case of a direct debit order, a payment order shall be transmitted within such period of time that enables the execution of the direct debit order at the agreed time.

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(4) The payment service provider of the payee shall make the payment amount available to the payee promptly after receipt thereof in its account.
(5) If a payment account must be debited upon execution of a payment order, the debit value date shall not be earlier than the date on which the payment account is debited by the amount of the payment transaction.
(6) If a consumer places cash on an account opened with the payment service provider in the currency used in the account, the payment service provider shall ensure that the payment amount would be available to the payee promptly after receipt of the cash by the payment service provider. If the client of the payment service provider is not a consumer, the payment amount shall be made available to the payee no later than on the following business day after receipt of the cash by the payment service provider.
(7) The credit value date for the account of the payee may not be later than the business day on which the amount of the payment transaction is credited to the account of the payment service provider of the payee. The earliest debit value date for the account of the payer may not be earlier than the actual time of debiting of this account.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

§ 729.–§ 733.[Repealed - RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

Subdivision 3

Liability

[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

§ 7331. Liability of payment service provider for payment transaction made on basis of unique identifier

(1) If a payment order is executed in accordance with the unique identifier, the payment order shall be deemed to have been executed correctly with regard to the payee specified by the unique identifier.
(2) If the payment order unique identifier provided by the client of the payment service provider is incorrect, the payment service provider shall not be liable for the failure to execute or incorrect execution of the payment transaction in conformity with § 7333of this Act unless otherwise provided by law. If the client of the payment service provider has provided other relevant information in addition to the payment order unique identifier to the payment service provider, the payment service provider shall be liable for the execution of the payment transaction only in accordance with the unique identifier provided by the client.
(3) If the payment service provider is unable to associate the unique identifier provided by the payer with any payee or payment account, the payment service provider shall notify the payer or the other payment service provider thereof and return the payment amount.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

§ 7332. Liability of payment service provider for unauthorised payments

(1) A payment service provider of the payer has no right to charge a fee or require compensation for the expenses related to executing a payment from the payer for an unauthorised payment.
(2) In the event provided for in subsection (1) of this section the payment service provider is required to return the payment amount immediately to the payer. Where the payment amount was debited from the account of the payer, the account shall be restored to the state in which it would have been had the unauthorised payment not been made.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

§ 7333. Liability of payment service provider for unexecuted or incorrectly executed payments

(1) If a payment order is initiated by the payer, the payer may require immediate refund of the payment amount without any deductions from the payment service provider in the case of an unexecuted or incorrectly executed payment. Where the payment amount was debited from the account of the payer, the account shall be restored, where applicable, to the state in which it would have been had the account not been debited. Where unjustified deductions have been made from the payment amount, the payment service provider of the payer shall forward the deducted amounts promptly to the payee.
(2) If the payment service provider of the payer proves that the payment amount has reached the account of the payment service provider of the payee in time and without deductions in accordance with the provisions of §

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728 of this Act, the payment service provider of the payer shall have no liability on the basis of subsection (1) of this section.
(3) If a payment is initiated by or through the payee, the payee may require in the case of an unexecuted or incorrectly executed payment that the payment service provider of the payee re-transmit the payment order immediately to the payment service provider of the payer.
(4) Where a payment is unexecuted or incorrectly executed and the payment service provider of the payee proves that it has performed its obligations, the payment service provider of the payer shall immediately return the payment amount without deductions to the payer or restore the state of the account of the payer in accordance with the first and second sentences of subsection (1) of this section. Where unjustified deductions
have been made from the payment amount, the payment service provider of the payee shall make the deducted amounts immediately available to the payee.
(5) A client of the payment service provider has no rights provided for in the first and second sentences of subsection (1) and in subsection (3) of this section if the payment order has been executed in conformity with the unique identifier provided by the client of the payment service provider. In such case the payer may require
from the payment service provider to assist the payer in recovering the payment amount to the extent possible. A payment service provider has the right to charge a fee therefor if the charging of a fee has been agreed on in the payment service contract.
(6) In the cases specified in subsections (1) and (2) of this section a client of the payment service provider has the right to require from the payment service provider a refund of the paid fees, and payment of interest on arrears, which the client was charged by the payment service provider with the unexecuted or incorrectly executed payment or by which the payment service provider debited the account of the client.
(7) Where a payment has not been executed or has been executed incorrectly, the payment service provider shall, at the request of the client, determine the relevant facts related to the execution of the payment transaction regardless of its liability and notify the client of the results of the investigation.
(8) A payment service provider shall also be liable in accordance with this section if the liability is actually attributable to the payment intermediary chosen by the payment service provider. A payment service provider shall not be liable if the responsible payment intermediary has been actually chosen by the client of the payment service provider. In such case the payment intermediary chosen by the client shall be liable to the client of the payment service provider.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

§ 7334. Burden of proof

(1) Where there is a dispute on whether a payment transaction has been authorised or correctly executed, the payment service provider shall prove that the payment transaction has been authenticated, correctly documented and recorded in the accounts and no deficiency has affected the performance of the transaction.
(2) Where there is a dispute on whether a payment transaction made by means of a payment instrument has been authorised, only the documenting of the use of the payment instrument by the payment service provider does not suffice to prove that:
1) the payment has been authorised;
2) the payment instrument has been used fraudulently;
3) one or several of the requirements provided for in § 73310of this Act have been violated;
4) one or several of the conditions for the issue and use of the payment instrument have been violated
deliberately or through gross negligence.
(3) Authentication means a procedure which allows the payment service provider to verify the use of a specific payment instrument, including its personalised security features.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

§ 7335. Right of recourse

If the circumstances of liability of the payment service provider in accordance with § 7333of this Act are attributable to another payment service provider or a payment intermediary, the payment service provider may require compensation for damage from the other payment service provider or the payment intermediary if it has arisen from the performance of the demands of the client of the payment service provider on the basis of the above section.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

§ 7336. Specifications for refund of payment initiated by or through payee

(1) A payer has the right to require from the payment service provider a refund for a payment made in accordance with a payment order initiated and authorised by or through the payee to the extent of the total amount transferred, if both of the following conditions are met:
1) the exact amount was not determined at the time of authorisation of the payment transaction;

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2) the transferred amount exceeds the amount that the payer could have presumed considering the terms of its payment service contract, the amounts of earlier payments and other circumstances.
(2) The circumstances specified in subsection (1) of this section shall be proven by the payer at the request of the payment service provider.
(3) A payer and a payment service provider of the payer may agree that in the case of direct debit the payment service provider shall make a refund regardless of whether the conditions provided for in subsection (1) of this section are satisfied.
(4) Upon application of clause (1) 2) of this section the payer cannot rely on reasons related to the exchange rate if the reference exchange rate has been agreed on with the payment service provider in accordance with the provisions of clause 711 (1) 10) or 7111(1) 4) of this Act.
(5) The parties may agree that the payer has no right to get a refund if the payer has given consent to the payment service provider for the execution of the payment transaction and, where applicable, if the payment service provider or the payee has notified the payer of the future payment transaction or has made the information concerning the future payment transaction available in an agreed manner no less than four weeks before the execution of the payment transaction.
(6) The payer has the right to get the refund provided for in this section if the payer files a claim for a refund to the payment service provider within eight weeks from the debiting of the payment amount.
(7) A payment service provider is required, within ten business days after receipt of a claim for a refund, to refund the payment amount in full or to present its reasons for refusal of the refund. In the case of refusal, a reference shall be made to a person or institution which the payer can contact in the procedure provided for in the Consumer Protection Act, should the payer not agree with the specified reasons. A payment service provider has no right to refuse the refund in the case provided for in subsection (3) of this section.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

§ 7337. Obligation to notify client in case of unauthorised payment transaction or incorrectly executed payment

(1) A client of the payment service provider shall notify the payment service provider of an unauthorised payment transaction or an incorrectly executed payment promptly after becoming aware thereof.
(2) A client of the payment service provider has no right to file any claims or objections provided for in this Subdivision if it has failed to present the notice provided for in subsection (1) of this section to its payment service provider within 13 months after the date of unauthorised debiting of its account or the date of debiting of an incorrectly executed payment.
(3) Subsection (2) of this section applies only if the payment service provider has, where applicable, notified
the client or made the information concerning the execution of the payment order available in accordance with §
727 or 7271of this Act.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

§ 7338. Liability of payer in connection with unauthorised payments

(1) If an unauthorised payment has been executed using a lost or stolen payment instrument, the payer shall bear the risk, but not more than to the extent of the limit amount agreed on with the issuer of the payment instrument, and at most to the extent of the amount equalling 150 euros. The payer shall also bear the risk if the payment instrument has been used in another unauthorised manner or if the payer has not duly kept the personalised security features.
(2) The limit provided in subsection (1) of this section does not apply if the unauthorised payment involves fraud by the payer or if the payer, deliberately or due to gross negligence, violates:
1) one or several of the obligations provided for in § 73310of this Act;
2) one or several of the conditions for the issue and use of the payment instrument.
(3) A payer shall not bear the risk in accordance with subsection (1) of this section where damage is caused by the use of the payment instrument after giving a notice provided for in subsection 73310(2) of this Act, except if the payer acts fraudulently.
(4) A payer shall not bear the risk specified in subsection (1) of this section if the payment service provider has not performed the obligation provided for in clause 73311(1) 3) of this Act, except if the payer acts fraudulently. [RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

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§ 7339. Specifications of liability and release from liability

(1) The filing of claims provided for in this Subsection on other grounds is not permitted. This does not preclude or restrict the filing of other claims on other grounds, including a claim for the compensation of damage on the basis of § 115 of this Act.
(2) Liability under this Subdivision is precluded if the claims filed thereunder are based on unusual or unforeseen circumstances which cannot be affected by the party referring to such circumstances and which would be unpreventable regardless of all the efforts undertaken to prevent these or if the payment service provider performs the obligation arising from law.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

Subdivision 4

Obligations Related to Payment Instruments and Specifications

for Low Value Payment Instruments and E-money

[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

§ 73310. Obligations related to holding of payment instrument

The holder of a payment instrument shall:
1) use the payment instrument in accordance with the conditions governing the issue and use thereof, which
includes taking, as from receipt of the payment instrument, all reasonable steps to keep the payment instrument
and the means which enable it to be used, including personalised security features, safe;
2) notify promptly the payment service provider that has issued the payment instrument, or a third party
designated by the payment service provider for this purpose, of loss or theft of the payment instrument and of
unauthorised or incorrect use of the payment instrument after becoming aware thereof.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

§ 73311. Obligations related to issue of payment instrument

(1) A payment service provider that has issued a payment instrument shall:
1) ensure that only the client entitled to use the payment instrument has access to personalised security features
of the payment instrument, considering also the obligations in relation to the holder of the payment instrument
provided for in § 73310of this Act;
2) refrain from sending a payment instrument to its user without the user having required it, except if an
existing payment instrument is being replaced;
3) ensure technical means to the user of a payment instrument for giving a notice in accordance with the
provisions of clause 733102) of this Act and for filing a request for unblocking provided for in subsection (5) of this section;
4) at the request of a client of the payment service provider, provide the client with necessary means enabling the client to prove the performance of the obligations provided for in clause 3) of this subsection for 18 months from performance of the obligation;
5) prevent the use of a payment instrument after receipt of the notice specified in clause 733102) of this Act.
(2) A payer and a payment service provider of the payer may agree on the limits of transactions to be made through the payment instrument.
(3) If agreed in the payment service contract, the payment service provider has the right to block the payment instrument for objectively justified reasons related to the security of the payment instrument or if use of the payment instrument without the payer's consent or its fraudulent use is suspected or, in the case of a payment instrument with a credit line, there is a significantly increased risk that the payer may lack funds to fulfil the liability to pay.
(4) In the case provided for in subsection (3) of this section the payment service provider shall, if possible, notify the payer of blocking the payment instrument and its reasons in the manner agreed on in the contract, if possible, before blocking the payment instrument or promptly after blocking the payment instrument. The requirement provided for in this subsection need not be complied with if giving such information would
compromise objectively justified security reasons or if it is not permitted due to other reasons provided by law.
(5) A payment service provider shall unblock the payment instrument or replace it with a new payment instrument once the reasons for blocking no longer exist.
(6) The risk of sending a payment instrument or any personalised security features to the payer shall be borne by the payment service provider.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

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§ 73312. Specifications for low value payment instruments and e-money

(1) A payment service contract may include an obligation to issue a low value payment instrument to the client of the payment service provider. Low value payment instrument means an instrument which meets at least one of the following conditions:
1) the value of single payment transactions made through its use does not exceed 30 euros;
2) the limit for its use is up to 150 euros;
3) the amount kept on it never exceeds an amount equalling 150 euros.
(2) The parties may agree with regard to the payment instrument specified in subsection (1) that:
1) the provisions of subsections 711 (1) to (3) and (5) and 727 (1) of this Act do not apply and the payment
service provider shall provide its client only with a general description and information concerning the provided
payment services, including the manner of use of the means of payment, a description of liability, fees and other
significant information as well as a reference as to how the information and conditions specified in subsection
711 (1) of this Act can be accessed;
2) a payment service provider is not required to give notice of amendments to the payment service contract in
the procedure provided for in § 7191of this Act;
3) the provisions of subsections 727 (2) to (4) of this Act do not apply and the payment service provider shall,
after execution of a payment order, provide or make available to the client only a reference on the basis of which
the client can ascertain the payment transaction, the paid amount and the fees payable for the execution of the
payment transaction per each payment or a set of payments;
4) a payment service provider shall not have the obligation to provide information or make it available as
specified in clause 3) of this subsection if the user of the payment instrument cannot be ascertained or if the
payment service provider lacks technical capabilities to make such information available. A payment service
provider shall provide the client of the payment service provider with a possibility to verify the amount of funds
stored in the payment instrument;
5) subsections 7338(3) and (4) and clauses 733102), 73311(1) 4) and 5) of this Act do not apply if the low value payment instrument cannot be blocked or if its further use cannot be restricted;
6) §§ 7332and 7334and subsections 7338(1) and (2) of this Act do not apply if the use of a low value payment instrument cannot be attributed to any client of the payment service provider or if the payment service provider cannot ascertain the authorisation of the use of the payment instrument due to another reason related to the low value payment instrument;
7) a payment service provider is not required to give a notice of refusal to execute a payment order in
the procedure provided for in subsections 7243(1) to (3) of this Act if, considering the circumstances, it is unreasonable to expect the payment service provider to give a notice;
8) a payer cannot withdraw a payment order whereby it has given consent to a payment or it has given consent for a payee to make payment, differently from § 726 of this Act;
9) a payment transaction is executed within a different term than designated in § 728 of this Act.
(3) The provisions of §§ 7332and 7338of this Act do not apply to e-money if the payment service provider of the payer cannot block the payment account or the low value payment instrument.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]
(4) The parties may agree that the provisions of subsection (2) of this section are applied to e-money. [RT I, 08.07.2011, 6 - entry into force 18.07.2011]

Subdivision 5

Scope of Application and Derogating Agreements

[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

§ 73313. Prohibition on violation of provisions

A person or institution provided by law may, pursuant to the procedure provided by law, require a payment service provider who has violated the provisions provided in this Division to terminate such violation and refrain from future violation.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

§ 73314. Mandatory nature of provisions

(1) An agreement which derogates from the provisions of this Division to the prejudice of a client of the payment service provider and is entered into between the client of the payment service provider and the payment service provider is void unless otherwise provided for in this section.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

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(2) A payment service provider and a client of the payment service provider may agree on a different term for the execution of a payment order than is provided for in subsection 728 (1) of this Act, but it may not exceed four business days if:
1) the payment is made in a different currency of a Contracting State of the European Economic Area
Agreement (hereinafter Contracting State) than euro.
[RT I 2010, 22, 108 - entry into force 01.01.2011]
2) [repealed - RT I 2010, 22, 108 - entry into force 01.01.2011]
(3) A payment service provider and a client of the payment service provider may agree that the provisions of subsections 728 (3) and (6) do not apply in part or in full in the case of payments provided for in subsection (2) of this section.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]
(4) If a payment service is not provided in euros or another currency of a Contracting State or if the seat of the payment service provider of the payer or the payment service provider of the payee is in a country other than the Contracting State, subsection (1) of this section and subsections 725 (1), (3) and (6), 728 (1) to (3) and (6),
7331(3), section 7332and subsections 7333(1) and (2) of this Act do not apply unless otherwise provided for in this section.
[RT I 2010, 7, 30 - entry into force 26.02.2010]
(5) If the seat of the payment service provider of the payer or the payment service provider of the payee is in
a country other than the Contracting State, but the payment service is provided in euros or in another currency
of a Contracting State, an agreement which derogates from the provisions of subsections 728 (4), (5) or (7) of
this Act to the prejudice of the payer or the payee is void. With regard to the payments provided for in the first
sentence of this subsection which are not executed in euros or in another currency of a Contracting State, the
parties may agree that the provisions of subsections 728 (4), (5) and (7) do not apply in part or in full.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]
(6) If a client of the payment service provider is not a consumer, the parties may agree that §§ 710 to 7112,
7191and 720, the second sentence of subsection 7241(2), subsection 725 (5) and §§ 726 to 7271, 7333, 7334,
7336and 7338of this Act do not apply in part or in full. If a client of the payment service provider is not a consumer, the parties may also agree on a different term than is provided for in subsection 7337(2) of this Act. [RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]
(7) The provisions of clauses 711 (1) 1), 3) to 5), 8) to 10), 13) to 17), subsection (2) of the same section and
§§ 7334, 7338, 73310and 73311of this Act apply to the services or transactions specified in clause 4 (1) 10) of the
Payment Institutions and E-money Institutions Act.
[RT I, 08.07.2011, 6 - entry into force 18.07.2011]

Division 3

[Repealed - RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

Division 4

Settlement by Letter of Credit

§ 747. Definition of settlement by letter of credit

In the case of settlement by a letter of credit, the issuing bank undertakes, on the order of the originator or on
the initiative of the issuing bank, to make a payment for the benefit of the beneficiary and in accordance with the
terms and conditions of the letter of credit, primarily upon submission of the required documents, or to accept
and cash a draft of a third party or to perform any other obligation or to authorise another payment service
provider (advising bank) therefor. The issuing bank may also be the advising bank.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

§ 748. Irrevocability of letter of credit

(1) An irrevocable letter of credit is a letter of credit which cannot be amended or cancelled without the authorisation of the issuing bank or the beneficiary. The irrevocable character of a letter of credit is presumed.
(2) At the request of the originator or the issuing bank, the advising bank may confirm the irrevocable letter of credit (confirming bank). By confirming a letter of credit, the confirming bank shall, in addition to the issuing bank, assume an obligation to execute the letter of credit in accordance with the terms and conditions thereof. An irrevocable letter of credit shall not be modified or cancelled without the authorisation of the confirming bank.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

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§ 749. Performance of letter of credit

(1) The issuing or confirming bank shall perform the letter of credit if the beneficiary submits all the documents to the bank in accordance with the terms and conditions of the letter of credit.
(2) The obligation of the bank to perform a letter of credit shall not depend on the mutual relationship between the originator and the beneficiary.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

§ 750. Refusal to accept documents

(1) The issuing bank or the confirming bank shall, with professional diligence, review all the documents submitted to the bank and verify that they are in accordance with the terms and conditions of the letter of credit.
(2) The issuing bank shall notify the applicant of refusal to accept documents. [RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

§ 751. Liability of bank for violation of terms and conditions of letter of credit

(1) The issuing bank shall not be liable for failure to observe or unsatisfactory observance of the instructions given to other banks related to the performance of the given letter of credit.
(2) In the case of failure to perform a letter of credit without good reason, the issuing bank or the confirming bank shall be liable to the beneficiary.
(3) If the confirming bank has performed the letter of credit, the issuing bank shall compensate the confirming bank for the amount paid.
(4) If the advising bank performs a letter of credit on the basis of documents accepted by the advising bank which fail to comply with the terms and conditions of the letter of credit, the issuing bank has the right to
request that the advising bank return the amount paid in breach of the terms and conditions of the letter of credit to the beneficiary or to refuse to compensate for the amount paid.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

§ 752. Costs of settlement by letter of credit

(1) The issuing bank shall be liable for the reimbursement of all expenses related to a letter of credit it issued which are incurred by other banks.
(2) The originator shall be liable for the reimbursement of all expenses related to a letter of credit which are incurred by banks.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

§ 753. Expiry of letter of credit

(1) A letter of credit expires upon:
1) performance of the letter of credit;
2) expiry of the term of the letter of credit;
3) cancellation of the letter of credit.
(2) If the beneficiary waives a letter of credit and notifies the advising bank thereof, the advising bank shall notify the issuing bank thereof.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

Division 5

Settlement by Collection

§ 754. Definition of settlement by collection

(1) In the case of settlement by collection, a bank (the remitting bank) shall, on the instruction, at the expense and for the benefit of the drawer, act as an intermediary in the collection of a particular payment from a third party (the drawee). The objective of collection may also be the acceptance of any other collection or payment obligation.
(2) The remitting bank is entitled to involve another bank (a collecting bank) for the execution of a collection instruction.

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(3) In the case of failure to execute the unsatisfactory performance of the instruction of the drawer, the bank which has failed to execute the collection instruction shall be liable to the drawer therefor.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

§ 755. Execution of collection instruction

(1) Upon execution of a collection instruction, the banks shall be governed by the collection instruction and act with professional diligence.
(2) If the titles and numbers of the documents listed in the collection instruction and those sent for collection do not correspond, the collecting bank shall immediately notify the drawer or the bank which issued the collection instruction.
(3) Documents shall be delivered to the drawee in the form which they were received, except for the notes and inscriptions of banks which are necessary to execute collection actions.
(4) The collecting bank shall immediately transfer the amounts paid by the drawee to the drawer or to the bank which issued the collection instruction.
(5) The bank shall be liable for damage caused by the loss, damage or destruction of a document in its possession.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

§ 756. Notification obligation

(1) The collecting bank shall immediately notify the remitting bank of any failure to receive payment or acceptance, and the remitting bank shall immediately notify the drawer and ask for further instructions.
(2) If the drawer fails to give instructions within a period of time considered as normal in banking or, in the absence thereof, within a reasonable period of time, the collecting bank may return the documents to the remitting bank.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

§ 757. Liability

(1) The drawer shall be liable for the reimbursement of all expenses incurred by banks related to collection.
(2) Banks shall not be liable for failure to execute collection instructions issued to other banks or for failure to perform the obligations of the drawee.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]

Chapter 41 CONTRACT FOR PROVISION

OF HEALTH CARE SERVICES

§ 758. Definition of contract for provision of health care services

(1) By a contract for the provision of health care services, one person (the provider of health care services) undertakes, in the professional activities thereof, to provide health care services to another person (the patient), particularly by examining the patient in the interests of his or her health and observing the rules of medicine, by consulting and treating the patient or offering obstetrical care to the patient, and by informing the patient of his or her state of health and the progress and results of his or her treatment. The provision of health care services also includes patient care within the framework of the provision of health care services and other activities directly related to the provision of health care services.
(2) Qualified doctors and dentists, and nurses or midwives providing health care services independently, who participate in the provision of health care services and operate on the basis of an employment contract or other similar contract entered into with a provider of health care services shall also be personally liable besides the provider of health care services for performance of a contract for the provision of health care services.

§ 759. Specifications for entry into contract

A contract for the provision of health care services is also, inter alia, deemed to have been entered into upon commencement of the provision of health care services or assumption of the obligation to provide health care services with the consent of a patient, and also if commencement of the provision of health care services to a patient without the capacity to exercise his or her will corresponds to his or her actual or presumed intention.

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§ 760. Duty to enter into contract

A provider of health care services is required to provide health care services to a person who applies therefor unless the terms or conditions of the contract applied for are in conflict with provisions of law or the standard terms of a contract for the provision of health care services.

§ 761. Duty to pay fee

An established, agreed or standard fee or, in the absence thereof, a reasonable fee shall be paid for the provision of health care services. A fee may be demanded from a patient in so far as the expenses for providing health care services are not covered by sickness insurance or another person.

§ 762. Provision of health care services

Health care services shall at the very least conform to the general level of medical science at the time the services are provided and the services shall be provided with the care which can normally be expected of providers of health care services. If necessary, a provider of health care services shall refer a patient to a specialist or involve a specialist in the treatment of the patient.

§ 763. Use of generally unrecognised methods upon provision of health care services

(1) A method of prevention, diagnosis or treatment which is not generally recognised may be used only if conventional methods are not likely to be as effective, if the patient is informed of the nature and possible consequences of the method and if the patient has granted his or her consent to the use of the method.
(2) The legal representative of a patient with restricted active legal capacity shall grant the consent specified in subsection (1) of this section in the place of the patient in so far as the patient is unable to consider the pros and cons responsibly. A generally unrecognised method may be used in respect of a patient without the capacity to exercise his or her will without the consent of the patient or his or her legal representative if failure to use the method would put the life of the patient at risk or would significantly damage his or her health.
[RT I 2008, 59, 330 - entry into force 01.01.2009]

§ 764. Duty of patient to provide information

A patient shall inform the provider of health care services of all circumstances which, according to his or her best understanding, are necessary for the provision of health care services and shall provide any assistance which the provider of health care services requires to perform the contract.

§ 765. Provision of health care services in presence of other person

The presence of another person during the provision of health care services is permitted only with the consent of the patient unless it is impossible to provide the health care services without the presence of the other
person, it is impossible to obtain the consent of the patient and failure to provide the health care services would significantly damage the health of the patient.

§ 766. Duty to inform patient and obtain his or her consent

(1) The provider of health care services shall inform the patient of the results of the examination of the patient and the state of his or her health, any possible illnesses and the development thereof, the availability, nature and purpose of the health care services required, the risks and consequences associated with the provision of such health care services and of other available health care services. At the request of the patient, the provider of health care services shall submit the specified information in a format which can be reproduced in writing.
[RT I, 29.11.2013, 1 - entry into force 09.12.2013]
(2) As a rule, a provider of health care services shall not promise that a patient will recover or that an operation will be successful.
(3) A patient may be examined and health care services may be provided to him or her only with his or her consent. A patient may withdraw his or her consent within a reasonable period of time after granting consent. At the request of a provider of health care services, such consent or an application to withdraw such consent shall
be in a format which can be reproduced in writing.
(4) In the case of a patient with restricted active legal capacity, the legal representative of the patient has the rights specified in subsections (1) and (3) of this section in so far as the patient is unable to consider the pros and cons responsibly. If the decision of the legal representative appears to damage the interests of the patient, the provider of health care services shall not comply with the decision. The patient shall be informed of the circumstances and information specified in subsection (1) of this section to a reasonable extent.

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(5) A provider of health care services shall not disclose information specified in subsection (1) of this section to a patient if the patient refuses to be given such information and if his or her legitimate interests or the legitimate interests of other persons are not damaged thereby.
(6) In the cases and to the extent provided by law, the consent of a patient or his or her legal representative is not required for the provision of health care services.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336 - entry into force 01.07.2002]

§ 767. Provision of health care services to patients without capacity to exercise their will

(1) If a patient is unconscious or incapable of exercising his or her will for any other reason (a patient without the capacity to exercise his or her will) and if he or she does not have a legal representative or his or her legal representative cannot be reached, the provision of health care services is permitted without the consent of the patient if this is in the interests of the patient and corresponds to the intentions expressed by him or her earlier or to his or her presumed intentions and if failure to provide health care services promptly would put the life
of the patient at risk or significantly damage his or her health. The intentions expressed earlier by a patient or his or her presumed intentions shall, if possible, be ascertained using the help of his or her immediate family. The immediate family of the patient shall be informed of his or her state of health, the provision of health care services and the associated risks if this is possible in the circumstances.
(2) Within the meaning of this Chapter, immediate family means the spouse, parents, children, sisters and brothers of the patient. Other persons who are close to the patient may also be deemed to be immediate family if this can be concluded from the way of life of the patient.

§ 768. Duty to maintain confidentiality

(1) Providers of health care services and persons participating in the provision of health care services shall maintain the confidentiality of information regarding the identity of patients and their state of health which has become known to them in the course of providing health care services or performing their official duties and they shall ensure that the information contained in documents specified in § 769 of this Act does not become known to other persons unless otherwise prescribed by law or by agreement with the patient.
(2) It is permitted to deviate from the duty provided for in subsection (1) of this section to a reasonable extent if failure to disclose the information could result in the patient significantly damaging himself or herself or other persons.

§ 769. Duty to document

A provider of health care services shall document the provision of health care services to each patient pursuant to the requirements and shall preserve the corresponding documents. The patient has the right to examine these documents and to obtain copies thereof at his or her own expense, unless otherwise provided by law.

§ 770. Liability of providers of health care services

(1) Providers of health care services and persons specified in subsection 758 (2) of this Act shall be liable only for the wrongful violation of their own obligations, particularly for errors in diagnosis and treatment and for violation of the obligation to inform patients and obtain their consent.
(2) Providers of health care services shall also be liable for the activities of persons assisting them and for any defects in the equipment used upon provision of health care services.
(3) The burden of proof regarding circumstances which are the bases for the liability of the provider of health care services and of a person specified in subsection 758 (2) of this Act shall lie with the patient unless the provision of health care services to the patient is not documented as required.
(4) If there is an error in diagnosis or treatment and a patient develops a health disorder which could probably have been avoided by ordinary treatment, the damage is presumed to have resulted from the error. In this case, the burden of proof regarding the damage resulting from the health disorder shall also lie with the patient.

§ 771. Limitation period

The limitation period for a claim of a patient concerning compensation for damage is five years as of the time when the patient becomes aware that a provider of health care services or a doctor has violated an obligation or caused damage.

§ 772. Specifications for expiry of contract

(1) A contract for the provision of health care services shall, inter alia, expire:
1) upon the death of one party;
2) upon termination of the provision of health care services;
3) if another provider of health care services assumes the provision of health care services.

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(2) A patient may cancel a contract for the provision of health care services at any time without giving a reason.
(3) A provider of health care services may cancel a contract only with a good reason due to which the provider of health care services cannot, taking into account all the circumstances, be expected to continue providing
the health care services. If necessary, the provider of health care services shall continue to provide health care services until the patient is able to receive the health care services elsewhere.

§ 773. Mandatory nature of provisions

Any agreements which derogate from the provisions of this Chapter to the detriment of a patient are void.

Chapter 42 CONTRACT OF CARRIAGE

Division 1

Contract for Carriage of Goods

Subdivision 1

General Provisions

§ 774. Definition of contract for carriage of goods

(1) By a contract for the carriage of goods, one person (the carrier) undertakes to carry movables (goods) for another person (the sender) to a destination and to deliver the goods to a third party (the consignee). The sender undertakes to pay a charge therefor (a carriage charge) to the carrier.
(2) The provisions concerning contracting for services apply to contracts for the carriage of goods unless otherwise provided for in this Division.
(3) The provisions of this Division do not apply to the carriage of goods by sea.

§ 775. Consignment note

(1) The carrier may demand that the sender issue a consignment note containing the following information:
1) the place and date of issue of the consignment note;
2) the name and address of the sender;
3) the name and address of the carrier;
4) the place and the date of taking over of the goods by the carrier;
5) the name and address of the consignee, and a contact address of the consignee for the carrier;
6) the place set out for the consignee for the goods to be delivered;
7) a description of the nature of the goods and the method of packing, and, in the case of dangerous goods,
markings pursuant to the requirements established for such goods or, in the absence of such requirements, their
generally recognised description;
8) the number of packages and their special marks and numbers;
9) the gross weight of the goods or their quantity expressed in other units of measurement;
10) the agreed carriage charge, demurrage charge and expenses subject to reimbursement, and the notation
concerning payment of the charges;
11) the "cash on delivery" charge if so agreed;
12) instructions for the customs clearance of the goods and other formalities related to the goods if such
clearance or formalities are required;
13) an agreement on the type of carriage, including in open unsheeted vehicles or on deck.
(2) If the parties so agree, a consignment note may contain information not specified in subsection (1) of this section.
(3) A sender shall issue and sign a consignment note in three original copies, of which one shall be retained by the sender, one shall accompany the goods and one shall be handed to the carrier. At the request of the sender, the carrier shall sign the consignment note. The signatures may be replaced by a clip-mark.

§ 776. Conclusive force of consignment note

(1) A consignment note signed by the sender and the carrier shall be prima facie evidence of entry into the contract of carriage, the conditions of the contract and the receipt of the goods by the carrier.

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(2) Upon the existence of a consignment note signed by the sender and the carrier, it is presumed that the goods and their packaging appeared to be in good condition when the carrier took them over and that the number of packages, their marks and numbers corresponded with the information set out in the consignment note.
(3) A carrier may enter a reasoned notation in a consignment note (reservation) concerning the checking of the accuracy of the information set out in the consignment note. In this case, the provisions of subsection (2) of this section do not apply. The carrier may justify the reservation if, amongst other things, the carrier does not have reasonable means of checking the accuracy of the information set out in the consignment note.
(4) The carrier shall check the gross weight, quantity or content of the goods if so requested by the sender and if the carrier has reasonable means of checking. The carrier may demand that the sender reimburse any reasonable expenses incurred in relation to the checking.
(5) If the carrier has checked the gross weight, quantity or content of the goods and the results have been
entered in the consignment note signed by both parties, it is presumed that the gross weight, quantity and content
of the goods correspond to the information in the consignment note.

§ 777. Dangerous goods

(1) Upon the carriage of dangerous goods, the sender shall inform the carrier of the exact nature of the danger and, if necessary, the precautions to be taken in good time and in a format which can be reproduced in writing.
(2) If, upon the delivery of goods, the carrier is not informed that the goods are of a dangerous nature and the carrier is unaware of this fact, the carrier may unload the dangerous goods, place them in storage, transport them back or, if necessary, destroy the goods or render them harmless. The carrier is not required to compensate the sender for any damage arising therefrom.
(3) The carrier may demand that the sender reimburse the necessary expenses incurred in relation to the application of precautions specified in subsection (2) of this section.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336 - entry into force 01.07.2002]

§ 778. Packing and marking of goods

(1) Taking into account the nature of the goods and the agreed type of carriage, the sender shall pack the goods such that they are protected against loss and damage and do not cause damage to the carrier.
(2) The sender shall mark the goods if this is necessary in order to enable the carrier to carry the goods pursuant to the contract.

§ 779. Loading

(1) The sender shall load and place goods in a manner which is secure for carriage (loading). It is presumed that the sender will also unload the goods.
(2) The carrier shall ensure that the conditions exist for the safe loading and unloading of goods.
(3) The carrier may demand separate compensation (a demurrage charge) for the period of time when the goods are being loaded or unloaded only if so agreed or if the period of time for loading or unloading exceeds the period of time reasonably necessary therefor due to circumstances independent of the carrier.

§ 780. Accompanying documents

(1) Before delivery of the goods to the carrier, the sender shall place the documents which are necessary in order for customs clearance or other formalities to be conducted (accompanying documents) at the disposal of the carrier and shall also provide the carrier with information which is necessary therefor.
(2) The carrier shall compensate for any damage caused by the loss of or damage to the accompanying documents delivered to the carrier or by the incorrect use of these documents unless the loss of, damage to
or incorrect use of the documents is caused by circumstances the occurrence or consequences of which could not have been avoided by the carrier. The liability of the carrier shall be limited to the sum of money payable thereby upon loss of the goods.

§ 781. Liability of sender

(1) The sender shall compensate the carrier for any damage caused and reimburse any expenses incurred due to:
1) insufficient packing or marking of the goods;
2) inaccurate or incomplete information in the consignment note;
3) failure to give notification of the danger related to dangerous goods, or giving notification which is incorrect
or insufficient;
4) unsatisfactory loading of goods;
5) the absence, incompleteness or incorrectness of accompanying documents or information specified in
subsection 780 (1) of this Act.

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(2) The sender shall be liable in the cases specified in subsection (1) of this section, regardless of whether the violation of obligations by the sender is justifiable. If the sender is a consumer, the sender shall be liable in the cases specified in subsection (1) of this section only if the sender is culpable of violating an obligation.

§ 782. Cancellation of contract of carriage by sender

(1) The sender may cancel the contract of carriage at any time.
(2) If the sender cancels the contract of carriage without a fundamental breach of the contract on the part of the carrier, the carrier may demand payment of the carriage charge and demurrage charge and reimbursement of
the expenses subject to compensation from which the amounts which the carrier saved, obtained or could have obtained due to termination of the contract are deducted.
(3) Instead of the claim provided for in subsection (2) of this section, the carrier may demand payment of one third of the agreed carriage charge.
(4) If the goods have already been loaded before cancellation of the contract, the carrier may demand instructions from the sender regarding further operations with the goods or the prompt unloading of the goods. If the carrier does not receive any instructions within a reasonable period of time, the carrier may take the measures specified in clauses 786 (4) 1) to 4) of this Act at the expense of the sender.
(5) If, in the case specified in subsection (4) of this section, the sender gives instructions to unload the goods, the carrier is required to unload the goods only if this is possible without damaging the economic activities of the carrier and goods of other senders or consignees.
(6) If the sender cancels the contract due to a breach of the contract by the carrier, the carrier shall promptly unload the goods at the expense of the carrier.

§ 783. Partial load

(1) If only a part of the agreed load is loaded, the sender may demand at any time that the carrier commence carriage of the loaded goods.
(2) In the case specified in subsection (1) of this section, the carrier may demand payment of the full carriage charge and demurrage charge and the reimbursement of expenses related to the fact that the load is only a partial load. However, a carriage charge for goods which are carried by the carrier instead of the unloaded part of the load and using the same means of transport shall be deducted from the carriage charge.
(3) In the case specified in subsection (1) of this section, the carrier may demand additional security for
the carriage charge, demurrage charge and expenses subject to reimbursement if the payment thereof is not
sufficiently secured with the right of security and other security specified in § 803 of this Act due to the fact that
the load is only a partial load.
(4) If the fact that only a part of the full load is loaded is caused by circumstances dependent on the carrier, the carrier may only demand payment of the carriage charge in respect of the proportion of the load which is actually carried.

§ 784. Rights of carrier in event of exceeding reasonable time limit for loading

(1) If the sender fails to load goods within a reasonable time limit for loading or if the sender is not required to load the goods and fails to deliver the goods to the carrier within a reasonable time limit, the carrier may grant the sender an additional reasonable term to load or deliver the goods and shall notify the sender that the carrier will not wait for the goods to be loaded or delivered after expiry of the term.
(2) If the goods are not loaded or are not delivered to the carrier within the additional term provided for in subsection (1) of this section, the carrier may cancel the contract and submit the claims specified in subsections
782 (2) and (3) of this Act.
(3) If only a part of the load has been loaded or delivered to the carrier by the end of the additional term provided for in subsection (1) of this section, the carrier may commence carriage of the partial load and submit the claims specified in subsections 783 (2) and (3) of this Act.
(4) The carrier does not have the rights specified in subsections (1) to (3) of this section if the reasonable time limit for loading is exceeded due to circumstances dependent on the carrier.

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§ 785. Instructions regarding goods

(1) The sender of goods has the right to give instructions regarding operations with the goods also after entry into the contract of carriage. The sender may in particular give instructions that the carrier should not carry the goods any further or that the carrier should transport the goods to another destination or another place of delivery or to another consignee.
(2) The carrier shall carry out any instructions specified in subsection (1) of this section only in so far as carrying out the instructions will not bring about harmful consequences for the economic activities of the carrier or for the senders or consignees of other goods carried by the carrier. The carrier may demand that the sender reimburse the expenses related to carrying out such instructions and pay an additional reasonable carriage charge. The carrier may demand a reasonable advance payment in order to carry out the instructions.
(3) If the consignment note signed by the sender and the carrier sets out that instructions regarding the goods may be given only if the first copy of the consignment note is produced, the carrier may carry out the instructions only if the first copy of the consignment note is submitted to the carrier.
(4) Upon arrival of the goods at the place of delivery or upon the handing over of the copy of the consignment note specified in subsection (3) of this section to the consignee, the right to give instructions regarding the goods transfers to the consignee.
(5) If the consignee, pursuant to the provisions of subsection (4) of this section, instructs the carrier to transport the goods to another person, this person does not have the right to designate a new consignee in turn.
(6) The carrier shall promptly notify the person who gives instructions to the carrier of any failure to carry out the instructions.
(7) If instructions are given by a person who is not entitled to do so and if the obligation to carry out the instructions is dependent on the first copy of the consignment note being produced but the carrier carries out
the instructions without having received the first copy of the consignment note, the carrier shall compensate the person entitled to give instructions for any damage arising therefrom even if the damage caused is justifiable. In such case, the provisions concerning restrictions on the liability of the carrier do not apply.
(8) Any agreement which precludes or restricts the obligation of a carrier to compensate for damage caused to a person entitled to give instructions in the case specified in subsection (7) of this section does not apply to the person who receives the first copy of the consignment note.

§ 786. Circumstances preventing carriage or delivery

(1) If it becomes evident before the goods arrive at the place designated for delivery that carriage cannot be completed as prescribed in the contract or if it becomes evident after the goods arrive at the place designated for delivery that the goods cannot be delivered, the carrier shall ask the person entitled to give instructions for instructions regarding further operations with the goods. If the consignee is entitled to give instructions but the consignee cannot be identified or if the consignee refuses to accept the goods, the sender may give instructions without being obliged to produce the first copy of the consignment note.
(2) If circumstances preventing carriage or delivery arise after the consignee gives instructions to transport goods to another person, the consignee has the rights of a sender specified in subsection (1) of this section and the other person has the rights of the consignee.
(3) The carrier may demand reimbursement of any expenses related to carrying out instructions specified in subsection (1) of this section and payment of a reasonable carriage charge, unless the circumstances preventing carriage or delivery arise due to circumstances dependent on the carrier. The carrier may demand a reasonable advance payment for carrying out the instructions.
(4) If circumstances preventing carriage or delivery arise and the carrier does not receive instructions within a reasonable period of time or if the carrier may refuse to carry out the instructions pursuant to the provisions of subsection 785 (2) of this Act, the carrier shall take reasonable measures in the interests of the person entitled to give instructions. According to the circumstances, the carrier may, in particular:
1) unload and store the goods, or entrust the goods to a third party at the expense of the person entitled to give instructions regarding the goods in which case the carrier shall be liable only for the choice of the third party;
2) transport the goods back;
3) sell the goods pursuant to the provisions of subsections 125 (3) to (6) of this Act if the goods are highly
perishable or if their condition warrants such a course or if in the event of taking other measures, the expenses
incurred would be out of proportion to the value of the goods;
4) destroy the goods if they are unfit for sale.
(5) Upon the taking of measures specified in subsection (4) of this section, the obligations of the carrier arising from the contract shall terminate.
(6) The carrier may demand reimbursement of the expenses which it is necessary to incur in relation to measures specified in subsection (4) of this section being taken and may demand payment of a reasonable

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charge, unless the circumstances preventing carriage or delivery arise due to circumstances dependent on the carrier.

§ 787. Payment of charges

(1) A carriage charge and a demurrage charge shall be paid to the carrier upon delivery of the goods to the consignee. In addition to the carriage charge and demurrage charge, the carrier may demand reimbursement of the expenses which the carrier incurred in relation to the goods and which the carrier might have considered reasonably necessary according to the circumstances. The carrier shall not demand the reimbursement of such expenses which normally arise upon performance of a contract of carriage or which the carrier would also have incurred without entering into the contract of carriage.
(2) If carriage cannot be completed as prescribed in the contract due to circumstances preventing carriage or delivery, the carrier may demand payment of a carriage charge and reimbursement of expenses which correspond to the distance covered. If the circumstances preventing carriage or delivery arise due to circumstances dependent on the carrier, the carrier may demand payment of the carriage charge and reimbursement of expenses only in so far as the sender is interested in the carriage.
(3) If the size of the carriage charge is agreed based on the number or weight of goods or on the quantity
of goods in any other way, it is presumed upon calculation of the carriage charge that the information in the
consignment note or bill of lading is correct. This also applies if the carrier has made a reservation in respect of
such information which the carrier then justifies by claiming that the carrier did not have any reasonable means
to verify the correctness of the information.

§ 788. Rights of consignee and obligation of consignee to pay

(1) After arrival of the goods at the place of delivery, the consignee may demand that the carrier deliver the goods in exchange for performance of the obligations arising from the contract of carriage.
(2) A consignee who submits a claim specified in subsection (1) of this section shall pay the following to the carrier:
1) the carriage charge due up to the amount set out in the consignment note or
2) the carriage charge agreed with the consignee or
3) the carriage charge agreed with the sender to the extent where it does not exceed a reasonable carriage
charge for the carriage, if the consignment note is not issued or is not presented to the consignee or if the
consignment note does not set out the size of the carriage charge.
(3) In the case specified in subsection (1) of this section, the consignee, in addition to the carriage charge,
is required to pay the carrier a demurrage charge for exceeding the time limit for loading or unloading if the
consignee is informed of the size of the demurrage charge due upon delivery of the goods.
(4) In the event of damage to, a delay in the delivery of or the loss of the goods, the consignee may submit claims arising from the contract of carriage in the name of the consignee and against the carrier, and the sender shall also retain the right to make such claims.
(5) The provisions of subsections (1) to (4) of this section do not preclude or limit the sender's obligations to the carrier arising from the contract of carriage.

§ 789. "Cash on delivery" charge

(1) If the parties to a contract of carriage have agreed that the goods are to be delivered to the consignee only against payment of a "cash on delivery" charge, the "cash on delivery" charge is presumed to be subject to immediate payment.
(2) If the parties agree that the goods are to be delivered to the consignee only against payment of a "cash on delivery" charge but the carrier delivers the goods to the consignee without collecting the "cash on delivery" charge, the carrier shall compensate the sender for any damage arising therefrom to the extent of the "cash on delivery" charge. Damage shall also be compensated for if violation by the carrier of the obligation to collect the "cash on delivery" charge is justifiable.
(3) Any "cash on delivery" charge which is received is not part of the bankruptcy estate of a carrier and the obligees of the carrier cannot make a claim for payment thereon against the carrier in execution proceedings.

§ 790. Time limit for carriage

The carrier shall deliver the goods within the agreed time limit or, in the absence of an agreement, within a time limit which can be reasonably expected of a diligent carrier having regard to the circumstances of the case (time limit).

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§ 791. Loss and recovery of goods

(1) The consignee or sender may treat the goods as lost if the goods are not delivered within the time limit or within a subsequent period of time of equal duration, but not within less than four days or, in the case of international carriage, 30 days.
(2) If a time limit is not agreed upon, the consignee or sender may treat the goods as lost if the goods are not delivered within 60 days as of delivery of the goods to the carrier.
(3) If the consignee or sender receives compensation from the carrier for the loss of the goods, the consignee or sender may, upon receipt of the compensation, demand to be notified immediately by the carrier should the goods be recovered.
(4) Within one month after receipt of a notice concerning recovery of the goods, the consignee or sender may demand the goods to be delivered thereto against refund of the compensation. If, in addition to compensation for the value of the goods, the compensation also includes the expenses related to the carriage of the loss of the goods, such expenses shall be deducted from the compensation to be refunded.
(5) The provisions of subsection (4) of this section do not preclude or restrict submission of a claim against a carrier for compensation for damage caused by exceeding a time limit.
(6) If the goods are recovered after compensation has been paid and the consignee or sender did not demand notification of recovery or does not submit a claim after receipt of the notice, the carrier may deal with the goods at the discretion thereof.

§ 792. Liability for loss of or damage to goods or for exceeding time limit

(1) The carrier shall be liable for any damage caused by exceeding the time limit and for any damage caused due to the loss of or damage to the goods between the time the goods are accepted for carriage and the time they are delivered.
(2) If the behaviour of the consignee or sender or the specific defects of the goods contribute to damage being caused, the obligation to compensate and the amount of compensation shall depend on the extent to which these circumstances contribute to the damage being caused.

§ 793. Release from liability

(1) The carrier shall not be liable for damage which is caused due to loss of or damage to the goods or a time limit being exceeded if the loss or damage is caused or the time limit is exceeded due to force majeure. The carrier shall not be released from liability by reason of the defective condition of the vehicle used for the carriage unless the sender provided the carrier with the vehicle.
(2) The carrier shall not be liable for the loss of or damage to the goods or for exceeding a time limit when this arises from the special risks inherent in one or more of the following circumstances:
1) use of open unsheeted vehicles when their use has been expressly agreed;
2) the lack of or defective condition of packing of the goods by the sender;
3) loading or unloading of the goods, and other operations with the goods by the sender or consignee and the
giving of instructions regarding operations with the goods;
4) the nature of the goods which particularly exposes them to loss or damage, especially through breakage,
functional failure, rust, decay, desiccation, leakage or normal wastage;
5) insufficiency or inadequacy of marks or numbers on the packages;
6) the carriage of livestock.
(3) If the carrier establishes that one of the circumstances specified in subsection (2) of this section has occurred and that the damage could be attributed to the circumstance, it is presumed that the damage has been caused by the circumstance. This does not apply in the event of the circumstance specified in clause (2) 1) of this section if the damage is unusually large or a package of goods has been lost.
(4) If, pursuant to the contract of carriage, the carrier is required to protect the goods from the effects of heat, cold, humidity and shaking and from other effects, the carrier is only entitled to claim the benefit of clause (2)
4) of this section if the carrier proves that all steps incumbent on the carrier in the circumstances, in particular with respect to the choice, maintenance and use of such equipment, were taken and that the carrier carried out any instructions issued thereto for the protection of the goods.
(5) The carrier shall only be entitled to claim the benefit of clause (2) 6) of this section if the carrier proves that all steps incumbent on the carrier in the circumstances were taken and that the carrier carried out any instructions issued thereto regarding operations with the goods.

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§ 794. Compensation for value of goods

(1) In the event of the total or partial loss of the goods, the carrier shall compensate for the value of the totally or partially lost goods. The value of the goods at the place and time at which they are accepted for carriage is deemed to be the value of goods.
(2) In the event of damage to the goods, the carrier shall compensate for the difference between the value
of the goods in their undamaged and damaged form. The value of undamaged goods at the place and time at
which they are accepted for carriage is deemed to be the value of undamaged goods. The value which goods
would have had at the place and time at which they were to be accepted for carriage is deemed to be the value of
damaged goods.
(3) In the event of the loss of or damage to the goods, the carrier shall also bear the expenses related to determining the damage.
(4) If the goods are sold directly before being accepted for carriage, the purchase price from which the costs of carriage are deducted is deemed to be the value of the goods.
(5) Compensation for damage other than that specified in subsections (1) to (4) of this section shall not be demanded from the carrier upon loss of or damage to the goods.

§ 795. Limitation of liability

(1) Compensation payable pursuant to § 794 of this Act for the total or partial loss of or damage to goods is limited to 8.33 SDR (Special Drawing Rights) per kilogram of gross weight of the totally or partially lost or damaged goods.
(2) If, due to the loss of or damage to single packages, all the goods or part of the goods have become worthless, the limitation of liability of the carrier shall be calculated on the basis of the gross weight of all the goods or those goods which have become worthless.
(3) The Special Drawing Right (SDR) shall be converted into euros according to the value of the euro in terms of SDRs on the date on which the goods are accepted for carriage or on any other date agreed by the parties. The value of the euro in terms of SDRs shall be calculated pursuant to the method of calculation used by the International Monetary Fund for its operations and procedures on the same date.
[RT I 2010, 22, 108 - entry into force 01.01.2011]
(4) The liability of the carrier for exceeding a time limit shall be limited to three times the carriage charge.

§ 796. Compensation for other expenses

(1) If the carrier is liable for the loss of or damage to the goods, the carrier shall, in addition to compensation payable pursuant to § 794 of this Act, also compensate for the carriage charge and demurrage charge already paid and for other charges and fees paid to the carrier. In the event of damage to the goods, the extent of the obligation to compensate shall be determined on the basis of the proportion of the value of the undamaged and damaged goods calculated pursuant to subsection 794 (2) of this Act.
(2) A carrier need not compensate for expenses not specified in subsection (1) of this section.

§ 797. Claims not arising from contract

(1) The limitations on the liability of the carrier prescribed in this Division also apply to the claims of the sender or consignee against the carrier arising from loss of or damage to the goods or from a time limit being exceeded if these claims do not arise from the contract of carriage, and particularly to claims arising from the causing of unlawful damage, negotiorum gestio and unjustified enrichment.
(2) The provisions of subsection (1) of this section do not apply to the claims of a third party arising from loss of or damage to the goods if the third party to whom the carried goods belong did not agree to the carriage and the carrier knew or should have known that the sender did not have the right to send the goods.

§ 798. Non-applicability of limitations on liability

The limitations on liability provided for in this Division do not apply if the carrier causes damage intentionally or through gross negligence.

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§ 799. Liability of employee

If a claim arising from loss of or damage to goods or a time limit being exceeded is submitted against an employee of a carrier or against another person for whom the carrier is responsible, the employee or other
person may also rely on the limitations on liability prescribed in this Division and the contract of carriage unless the damage is caused by the employee or other person intentionally or through gross negligence.

§ 800. Liability of carrier and actual carrier

(1) If the goods are wholly or partially carried by another person (the actual carrier), the actual carrier shall be liable for any damage caused by loss of or damage to the goods or a time limit being exceeded in the same manner as the carrier if the damage is caused during a period when the goods are being carried by the actual carrier. An agreement between the carrier and the sender or consignee regarding extension of the liability of the carrier applies to the actual carrier only if the actual carrier has agreed thereto in a format which can be reproduced in writing.
(2) The actual carrier may present the same objections against a claim submitted against the actual carrier as may be presented by the carrier.
(3) The carrier and the actual carrier shall be liable as solidary obligors.
(4) If a claim is submitted against an employee of the actual carrier or against another person for whom the actual carrier is responsible, the provisions of § 799 of this Act also apply to them.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336 - entry into force 01.07.2002]

§ 801. Notification of damage

(1) If damage to or the partial loss of the goods is apparent upon external inspection but the consignee accepts the goods and the consignee or sender fails to notify the carrier of the loss of or damage to the goods upon delivery of the goods to the consignee at the latest, the goods are deemed to have been delivered in a condition prescribed in the contract.
(2) If, upon their delivery, the damage to or partial loss of the goods is not apparent to the consignee of the goods upon external inspection, the goods are deemed to have been delivered in a condition prescribed in the contract if the consignee or sender fails to notify the carrier of the loss or damage within seven days as of the delivery of the goods to the consignee.
(3) If the consignee or sender notifies the carrier of the loss of or damage to the goods, the consignee or sender shall provide a general description of the extent of the loss or damage.
(4) A claim arising from a time limit being exceeded shall not be submitted if the consignee fails to notify the carrier of the time limit having been exceeded within 21 days as of the delivery of the goods to the consignee.
(5) If a notice is submitted upon delivery of the goods, it may be submitted in any form. If the notice is submitted after delivery of the goods, it shall be submitted in a format which can be reproduced in writing. The notice is deemed to have been submitted on time if it is sent within a term specified in subsection (2) or (4) of this section.
(6) If a notice regarding loss of or damage to the goods or a time limit having been exceeded is submitted upon delivery of the goods, it shall be sufficient to notify the person who delivers the goods.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336 - entry into force 01.07.2002]

§ 802. Expiry of claims

(1) The limitation period for claims arising from carriage provided for in this Division shall be one year. The limitation period for claims for compensation for damage caused intentionally or through gross negligence shall be three years.
(2) The limitation period for claims specified in subsection (1) of this section shall commence upon delivery of the goods. If the goods are not delivered, the limitation period shall commence on the date when the goods should have been delivered. If the time of delivery of the goods has not been agreed, the limitation period shall commence when 60 days have passed from acceptance of the goods for carriage.
(3) If a person obligated to satisfy a claim arising from carriage can demand compensation for that which was delivered from another person in order for the claim to be satisfied, the limitation period for the person's claim for compensation shall commence as of satisfaction of the claim arising from carriage or as of the entry into force of a court decision regarding the carriage. The provisions of this subsection do not apply if the person against whom the claim for compensation is submitted is not notified of the damage within three months as of the time when the person entitled to exercise the right of recourse became aware or should have become aware of the damage and of the person obligated to fulfil the claim pursuant to the right of recourse.
[RT I 2008, 59, 330 - entry into force 01.01.2009]

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(4) If the sender or consignee makes an application in a format which can be reproduced in writing by which the sender or consignee submits a claim for compensation for damage, the limitation period for a claim against the carrier shall be suspended until such time as the carrier rejects satisfaction of the claim in a format which can be reproduced in writing. Submission of the same claim for compensation in a new application shall not suspend the limitation period anew.
(5) A limitation period shall not be extended or shortened under standard terms.

§ 803. Right of security

(1) The carrier has the right of security on goods together with the accompanying documents in order to secure all claims arising from the contract of carriage and claims arising from earlier contracts of carriage, forwarding contracts and storage contracts entered into with the sender.
(2) The right of security continues until the goods are in the possession of the carrier, above all until the carrier is able to dispose of the goods on the basis of a bill of lading or a warehouse receipt. The right of security continues after delivery of the goods if the carrier files an action arising therefrom within three days after delivery of the goods and if the goods are still in the possession of the consignee.
(3) Notices regarding the sale of a pledged thing specified in § 293 and subsection 294 (2) of the Law of Property Act shall be submitted to the consignee. If the consignee cannot be identified or if the consignee refuses to accept the goods, the notices shall be submitted to the sender.

§ 804. Successive carriage

If several carriers participate in carriage and the carriers agree that the last carrier will collect the claims of the previous carriers, the last carrier shall exercise the rights of the previous carriers, particularly the right of security. The right of security of each previous carrier continues until extinction of the right of security of the last carrier. If a successive carrier satisfies a claim of a previous carrier, the right of security and the claim of the carrier shall be transferred to the carrier who satisfies the claim.

§ 805. Rankings of several rights of security

(1) If the goods are encumbered with several rights of security arising from law in favour of a broker, carrier, forwarding agent or depositary, the right of security arising from the carriage of the goods after carriage shall be privileged in respect of the right of security which arose earlier from the same legal bases.
(2) The rights of security arising from carriage of the goods shall be privileged in respect of the rights of security of a broker or depositary which do not arise from sending or carrying the goods and in respect of the rights of security of a forwarding agent or carrier which secure advance payments.

§ 806. Bill of lading

(1) The carrier may issue a document signed thereby concerning the goods which grants the legal possessor of the document the right to demand delivery of the goods by the carrier (a bill of lading). A bill of lading is a document of title. A bill of lading shall contain the information specified in subsection 775 (1) of this Act. The signature of the carrier may be replaced by a clip-mark.
(2) The rights and obligations of the carrier and the consignee shall be determined pursuant to the bill of lading. The consignment note shall prevail in the relationship between the carrier and sender even if a bill of lading has been issued.
(3) If the carrier has accepted the goods for carriage, the delivery of a bill of lading to a person who is entitled to receive the goods pursuant to the bill of lading has the same meaning as transfer of the possession of the goods.
(4) Upon issue of a bill of lading, the goods are presumed to have been accepted by the carrier as described
in the bill of lading, unless the carrier has entered a reasoned reservation in the bill of lading. The carrier may
justify the reservation by the fact that the carrier does not have reasonable means at the disposal thereof to check
the accuracy of information.
(5) If the carrier has checked the gross weight of the goods or other information concerning the quantity of the goods or if the content of the goods and the results of the checks have been entered in a bill of lading signed by both parties, the weight, quantity and content of the goods are presumed to conform to the information in the bill of lading.
(6) Upon delivery of a bill of lading to a third party, the carrier shall not rely on the fact that the information set out in the bill of lading and specified in subsections (3) and (4) of this section is incorrect, unless the third party

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knew or should have known that the information set out in the bill of lading was incorrect upon receipt of the bill of lading.

§ 807. Delivery of goods in exchange for return of bill of lading

If a bill of lading has been issued, the carrier is required deliver the goods only if the bill of lading, together with a notation concerning the fact that delivery has been taken of the goods, is returned to the carrier in exchange for delivery.

§ 808. Right to demand delivery of goods on basis of bill of lading

(1) The person to whom the goods shall be delivered pursuant to a bill of lading has the right to receive the goods.
(2) The person who is entitled to receive the goods has the right to give instructions pursuant to the provisions
of § 785 of this Act. If the person who is entitled to receive the goods gives instructions to return the goods or to
deliver the goods to a person other than the consignee set out in the bill of lading, the carrier may carry out the
instructions only if the bill of lading is returned to the carrier.

§ 809. Mandatory nature of provisions

(1) Any agreement which derogates from the provisions of subsection 780 (2), § 781, subsection 785 (7), subsection 789 (2) and §§ 792 to 802 of this Act to the detriment of a sender who is a consumer is void unless the objects of a contract of carriage are letters or consignments similar to letters.
(2) Any agreement contained in the standard terms which derogates from the provisions of subsection (1) of this section is also void if the parties to a contract of carriage entered into the contract in their economic or professional activities unless the objects of the contract of carriage are letters or consignments similar to letters.
(3) If the law of a foreign state applies to a contract, the provisions of subsections (1) and (2) of this section still apply if both the place where the carrier accepts the goods and the place of delivery of the goods are in Estonia.

Subdivision 2

Removals

§ 810. Obligations of carrier

(1) If the object of a contract of carriage is removals (a contract for removals), the dismantling, loading, unloading and assembly of furniture and other furnishings to be moved are also the obligations of a carrier.
(2) If the sender is a consumer, the obligations of the carrier shall also include the performance of other agreed obligations related to the removals, such as packing and marking.

§ 811. Consignment note and notification

(1) The carrier does not have the right to demand a consignment note from the sender.
(2) If the objects of a contract for removals are dangerous goods, the sender who is a consumer need only notify the carrier of the danger arising from the goods in a general manner and in a form chosen by the sender. The carrier shall inform the sender of this obligation.
(3) If the sender is a consumer, the carrier shall notify the sender of the customs rules and other similar rules which must be complied with. However, the carrier is not required to check the correctness and completeness
of documents placed at the disposal of the carrier by the sender and of information communicated to the carrier thereby.

§ 812. Limitation of liability of sender

The sender shall compensate for any damage caused to the carrier only to the extent of 409 euros per square metre of loading space necessary for performance of the contract.
[RT I 2010, 22, 108 - entry into force 01.01.2011]

§ 813. Release from liability

(1) The carrier shall not be liable for the loss of or damage to the goods to be moved when the damage arises from the special risks inherent in one or more of the following circumstances:
1) the lack of or defective condition of the packing or marking of the furnishings by the sender;
2) loading or unloading of the goods, and other operations with the goods by the sender;
3) carriage of the goods in a container if the carrier was not required to pack the goods;

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4) loading or unloading of goods the size or weight of which does not correspond to the spatial conditions of the place for loading or unloading, if the carrier notifies the sender beforehand of the risk of damage and the sender nevertheless wishes to load or unload the goods regardless;
5) carriage of livestock or plants;
6) the nature of the goods which particularly exposes them to damage, especially through breakage, functional
failure, rust, decay, desiccation or leakage.
(2) The carrier shall not be liable for the loss of or damage to the goods to be moved if the damage is caused to precious metals, jewels, precious stones, money, stamps, coins, securities or documents.
(3) If the carrier establishes that one of the circumstances specified in subsection (1) of this section has occurred and that the damage could be attributed to the circumstance, it is presumed that the damage has been caused by the circumstance.
(4) The carrier is only entitled to claim the benefit of subsections (1) and (2) of this section if the carrier proves that all steps incumbent on the carrier in the circumstances were taken and that the carrier carried out any instructions issued thereto.

§ 814. Limitation of liability of carrier

The liability of the carrier which arises from loss of or damage to the goods to be moved shall be limited to 614 euros per square metre of loading space necessary for performance of the contract.
[RT I 2010, 22, 108 - entry into force 01.01.2011]

§ 815. Term for notification of damage

The right of claim which arises from the loss of or damage to the goods to be moved shall extinguish if no notification is given of the damage to or loss of the goods within one day as of delivery of the goods if the loss of or damage to the goods is apparent and within 14 days if the loss of or damage to the goods is not apparent.

§ 816. Non-applicability of limitations on liability

If the sender is a consumer, the carrier shall not rely on the following:
1) preclusion of the liability and limitations on the liability of the carrier provided for in the Subdivision One
of this Chapter and in §§ 813 and 814 of this Act if, upon entry into the contract, the carrier fails to notify the
sender clearly and in a format which can be reproduced in writing of any provisions which preclude or limit the
liability of the carrier and of the possibility of agreeing on more extensive liability or insuring the goods;
2) the provisions of §§ 801 and 815 of this Chapter if the carrier fails to notify the sender not later than upon
delivery of the goods and in a format which can be reproduced in writing, of the manner of notification of
damage, the terms for submission of a notice and the legal consequences of failure to give notification of
damage.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336 - entry into force 01.07.2002]

§ 817. Mandatory nature of provisions

(1) If the sender is a consumer, any agreement which derogates from the provisions of Subdivisions One and
Two of this Division concerning the liability of the carrier and the sender to the detriment of the sender is void.
(2) Any agreement contained in the standard terms which derogates from the provisions of subsection (1) of this section is void.
(3) If the law of a foreign state applies to a contract for removals, the provisions of subsections (1) and (2) of this section still apply if both the place where the carrier accepts delivery of the goods to be removed and the place of delivery of the goods to be moved are in Estonia.

Subdivision 3

Multimodal Carriage

§ 818. Contract of combined carriage

If goods are carried on the basis of a single contract of carriage by sea, air or land and using different vehicles
(a contract of combined carriage), the provisions of Subdivision One of this Division apply to the contract unless
otherwise provided for in this Subdivision.

Law of Obligations Act Page 213 /

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§ 819. Known place where damage is caused

If, in the case of combined carriage, it is known that the goods have been lost or damaged on a particular leg of the journey or if an event has occurred on a leg of the journey due to which a time limit has been exceeded, the carrier shall be liable pursuant to the provisions which would apply to the leg of the journey if a separate contract of carriage had been entered into concerning that leg of the journey. The burden of proof regarding the loss of or damage to the goods or of a time limit being exceeded on a particular leg of the journey shall lie with the person who claims that the goods were lost or damaged or that the time limit was exceeded.

§ 820. Notification of damage

The provisions of § 801 of this Act apply regardless of whether the place where the goods were damaged or lost is known, unknown or will become known later. If the place where the goods were damaged or lost is known, a notice concerning damage to or loss of the goods is also deemed to have been submitted on time if the provisions which apply to entry into a separate contract of carriage concerning the leg of the journey are complied with.

§ 821. Expiry of claims

(1) The limitation period for a claim arising from loss of or damage to the goods or from a time limit being exceeded shall commence upon delivery of the goods to the consignee.
(2) Any agreement contained in the standard terms which derogates from the provisions of subsection (1) of this section is void.

§ 822. Combined contract for removals

The provisions of Subdivision Two of this Division apply to combined contracts for removals. If the goods have been lost or damaged on a particular leg of the journey or if an event has occurred on a leg of the journey due to which a time limit has been exceeded, the carrier shall be liable pursuant to the provisions which would apply
to the leg of the journey only if an international convention binding on Estonia applies to the leg of the journey where the damage was caused.

§ 823. Application of provisions

A contract may prescribe that even if the place where damage is caused is known, liability shall be determined pursuant to the provisions of Subdivision One of this Division regardless of during which leg of the journey the damage is caused.

Division 2

Contract for carriage of passengers

Subdivision 1

General Provisions

§ 824. Contract for carriage of passengers

(1) By a contract for the carriage of passengers, one person (the carrier) undertakes on behalf of another party to carry one or more persons (passengers) to a destination with or without baggage, and the other party undertakes to pay a charge (the carriage charge).
(2) The provisions concerning contracts for services apply to contracts for the carriage of passengers unless otherwise provided for in this Division.
(3) The provisions of this Division apply to the carriage of passengers by air or sea only in so far as this area is not regulated otherwise by law or an international convention binding on Estonia.

§ 825. Charter contract

(1) A charter contract is a contract for the carriage of passengers by which a carrier undertakes to carry another party or passenger using a vehicle which the carrier grants the other party or the passenger complete use of, together with an operator, for the purpose of carriage. A charter contract may be entered into for a specified or unspecified term.
(2) By a charter contract, the carrier requires the operator of the vehicle to carry out the instructions of the other party or the passengers to the extent determined in the contract. The carrier shall be liable for carrying out the instructions.

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(3) The provisions of this Act concerning lease contracts and commercial lease contracts do not apply to charter contracts.

§ 826. Baggage

(1) Things which a carrier undertakes to carry pursuant to a contract for the carriage of passengers are deemed to be baggage. Baggage does not include things which are carried pursuant to a contract for the carriage of goods. It is presumed that the carriage of passengers also includes the carriage of baggage.
(2) Hand baggage is baggage kept in the personal custody of a passenger.

§ 827. Time limit for carriage

The carrier shall transport the passenger and his or her baggage to his or her destination within the term agreed in the contract or, in the absence of an agreement, within a term which could be expected of a diligent carrier under ordinary conditions (the time limit for carriage).

§ 828. Duration of carriage

(1) The carriage of passengers covers the period of time during which:
1) the passengers are in the vehicle or are boarding or leaving the vehicle;
2) the passengers are being transported from a terminal, quay, waiting platform, waiting room or any other
similar construction to the vehicle or from the vehicle to such a construction if the cost thereof is included in the
carriage charge or if the passengers have been granted use of the vehicle used therefor by the carrier.
(2) The carriage of baggage covers the period of time between acceptance of the baggage for carriage and delivery of the baggage. The carriage of hand baggage covers the same period of time as the carriage of passengers.

§ 829. Liability of carrier for failure to provide vehicle on time

(1) If the carrier notifies the other party that a vehicle will not be provided by the agreed time or if a vehicle has not been provided by the agreed time, the other party may withdraw from the contract. No additional term need be granted for withdrawal from the contract.
(2) The carrier shall compensate for any damage caused by failure to provide a vehicle for carriage.

§ 830. Obligation of carrier to compensate for damage

The carrier shall compensate for any damage arising from:
1) the death of or bodily injury or physical harm to a passenger caused during carriage or due to circumstances
related to carriage;
2) partial or total loss of or damage to baggage during carriage or due to circumstances related to carriage;
3) a time limit being exceeded.

§ 831. Notification of damage

(1) In the event of apparent damage to hand baggage, the passenger shall, upon leaving the vehicle, notify the carrier of the damage caused to him or her. In the event of apparent damage to other baggage, notification shall be given of the damage upon delivery of the baggage.
(2) If baggage is damaged but the damage is not apparent, notification shall be given of the damage in a format which can be reproduced in writing within ten days after leaving the vehicle or delivery of the baggage.
(3) If hand baggage is lost, the passenger shall notify the carrier of the loss of his or her hand baggage upon leaving the vehicle. If other baggage is lost, the passenger shall notify the carrier of the loss of the other baggage within ten days as of the day when the baggage should have been delivered.
(4) If a passenger does not comply with the provisions of subsections (1) to (3) of this section, the passenger is presumed to have received all of his or her baggage in good condition.
(5) A passenger shall not submit a claim for compensation for damage arising from a time limit being exceeded if he or she fails to notify the carrier of the damage within one month after arrival at his or her destination.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336 - entry into force 01.07.2002]

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§ 832. Defects of vehicle and disabilities of its operator

In the event that a carrier violates its obligations, the carrier shall not rely on the physical or mental disabilities of the operator of the vehicle or on the defects of the vehicle used for carriage as circumstances which release the carrier from liability.

§ 833. Preclusion of liability of carrier

(1) A carrier shall not be liable for any damage caused by loss of or damage to coins, securities, gold, silver, jewels, works of art or other valuables, unless these valuables have been separately deposited with the carrier in order to avoid loss thereof or damage thereto.
(2) A carrier shall not be liable for any damage caused to things which are brought into a vehicle by a passenger if the carrier would not have permitted them to be brought into the vehicle if the carrier had known of their
nature or condition and regarding which the carrier has not issued a baggage check if the passenger knew or should have known that the carrier would not permit these things to be carried. In such case, the passenger shall be liable for all expenses incurred by and damage caused to the carrier by the carrying of such things.

§ 834. Limitations on liability of carrier

(1) The liability of a carrier for the death of a passenger or for damage arising from the causing of a bodily injury or physical harm to a passenger shall be limited to 214,743 euros per passenger.
[RT I 2010, 22, 108 - entry into force 01.01.2011]
(2) The liability of a carrier for any damage which is caused due to loss of or damage to a vehicle, including baggage located in the vehicle, which is used pursuant to a contract for the carriage of passengers shall be limited to 12,782 euros per passenger.
[RT I 2010, 22, 108 - entry into force 01.01.2011]
(3) The liability of a carrier for any damage caused by loss of or damage to hand baggage shall be limited to
2237 euros per passenger. The liability of a carrier for loss of or damage to other baggage shall be limited to
3515 euros per passenger.
[RT I 2010, 22, 108 - entry into force 01.01.2011]
(4) If the valuables specified in subsection 833 (1) of this Act are deposited separately with the carrier, the liability of the carrier in the event of loss of or damage to such valuables shall be limited to 3196 euros per passenger.
[RT I 2010, 22, 108 - entry into force 01.01.2011]
(5) The liability of a carrier for any damage caused by a time limit being exceeded shall be limited to 3196 euros per passenger.
[RT I 2010, 22, 108 - entry into force 01.01.2011]
(6) The limitations on liability provided for in subsections (1) to (5) of this section do not apply to claims for interest and compensation for procedural expenses.

§ 835. Limitation of liability in event of several obligors

If several persons are liable for causing damage, the liability of these persons in total shall be limited by the limitations provided for in § 834 of this Act.

§ 836. Solidary liability of carrier and actual carrier

(1) If carriage is wholly or partially performed by another person (the actual carrier), the actual carrier shall be liable in the same manner as a carrier for any damage arising from the death of a passenger, the causing of bodily injury or physical harm to a passenger, damage to or loss of baggage, a time limit being exceeded or another breach of a contract during carriage performed thereby. An agreement between a carrier and another party on extension of the liability of the carrier, as compared to the provisions of law, applies to the actual carrier only if the actual carrier has agreed thereto in a format which can be reproduced in writing.
(2) An actual carrier may present any objections which a carrier has arising from a contract of carriage. (3) A carrier and an actual carrier shall be jointly and severally liable for damage.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336 - entry into force 01.07.2002]

§ 837. Non-applicability of limitations on liability

The limitations on liability provided for in this Subdivision do not apply if the carrier causes damage intentionally or through gross negligence.

Page 216 /

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§ 838. Claims not arising from contract

The limitations on liability provided for in this Subdivision also apply to claims other than those arising from the causing of the death of a passenger or bodily injury or physical harm to a passenger, loss of or damage to baggage and a time limit being exceeded which arise from a contract for the carriage of passengers.

§ 839. Liability of employees

If a claim arising from the causing of the death of a passenger or bodily injury or physical harm to a passenger, loss of or damage to baggage or a time limit being exceeded is submitted against an employee of a carrier
or actual carrier or against another person for whom the carrier or actual carrier is responsible, the employee or other person may also rely on the limitations on liability prescribed in this Division and a contract for the carriage of passengers unless the damage is caused intentionally by the employee or other person or through his or her gross negligence.

§ 840. Obligations of passengers

(1) During carriage, passengers shall act in such a manner as not to endanger the safety of the carriage or violate the conditions of proper carriage. Passengers shall carry out the instructions of the carrier, the operator of the vehicle or any other competent person.
(2) A passenger shall present his or her baggage for carriage such that it is not likely to encourage loss or damage and such that no damage is caused to the carrier by the baggage. If baggage includes a dangerous thing, the passenger shall notify the carrier of the existence of the dangerous thing and of the general nature of the danger.

§ 841. Liability of passengers

A passenger shall compensate the carrier for any damage caused by the passenger or his or her baggage. Upon violation of his or her own obligations, the passenger shall not rely on the defects or nature of his or her baggage as circumstances which release him or her from liability.

§ 842. Liability of other party

(1) If a passenger or all the passengers or their baggage is not ready for carriage on time at the agreed place for any reason, the carrier may cancel the contract or commence the journey. If damage is caused to the carrier due
to the fact that a passenger or all the passengers or their baggage is not ready for carriage on time for any reason, the other party shall compensate the carrier for the damage.
(2) The other party shall compensate the carrier for any damage which is caused to the carrier because of a passenger not having the documents with him or her which he or she should have and for the existence of which the other party is responsible.
(3) In the case of carriage under a charter contract, the other party shall compensate the carrier for any damage which is caused to the carrier by carrying out the instructions of the other party or a passenger upon performance of the contract, unless the operator of the vehicle acts unreasonably in carrying out such instructions.

§ 843. Provisions applicable to carriage of baggage

In addition to the provisions of this Division, the provisions of §§ 780, 786, 791, 794, 796, 803 and 804 of this
Act apply to the carriage of baggage unless otherwise agreed by the parties.

§ 844. Termination of contract after passenger leaves vehicle

If a passenger, after leaving the vehicle during the journey, does not return to the vehicle on time, the carrier may deem the contract to have been performed. In such case, the carrier retains the right to the agreed charge.

§ 845. Right of cancellation of other party

(1) The other party has the right to cancel a contract for the carriage of passengers at any time but shall then compensate the carrier for any damage caused thereby. A contract for the carriage of passengers shall not be cancelled if this would result in the journey being delayed.
(2) The other party need not compensate the carrier for any damage arising from cancellation of a contract for the carriage of passengers if the contract is cancelled due to circumstances regarding which the risk of occurrence is borne by the carrier.

Law of Obligations Act Page 217 /

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§ 846. Obligation to indicate name and residence or seat of carrier

The carrier shall clearly indicate at least the name and residence or seat thereof on tickets, baggage checks and other similar documents related to carriage. Any agreement which derogates from this requirement is void.

Subdivision 2

Carriage of Passengers by Public Transport Vehicles

§ 847. Public transport

For the purposes of this Act, the carriage of passengers in Estonia on a certain line by bus, train, passenger ferry or other public transport vehicle according to a timetable which can be publicly accessed is deemed to be public transport. Carriage under charter contracts, regularly organised pleasure trips and other similar carriage are not public transport.
[RT I, 23.03.2015, 2 - entry into force 01.10.2015]

§ 848. Obligation to carry

In the case of public transport, the carrier shall not refuse to enter into a contract of carriage or carry a passenger if:
1) the passenger requests carriage in compliance with the standard terms and
2) carriage is possible by a vehicle regularly used in public transport and
3) there are no circumstances hindering the carriage which cannot be prevented or eliminated by the carrier.

§ 849. Ensuring benefits to passengers

If benefits are prescribed in the standard terms, the carrier shall ensure these benefits equally to all applicants to whom these benefits apply.

Subdivision 3

Contract for combined carriage of passengers

§ 850. Contract for combined carriage of passengers

If passengers are carried on the basis of a single contract for the carriage of passengers by sea, air or land using different vehicles (a contract for the combined carriage of passengers), the provisions of Subdivision One of this Division apply to the contract unless otherwise provided for in this Subdivision.

§ 851. Known place where damage is caused

If, in the case of the combined carriage of passengers, it is known that circumstances which caused damage arose on a particular leg of the journey, the carrier shall be liable pursuant to the provisions which apply to a contract which would have been entered into concerning this leg of the journey. The burden of proof regarding the fact that circumstances which cause damage arose on a particular leg of the journey shall lie with the person who claims that the circumstances arose.

§ 852. Notification of damage

(1) The provisions of § 831 of this Act apply regardless of whether the place where the damage was caused is known, unknown or will become known later.
(2) If the place where baggage was damaged or lost is known, a notice is also deemed to have been submitted on time if the provisions which would apply to entry into a separate contract for the carriage of passengers concerning the last leg of the journey are complied with.

Subdivision 4

Mandatory Nature of Provisions of This Division

§ 853. Mandatory nature of provisions

Any agreement which precludes or limits the liability of carriers or alleviates the burden of proof of carriers as compared to the provisions of this Division is void.

Chapter 43

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FORWARDING CONTRACT

§ 854. Definition of forwarding contract

(1) By a forwarding contract, one person (the forwarding agent) undertakes to organise the carriage of goods on account of another person (the consignor) and the consignor undertakes to pay a charge to the forwarding agent.
(2) The provisions concerning authorisation agreements apply to forwarding contracts unless otherwise provided for in this Chapter.

§ 855. Organisation of carriage

(1) The obligation to organise the carriage of goods shall above all include the following:
1) determination of the vehicle and the transportation route;
2) selection of a carrier;
3) entry into the contract of carriage, storage contract and forwarding contract which are necessary for carriage,
and provision of the information and giving of instructions which are necessary for the performance of these
contracts;
4) securing the claims of consignors for compensation.
(2) A forwarding agent may, by a contract, undertake to perform other obligations related to carriage, such
as securing and packing goods, marking goods and organising customs clearance, including entering into the
necessary contracts.
(3) A forwarding agent shall enter into the necessary contracts in the name of the forwarding agent or, if authorised therefor, in the name of the consignor.
(4) Upon performing the obligations thereof, a forwarding agent shall act in the interests of the consignor and carry out the instructions of the consignor.

§ 856. Obligations of consignor

(1) A consignor shall, if necessary, pack and mark goods and shall place the documents and all the information which a forwarding agent requires to perform the obligations thereof at the disposal of the forwarding agent. Upon the carriage of dangerous goods, the consignor shall, in a format which can be reproduced in writing, inform the forwarding agent of the exact nature of the danger and, if necessary, of the precautions to be taken.
(2) The consignor shall compensate the forwarding agent for any damage and reimburse any expenses which are incurred due to:
1) insufficient packing or marking of the goods;
2) failure to give notification of the danger related to the goods or the giving of incorrect or insufficient
notification;
3) the absence, incompleteness or incorrectness of information necessary to conduct official operations related
to the goods.
(3) The consignor shall be liable in the cases specified in subsection (2) of this section regardless of whether
the violation of obligations by the consignor is justifiable. A consignor who is a consumer shall be liable only if
damage is caused through the fault of the consignor.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336 - entry into force 01.07.2002]

§ 857. Payment of charges

If goods are delivered to the carrier, a charge shall be paid to the forwarding agent.

§ 858. Obligation to notify and deliver

(1) The forwarding agent shall communicate the necessary notices to the consignor and, after performance of the forwarding contract, submit a report on the performance of forwarding contract. At the request of the consignor, the forwarding agent shall provide information on the performance of the forwarding contract to the consignor.
(2) The forwarding agent shall return to the consignor all the objects which the forwarding agent acquires in connection with organising carriage.
(3) The consignor may submit a claim against the forwarding agent arising from a contract entered into by the forwarding agent in the name of the forwarding agent but on account of the consignor only if the forwarding agent has assigned the claim to the consignor. Claims of the forwarding agent arising from a contract entered

Law of Obligations Act Page 219 /

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into by the forwarding agent in the name of the forwarding agent but on account of the consignor are not part of the bankruptcy estate of the forwarding agent and a claim for payment shall not be made thereon against the forwarding agent in execution proceedings.

§ 859. Assumption of carriage by forwarding agent

Forwarding agents have the right to carry goods. When exercising this right, forwarding agents have the rights and obligations of carriers. In such case, forwarding agents may also demand a carriage charge in addition to the forwarding charge.

§ 860. Joint carriage of several goods

(1) The forwarding agent has the right to organise the carriage of goods together with the goods of other consignors on account of the forwarding agent pursuant to the contract of carriage entered into regarding the goods of all the consignors.
(2) In the case specified in subsection (1) of this section, the forwarding agent has the rights and obligations of a carrier in respect of the consignor. In such case, the forwarding agent may demand a carriage charge which is reasonable in the circumstances but which is not more than the standard carriage charge for the carriage of such goods.

§ 861. Liability of forwarding agent

(1) The forwarding agent shall compensate for any damage caused by the loss of or damage to goods the carriage of which is organised by the forwarding agent. The provisions of §§ 793 and 794, subsections 795 (1) and (2) and §§ 796 to 799 of this Act apply correspondingly.
(2) The forwarding agent shall be liable for any damage not specified in subsection (1) of this section if the forwarding agent has violated the obligations specified in subsections 855 (1) or (2) of this Act. The forwarding agent shall not be liable if the forwarding agent proves that the damage could not have been prevented even with due diligence.
(3) If the behaviour of the consignor or the specific defects of the goods contribute to causing the damage, the obligation to compensate and the amount of compensation shall depend on the extent to which these circumstances contribute to causing the damage.

§ 862. Expiry of claims

The provisions of § 802 of this Act apply to the expiry of claims arising from forwarding contracts.

§ 863. Right of security

The forwarding agent has the right of security regarding the goods in order to secure all claims arising from the forwarding contract and claims arising from earlier contracts of carriage, forwarding contracts and storage contracts entered into with the consignor. The provisions of § 803 of this Act apply correspondingly.

§ 864. Successive forwarding agent

(1) If, in addition to the forwarding agent, another forwarding agent (a successive forwarding agent) who is required to deliver the goods to the consignee participates in carriage organised by the forwarding agent, the provisions of § 804 of this Act apply to the successive forwarding agent.
(2) If a successive forwarding agent satisfies a claim of a previous carrier or forwarding agent, the claim and right of security of the previous carrier or forwarding agent shall transfer to the successive forwarding agent.

§ 865. Mandatory nature of provisions

(1) Any agreement which derogates from the provisions of subsection 861 (1) and § 862 of this Act to the detriment of a consignor who is a consumer is void unless the objects of the forwarding contract are letters or consignments similar to letters.
(2) Any agreement contained in the standard terms which derogates from the provisions of subsection (1) of this section is void also unless the object of the forwarding contract is organisation of the carriage of letters or consignments similar to letters.
(3) If the law of a foreign state applies to the forwarding contract, the provisions of subsections (1) and (2) of this section still apply if both the place of accepting the goods for carriage and the place of delivery of the goods are in Estonia.

Chapter 44

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PACKAGE TRAVEL CONTRACT

§ 866. Definition of package travel contract

(1) By a package travel contract, one person (the tour operator) undertakes on behalf of another party to provide a combination of travel services (a package) to one or more persons (the travellers) and the other party undertakes to pay the price (the price of the package).
(2) A package is a pre-arranged combination of not fewer than two of the following travel services when offered at an inclusive price and when the service covers a period of more than 24 hours:
1) transport services;
2) accommodation services;
3) other services not ancillary to transport or accommodation services and accounting for a significant
proportion of the whole package of travel services.
(3) A package is also a combination of travel services provided over a period of less than 24 hours but including accommodation.
(4) A person providing travel services shall not rely on the terms and conditions of the contract according to which the person only intermediates individual travel services (retailer) without being a tour operator if, based on the advertising, catalogues or other circumstances of entry into the contract, the other party to the contract may reasonably consider the person to be a tour operator.
[RT I 2009, 18, 108 - entry into force 01.05.2009]
(5) The provisions of this Chapter also apply if payment for individual travel services within the same package is made separately.

§ 867. Description of package

(1) The description of a package made available to travellers by the tour operator and any other terms or conditions of a package forwarded to a traveller shall not contain any misleading information. The description of a package may be set out in a brochure or other similar material.
(2) The description of a package shall set out the following information concerning each package:
1) the destination and the itinerary;
2) the price of the package and the manner of and terms for payment;
3) the means, characteristics and categories of transport used;
4) the type of accommodation, its location, category or degree of comfort and its main features, and its
approval and tourist classification under the rules of the host country concerned;
5) the meal plan;
6) the passport, visa and insurance requirements and health formalities applicable to the traveller;
7) the right of the tour operator to withdraw from the travel contract if the number of travellers is smaller than
that prescribed by the operator, provided that the tour operator has reserved this right, and the time limit for
withdrawal from the travel contract in the case of exercising such right.
[RT I, 04.02.2011, 1 - entry into force 05.04.2011]
(3) Information contained in the description of a package is binding on the tour operator unless otherwise agreed by the parties or unless the possibility of changes to the information is stated in the description and the changes to the information have been clearly communicated to the traveller before entry into the package travel contract.

§ 868. Informing traveller before entry into contract

(1) Before the contract is entered into, the traveller shall be provided, in a format which can be reproduced in writing, with general information on passport and visa requirements applicable to the traveller and in particular on the periods for obtaining them, as well as with information on the health formalities required for the package and the stay at the destination.
(2) The tour operator does not have the obligation specified in subsection (1) of this section if the information has already been included in a brochure made available to the traveller by the tour operator and has not been changed in the meantime.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336 - entry into force 01.07.2002]

§ 869. Provision of standard terms and issue of travel confirmation to traveller

(1) If the tour operator uses standard terms as the bases of a package travel contract, these terms shall be communicated to the travellers before entry into the contract.

Law of Obligations Act Page 221 /

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(2) The tour operator shall issue travel confirmation to the traveller immediately after entry into the contract in a format which can be reproduced in writing. The travel confirmation shall contain at least the following information:
1) the name and address of the tour operator and, in the event of the contract being entered into through a retailer, the name and address of the retailer;
2) the information specified in subsections 867 (2) and (3) of this Act;
3) the dates on which and the times and places at which the package will begin and end, and the duration of the
journey to the destination and back;
4) the itinerary and the times and places of intermediate stops and transport connections;
5) the visits, trips and other services included in the price of the package;
6) the possibility that the price of the package may increase and the conditions under which the price will
increase;
7) information on dues, taxes or fees which may be chargeable but are not included in the price of the package,
such as landing taxes, embarkation or disembarkation fees at ports and airport taxes;
8) possible special agreements made with the traveller;
9) the obligation of the traveller to notify the tour operator or retailer of any violation of the contract;
10) a reference to the fact that, in order to cancel the contract due to a violation of the contract, the traveller
shall, as a rule, grant a term for elimination of the violation;
11) information on the term during which the traveller may submit claims arising from a violation of the
contract and the person to whom these claims shall be submitted;
12) information on the possibility of insuring against the tour operator withdrawing from the contract or to
cover the cost of assistance, including repatriation in the event of accident or illness.
(3) If the tour operator has provided the traveller with a description of the package which includes the information specified in subsection (2) of this section and the tour operator refers to the description of the package upon entry into the contract, the travel confirmation need not set out the information included in the description of the package. The travel confirmation shall in any case set out the price of the package and the terms for payment thereof.
(4) The tour operator need not issue travel confirmation if the journey is booked less than seven days before the start of the journey. In such case, the traveller shall at least be notified of the obligations specified in clauses (2)
9) and 10) of this section not later than before the start of the journey. [RT I 2003, 78, 523 - entry into force 27.12.2003]

§ 870. Informing traveller before start of journey

(1) The following information shall be communicated to the traveller in good time before the start of the journey:
1) the information specified in clause 869 (2) 3) of this Act;
2) the details of the place to be occupied by the traveller if a particular place is designated for the traveller;
3) the names, telephone numbers and addresses of the local representatives of the tour operator and the
potential retailer or, in the event of there not being a local representative, the address and telephone number of
a local agency on whose assistance a traveller in difficulty could call and from where he or she contact the tour
operator or retailer.
(2) If the traveller is a person with restricted active legal capacity, the other party to the package travel contract or a person specified thereby shall be provided with information enabling direct contact to be established with
the person with restricted active legal capacity who is on the journey or with a person who is responsible for that person at the place of stay.
(3) The communication of information provided for in subsections (1) and (2) of this section is not required
if the information is already contained in the brochure or travel confirmation made available to the traveller or
other party to the package travel contract and has not been changed in the meantime.

§ 871. Increase of price of package

The tour operator may only increase the price of the package if:
1) the contract expressly provides for the possibility of the price being increased and states the procedure for
calculation of the new price, and
2) the need to increase the price of the package has arisen due to changes in the costs of transport, including
the cost of fuel, or landing taxes, embarkation or disembarkation fees at ports and airports, charges related to
services or the exchange rates applied to the particular package, and
3) the traveller is informed of the increase in the price of the package at least 21 days before the start of the
journey.

§ 872. Rights of traveller in event of amendment of contract

(1) The tour operator shall immediately inform the traveller of any increase in the price of the package, changes to any essential travel service or cancellation of the journey and the reasons therefor.
(2) If the price of the package is increased to a significant extent or an essential travel service is changed significantly, the traveller may withdraw from the contract. Instead of withdrawing, the traveller may demand

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a substitute package of equivalent or higher cost where the tour operator is able to offer the traveller such a substitute, or a substitute package of lower cost and a refund of the difference in price between the packages.
(3) The traveller may only exercise the rights provided for in subsection (2) of this section immediately after receipt of a corresponding notice from the tour operator or retailer.

§ 873. Assumption of package travel contract

(1) The traveller may, until the start of the journey, transfer his or her rights and obligations arising from the contract to another person who satisfies all the conditions applicable to the package. If the traveller informs the tour operator or retailer of the transfer in a good time before the start of the journey, the tour operator is deemed to have granted consent for the assumption of the contract.
(2) In the case specified in subsection (1) of this section, the transferee and transferor of the package shall be jointly and severally liable for payment of the price of the package and for any additional costs arising from such transfer of the contract.

§ 874. Withdrawal from contract before start of journey

(1) The traveller may withdraw from the contract at any time before the start of the journey.
(2) If the traveller withdraws from the contract, the tour operator loses the right to the price of the package. In such case, the tour operator may demand reasonable compensation.
(3) The amount of compensation specified in subsection (2) of this section is the price of the package from which the expenses saved by the tour operator are deducted along with anything which the tour operator may obtain by using the travel service differently. The amount of such compensation may be set out in the contract as a percentage of the price of the package.

§ 875. Measures upon violation of contract

(1) The traveller shall notify the immediate provider of the travel services and the tour operator or retailer of any violation of the contract. The tour operator shall take reasonable measures at the expense thereof in order
to eliminate the violation. The traveller may grant the tour operator a reasonable term to eliminate the violation. This does not preclude or restrict the right of the traveller to reduce the price of the package.
(2) If the tour operator fails to take measures within the reasonable term granted therefor by the traveller, the traveller may take measures himself or herself and demand reimbursement of the expenses incurred therefor from the tour operator. The traveller may also take measures without granting a term if the tour operator refuses to take the measures or if the traveller has a special interest in the measures being taken immediately.

§ 876. Cancellation of contract by traveller

(1) If the tour operator materially violates the contract during the journey, the traveller may cancel the contract if the violation is not eliminated within a reasonable period of time after notification thereof or if the traveller cannot reasonably be expected to continue the journey due to the violation.
(2) If the travel contract is cancelled pursuant to the provisions of subsection (1) of this section, the tour
operator loses the right to the price of the package. The tour operator may still demand reasonable compensation
for the services provided or the services to be provided to end the journey, unless the traveller is not interested in
the services provided or to be provided due to the cancellation of the contract.
(3) Upon cancellation of the contract, the tour operator shall take the necessary measures arising from termination of the contract pursuant to the provisions of subsection (1) of this section, particularly by providing the traveller with equivalent transport back to the place of departure or to another return-point to which the traveller has agreed.
(4) The tour operator shall bear the additional expenses arising from cancellation of the contract pursuant to the provisions of subsection (1) of this section.

§ 877. Liability of tour operator

(1) The tour operator shall be liable to the traveller for performance of the contract regardless of whether the contractual obligations are to be performed by the tour operator or any other person.
(2) The provisions of §§ 875 and 876 of this Act do not preclude or restrict the right of claim of the traveller for compensation for damage caused to him or her by violation of the contract. The traveller may, amongst other things, demand reasonable compensation for non-patrimonial damage for the wasted holiday.

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(3) If the liability of the immediate provider of services is limited pursuant to international conventions, the tour operator may rely thereon in respect of the traveller.
(4) If the tour operator violates an obligation arising from the contract, the tour operator shall take all reasonable steps in order to provide immediate assistance to a traveller in difficulty. There is no such duty if the violation occurs due to the fault of the traveller.

§ 878. Prohibition on limitation and preclusion of liability

(1) Any agreement which precludes or limits the liability of a tour operator for damage which is caused intentionally or due to gross negligence is void.
(2) Any agreement which limits the liability of a tour operator for causing the death of a traveller or bodily injury or physical harm to a traveller is void.
(3) The liability of a tour operator for damage not specified in subsection (2) of this section may be limited to three times the amount of the price of the package.

§ 879. Cancellation of contract due to force majeure

(1) If the provision of travel services becomes impossible, impracticable or dangerous due to force majeure, either party may cancel the contract.
(2) Upon cancellation of the contract on the bases provided for in subsection (1) of this section, the tour operator loses the right to the price of the package but may demand reasonable compensation for the services provided or the services to be provided to end the journey. Upon cancellation of the contract, the tour operator shall take the necessary measures arising from termination of the contract, particularly by providing the traveller with equivalent transport back to the place of departure or to another return-point to which the traveller has agreed.
(3) Upon cancellation of the contract on the bases provided for in subsection (1) of this section, the parties shall bear the additional expenses related to transporting the traveller back to the place of departure in equal shares. Other additional expenses arising from cancellation of the contract shall be borne by either of the parties.

§ 880. Application of provisions

(1) The provisions of §§ 867 to 870 of this Act do not apply if a person organises packages only occasionally and outside the scope of the economic activity thereof.
(2) The provisions of this Chapter apply to contracts entered into with travellers with a residence or seat in Estonia or in a Member State of the European Union if the contracts are entered into as a result of an auction, advertising or other such economic activity in Estonia, regardless of which state's law applies to the contracts. [RT I 2003, 78, 523 - entry into force 27.12.2003]

§ 881. Prohibition on violation of provisions

A person or agency provided by law may, pursuant to the procedure provided by law, demand that a tour operator or retailer who violates the provisions of this Chapter terminate the violation and refrain from further violation.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force 13.06.2014]

§ 882. Mandatory nature of provisions

Any agreement which derogates from the provisions of this Chapter to the detriment of the traveller is void.

Chapter 45 DEPOSIT CONTRACT

Division 1

General Provisions

§ 883. Definition of deposit contract

By a deposit contract, one person (the depositary) undertakes to keep a movable delivered to the depositary by another person (the depositor) and return it to the depositor upon termination of the deposit.

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§ 884. Storage fee

(1) A depositary has the right to receive remuneration (a storage fee) only if the parties have expressly agreed thereon or if payment of remuneration may be expected under the circumstances.
(2) A storage fee is deemed to have been tacitly agreed upon if, under the circumstances, taking deposit of a movable is to be expected only for remuneration, particularly if the depositary enters into a deposit contract in the course of the economic or professional activities thereof.

§ 885. Liability upon gratuitous deposit

In the case of a gratuitous deposit, the depositary shall not be liable for the loss or destruction of or damage to
a thing or for failure to return the thing on time, provided that the depositary has exercised such care in keeping
the thing as the depositary would normally exercise in keeping the depositary's own things.

§ 886. Use and transfer of thing to third party

(1) It is presumed that the depositary shall not use the thing or grant it for use to or deposit it with a third party. (2) If the thing is deposited with a third party, the depositary shall be liable for the activities of the third party in
the same manner as for the depositary's own activities, unless the deposit of the thing is undertaken gratuitously
and the depositary is forced to transfer the deposit due to circumstances not dependent on the depositary.
(3) If the depositary uses the thing despite its use being prohibited, the depositary shall pay the depositor a reasonable fee for the use of the thing and shall be liable for the destruction of and damage to the thing unless the depositary proves that the thing would have been destroyed or damaged even if kept by the depositor.

§ 887. Change of manner of custody

The depositary may change the manner of custody agreed upon if the depositary can assume that the depositor would approve of the change if the depositor had known of the circumstances which brought about the change. The depositary shall promptly notify the depositor of any change in the manner of custody.

§ 888. Reimbursement of expenses and compensation for damage caused to depositary

(1) The depositor shall reimburse the depositary for any expenses related to the deposit which the depositary may have regarded as necessary under the circumstances. The depositary has the right of security in respect of the deposited thing in order to ensure reimbursement of the expenses and the claims for payment.
(2) The depositor shall compensate the depositary for any damage arising from the dangerous nature of the thing unless, at the time of the deposit, the depositor did not know and did not have to know of the dangerous nature of the thing or unless the depositor gave the depositary notice of the dangerous nature of the thing or the depositary knew this in any case.

§ 889. Depositor's right to demand return of thing

The depositor may cancel the deposit contract and demand the return of the thing deposited at any time even if the term for deposit has been agreed upon. If the term for deposit has been agreed upon, the depositor shall reimburse the depositary for any expenses incurred by the depositary bearing in mind the agreed term.

§ 890. Depositary's right to claim withdrawal of thing

If the term for deposit has not been determined, the depositary may cancel the deposit contract at any time and demand that the thing deposited be taken back by the depositor. If the term for deposit has been determined, the depositary may demand that the thing be taken back before expiry of the term only with good reason.

§ 891. Requirements for return

(1) The return of the deposited thing shall be made at the expense of the depositor at the place where the thing is to be kept pursuant to the deposit contract.
(2) The thing shall be returned in the condition in which it was deposited. The depositor shall bear the risks related to the return of the thing.

§ 892. Transfer of profit

Upon return of the deposited thing, the depositary shall also transfer the profit received from the thing.

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§ 893. Plurality of depositors or depositaries

(1) If the thing is kept jointly by several persons, they shall be jointly and severally liable to the depositor for performance of the obligations arising from the deposit contract. If the thing is deposited jointly by several persons, these persons are solidary obligees in respect of the depositary.
(2) If several persons have submitted a claim in respect of the thing and have deposited the thing with a third party (sequester) in order to protect their interests, the third party may deliver the thing only with the consent of all the depositors.

§ 894. Conditions of payment of storage fee

(1) If a storage fee is to be paid, the depositor shall pay the fee at the time of termination of the custody. If payment of the storage fee is determined on the basis of several periods of time, the fee shall be paid at the end of each period.
(2) If custody ends before expiry of the agreed term, the depositary may demand payment of a part of the storage fee in proportion to the actual time of the deposit.

§ 895. Rights of third parties

(1) The depositary shall promptly notify the depositor of loss of possession of the deposited thing or submission of a claim against the depositary for delivery of the thing or if the depositary becomes aware of the rights of a third party to the deposited thing.
(2) If a third party applies for recognition of ownership regarding the deposited thing and submits a claim against the depositary for delivery of the thing, the depositary shall not deliver the thing to the third party without the consent of the depositor. The depositary may return the thing to the depositor. The depositary may refuse to deliver the deposited thing to the depositor if the thing is seized or an action for recognition of ownership of the thing is filed against the depositor.

§ 896. Deposit of money and other fungible things

(1) If fungible things are deposited such that the depositary undertakes to return things of the same kind, quality and quantity, it is presumed that the ownership and the risk of accidental loss of and damage to the
things will be transferred to the depositor upon delivery of the things, and the provisions concerning loans apply correspondingly.
(2) In the case specified in subsection (1) of this section, it is presumed that the term and place for returning things will be determined pursuant to the provisions of law regarding deposit contracts.
(3) If the depositary spends any deposited money, the depositary shall pay interest for the time during which the money was spent.

Division 2

Storage contract

§ 897. Storage contract

A storage contract is a deposit contract by which the depositary undertakes to store and preserve a movable upon deposit of the movable in the course of the economic or professional activities of the depositary, and the depositor undertakes to pay a fee therefor.

§ 898. Obligations of depositor

(1) Upon storage of a dangerous thing, the depositor shall inform the depositary in good time of the exact nature of the danger and the necessary precautions to be taken in a format which can be reproduced in writing. The depositor shall pack and mark the things to the necessary extent and transfer documents and information to the depositary which the depositary requires to perform the obligations thereof.
(2) If the depositor is a consumer, the depositor need only inform the depositary of the danger arising from the things in a general manner, even orally.
(3) The depositary shall inform a depositor who is a consumer of the obligation specified in subsection (2) of this section and request information from the depositor which the depositary may require in order to carry out formalities related to the thing.
(4) If the depositor is a consumer, the depositary shall pack and mark the things to the necessary extent. [RT I 2002, 53, 336 - entry into force 01.07.2002]

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§ 899. Compensation for damage and reimbursement of expenses

(1) The depositor shall compensate the depositary for any damage and reimburse any expenses arising from:
1) the insufficient packing or marking of the thing by the depositor;
2) failure on the part of the depositor to inform of the danger related to the thing;
3) the absence, incompleteness or incorrectness of the documents or information necessary for carrying out
formalities related to the thing.
(2) The depositor shall be liable in the cases specified in subsection (1) of this section regardless of whether any violation of the obligations of the depositor is justifiable. If the depositor is a consumer, the depositor shall be liable for any violation of the obligations specified in subsection (1) of this section only if the depositor is culpable of the violation.

§ 900. Mixing of stored things

(1) A depositary has the right to mix fungible things with things of the same kind and quality only if the depositors of these things have expressly agreed thereto.
(2) As of the stored things being mixed, the mixed things shall be in the common ownership of the owners of
the mixed things. The depositary may deliver a share of the mixed things to each depositor which corresponds to
the legal share belonging to the depositor, regardless of the consent of the other co-owners.

§ 901. Taking delivery of sent thing

If, upon acceptance of things sent to the depositary, the damage to or deficiency of the thing is apparent upon external inspection, the depositary shall promptly notify the depositor thereof and take all reasonable steps to enable the depositor to submit a claim for compensation for damage.

§ 902. Preservation of thing

(1) The depositary shall allow the depositor to examine the thing, take samples and perform acts necessary to preserve the thing. The depositary has the right to perform acts necessary to preserve the thing independently. If the stored things are mixed, the depositary is required to perform acts necessary for preservation.
(2) If, after deposit of the thing, the thing has changed or there is reason to believe that changes may occur which may cause the destruction of or damage to the thing or damage to the depositary, the depositary shall promptly notify the depositor thereof and request instructions from the depositor regarding operations with the thing. If a warehouse receipt has been issued, the depositary shall submit the notice regarding changes to the thing to the last legal possessor of the warehouse receipt who is known to the depositary.
(3) If the depositary does not receive any instructions in the case specified in subsection (2) of this section within a reasonable period of time, the depositary shall take reasonable measures independently. In particular, the depositary may sell the thing pursuant to subsections 125 (3) to (6) of this Act. If a warehouse receipt has been issued, the depositary shall notify the last legal possessor of the warehouse receipt who is known to the depositary of the sale.

§ 903. Insurance and storage of thing with third party

(1) At the request of the depositor, the depositary shall insure the thing. If the depositor is a consumer, the depositary shall inform the depositor of the possibility of requesting that the depositary insure the thing.
(2) The depositary may store the thing with a third party only if expressly permitted to do so by the depositor.

§ 904. Cancellation of storage contract and duration of storage

(1) If the storage contract is entered into for an unspecified term, either the depositor or depositary may cancel the contract by giving one month's advance notice. If the depositor or depositary has good reason to cancel the contract, the contract may be cancelled without adhering to the term for advance notice.
(2) The depositor may reclaim the thing at any time.
(3) The depositary may claim withdrawal of the thing after expiry of the agreed storage period or after expiry of the storage contract. If the depositary has good reason, the depositary may demand that the depositor withdraw the thing before expiry of the storage period.
(4) If a warehouse receipt has been issued, the depositary shall notify the last legal possessor of the warehouse receipt who is known to the depositary of cancellation of the contract and of a claim for withdrawal of the thing.

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§ 905. Liability for loss of or damage to thing

The depositary shall compensate for any damage caused by loss of or damage to the thing if the damage is caused in the time between acceptance of the thing for storage and delivery of the thing. The depositary shall also be liable if the depositary stores the thing with a third party.

§ 906. Expiry of claims

(1) The limitation period for claims arising from a storage contract shall be one year. The limitation period for claims for compensation for damage caused intentionally or due to gross negligence shall be three years.
(2) The limitation period for claims specified in subsection (1) of this section shall commence as of the date of expiry of the contract. If the thing is lost, the limitation period shall commence as of the date on which the depositary notifies the depositor of the loss or, if a warehouse receipt has been issued, as of delivery of the warehouse receipt to the last legal possessor who is known to the depositary.
(3) If the depositor is a consumer, any agreement which derogates from the provisions of subsections (1) and
(2) of this section to the detriment of the depositor is void.
[RT I 2003, 78, 523 - entry into force 27.12.2003]

§ 907. Right of security of depositary

(1) The depositary has the right of security regarding the stored thing in order to secure all claims arising from the storage contract and claims arising from earlier contracts of carriage, forwarding contracts and storage contracts entered into with depositors. The right of security also extends to claims arising from insurance contracts entered into regarding the stored thing and the accompanying documents of the thing.
(2) If a warehouse receipt has been issued regarding the thing, only those claims of the depositary which arise from the warehouse receipt or of which the possessor of the warehouse receipt knew or should have known are secured by the right of security specified in subsection (1) of this section. The provisions of this subsection do not apply if the warehouse receipt is in the possession of the depositary.
(3) The right of security continues until the thing is in the possession of the depositary, in particular until the depositary can dispose of the thing on the basis of a bill of lading or a warehouse receipt.

§ 908. Warehouse receipt

(1) After acceptance of the thing for storage, the depositary may issue a warehouse receipt concerning the obligation to deliver, which shall contain the following information:
1) the place and date of issue of the warehouse receipt;
2) the name and address of the depositor;
3) the name and address of the depositary;
4) the place and date of storage;
5) a general description of the nature of the thing and the type of packaging, and, in the case of a dangerous
thing, markings pursuant to the requirements established for such thing or, in the absence of such requirements,
their generally recognised description;
6) the number of packages and their special marks and numbers;
7) the gross weight of the thing or the quantity expressed in other units of measurement;
8) if the stored things are mixed, a notation thereon.
(2) The warehouse receipt may contain other information which the depositary deems necessary. (3) The depositary shall sign the warehouse receipt. The signature may be replaced by a clip-mark.

§ 909. Legal effect of warehouse receipt

(1) A warehouse receipt is a document of title which grants the legal possessor of the warehouse receipt the right to demand delivery of a stored thing from the depositary.
(2) The rights and obligations of the depositary and the legal possessor of the warehouse receipt shall be determined pursuant to the warehouse receipt. The storage contract shall prevail in the relationship between the depositary and depositor even if a warehouse receipt has been issued.
(3) If a warehouse receipt has been issued, it is presumed that the thing and the packaging thereof will be accepted by the depositary as described in the warehouse receipt if the description concerns the external condition of the thing, the number of stored packages and their special marks and numbers.
(4) If the depositary has checked the weight of the stored things or other information concerning the quantity of the stored items or if the content of the stored packages and the results of the checks are entered in a warehouse receipt, it is presumed that the weight, quantity and content conform to the information in the warehouse receipt upon acceptance of the thing.

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(5) Upon delivery of a warehouse receipt to a third party, the depositary shall not rely on the fact that the information set out in the warehouse receipt and specified in subsections (3) and (4) of this section is incorrect unless, upon receipt of the warehouse receipt, the third party knew or should have known that the information set out in the warehouse receipt was incorrect.
(6) If the depositary has accepted the thing for storage, the delivery of a warehouse receipt to the person
who is entitled to reclaim the thing pursuant to the warehouse receipt has the same meaning as transfer of the
possession of the thing.

§ 910. Delivery of thing in exchange for returning warehouse receipt

(1) If a warehouse receipt has been issued, the depositary is required to deliver the thing only if the warehouse receipt is returned to the depositary. A notation concerning receipt of the thing shall be made on the warehouse receipt. If the stored thing is partially delivered, the depositary is required to deliver the part only if the depositary is permitted to make a corresponding signed notation on the warehouse receipt.
(2) The depositary shall compensate the legal possessor of the warehouse receipt for any damage caused by delivery of the thing by the depositary without demanding the return of the warehouse receipt or making a notation on the warehouse receipt.

Division 3

Deposit of Thing in Accommodation Establishments

§ 911. Liability of keeper of accommodation establishment

(1) A person (the keeper of an accommodation establishment) who is in the business of accommodating other persons (guests) shall compensate guests for any damage arising from the loss of, damage to or destruction of things brought into the premises of the accommodation establishment and for any damage arising from the death of or bodily injury or physical harm to a guest which is caused by the defects of the structure, the land under the structure or the equipment or constructions of the accommodation establishment.
(2) The following things are deemed to have been brought into an accommodation establishment:
1) things which are in the accommodation establishment or are in a place outside the accommodation
establishment recommended by the keeper of the accommodation establishment or are in a place generally
intended therefor or are otherwise taken into custody by the keeper of the accommodation establishment at the
time when the premises used for accommodation are being used by the guest;
2) things which are taken into custody by the keeper of the accommodation establishment within a reasonable
period of time before or after the time when the premises are used by the guest.
(3) Persons who according to the circumstances could be presumed by guests to be employees of the keeper
of an accommodation establishment are also deemed to be persons for whom the keeper of the accommodation
establishment is liable.
(4) The provisions of this Division also apply to the deposit of things in sanatoriums, places of public entertainment, ships, swimming pools, boarding houses, restaurants and other similar places.

§ 912. Restrictions on liability

(1) The keeper of an accommodation establishment shall not be liable for damage arising from damage to, destruction of or loss of a thing, regardless of the legal basis of the claim, if the damage is caused by:
1) the guest or a person accompanying or visiting the guest or a person for whom the guest is responsible;
2) the special nature of the things;
3) force majeure.
(2) The keeper of an accommodation establishment shall not be liable pursuant to subsection 911 (1) of this Act for damage caused to the vehicle of a guest, things left in a vehicle and live animals of a guest, unless the keeper of the accommodation establishment has taken the vehicle or animal into the custody thereof in a manner from which it can be presumed that the intention of the keeper of the accommodation establishment to be liable for any damage caused to the vehicle or animal.

§ 913. Extent of liability of keeper of accommodation establishment

(1) The keeper of an accommodation establishment shall be liable for each guest in an amount of up to one hundred times the cost of accommodation for one day, but not exceeding 6400 euros or, in the case of loss of, damage to or destruction of money, securities or valuables, not exceeding 3196 euros.
[RT I 2010, 22, 108 - entry into force 01.01.2011]

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(2) The limitations on liability specified in subsection (1) of this section do not apply if things are lost, damaged or destroyed due to the fault of the keeper of an accommodation establishment. Neither do the limitations on liability specified in subsection (1) of this section apply if damage is caused to things which are taken into custody by the keeper of an accommodation establishment or if the keeper of an accommodation establishment has unjustifiably refused to take these things into custody.
(3) The keeper of an accommodation establishment is required to take the money, securities and valuables of guests into custody unless they are excessively valuable taking into consideration the size or category of the accommodation establishment or if their deposit would be too burdensome on the keeper of the accommodation establishment. The keeper of the accommodation establishment may demand that money, securities and valuables be handed over in a closed or sealed container.

§ 914. Expiry of right to claim compensation for damage

The right to demand compensation for damage which belongs to a guest pursuant to § 911 of this Act terminates if the guest fails to notify the keeper of the accommodation establishment of the loss or destruction of or damage to a thing promptly after becoming aware thereof. The right to demand compensation for damage does not terminate if the thing was taken into custody by the keeper of the accommodation establishment or if the loss or destruction of or damage to the thing is caused through the fault of the keeper of the accommodation establishment.

§ 915. Right of security of keeper of accommodation establishment

The keeper of an accommodation establishment has the right of security regarding things brought into the premises by guests. The claims of the keeper of the accommodation establishment arising from the accommodation and services provided to guests and from other expenses related to the stay of guests in the accommodation establishment shall be secured by the right of security. The provisions concerning the right of security of lessors in the case of lease contracts apply correspondingly.

§ 916. Mandatory nature of provisions

Any agreement which precludes or limits the liability of the keeper of an accommodation establishment in respect of a guest as compared to the provisions of this Division is void.

Part 9 SECURITIES

Chapter 46 GENERAL PROVISIONS

§ 917. Definition of security

(1) A security is any instrument to which a patrimonial right is attached in a manner which precludes the exercise of the right without the instrument.
(2) In the cases provided by law, rights which are expressed and transferred only by the making of a registry entry are also deemed to be securities. Unless otherwise provided by this Act, the provisions concerning rights contained in this Act and the Law of Property Act do not apply to such rights.
[RT I 2004, 37, 255 - entry into force 01.05.2004]

§ 9171. Pledging of securities upon provision of financial collateral

(1) If book entry securities specified in subsection 917 (2) of this Act and § 2 of the Securities Market Act are encumbered on the basis of a financial collateral arrangement specified in § 3141of the Law of Property Act, the registrar of the securities register is required to maintain records on the securities such that the securities subject to financial collateral are separated from other securities held in the account of the pledgor.
(2) With regard to securities encumbered with financial collateral, the registrar of the register of the corresponding securities shall:
1) only fulfil the orders of the pledgee as of the date of entry into force of the irrevocable right to dispose of the securities encumbered with financial collateral granted to the pledgee and communicated to the registrar of the securities register by the pledgor;
2) fulfil the joint orders of the pledgor and pledgee until the date specified in clause 1) of this subsection. [RT I 2004, 37, 255 - entry into force 01.05.2004]

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§ 918. Types of securities

(1) A bearer security is a security which grants the holder of the security the right to demand performance of an obligation arising from the security or to exercise any other right arising from the security.
(2) A negotiable security is a security which grants the person indicated on the security or another person ordered thereby the right to demand performance of an obligation arising from the security or to exercise any other right arising from the security. If the name of the person entitled on the basis of the security is indicated on the security, the security is presumed to be an order security.
(3) A registered security is a security which grants the person indicated on the security the right to demand performance of an obligation arising from the security or to exercise any other right arising from the security, and which is not an order security.

§ 919. Performance of obligations arising from securities

(1) A person obligated on the basis of a security shall perform the obligation only if the security is transferred to the person. A person obligated on the basis of a security shall not demand transfer of the security if the person is to perform other obligations on the basis of the security.
(2) An obligation arising from a registered security shall be performed for the benefit of the person who holds the security and proves that the security is issued in the name of the person and who transfers the security.
(3) An obligation arising from an order security shall be performed for the benefit of the person who holds the security and proves that the security is issued in the name of the person or transferred thereto by means of an endorsement, and who transfers the security.
(4) If a person obligated on the basis of a security performs the obligation in good faith for the benefit of the person entitled on the basis of the security, the obligation is deemed to have been performed even if the person for whose benefit the obligation is performed is not the actual obligee.
(5) If a person obligated on the basis of a security performs the obligation for the benefit of a person who does not prove that the person is the person indicated on the registered or order security or, in the case of an order security, that the security has been transferred to the person by means of an endorsement, the person obligated on the basis of the security is not released from the obligation to perform for the benefit of the person actually entitled on the basis of the security.

§ 920. Restrictions on defences by person obligated on basis of security

(1) A person obligated on the basis of a bearer security or order security may set up only the following defences against a claim arising from the security:
1) defences against the validity of the security;
2) defences arising from the security itself;
3) defences which the person obligated on the basis of the security may personally set up against the person
entitled on the basis of the security.
(2) The person obligated on the basis of a security may set up defences, which do not arise from the security itself but from the relations of the obligated person with persons previously entitled on the basis of the security, against a claim of a person entitled on the basis of the security, only if the person entitled on the basis of the security knowingly damaged the interests of the person obligated on the basis of the security upon acquisition of the security.

§ 921. Transfer of security

(1) In order to transfer a right arising from a bearer security or to encumber the right with a usufruct or to the pledge the right, the security shall be transferred pursuant to the provisions concerning the transfer of movables.
(2) In order to transfer a right arising from an order security, the transferor shall, in addition to transferring the security, write an endorsement on the security or the slip attached thereto (allonge).
(3) A right arising from a registered security shall be transferred pursuant to the provisions concerning
the transfer of the corresponding right, concurrently with the transfer of the security. A right arising from a
registered security shall be transferred by a written contract on transfer unless agreed otherwise.
(4) Upon the transfer of a security by an endorsement, the rights arising from the security for the person writing the endorsement (the endorser) shall transfer to the transferee unless the security or endorsement indicates otherwise. The provisions concerning bills of exchange apply to the writing of an endorsement on a security,

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to certification of the rights of the person entitled on the basis of the security and to acquisition of a security in good faith by means of endorsement.
(5) If a security issued in order to secure performance of an imperfect obligation is transferred, the new holder who has acquired the security in good faith may exercise the rights arising from the security.

§ 922. Alteration of type of security

The issuer of a security may alter the type of the security only with the consent of all persons obligated or entitled on the basis of the security, whereupon such consent shall be written on the security itself or on an allonge.

§ 923. Destruction or loss of security

(1) If a bearer security is no longer suitable for use due to damage or for another similar reason, the holder may demand that the issuer of the security issue a new security if the holder returns the unsuitable security and the content and special characteristics of the security are identifiable.
(2) In the case of loss or destruction of or damage to a security and pursuant to the provisions of civil procedure, a claim may be filed for declaration of the security invalid in court by way of calling proceeding. [RT I 2008, 59, 330 - entry into force 01.01.2009]
(3) At the request of a holder whose security has been lost, destroyed or damaged, the issuer of the security is required to provide the holder with information necessary for initiating a calling proceeding and for suspending payments and to issue the necessary certificates.
[RT I 2008, 59, 330 - entry into force 01.01.2009]
(4) If a bearer security is declared invalid, the person who filed the corresponding application may demand that the issuer of the security issue a new security to replace the security which was declared invalid.
(5) A person submitting a request specified in subsection (1), (3) or (4) of this section shall bear the expenses relating to the provision of certificates and the issue of a new security and other expenses relating to the satisfaction of the request and, if the issuer of the security so requires, pay such expenses in advance.

§ 924. Limitation period for claims arising from securities

(1) The limitation period for a claim arising from a security shall be three years as of the due date for the performance of the obligation.
(2) If a security is presented to the person obligated on the basis of the security for the performance of an obligation arising from the security, the limitation period shall be one year as of expiry of the term during which the security can be presented for the performance of an obligation arising from the security.
(3) The issuer of a security may indicate the limitation period and the commencement date thereof on the security differently than provided for in subsections (1) and (2) of this section.
(4) In the case of a calling proceeding which is initiated for the purpose of declaring a security invalid, the running of the limitation period shall be suspended with regard to the person who files the application for the security to be declared invalid. In such case, suspension terminates upon termination of the calling proceeding. [RT I 2008, 59, 330 - entry into force 01.01.2009]

Chapter 47 BILL OF EXCHANGE

Division 1

General Provisions

§ 925. Draft

(1) A draft is an order security by which the drawer orders the mandatary (the drawee) to pay a determinate sum of money to the person entitled on the basis of and specified in the draft at the maturity specified in the draft (payment of draft). The order shall be unconditional.
(2) A draft shall contain the following information:
1) the term "bill of exchange" in the language of the instrument;
2) an unconditional order to pay a determinate sum of money (the amount of the bill of exchange);
3) the name of the drawee;
4) the maturity;
5) the place of payment;

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6) the name of the person to whom payment is to be made;
7) the date and place of the drawing of the draft;
8) the signature of the drawer.
(3) A draft may be drawn payable to drawer's order or it may be drawn on the drawer. A draft may be drawn for account of a third party.

§ 926. Promissory note

(1) A promissory note is an order security by which the drawer of the promissory note unconditionally undertakes to pay the amount of the promissory note to the person entitled on the basis of and specified in the note at the maturity specified in the note.
(2) A promissory note shall contain the information provided for in clauses 925 (2) 1) and 4) to 8) of this Act
and an unconditional undertaking by the drawer of the promissory note of the promissory note to pay the amount
of the note.

§ 927. Formal deficiencies in bills of exchange

(1) An instrument is not deemed to be a bill of exchange if any of the requirements specified in subsection 925 (2) of this Act is wanting in the instrument and an instrument is not deemed to be a promissory note if any of the requirements specified in subsection 926 (2) of this Act is wanting.
(2) An instrument in which only the maturity is not specified is still deemed to be a bill of exchange. In such case, the bill of exchange is payable at sight.
(3) A bill of exchange in which the place of payment is not specified is payable at the place specified beside the name of the drawer.
(4) If a drawer knowingly leaves some of the information specified in subsection 925 (2) or 926 (2) of this Act out of a bill of exchange (a bill of exchange in blank), the drawer shall not subsequently set up defences against the holder of the bill based on the fact that the bill was completed otherwise than agreed between the drawer and the original holder of the bill. This does not apply if, upon acquisition of the bill of exchange, the holder knew or should have known that the bill was completed otherwise than agreed with the original holder of the bill.

§ 928. Parties to bill of exchange

(1) The parties to a bill of exchange are the persons who issue the bill, accept the bill or endorse the bill or give an aval to the bill.
(2) A person who was obligated on the basis of a bill of exchange before a party to the bill of exchange is an endorser with regard to the party.
(3) A person who becomes obligated on the basis of a bill of exchange after a party to the bill of exchange is a subsequent endorser with regard to the party.

§ 929. Permissible maturities

(1) A bill of exchange may be drawn payable:
1) at sight (a bill of exchange at sight);
2) at a fixed period after sight (a bill of exchange payable at a fixed period after sight);
3) at a fixed period after the date of issue of the bill (a bill of exchange payable at a fixed period after date);
4) at a fixed date (bill of exchange payable on a fixed day).
(2) Bills of exchange at maturities other than those provided for in subsection (1) of this section or at several maturities are void.

§ 930. Bill of exchange at sight

(1) A bill of exchange payable at sight shall be presented for payment within one year as of the date of issue of the bill unless the drawer has specified a different term in the bill of exchange. An endorser of a bill of exchange may abridge the term for presentment provided by law or specified by the drawer.
(2) If a drawer has prescribed in a bill of exchange at sight that the bill may not be presented for payment before a specified date, the term for presentment shall begin on that date.

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§ 931. Draft payable at fixed period after sight

(1) The term for payment of a draft payable at a fixed period after sight commences to run as of the date indicated in the acceptance of the draft or as of the date on which a protest is drawn up.
(2) If no date is indicated in the acceptance of a draft and no protest is drawn up, the draft is deemed to have been accepted on the last day of the term for presentment for acceptance.

§ 932. Promissory note payable at fixed period after sight

(1) The term for payment of a promissory note payable at a fixed period after sight commences to run as of the date on which a stipulation for presentment is made on the promissory note or, in the case specified in subsection (3) of this section, as of the date on which a protest is drawn up.
(2) A promissory note payable at a fixed period after sight shall be submitted to the drawer for a stipulation
for presentment to be made within one year as of the date of issue of the promissory note unless the drawer has
specified a different term in the promissory note. An endorser may abridge the term for presentment for payment
provided by law or specified by the drawer of the promissory note.
(3) A stipulation for presentment shall contain the date of the stipulation and the drawer shall sign the stipulation. If the drawer of a promissory note refuses to write a stipulation for presentment, such refusal shall be confirmed by a protest.

§ 933. Payment of interest on bill of exchange

(1) In the case of a bill of exchange at sight or a bill of exchange payable at a fixed period after sight, the drawer may stipulate that the amount of the bill shall bear interest. In the case of any other bill of exchange, the obligation to pay interest is deemed not to be written on the bill.
(2) The rate of interest shall be specified in the bill of exchange. If the rate of interest is not specified in the bill of exchange, the obligation to pay interest is deemed not to have been written on the bill.
(3) In the case specified in subsection (1) of this section, interest shall be calculated as of the date of issue of the bill of exchange unless the drawer has specified a different date in the bill.

§ 934. Validity of signatures

If a bill of exchange bears a forged signature, the obligations of the other persons who signed it are none the less valid. If, pursuant to the provisions of civil law, a person who has signed a bill of exchange cannot bear the obligations arising from the signature, the obligations of the other persons who have signed the bill are none the less valid.

§ 935. Signing bill of exchange without right of representation

If a person signs a bill of exchange in the name of another person as the representative of the person, the signatory shall be liable for performance of the obligations arising from the bill even if he or she did not have the right to sign the bill of exchange in the name of the other person or if he or she acted in excess of his or her right of representation. If the signatory pays the bill of exchange, the signatory shall have the same rights as the person for whom the signatory signed the bill without or in excess of the right of representation would have had in the event of paying the bill of exchange.

§ 936. Parts of draft

(1) A draft may be drawn in a set of several parts.
(2) The text of each part shall contain the number of the part. If a number is not indicated, each part is deemed to be a separate draft.
(3) Upon payment made on one part of a set, the rights arising from all parts shall expire.
(4) If parts of a set are transferred to different persons, the endorser and the subsequent endorsers shall be liable on all of the parts which bear their signature and have not been restored.

§ 937. Liability of drawers

(1) The drawer of a draft shall be liable for both acceptance and payment of the draft. The drawer may preclude liability for acceptance by writing a corresponding stipulation on the draft. Every stipulation to release the drawer from liability for payment of the draft is deemed not to be written on the draft.
(2) The drawer of a promissory note undertakes to pay the note on the date of maturity. Upon failure to pay the promissory note on the date of maturity, the holder of the note may file a claim specified in subsection 970 (1) of this Act against the drawer.

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§ 938. Limitation period for claims arising from bills of exchange

(1) The limitation period for claims arising from a bill of exchange against the acceptor shall be three years as of the date of maturity.
(2) The limitation period for claims of the holder of a bill of exchange against the endorser or the drawer shall be one year as of the date on which a protest against the bill of exchange is drawn up if the protest is drawn up within the specified period of time or one year as of the date of maturity in the case of release from a protest.
(3) The limitation period for claims of an endorser against another endorser or against the drawer shall be six months as of the date on which the endorser pays the bill of exchange or six months as of the date on which an action is filed against the endorser.

§ 939. Unjustified enrichment

(1) If performance of an obligation arising from a bill of exchange for the drawer or the acceptor cannot be claimed due to expiry of the limitation period for the claim or due to failure to perform an act necessary to file a claim arising from the bill, the holder of the bill of exchange may file a claim arising from unjustified enrichment against the drawer or the acceptor if the requirements for filing a claim are met.
(2) The limitation period for a claim arising from unjustified enrichment specified in subsection (1) of this section shall be three years as of the expiry of claims arising from the bill of exchange or as of the date when performance of obligations arising from the bill can no longer be claimed.
(3) A claim arising from unjustified enrichment specified in subsection (1) of this section shall not be filed against an endorser whose obligation arising from the bill of exchange has expired.

Division 2

Transfer of Bill of Exchange

§ 940. Transferability of bill of exchange

(1) A bill of exchange may be transferred to another person, including another party to the bill, by means of an endorsement unless the drawer has expressly precluded transferability by writing a stipulation " üleandmispealdise tegemise õiguseta" or " indosseerimisõiguseta" [without the right of endorsement] or any other equivalent stipulation on the bill.
(2) If the drawer of a bill of exchange writes a stipulation specified in subsection (1) of this section on the bill, the bill may be transferred as a registered security.

§ 941. Endorsement

(1) An endorsement shall be written on a bill of exchange or on a slip affixed thereto (allonge) and shall be signed by the endorser.
(2) An endorsement shall be unconditional. Any condition contained in an endorsement is deemed not to be written on the bill of exchange.
(3) An endorsement for partial transfer of the rights and obligations expressed in a bill of exchange is void.

§ 942. Endorsement in blank

(1) An endorsement may leave the beneficiary unspecified (an endorsement in blank). An endorsement in blank is valid even if it contains only the signature of the endorser written on the back of the bill of exchange or on the allonge.
(2) In the case of an endorsement in blank, the holder of the bill of exchange may:
1) fill in the blank either with the name of the holder or the name of another person;
2) re-endorse the bill in blank, or to another person;
3) transfer the bill to a third party without filling up the blank, and without endorsing the bill.

§ 943. Certification of rights of holder of bill of exchange

(1) The possessor of a bill of exchange is deemed to be the lawful holder of the bill if the possessor certifies the right thereof through a series of endorsements successive in time and in person (an uninterrupted series of

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endorsements), even if the last endorsement is in blank. Cancelled endorsements are deemed not to be written on the bill.
(2) If an endorsement in blank is followed by another endorsement, the person who signed this last endorsement is deemed to have acquired the bill by the endorsement in blank.
(3) If a bill of exchange is stolen from the former holder or lost or if the holder of the bill is dispossessed of the bill in any other manner against the will of the holder, the possessor of the bill is not deemed to be the lawful holder of the bill if the possessor was or should have been aware of such circumstances upon acquisition of the bill, and the possessor is required to give up the bill to the former holder regardless of the uninterrupted series of endorsements.

§ 944. Liability of endorser

(1) An endorser shall be liable for acceptance and payment of the bill of exchange unless the endorser has made an express stipulation on the bill indicating that the endorser is not liable.
(2) An endorser may prohibit any further endorsement by making a corresponding stipulation on the bill. In such case, the endorser shall not be liable to the persons to whom the bill is subsequently endorsed.

§ 945. Endorsement by procuration

(1) If an endorsement contains a statement " volitused" [by procuration] or " inkassoks" [for collection] or any other similar statement implying the mandate of the acquirer of the bill of exchange (an endorsement
by procuration), the acquirer of the bill may exercise all rights arising from the bill of exchange on behalf of the endorser. In such case, the acquirer of the bill of exchange may endorse the bill only by means of a new endorsement by procuration.
(2) In the case specified in subsection (1) of this section, the party to the bill of exchange may only set up such defences against the person who acquired the bill on the basis of an endorsement by procuration which the party may set up against the endorser.

§ 946. Pledge endorsement

If an endorsement contains a written declaration implying a pledge (a pledge endorsement), the holder of the
bill of exchange may exercise all rights arising from the bill as the pledgee. An endorsement by the pledgee only
has the legal consequences of an endorsement by procuration.

§ 947. Endorsement after maturity

(1) An endorsement after protest for non-payment or after expiry of the term for protest is deemed to operate as an assignment of a right of claim specified in § 970 of this Act to the person to whom the bill of exchange is endorsed.
(2) An endorsement without a date is presumed to have been placed on the bill of exchange before expiry of the term for protest.

Division 3

Aval

§ 948. Aval

(1) The obligation of a party to a bill of exchange to pay the bill may be guaranteed by an aval as to the whole or part of its amount. An aval may also be given by a person who has already signed the bill.
(2) An aval is given either on the bill or on an allonge. An aval is expressed by the words " käendan" [good as aval] or by any other equivalent expression signed by the avaliseur.
(3) A separate signature on the face of a bill of exchange is deemed to be an aval by the signatory unless the signatory is the drawee or the drawer of the bill.
(4) If an aval does not specify the person for whose account it is given, the aval is deemed to be given for the drawer.

§ 949. Liability of avaliseur

(1) The avaliseur and the person for whose account the aval is given shall be jointly and severally liable.
(2) The avaliseur shall be liable also if the obligation which is guaranteed by the aval is void for any reason other than defect of form of the bill or the endorsement.

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(3) The avaliseur who pays the bill of exchange shall acquire all rights arising out of the bill against the person guaranteed and against all persons who pursuant to the bill are liable to the avaliseur.

Division 4

Acceptance of Draft

§ 950. Presentment for acceptance

(1) A draft may be presented to the drawee for acceptance until maturity. A draft may be presented for acceptance by the holder or possessor of the draft or by the person who exercises actual control over the draft in the household or enterprise of the holder according to the orders thereof.
(2) A draft shall be presented for acceptance at the place of business of the drawee or, in the absence of a place of business, at the residence or seat of the drawee.

§ 951. Legal consequences of acceptance

(1) By accepting a draft, the drawee undertakes to pay the draft at the maturity of the draft.
(2) If an acceptor fails to pay the draft at the maturity thereof, the holder of the draft, even if the holder is the drawer, may file a claim on the draft against the acceptor to the extent provided for in subsection 970 (1) or §
974 of this Act.

§ 952. Term for presentment for acceptance

(1) A draft payable at a fixed period after sight shall be presented for acceptance within one year as of the date of issue of the draft unless the drawer has specified a different term in the draft. An endorser may abridge the term for presentment for acceptance provided by law or specified by the drawer of the draft.
(2) The drawer of a draft other than a draft payable at a fixed period after sight may prescribe in the draft that it must be presented for acceptance and specify the term for presentment.
(3) Unless the drawer of a bill of exchange has prohibited presentment for acceptance, each endorser may prescribe that the bill must be presented for acceptance and specify the term for presentment.

§ 953. Prohibition on presentment for acceptance

(1) The drawer of a draft may prohibit presentment for acceptance, except in the case of a draft payable at a fixed period after sight or a bill of exchange payable in a locality other than the place of business, residence or seat of the drawee.
(2) The drawer of a bill of exchange may prescribe in the bill that it must not be presented for acceptance before a specified date.

§ 954. Form of acceptance

(1) An acceptance shall be indicated on a draft with the word " aktseptitud" [accepted] or any other equivalent expression and shall be signed by the drawee. The simple signature of the drawee on the face of the draft is also deemed to be an acceptance.
(2) In the case of a draft payable at a fixed period after sight or any other draft which must be presented for acceptance within the term specified in the draft, the acceptance shall be dated as of the date the acceptance is given. If the holder of the draft requires that the date of presentment for acceptance be indicated, the date on which the draft is presented for acceptance shall also be indicated in the acceptance.
(3) If, in the cases specified in subsection (2) of this section, an acceptance does not contain a date, the holder of the draft shall, within the term provided for in § 964 of this Act, protest the failure to indicate the date. Upon failure to submit a protest, the holder loses the right of claim specified in § 970 of this Act against the endorsers and the drawer.

§ 955. Restrictions on acceptance

(1) An acceptance shall be unconditional but the drawee may expressly stipulate in the acceptance that the drawee accepts only a part of the amount of the bill, indicating the accepted amount.

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(2) If an acceptance contains a clear modification to the tenor of the bill regarding anything other than the amount payable, such derogation is deemed to be a refusal to accept. Nevertheless, the acceptor shall be liable according to the terms of the acceptance.

§ 956. Place of payment other than place of business, residence or seat of drawee

(1) If a drawer indicates in a draft a place of payment other than the place of business, residence or seat of the drawee without specifying the third party at whose address payment must be made, the drawee may indicate such third party in the acceptance. In the absence of such indication, the acceptor is deemed to have undertaken to pay the draft at the place of payment.
(2) Upon acceptance of a draft payable at the place of business, residence or seat of the drawee, the drawee may indicate a more exact address in the place of payment where payment is to be made.

§ 957. Cancellation of acceptance

(1) The drawee of a bill of exchange is deemed to have refused acceptance if the drawee cancels the acceptance before restoring the bill to the person presenting the bill for acceptance. Cancellation of the acceptance is presumed to have taken place before the bill was restored.
(2) Regardless of the provisions of subsection (1) of this section, the drawee of a bill of exchange shall be liable according to the terms of the acceptance to the holder and to the other parties to the bill to whom the drawee has given written notice of accepting the bill.

Division 5

Payment of Bill of Exchange

§ 958. Presentment for payment

(1) A bill of exchange payable on a fixed day, a bill of exchange payable at a fixed period after date and a bill of exchange payable at a fixed period after sight shall be presented for payment either at maturity or during the two following working days.
(2) The presentment of a bill of exchange for offsetting to a person with the right to perform such offsetting as the economic activities of the person is deemed to be equivalent to presentment for payment.

§ 959. Giving up and partial payment of bill of exchange

(1) Upon payment of a bill of exchange, the drawee may require the holder to give up the bill and issue a receipt for payment.
(2) The holder of a bill of exchange shall not refuse partial payment. In the case of partial payment of a bill of exchange, the drawee may require the holder to make a notice of partial payment on the bill and issue a receipt for the payment.

§ 960. Consequences of payment

(1) Upon payment of a bill of exchange at maturity, the drawee's obligation to pay terminates.
(2) The holder of a bill of exchange is not required to accept payment of the bill before maturity. A drawee who pays the bill of exchange before maturity is not thereby released from the obligations arising from the bill.
(3) A drawee is not released from the obligation to pay if the drawee pays the bill of exchange intentionally or through gross negligence for the benefit of a person who is not entitled to accept the performance. Upon payment, the drawee is required to verify the uninterrupted series of endorsements but not the authenticity of the signatures of the endorsers.

§ 961. Deposit

If a bill of exchange is not presented for payment within the term specified in § 958 of this Act, a party to the
bill may deposit the amount of the bill at the charge and risk of the holder pursuant to the procedure provided for
in § 120 of this Act.

Division 6

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Protest of Bill of Exchange

§ 962. Definition of protest of bill of exchange

(1) Protest of a bill of exchange is verification, by a public document (protest) issued by a notary or another person so entitled by law, of a proposal for acceptance or payment which has been made to the drawee but which the drawee has failed to perform.
(2) Protest for refusal to accept or pay a bill of exchange is the precondition for filing a claim specified in § 970 of this Act, unless otherwise provided by law or specified by the drawer.
(3) A bill of exchange protested for non-acceptance need not be presented for payment or protested for non- payment.

§ 963. Release from protest

(1) If a drawer, an endorser or an avaliseur has made a stipulation " kuludeta regress" [ retour sans frais] or " protestita" [ sans protet] or any other equivalent expression on the bill of exchange, the holder of the bill need not protest the bill upon non-acceptance or non-payment in order to file a claim specified in § 970 of this Act.
(2) If the stipulation specified in subsection (1) of this section is written by the drawer, the stipulation applies to all parties to the bill of exchange; if it is written by an endorser or an avaliseur, the stipulation applies only to the endorser or the avaliseur.
(3) If the holder of a bill of exchange protests the bill regardless of a stipulation indicating release from protest written by the drawer, the holder shall bear the expenses relating to the protest. If the stipulation was made by an endorser or an avaliseur, the expenses relating to the protest shall be recovered from all the parties to the bill of exchange jointly and severally.

§ 964. Terms for protests

(1) A protest for non-acceptance of a bill of exchange shall be drawn up within the term for presentment for acceptance specified in § 952 of this Act.
(2) A protest for non-payment of a bill of exchange shall be drawn up within two working days after maturity. A protest for non-payment of a bill of exchange at sight shall be drawn up within the term for presentment for payment specified in § 930 of this Act.

§ 965. Content of protest

The official who draws up a protest shall set out the following information in the protest:
1) the names of the persons in whose interests and against whom the protest is drawn up;
2) a notice indicating that performance of the obligations arising from the bill of exchange has been claimed
from the person against whom the protest is filed but the person has failed to perform the obligations or his or
her whereabouts cannot be ascertained;
3) information indicating where and when the claim specified in clause 2) of this section was submitted or
submission was attempted without result;
4) a notice concerning partial payment if the bill of exchange has been paid in part.

§ 966. Form of protest

(1) A protest shall be written either on the bill or on an allonge.
(2) A protest shall immediately follow the last entry on the back of the bill of exchange or on the allonge or, in the absence of previous entries, shall begin at one edge of the back of the bill of exchange or the allonge.
(3) If a protest is drawn up against a bill of exchange issued in parts, it is sufficient to write the protest on one of the parts. The other parts or a copy of the bill of exchange shall contain a notice indicating the part on which the protest is written. The provisions of subsection (2) of this section apply to such notice, mutatis mutandis.
(4) If a bill of exchange is protested due to partial acceptance, a copy shall be made of the bill and the protest shall be written on the copy or on the allonge of the copy. The copy shall also contain the endorsements and other notices written on the bill of exchange.

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§ 967. Protest filed against several persons or repeatedly against same person

If one and the same obligation arising from a bill of exchange is to be performed by several persons or repeatedly by one and the same person, it is sufficient to draw up one protest.

§ 968. Payment of bill of exchange to person drawing up protest

(1) A bill of exchange may be paid by depositing the amount of the bill with the official who draws up the protest.
(2) Any preclusion of the right to pay a bill of exchange in the manner specified in subsection (1) of this section is void.

§ 969. Copies of protest

(1) The official who draws up a protest shall have a notarially authenticated copy of the protest made and shall preserve it.
(2) In the event of the loss or destruction of a protest, a copy specified in subsection (1) of this section shall serve as the protest.

Division 7

Claims Arising from Non-acceptance or Non-payment

§ 970. Claims of holder of bill of exchange in case of non-payment

(1) In the case of non-payment of a bill of exchange, the holder may require the following from the endorser, drawer or other parties to the bill after maturity:
1) the amount of the unaccepted or unpaid bill of exchange with interest;
2) a penalty for late payment in the amount provided for in § 94 of this Act, as of the date of maturity;
3) compensation for expenses relating to drawing up a protest and to notices given, and other similar expenses;
4) compensation to the extent of 0.33 per cent of the amount specified in clause 1) of this subsection.
(2) The prerequisite for the right of claim specified in subsection (1) of this section to be created is protesting the bill of exchange unless otherwise provided by law.
(3) If a claim specified in subsection (1) of this section is filed on the basis of § 963 of this Act before maturity, the amount of the bill of exchange shall be reduced by the interest payable for the period from the filing of the claim to the date of maturity in the amount provided for in § 94 of this Act, calculated according to the interest rate applicable on the date on which the claim is filed.

§ 971. Filing of claims before maturity

(1) The holder of a bill of exchange may make the claim specified in § 970 of this Act even before maturity in the event of:
1) total or partial non-acceptance of the bill of exchange;
2) the bankruptcy of the drawee or stoppage of payment on the part of the drawee or an execution proceeding
conducted against the drawee without result;
3) the bankruptcy of the drawer of a non-acceptable bill of exchange.
(2) If the drawee of a bill of exchange has stopped performance of monetary obligations other than those arising from the bill of exchange or if an execution proceeding has been conducted against the drawee without achieving satisfaction of any of the claims against the drawee, the holder of the bill may still make a claim specified in § 970 of this Act if the bill of exchange has been presented to the drawee for payment and the non- payment has been protested.

§ 972. Giving notice of non-acceptance or non-payment

(1) The holder of a bill of exchange shall give notice of non-acceptance or non-payment of the bill to the immediate endorser of the holder and to the drawer of the bill within four working days after the date of protest or, in the case provided for in subsection 963 (1) of this Act, within four working days after non-acceptance or non-payment. An endorser who receives such notice shall notify the immediate endorser thereof within the two working days following the date of receipt of the notice, indicating the names and addresses of those who gave the previous notices, and so on through the series until the drawer of the bill of exchange is reached.
(2) The notice specified in subsection (1) of this section shall, in addition to the drawer and the endorser, be given within the same term to the avaliseur of the person.
(3) If an endorser has not specified the address thereof or if the address is not legible, the notice specified in subsection (1) of this section shall be given to the immediate endorser of the endorser.

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(4) The notice specified in subsection (1) of this section is deemed to have been given even by simply returning the bill of exchange.
(5) A person who fails to give notice within the specified term does not lose the right of claim specified in §
970 of this Act but shall be liable for the damage caused at the fault of the person to the extent of the amount of
the bill.

§ 973. Solidary liability of parties to bill of exchange

(1) The parties to a bill of exchange shall be jointly and severally liable to the holder of the bill for satisfaction of a claim specified in § 970 of this Act.
(2) Previous endorsers and the acceptor shall be jointly and severally liable to a party to a bill of exchange who pays the bill for satisfaction of a claim specified in § 970 of this Act.

§ 974. Right of claim of party to bill of exchange who pays bill

The party to a bill of exchange who pays the bill may recover the following from previous endorsers:
1) the entire amount of the bill of exchange paid by the party;
2) interest on the paid amount of the bill of exchange at the rate provided for in § 94 of this Act, as of the date
of payment of the amount of the bill;
3) compensation for expenses incurred;
4) compensation to the extent of 0.33 per cent of the amount specified in clause 1) of this section.

§ 975. Transfer of Bill of Exchange

(1) A party to a bill against whom a claim specified in § 970 of this Act has been filed or may be filed may, upon satisfaction of the claim, require that the protested bill of exchange be given up to the party with a receipt certifying acceptance of the amount paid on the basis of the claim.
(2) An endorser who has paid a bill of exchange may cancel the endorsement thereof and endorsements of subsequent endorsers on the bill.

§ 976. Claims arising from partial acceptance of draft

(1) A person against whom a claim specified in § 970 of this Act has been filed pursuant to a draft which has been partially accepted and who pays the sum in respect of which the draft has not been accepted may require the person who filed the claim to indicate such payment on the draft and issue of a corresponding receipt.
(2) A person who pays the amount in respect of which a draft has not been accepted may require an authenticated copy of the protested draft from the holder of the draft.

§ 977. Consequences of failure to adhere to terms

(1) The holder of a bill of exchange loses the rights thereof against all parties to the bill, except the acceptor, in the case of failure to adhere to the terms set for:
1) presentment of a bill of exchange at sight or a bill of exchange payable at a fixed period after sight for acceptance or payment;
2) drawing up a protest for non-acceptance or non-payment;
3) presentment of a bill of exchange for payment if the holder of the bill is released from the obligation to
protest the bill pursuant to § 963 of this Act.
(2) If the holder of a bill of exchange fails to present the bill for acceptance within the term set by the drawer, the holder loses the right of claim specified in § 970 of this Act unless it appears from the stipulation for
the term that by setting the term the drawer only meant to preclude the liability thereof in the case of non- acceptance of the bill after the expiry of the term.
(3) A term contained in an endorsement may be relied upon only by the endorser.

§ 978. Failure to adhere to terms due to force majeure

(1) If a bill of exchange cannot be presented for acceptance or payment or protested within the specified term due to force majeure, the term is deemed to be extended until the force majeure ends. Facts which are purely personal to the holder or to the person authorised by the holder to present or protest the bill of exchange are not deemed to be force majeure.
(2) The holder of a bill of exchange shall immediately give notice of force majeure to the endorser of the holder and indicate the notice on the bill or on an allonge. The notice shall be dated and signed by the holder. In such

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case, the holder of the bill and the parties to the bill shall give their notices pursuant to the provisions of § 972 of this Act.
(3) When force majeure has ended, the holder of the bill of exchange shall immediately present the bill for acceptance or payment and, if necessary, protest the bill.
(4) If force majeure continues for more than 30 days after the maturity of a bill of exchange, a claim specified in § 970 of this Act may be filed without presenting the bill of exchange for acceptance or payment and without protesting the bill.
(5) In the case of a bill of exchange payable at sight or at a fixed period after sight, the term of 30 days provided for in subsection (4) of this section shall be calculated as of the date on which the holder of the bill notifies the endorser thereof of the force majeure, even if notification is given before expiry of the term for presentment of the bill for acceptance or payment. In the case of a bill of exchange payable at a fixed period after sight, the term of 30 days shall be extended by the period after sight specified on the bill.

Chapter 48 CHEQUE

Division 1

General Provisions

§ 979. Cheque

(1) A cheque is a security with which the drawer of the cheque orders a credit institution (the drawee of the cheque) to pay a specific sum of money (the amount of the cheque) to the person entitled on the basis of the cheque (the payee). The order shall be unconditional.
(2) A cheque shall contain the following information:
1) the term "cheque" in the language of the instrument;
2) an unconditional order to pay a specific sum of money;
3) the name of the drawee of the cheque;
4) the place of payment;
5) the date and place of issue of the cheque;
6) the name and signature of the drawer or, in the case of a legal person, the business name thereof and the
name and signature of the representative.

§ 980. Formal deficiencies of cheque

(1) An instrument in which any of the requirements specified in subsection 979 (2) of this Act is lacking is not deemed to be a cheque.
(2) The provisions of subsection (1) of this section do not apply to instruments in which only the place of payment is not specified. In such case, the place of business of the drawee is deemed to be the place of payment.

§ 981. Drawee of cheque

(1) The drawee of a cheque may only be a credit institution in which the drawer has an account which the drawer may use on the basis of the cheque pursuant to an agreement with the drawee. Failure to adhere to the requirements provided for in this subsection shall not give rise to invalidity of the obligations arising from a cheque.
(11) A payment service provider undertakes to collect a cheque presented to the payment service provider by the originator from the payer for the benefit of the originator. A payment service provider shall ensure that the cheque is presented to the payer on time and, if the cheque remains uncashed, apply measures to protect the interests of the originator.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3 - entry into force 22.01.2010]
(2) A cheque shall not be drawn on the drawer.
(3) A cheque may be drawn for account of a third party if the third party has authorised the drawee of the cheque to pay the cheque.

§ 982. Payee

(1) A cheque may be drawn as a registered cheque, order cheque or bearer cheque.

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(2) An order cheque shall specify the person to whom the cheque is to be paid. An order cheque may, but need not, contain an express stipulation on the right of endorsement.
(3) A registered cheque shall specify the person to whom the cheque is to be paid and the stipulation "

üleandmispealdise tegemise õiguseta" [without the right of endorsement] or any other equivalent stipulation.

(4) A bearer cheque shall contain a stipulation that the cheque is to be paid to the bearer of the cheque. A
cheque payable to a specified person but containing an additional stipulation " või esitajale" [or to bearer] or any
other equivalent stipulation, or a cheque which does not specify the payee, is also deemed to be a bearer cheque.
(5) A cheque may be drawn payable to the drawer.

§ 983. Parties to cheque

The parties to a cheque are the drawer, the acceptor, the person giving an aval to the cheque and the endorser.

§ 984. Invalidity of stipulations on interest

Any stipulation on the cheque regarding the payment of interest is deemed not to be written on the cheque.

§ 985. Liability of drawer of cheque

The drawer of a cheque shall be liable for the payment of the cheque. Any stipulation to release the drawer from liability for payment of the cheque is deemed not to be written on the cheque.

§ 986. Application of provisions concerning bills of exchange

The provisions concerning bills of exchange contained in subsection 927 (4), §§ 934, 935, 941, 942 and 943, subsection 944 (2), §§ 945, 948, 949 and 950, subsection 954 (1), §§ 955 and 957, subsection 958 (2), § 959, subsection 962 (1) and §§ 963, 965, 966 to 969 and 972 to 975 of this Act apply to cheques, mutatis mutandis, unless otherwise determinable from the nature of the cheque. For the purposes of applying the provisions of §§
963, 972 and 975 of this Act, the declaration specified in clause 1000 (2) 2) of this Act is deemed to be equal to a protest.

Division 2

Transfer of Cheque

§ 987. Manner of transfer

(1) The provisions of this Act concerning the transfer of order securities apply to the transfer of order cheques, the provisions concerning the transfer of registered securities apply to the transfer of registered cheques and the provisions concerning the transfer of bearer securities apply to the transfer of bearer cheques.
(2) A cheque may also be transferred to the drawer of the cheque or any other party to the cheque.

§ 988. Liability of endorser

An endorser shall be liable for payment of the cheque unless the endorser has made an express stipulation on the cheque indicating that the endorser is not liable.

§ 989. Preclusion of acquisition of cheque in good faith

If a bearer cheque is stolen from the holder or lost or if the holder of the cheque is dispossessed of the cheque in any other manner against the will of the holder, the possessor of the cheque is not deemed to be the lawful holder of the cheque if the possessor was or should have been aware of such circumstances upon acquisition
of the cheque, and the possessor is required to give up the cheque to the holder regardless of the uninterrupted series of endorsements.

§ 990. Endorsement after maturity

(1) An endorsement after protest or after submission of an application specified in clause 1000 (2) 2) of this Act or after expiry of the term for presentment is deemed to operate as an assignment of the right of claim specified in § 1000 of this Act to the person to whom the cheque is endorsed.

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(2) If an endorsement is not dated, the endorsement is presumed to have been written on the cheque before the drawing up of a protest or submission of an application specified in clause 1000 (2) 2) of this Act or expiry of the term for presentment for payment.

Division 3

Payment

§ 991. Payment

(1) A cheque shall be paid upon presentment. Any other stipulation on payment is deemed not to be written on the cheque.
(2) If a cheque is presented for payment before the date of issue specified on the cheque, the cheque shall nevertheless be paid on the date for presentment for payment.

§ 992. Term for presentment for payment

(1) A cheque payable in the country of issue shall be presented for payment within eight days as of the date of issue specified on the cheque.
(2) A cheque payable in a country other than the country of issue shall be presented for payment within 20 days as of the date of issue specified on the cheque.
(3) Unless a cheque has been cancelled, the drawee of the cheque may also pay the cheque after the expiry of the term for presentment for payment.

§ 993. Acceptance of cheque and obligation to pay

(1) A drawee who has accepted a cheque is required to pay the cheque.
(2) If a drawee of a cheque refuses to accept the cheque, the holder of the cheque does not have the right of claim arising from non-acceptance specified in § 1000 of this Act against the parties to the cheque.
(3) In the case of non-payment of an accepted cheque, the holder of the cheque, even if the holder is the drawer, may make a claim on the cheque against the drawee of the cheque to the extent provided for in subsection 1000 (1) of this Act.
(4) If the drawer and the drawee of a cheque have entered into a contract regarding payment of the cheque, the drawee is liable to the drawer for payment of the cheque according to the contract.

§ 994. Cancellation of cheque

A drawer may cancel a cheque after expiry of the term for presentment of the cheque for payment even if the drawer thereby violates the obligations thereof with regard to the payee. The drawer cancels the cheque by giving notice of the cancellation to the drawee of the cheque.

§ 995. Prohibition on payment of cheque

(1) If a cheque is not yet paid, the drawer may, regardless of the expiry of the term for presentment for payment, prohibit payment of the cheque by the drawee if the drawer or any other person has been dispossessed of the cheque against the will of the drawer or the person.
(2) If a drawee pays a cheque despite the drawer having notified the drawee of the prohibition to pay the cheque before payment thereof, the drawee may recover the expenses incurred through payment of the cheque by debiting the account of the drawer in the amount of the cheque only if payment took place for reasons other than the fault of the drawee.

§ 996. Death or restricted active legal capacity of drawer

The validity of a cheque is not affected by the death of the drawer or by the fact that his or her active legal capacity becomes restricted.

§ 997. Verification of endorsements

The drawee of a cheque transferred by means of endorsement is required to verify the uninterrupted series of endorsements, but not the authenticity of the signatures of the endorsers.

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§ 998. Restrictions on debiting account of drawer upon payment of cheque

(1) In the case of payment of a forged cheque, a cheque with a forged signature or a cheque with the signature of a person not entitled to represent the drawer, the drawee shall not debit the account of the drawer in the amount of the cheque. If the drawee has already debited the account of the drawer under such circumstances, the drawee shall immediately credit the account in the amount of the debit.
(2) The provisions of subsection (1) of this section do not apply if a cheque is signed by a family member of the drawer or a person for whom the drawer is responsible. Neither do the provisions of subsection (1) of this section apply if a cheque is signed by a person to whom the drawer has entrusted a cheque form and the drawer fails to prove that his or her conduct did not contribute to the payment of the cheque.

§ 999. Account-only cheque

(1) An account-only cheque is a cheque on the face of which the drawer or the holder has written a stipulation
" kontole kandmiseks" [for payment into a current account] or any other equivalent stipulation prohibiting
the drawee to pay the cheque in cash. In such case, the drawee of the cheque may pay the cheque only by
crediting the account of the holder by means of a transfer or offset or in any other manner without making a cash
payment.
(2) Any cancellation of the stipulation specified in subsection (1) of this section is deemed not to have occurred. (3) A drawee who pays a cheque in violation of the provisions of subsection (1) or (2) of this section shall
compensate for any damage caused by the violation to the extent of the amount of the cheque.

Division 4

Claims in Event of Non-payment of Cheque

§ 1000. Claims of holder of cheque in event of non-payment

(1) In the event of non-payment of a cheque presented within the term for presentment, the holder of the cheque may demand the following from the drawer, the endorser or the person who gave an aval to the cheque:
1) payment of the cheque in the amount not paid;
2) a penalty for late payment in the amount provided for in § 94 of this Act, as of the date of presentment for
payment;
3) compensation for expenses relating to a protest or a declaration of non-payment specified in clause (2) 2) of
this section, and for other similar expenses;
4) compensation to the extent of 0.33 per cent of the amount specified in clause 1) of this subsection.
(2) A claim specified in subsection (1) of this section may be filed only if non-payment of a cheque is certified by:
1) a protest;
2) a declaration of non-payment written on the cheque by the drawee or a person whose economic activities
include the offsetting of cheques, setting out the date of the declaration and the date of presentment for payment.

§ 1001. Terms for protests

(1) A protest or a declaration specified in clause 1000 (2) 2) of this Act shall be drawn up before the expiry of the term for presenting the cheque for payment.
(2) If a cheque is presented for payment on the last day of the term for presentment, a protest or the declaration of non-payment specified in clause 1000 (2) 2) of this Act may also be drawn up on the first working day following the date of presentment.

§ 1002. Failure to adhere to terms due to force majeure

(1) If a cheque cannot be presented for payment or a protest or the declaration of non-payment specified in clause 1000 (2) 2) of this Act cannot be drawn up within the specified term due to force majeure, the term is deemed to be extended until the force majeure ends. Facts which are purely personal to the holder or to the person authorised by the holder to present the cheque or to draw up a protest or a declaration specified in clause
1000 (2) 2) of this Act are not deemed to be force majeure.
(2) The holder of a cheque shall immediately give notice of force majeure to the endorser of the holder and indicate the notice on the cheque or on an allonge. The notice shall be dated and signed by the holder. The holder of the cheque and the parties to the cheque shall give their notices pursuant to the provisions of § 972 of this Act.

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(3) When force majeure has ended, the holder of the cheque shall immediately present the cheque for payment and, if necessary, have a protest or the declaration of non-payment specified in clause 1000 (2) 2) of this Act drawn up.
(4) If force majeure continues for more than 50 days from the date on which the holder of a cheque gave notice of the force majeure to the endorser of the holder, the claim specified in subsection 1000 (1) of this Act may be filed without presenting the cheque or drawing up a protest or a declaration of non-payment specified in clause
1000 (2) 2) of this Act, even if notice was given before the expiry of the term for presenting the cheque for payment.

§ 1003. Limitation period for claims arising from cheques

(1) The limitation period for the claims of holders specified in § 1000 of this Act shall be six months as of the expiry of the term for presenting the cheque for payment.
(2) The limitation period for the right of recourse exercised by a party to a cheque against another party to the cheque who bears solidary liability with the first party shall be six months as of the date when the first party paid the cheque or when an action was filed against the first party. If the law of the home country of one of the parties to the cheque prescribes a longer period of limitation, such period shall be applied also to the right of recourse exercised by the other parties.

§ 1004. Claims arising from unjustified enrichment

(1) If a claim specified in § 1000 of this Act cannot be filed against a drawer due to failure to present the cheque for payment within the specified term or due to the expiry of the limitation period, the drawer shall still be liable to the holder pursuant to the provisions concerning unjustified enrichment.
(2) The limitation period for a claim arising from unjustified enrichment specified in subsection (1) of this section shall be one year as of the issue of the cheque.
(3) A claim arising from unjustified enrichment specified in subsection (1) of this section shall not be filed against an endorser.

Part 10 NONCONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS

Chapter 49 PUBLIC PROMISE TO PAY

Division 1

General Provisions

§ 1005. Public promise to pay

A person who publicly promises to pay for the performance of an act, above all for the achievement of a result, shall pay the promised reward to the person who performs the act even if the performer of the act does not act on the basis of the promise to pay the reward.

§ 1006. Withdrawal of promise to pay or amendment of conditions thereof

(1) A person who promises to pay may withdraw the promise or amend the conditions thereof before the act is performed on condition that the withdrawal or amendment is made known in the same manner as the promise to pay a reward. The withdrawal of a promise to pay also applies to persons who are aware of the withdrawal of the promise to pay.
(2) A person who promises to pay a reward may, at the time the promise is made, waive the right to withdraw the promise. A promise to pay cannot be withdrawn if a term has been specified for the performance of the act, unless otherwise provided in the content of the promise.
(3) A person who promises to pay a reward and withdraws the promise shall compensate the costs incurred by other persons in good faith based on the promise, unless the person who promises to pay proves that the persons who incurred the costs could not have performed or would not have been able to perform the act for which the reward is promised. The total costs incurred by other persons shall be compensated to the extent of the promised reward.

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§ 1007. Performance of act by several persons separately

(1) If several persons perform an act, each at a different time, for which payment of a reward is promised, the reward for the performance of the act shall be paid to the person who is the first to perform the act.
(2) If several persons perform an act separately but at the same time, each of the persons has the right to an equal share of the reward. If the reward cannot be divided due to its nature or if, according to the conditions of the promise to pay the reward, only one person is to receive the reward, the persons entitled to receive the reward shall draw lots.

§ 1008. Joint participation of several persons in performance of act

(1) If several persons participate in the performance of an act for which payment of a reward is promised, the reward shall be divided fairly between them, taking into account the role of each participant in achieving the desired result.
(2) If the performers of an act disagree as to how the reward should be divided between them, the person who promises to pay the reward has the right to refuse to pay until the performers of the act have reached an agreement concerning the manner in which the reward is to be divided. In such case, each of the performers of the act has the right to demand that the reward be deposited jointly for all performers of the act.
(3) If the reward cannot be divided between several persons due to its nature or if, according to the conditions of the promise to pay the reward, only one person is to receive the reward, the persons entitled to receive the reward shall draw lots.

Division 2

Competition

§ 1009. Conditions of competition

(1) In the event of a public promise to pay a reward for the best performance of a specific act (a competition), the object of the competition, the manner of and term for the performance of the act or the tender, the term
and procedure for the selection of the best act or tender, and the person who promises to pay the reward (the organiser of the competition) and other circumstances necessary for the conduct of the competition shall be made known in a reasonable manner.
(2) The organiser of a competition may decline to conduct the competition or amend the announced conditions of the competition only if this is prescribed in the conditions of the competition and if the fact of declining to conduct the competition or amending the conditions thereof is announced in the same manner as the competition or the conditions thereof.
(3) If the organiser of a competition declines to conduct the competition or amends the conditions thereof, the organiser shall compensate all reasonable costs incurred in good faith by other persons based on the conditions
of the competition, unless the organiser proves that the persons who incurred the costs could not have performed or would not have been able to perform the act which was the object of the competition.

§ 1010. Withdrawal and amendment of tenders

(1) A tenderer may withdraw a tender until the expiry of the term for the making of tenders as specified in the conditions of the competition, unless otherwise prescribed by the conditions of the competition.
(2) A tenderer may amend or supplement the tender only within the term during which the tender may be withdrawn pursuant to the provisions of subsection (1) of this section, and only to the extent prescribed in the conditions of the competition.

§ 1011. Compensation of costs related to tendering

A tenderer or person who performs an act has the right to demand that costs incurred due to participation in the competition be compensated if such possibility is prescribed by law or in the conditions of the competition.

§ 1012. Decision made concerning competition

(1) A decision as to whether an act or tender conforms to the conditions of the competition and, if there is more than one act or tender, regarding which of the acts or tenders should be preferred shall be made by the person specified in the conditions of the competition or, if there is no such person, by the organiser of the competition.

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(2) A decision made regarding a competition is binding on the persons concerned and is not contestable in
court. The provisions of this subsection do not preclude or restrict the right to make a claim against the organiser
of a competition for compensation of damages arising from violation of the conditions of the competition.
(3) If the conditions of a competition do not specify the manner for selecting the best tender, the organiser of the competition has the right to declare the most suitable tender in the opinion of the organiser to be the best.
(4) A tender which is made or an act which is performed after the expiry of the term specified in the conditions of the competition shall not be taken into account in the competition.
(5) The organiser of a competition may reject all tenders if such a possibility is prescribed in the conditions of the competition.
(6) A decision concerning a competition shall be made and the tenderers or the persons who performed an act shall be informed thereof within the term prescribed in the conditions of the competition.

§ 1013. Requirement to transfer rights

The organiser of a competition may demand the transfer of copyright, another similar right or the right of ownership to a creation or the result of other work presented by the person who performed an act or by a tenderer only if such obligation to transfer is prescribed in the conditions of the competition.

Chapter 50 PRESENTATION OF THING

§ 1014. Requirement to present thing

A person who has a claim with respect to a thing against the possessor of the thing, or a person who wishes to check the existence or absence of such claim may demand that the possessor present the thing or allow the thing to be examined if the person has a legitimate interest therein.

§ 1015. Examination of documents

A person who has a legitimate interest in examining a document which is in the possession of another person may demand that the possessor of the document allow the document to be examined if the document has been prepared in the interests of the person who wishes to examine the document or if the document sets out a legal relationship between such person and the possessor of the document or the preparation of a transaction between those persons.

§ 1016. Place of presentation of thing or document

A thing or document shall be presented or the examination thereof shall be allowed at the location of the thing or document. Both parties may require that a thing or a document be presented or that examination thereof be allowed at another location if they have good reason for doing so.

§ 1017. Risks and costs

The risks and costs involved in presenting a thing or document or allowing a thing or document to be examined shall be borne by the person who demands the presentation or examination. The possessor may refuse to present the thing or document or allow it to be examined until costs are paid and security is granted against risks involved in the presentation or in allowing the examination.

Chapter 51 NEGOTIORUM GESTIO

§ 1018. Definition of negotiorum gestio

(1) If a person (negotiorum gestio) acts for the benefit of another person (principal) without being granted the right or obligated by the principal to perform the act, the negotiorum gestor has the rights and obligations provided in §§ 1019-1023 of this Act if:
1) the principal approves of the act;
2) the act corresponds to the interests and actual or presumed intention of the principal;
3) in the case of failure to act, the principal's obligation arising from law to maintain a third party would not be
performed in a timely manner or the act is essential in the public interests for another reason.
(2) A case where a person has no desire to act for the benefit of another person is not deemed to be negotiorum gestio.

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§ 1019. Error by negotiorum gestor regarding identity of principal

If a negotiorum gestor does not know who the principal is or if the negotiorum gestor makes an error in identifying the principal, all rights and obligations which arise from the act belong to the actual principal.

§ 1020. Notifying principal

(1) A negotiorum gestor shall, before acting, notify the principal of the intent of the person and wait for a further decision from the principal concerning the act, except in the case where it is not possible to give prior notice without damaging the interests of the principal or public interests or if the negotiorum gestor cannot reasonably be expected to give prior notice.
(2) A negotiorum gestor who begins to act without giving prior notice thereof to the principal shall inform the principal at the earliest possible opportunity. A negotiorum gestor shall wait for a further decision from the principal concerning the act if this is possible and can reasonably be expected of the negotiorum gestor.
(3) The provisions of § 624 of this Act apply to other aspects of the notification obligation of negotiorum gestor.

§ 1021. Obligation to transfer

(1) The provisions of § 626 of this Act apply to the obligation of negotiorum gestor to transfer that which is received as a result of negotiorum gestio.
(2) If a negotiorum gestor has restricted active legal capacity, the person shall transfer that which is received as a result of his or her acts to the principal pursuant to the provisions concerning unjustified enrichment.

§ 1022. Due diligence of negotiorum gestor

(1) In negotiorum gestio, the negotiorum gestor shall bear the interests of the principal in mind and be guided by the actual or presumed wishes of the principal. This does not apply if it would be contrary to public interests to bear the interests of the principal in mind.
(2) If the objective of negotiorum gestio is the prevention of imminent significant danger to the dominus negoti, the negotiorum gestor shall be liable for any damage caused to the principal thereby only in the case of intent or gross negligence.
(3) The restriction of liability provided for in subsection (2) of this section does not apply in cases where, pursuant to the provisions of subsection 1023 (2) of this Act, the negotiorum gestor has the right to claim a reward.
(4) If the negotiorum gestor is aware or ought to be aware that the act does not correspond to the wishes of
the principal and if the wishes of the principal are not contrary to public interests or law, the negotiorum gestor
shall be liable for any damage caused to the principal as a result of negotiorum gestio. A negotiorum gestor is
released from liability if the person proves that the damage would have arisen even if the person had not acted
without authority.
(5) If a negotiorum gestor has restricted active legal capacity, the person shall be liable for any damage caused to the principal only pursuant to the provisions concerning the unlawful causing of damage.

§ 1023. Compensation of costs and payment of reward

(1) A negotiorum gestor may demand that the principal compensate the costs incurred by him or her in negotiorum gestio and release the person from the obligations assumed thereby. A negotiorum gestor may demand to be compensated for costs which the person incurs or released from obligations which the person assumes in negotiorum gestio to the extent which may be deemed reasonably necessary in negotiorum gestio.
(2) A negotiorum gestor in the course of the person's economic or professional activities has the right to demand a reasonable reward from the principal. A negotiorum gestor may not demand that the principal pay a reward if the person has the right, arising from a contract entered into with a third party, to demand a reward from the third party.
(3) A negotiorum gestor has none of the rights arising from subsections (1) or (2) of this section if, considering the circumstances, it is evident that the person, when beginning to act, did not intend to demand that the principal compensate costs or pay a reward.

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§ 1024. Failure to comply with requirements

(1) If a negotiorum gestor lacks justification for acting as specified in clauses 1018 (1) 2) or 3) of this Act or
if the principal does not approve of the fact that the person is acting, the negotiorum gestor shall eliminate any
consequences created for the principal and compensate any damage created to the principal through negotiorum
gestio.
(2) If, at the time a negotiorum gestor begins to act, the person does not understand and is not required to understand that the person lacks justification for acting pursuant to subsection 1018 (1) of this Act, the person is not required to eliminate any consequences created for the principal through acting but shall nevertheless compensate any damage created by the lack of necessary diligence in negotiorum gestio. If the objective of
acting is the prevention of imminent significant danger to the principal, the person acting shall be liable only for damage caused to the principal due to the intent or gross negligence of the person.
(3) If, at the time a negotiorum gestor begins to act, the person does not understand and is not required to understand that the person lacks justification for acting pursuant to subsection 1018 (1) of this Act, the person shall nevertheless inform the principal of all significant circumstances related to the actions, provide the principal with information concerning the actions on the request of the principal, and submit an overview of the costs and revenue related to the actions together with the data on which the calculations are based to the principal.
(4) If, at the time a negotiorum gestor begins to act, the person does not understand and is not required to understand that the person lacks justification for acting pursuant to subsection 1018 (1) of this Act, the principal shall transfer that which is received as a result of the acting to the negotiorum gestor pursuant to the provisions concerning unjustified enrichment.

§ 1025. Compensation for damage to negotiorum gestor

(1) A negotiorum gestor with the objective of preventing imminent significant danger to the principal has the right to demand compensation from the principal for any damage created as a result of risk characteristic to the prevention of such danger. Compensation for damage may not be demanded from the principal if the
employer or mandator of the negotiorum gestor or the provider of social security for or the health insurer of the negotiorum gestor has the obligation to compensate for the damage.
(2) If a negotiorum gestor is also acting in his or her own interests when beginning to act, any harmful consequences arising from the dangerous event which also present a danger to the negotiorum gestor shall be taken into consideration to a reasonable extent upon the determination of the amount of compensation for the damage.

§ 1026. Acting in own interest

(1) The provisions of §§ 1018 to 1024 of this Act do not apply where a person is acting on behalf of another person but believes that the person is acting on the person's own behalf.
(2) The provisions of subsections 1022 (1) and (5) and subsection 1024 (1) apply where a person is acting
on behalf of another person as if the person were acting on the person's own behalf in spite of the fact that the
person is or ought to be aware that the person does not have the right to do so. If the principal files a claim
against a person acting without authority arising from a violation of the obligation specified in subsection 1022
(1) of this Act or a claim specified in subsection 1022 (5) or 1024 (1) of this Act, person acting without authority
has the right to demand compensation of costs incurred while acting, pursuant to the provisions concerning
unjustified enrichment.

Chapter 52 UNJUSTIFIED ENRICHMENT

Division 1

General Provisions

§ 1027. Definition of unjustified enrichment

A person shall transfer to another person, on the bases of and to the extent provided for in this Chapter, that which is received from the other person without legal basis.

Division 2

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Reclamation of That Which Is Received as Result of Performance of Obligation

§ 1028. Bases for reclamation of that which is received as result of performance of obligation

(1) If a person (recipient) receives anything from another person (transferor) for the performance of an existing or future obligation, the transferor may reclaim it from the recipient if the obligation does not exist or is not created or if the obligation ceases to exist later.
(2) A transferor does not have the right to reclaim that which is received by the recipient from the recipient if:
1) the obligation performed by the transfer is imperfect;
2) the right to demand performance of the obligation has expired by the time of the transfer;
3) the reclamation of that which is received as a result of a void transaction would be contradictory to the
provision which prescribes the nullity of the transaction or to the objective of such provision.

§ 1029. Reclamation of that which is transferred to third party at order of obligee

If a transferor performs an obligation with respect to a third party at the order of an obligee or person whom
the transferor erroneously believes to be an obligee, the transferor may, in the case specified in subsection 1028
(1) of this Act, only demand that which is transferred be returned by the obligee or person whom the transferor
erroneously believed to be an obligee.

§ 1030. Specifications regarding reclamation of that which is transferred to perform contract entered into for benefit of third party

(1) If a transferor transfers anything to a recipient to perform a contract entered into for the benefit of the recipient, the transferor may, in the case specified in subsection 1028 (1) of this Act, also demand that which
is transferred to the other party or a person whom the transferor erroneously believed to be a party be returned thereby.
(2) If the other party or a person believed to be a party is not aware and is not required to be aware that the contract or the obligation arising from the contract of which performance is desired does not exist, the return of that which is received may only be demanded from the recipient.

§ 1031. Specifications regarding reclamation of that which is transferred in case of waiver of claims

If, after the waiver of a claim, something is transferred to a new obligee for the performance of an obligation arising from the waived claim but the waived claim does not exist, is not created or ceases to exist later, the transferor may also demand that which is transferred to the person who waived the claim be returned thereby.

§ 1032. Extent of claims

(1) In the case specified in subsection 1028 (1) of this Act, the transferor may demand that the recipient return that which is received and any gains derived therefrom. In the event of the destruction or consumption of, damage to or seizure of the transferred object, the transfer of that which is acquired in compensation for such object may be demanded.
(2) If it is impossible to deliver that which is received due to the nature thereof or for any other reason, the recipient shall compensate the usual value thereof at the time when the right to reclaim was created.

§ 1033. Extent of claim in event of no basis for enrichment

(1) The recipient is not required to return that which is received or compensate the value thereof to the extent to which the recipient is not enriched thereby due to the destruction or consumption thereof, damage thereto or seizure thereof or for any other reasons.
(2) If the recipient believes that the ownership of that which is received is permanent and as a result thereof incurs costs, the recipient is required to transfer that which is received or compensate the value thereof only if the costs incurred by the recipient are compensated to the recipient.
(3) Costs related to the transfer of that which is received, costs incurred upon compensation of the value thereof, and the risk of accidental loss or damage upon transfer of that which is received shall be borne by the transferor.

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§ 1034. Restrictions on filing of claims in case of nullity of mutual contract

(1) If a mutual contract is void, the recipient may rely on the provisions of subsection 1033 (1) of this Act with respect to the right to reclaim that which is received on the basis of the contract only if the contract is void due to the restricted active legal capacity of the recipient or due to threats or violence on the part of the transferor.
(2) If a mutual contract is void, the recipient is not required to transfer that which is received or compensate the value thereof if it was destroyed or it deteriorated due to circumstances for which, had the contract been valid, the transferor would have been responsible.
(3) If a mutual contract is void, the parties shall transfer that which is received by them or compensate the value thereof simultaneously. The provisions of § 111 of this Act apply correspondingly.

§ 1035. Liability of recipient in event of knowledge of non-existence of basis for transfer

(1) The provisions of § 1033 of this Act do not apply if, at the time of the transfer, the recipient is or ought to be aware of circumstances which, pursuant to the provisions of this Chapter, constitute a basis for the reclamation
of that which is received.
(2) The provisions of § 1033 of this Act do not apply either if the destruction or consumption of or damage to that which is received occur or expenses are made thereon after the recipient becomes or should have become aware of circumstances which, pursuant to the provisions of this Chapter, constitute a basis for reclamation of that which is received.
(3) In the cases specified in subsections (1) and (2) of this section, the recipient shall:
1) transfer the gains derived from that which is received;
2) pay interest to the extent provided by law for any money received;
3) compensate for any profits not gained from that which is received which the recipient could have gained by
adhering to the rules of regular management.
(4) In the event of the destruction of or damage to that which is received and if the recipient is or should be aware of circumstances which, pursuant to the provisions of this Chapter, constitute a basis for reclamation of that which is received, such recipient shall compensate for the damage caused due to the destruction thereof or damage thereto to the transferor if the destruction or damage was caused by the fault of the recipient.

§ 1036. Claim for transfer against third party

If the recipient transfers that which is received to a third party without charge and if compensation cannot be obtained from the recipient, the third party shall, pursuant to the provisions of this Chapter, transfer that which is received.

Division 3

Compensation in Event of Violation of Right

§ 1037. Requirement to compensate value in event of violation of right

(1) A person who violates the right of ownership, another right or the possession of an entitled person by disposal, use, consumption, accession, confusion or specification thereof without the consent of the entitled person or in any other manner (a violator) shall compensate the usual value of anything received by the violation to the entitled person.
(2) If the violation of the right of ownership or another right of an entitled person consists of the disposal thereof by the violator, the entitled person may, if the disposal is void, demand compensation of the usual value of that which is received from the violator if the entitled person, pursuant to the provisions of subsection 114 (2) of the General Part of the Civil Code, approves of the disposal.
(3) The usual value specified in subsections (1) and (2) of this section shall be assessed as at the time of the violation. In the case of disposal for a charge, the agreed charge shall be deemed to be the usual value unless
the entitled person proves that the value of the object is higher or unless the violator proves that the value of the object is lower than the agreed charge.
(4) Upon the performance of an obligation in favour of a person not entitled to accept performance, a person entitled to accept performance may demand the transfer of that which is received from the person not entitled to accept performance if the performance is valid with respect to the entitled person or if the entitled person approves thereof pursuant to the provisions of subsection 114 (2) of the General Part of the Civil Code.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336 - entry into force 01.07.2002]

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§ 1038. Restrictions on obligation of compensation of value

A violator who is not or ought not to be aware of the lack of justification for the violation does not have the obligations provided for in subsections 1037 (1) and (4) of this Act in so far the violator ceases to receive gain through enrichment to the extent of the value of that which is received as of the time when the violator becomes or should become aware of the filing of a claim against the violator. Costs incurred in acquiring that which is received shall not be taken into consideration upon the determination of the extent of enrichment.

§ 1039. Liability of violator in bad faith

The entitled person may demand that a violator who is or should be aware of the lack of justification for the violation transfer any revenue received as a result of the violation in addition to the usual value of that which is received. The violator shall inform the entitled person of the nature of revenue received by the violation.

§ 1040. Reclamation of that which is received on basis of disposal without charge

Upon disposal without charge of an object by an unentitled person, the person who acquires the right to the object on the basis of a right of disposal shall transfer that which is received to the entitled person even if the right of disposal is valid. The provisions of §§ 1038 and 1039 of this Act apply correspondingly.

Division 4

Compensation of Costs Incurred for Benefit of Other Persons

§ 1041. Claim arising from performance of obligation of other person

A person who performs an obligation of another person without being entitled or required to do so may demand the compensation of costs incurred in the performance thereof from the person whose obligation the person performed, in so far as the person has enriched due to release from the obligation during the time when the person becomes or should become aware of the filing of a claim for compensation of costs against the person.

§ 1042. Requirement to compensate costs

(1) A person who incurs costs with regard to an object of another person without a legal basis therefor may demand compensation of the costs to the extent to which the person on whose object the costs are incurred
has been enriched thereby, taking into consideration, inter alia, the fact of whether such costs are useful to the person and the intent of the person with regard to the object. Determination of the extent of enrichment shall be based on the time when the person with regard to whose object costs are incurred has the object returned or is able to begin to use the increased value of the object in any other manner.
(2) A person who incurs costs has no right of claim provided for in subsection (1) of this section if:
1) the person with regard to whose object costs are incurred demands the removal of improvements made by
means of the incurred costs and if the removal of such improvements is possible without causing damage to the
improvements;
2) the person who incurs costs fails, due to circumstances arising from the person, to notify the other person in
time of the intent to incur costs;
3) the person with regard to whose object costs are incurred has contested the incurrence of the costs in
advance;
4) the incurrence of costs with regard to the object is prohibited arising from law or the contract.

Chapter 53 UNLAWFUL CAUSING OF DAMAGE

Division 1

General Provisions

§ 1043. Compensation for unlawfully caused damage

A person (tortfeasor) who unlawfully causes damage to another person (victim) shall compensate for the damage if the tortfeasor is culpable of causing the damage or is liable for causing the damage pursuant to law.

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§ 1044. Claims filed on other basis

(1) The provisions of this Chapter do not preclude or restrict the right of a victim to claim compensation
for damage on a legal basis other than that provided in this Chapter or the right to make other claims, unless
otherwise provided by law.
(2) Compensation for damage arising from the violation of contractual obligations shall not be claimed on the bases provided in this Chapter, unless otherwise provided by law. Compensation for damage arising from the violation of contractual obligations may be claimed on the bases provided in this Chapter if the objective of the violated contractual obligation was other than to prevent the damage for which compensation is claimed.
(3) If the death, bodily injury or damage to the health of a person is caused as a result of the violation of a contractual obligation, the tortfeasor shall be liable for such damage on the basis provided in this Chapter.

§ 1045. Unlawfulness of causing of damage

(1) The causing of damage is unlawful if, above all, the damage is caused by:
1) causing the death of the victim;
2) causing bodily injury to or damage to the health of the victim;
3) deprivation of the liberty of the victim;
4) violation of a personality right of the victim;
5) violation of the right of ownership or a similar right or right of possession of the victim;
6) interference with the economic or professional activities of a person;
7) behaviour which violates a duty arising from law;
8) intentional behaviour contrary to good morals.
(2) The causing of damage is not unlawful if:
1) the right to cause damage arises from law;
2) the victim consents to the damage being caused, except in the case where the grant of such consent is
contrary to law or good morals;
3) the tortfeasor acted in self-defence or in necessity;
4) the tortfeasor legitimately used self-help to perform or protect the tortfeasor's rights.
(3) The causing of damage by the violation of a duty arising from law is not unlawful if the objective of the provision which the tortfeasor violates is other than to protect the victim from such damage.
(4) The behaviour of an abettor or aider with regard to an act which causes damage is deemed to be equal to the behaviour of a tortfeasor, and they are liable for damage on the same basis as a tortfeasor.

§ 1046. Unlawfulness of damaging personality rights

(1) The defamation of a person, inter aliaby passing undue value judgement, by the unjustified use of the name or image of the person, or by breaching the inviolability of the private life or another personality right of the person is unlawful unless otherwise provided by law. Upon the establishment of unlawfulness, the type
of violation, the reason and motive for the violation and the gravity of the violation relative to the aim pursued thereby shall be taken into consideration.
(2) The violation of a personality right is not unlawful if the violation is justified considering other legal rights protected by law and the rights of third parties or public interests. In such case, unlawfulness shall be established based on the comparative assessment of different legal rights and interests protected by law.

§ 1047. Unlawfulness of disclosure of incorrect information

(1) The violation of personality rights or interference with the economic or professional activities of a
person by way of disclosure of incorrect information or by the incomplete or misleading disclosure of factual
information concerning the person or the activities of the person is unlawful unless the person who discloses
such information proves that, upon the disclosure thereof, the person was not aware and was not required to be
aware that such information was incorrect or incomplete.
(2) The disclosure of defamatory facts concerning a person or facts which may adversely affect the economic situation of a person is deemed to be unlawful unless the person who discloses such facts proves that the facts are true.
(3) Regardless of the provisions of subsections (1) and (2) of this section, the disclosure of information or facts is not deemed to be unlawful if the person who discloses the information or facts or the person to whom such facts are disclosed has legitimate interest in the disclosure and if the person who discloses the information has checked the information or facts with a thoroughness which corresponds to the gravity of the potential violation.
(4) In the case of the disclosure of incorrect information, the victim may demand that the person who disclosed such information refute the information or publish a correction at the person's expense regardless of whether the disclosure of the information was unlawful or not.

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§ 1048. Unlawfulness of incorrect opinion of expert

The behaviour of an expert is deemed to be unlawful if the expert provides incorrect information or an incorrect opinion to another person in a financial matter or, regardless of receiving new knowledge concerning the matter, fails to correct the information or opinion already provided, and if the expert enjoys particular trust due to his or her professional activities and the person who was given the information or opinion could expect to rely on such trust.

§ 1049. Unlawfulness of halting of economic or professional activities

It is deemed unlawful to cause a complete or partial halt in the economic or professional activities of another person for a significant period if the halt is caused by interfering in the activities by means of an unlawful threat or a prohibited boycott, demonstration or strike, or in another manner aimed specifically at halting the economic or professional activities of the person.

§ 1050. Culpability as basis for liability

(1) Unless otherwise provided by law, a tortfeasor is not liable for the causing of damage if the tortfeasor proves that the tortfeasor is not culpable of causing the damage.
(2) The situation, age, education, knowledge, abilities and other personal characteristics of a person shall be taken into consideration upon assessment of the culpability of the person for the purposes of this Chapter.
(3) If several persons are liable for the compensation of damage and, pursuant to law, one or several of them are liable for compensation of unlawfully caused damage regardless of whether or not they are culpable, the wrongfulness of the behaviour and the form of the culpability of the persons liable for the compensation of damage shall be taken into consideration upon the division between them of the obligation to compensate for the damage.

§ 1051. Prohibition on preclusion or restriction of liability

An agreement which precludes or restricts liability for damage caused unlawfully and intentionally is void.

§ 1052. Restrictions on liability

(1) A person under 14 years of age shall not be liable for damage caused by himself or herself.
(2) A person shall not be liable for damage caused by himself or herself if he or she caused the damage in such a condition that he or she could not understand the meaning of or direct his or her actions. Temporary disorders caused by alcoholic beverages or narcotic or psychotropic substances shall be taken into consideration only in the case where the tortfeasor is in such a situation for a reason other than his or her own fault.
(3) A person who, pursuant to subsections (1) or (2) of this section, is not liable for damage shall nevertheless be liable for damage caused by himself or herself if it would be unjustified with regard to the victim to release the person from liability considering the tortfeasor's age, state of development and mental state, the type of act, the financial situation of the persons concerned, including existing insurance or insurance which such persons could normally be presumed to have, and also other circumstances.

§ 1053. Liability for damage caused by children and persons placed under curatorship

(1) The parents or curator of a person under 14 years of age shall be liable for damage unlawfully caused to another person by the person under 14 years of age regardless of the culpability of parents or curator.
(2) The parents or curator of a person of 14 to 18 years of age shall also be liable for damage unlawfully caused to another person by the person of 14 to 18 years of age regardless of the culpability of the parents or curator, unless they prove that they have done everything which could be reasonably expected in order to prevent the damage.
(3) In the cases provided for in subsections (1) and (2) of this section, a person who, by a contract, assumes the obligation to exercise supervision over a child shall be liable for damage caused by the child.
(4) In the relationship between a child and his or her parents or curator or a person specified in subsection (3) of this section, only the parents, curator or person specified in subsection (3) of this section shall be liable even if the child himself or herself is liable for the unlawful causing of damage.
(5) The curator of a person with restricted active legal capacity who has been placed under curatorship due to mental disability shall be liable for damage unlawfully caused by the person to another person, unless the curator proves that he or she has done everything which could be reasonably expected in order to prevent the

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ward from causing damage. In the relationship between a ward and the curator, the curator is presumed to be liable even if the ward himself or herself is liable for the causing of damage.

§ 1054. Liability for violation committed by other person

(1) If one person engages another person in the person's economic or professional activities on a regular basis, the person shall be liable for any damage unlawfully caused by the other person on the same basis as for damage caused by the person, if the causing of damage is related to the person's economic or professional activities.
(2) If one person engages another person in the performance of the person's duties, the person shall be liable for any damage unlawfully caused by the other person on the same basis as for damage caused by the person if the damage is caused or the occurrence thereof is made possible through the performance of such duties.
(3) If a person performs an act at the request of another person, the person at whose request the act is performed shall be liable for any damage caused in the course of the performance thereof on the same basis as for
damage caused by the person if the damage is caused or the occurrence thereof is made possible through the performance of the act and if, due to the relationship between the person at whose request the act is performed and the person who causes the damage, the person at whose request the act is performed has control over the behaviour of the person who causes the damage.

§ 1055. Prohibition on performance of damaging acts

(1) If unlawful damage is caused continually or a threat is made that unlawful damage will be caused, the victim or the person who is threatened has the right to demand that behaviour which causes damage be terminated or the making of threats with such behaviour be refrained from. In the case of bodily injury, damage to health, violation of inviolability of personal life or any other personality rights, it may be demanded, inter alia, that the tortfeasor be prohibited to approach other persons (restraining order), the use of housing or communication be regulated or other similar measures be applied.
(2) The right to demand that behaviour which causes damage as specified in subsection (1) of this section be terminated does not apply if it is reasonable to expect that such behaviour can be tolerated in human
co-existence or due to significant public interest. In such case, the victim has the right to make a claim for compensation for unlawfully caused damage.
(3) If unlawful damage is caused by violation of copyright or related rights or violation of industrial property right, the person whose rights are violated may request that:
1) the violator and the person whose services a third party used for the purpose of violation of the right be refrained from further violation;
2) in order to eliminate the violation, reasonable measures be applied with regard to the infringing goods and the materials and implements principally used in the manufacture or creation of those goods, including destruction, recall and definitive removal thereof from the channels of commerce.
(4) The application of the measures specified in clause (3) 2) of this sector may be requested if the seriousness of the violation is proportional to the measures to be applied and the rights and interests of third parties. It may be requested that those measures be carried out at the expense of the violator unless it would be unreasonable. A person with regard to whom the application of the measures is requested may apply to a court for him or her
to be obligated to pay financial compensation to the person whose rights were violated instead of the application of the measures, if the person has not acted intentionally or carelessly, the application of the measures would cause him or her unproportionally major damage and financial compensation may be considered sufficient compensation for the person who requested application of the measures
[RT I 2005, 39, 308 - entry into force 01.01.2006]

Division 2

Liability for damage caused by major source of danger

§ 1056. Liability for damage caused by major source of danger

(1) If damage is caused resulting from danger characteristic to a thing constituting a major source of danger or from an extremely dangerous activity, the person who manages the source of danger shall be liable for causing of damage regardless of the person's culpability. A person who manages a major source of danger shall be liable for causing the death of, bodily injury to or damage to the health of a victim, and for damaging a thing of the victim, unless otherwise provided by law.
(2) A thing or an activity is deemed to be a major source of danger if, due to its nature or to the substances or means used in connection with the thing or activity, major or frequent damage may arise therefrom even if it is handled or performed with due diligence by a specialist. If liability for causing damage by means of a source of danger is prescribed by law, any thing or activity similar to such source of danger is also deemed to be a source of danger, regardless of whether the person who manages the source of danger is culpable or not.

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(3) The provisions of this Division do not preclude or restrict the right to make claims on any other legal basis, including claims for compensation of unlawfully and wrongfully caused damage.

§ 1057. Liability of possessor of motor vehicle

A direct possessor of a motor vehicle shall be liable for any damage caused upon the operation of the motor vehicle, unless:
1) the damage is caused to a thing being transported by the motor vehicle and which is not being worn or carried by a person in the vehicle;
2) the damage is caused to a thing deposited with the possessor of the motor vehicle;
3) the damage is caused by force majeure or by an intentional act on the part of the victim, unless the damage
is caused upon the operation of aircraft;
4) the victim participates in the operation of the motor vehicle;
5) the victim is carried without charge and outside the economic activities of the carrier.

§ 1058. Liability of owner of dangerous structure or thing

(1) The owner of a structure shall be liable for damage caused as a result of particular danger arising from the structure due to the production, storage or transmission in the structure of energy, substances which are flammable, involve a radiation hazard or can cause combustion, or toxic, caustic or environmentally hazardous substances, and for damage caused as a result of particular danger arising from the structure for any other reason. The owner of a thing shall be liable for damage caused as a result of particular danger arising from the thing due to its flammable, radiation, combustible, toxic, caustic or environmentally hazardous characteristics, and for damage caused as a result of particular danger arising from the thing for any other reason.
(2) If a dangerous structure or thing is a potential cause of damage, it shall be presumed that the damage is caused as a result of particular danger arising from the structure or thing. This does not apply if the structure or thing is operated according to requirements and if the operation thereof is not disturbed.
(3) An owner shall not be liable on the basis of the provisions of subsection (1) of this section, if:
1) the damage is caused within the boundaries of a marked immovable in the possession of the owner of the
dangerous structure;
2) the damage is caused by force majeure;
3) the victim participates in the operation of the dangerous structure or thing.
(4) If a dangerous structure or thing is operated according to requirements and the operation thereof is not disturbed, the owner of the structure or thing is not liable for damaging a thing of the victim in so far as the thing is not materially damaged or, if it is damaged, to an extent deemed to be normal considering the local circumstances.
(5) If it may be presumed that damage has been caused to the victim as a result of danger arising from a dangerous structure or thing, the victim has the right to demand that the owner of the structure or thing present information and documents in order to establish the owner of the structure or thing.

§ 1059. Liability for structure

The owner of the land under a structure or a person who owns another real right on the basis of which the structure is created, shall be liable for damage caused by the collapse of the structure and for damage caused by loosened and falling parts of the structure, icicles and so on, unless the owner proves that the damage is caused by force majeure or an act of the victim.

§ 1060. Liability of keeper of animal

The keeper of an animal shall be liable for damage caused by the animal.

Division 3

Liability for Defective Product

§ 1061. Liability of producer

(1) The producer shall be liable for causing the death of a person and for causing bodily injury to or damage to the health of a person if this is caused by a defective product.
(2) If a defective product causes the destruction of or damage to a thing, the producer shall be liable for damage caused thereby only if:
1) this type of thing is normally used outside economic or professional activities, and

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2) the victim mainly used the product outside the economic or professional activities of the victim, and
3) the extent of the damage exceeds an amount equal to 500 euros.
(3) The producer shall not be liable for damage caused to the product itself by a defect.
(4) The producer shall be liable for a defective medicinal product on the basis of the provisions of this Division unless otherwise provided by law.
(5) The provisions of this Division do not preclude or restrict the right to make claims on any other legal basis, including claims for compensation of unlawfully and wrongfully caused damage.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336 - entry into force 01.07.2002]

§ 1062. Producer

(1) The following are deemed to be producers:
1) a person who manufactures a finished product, raw material or part of a product;
2) a person who claims to be the manufacturer of a product and indicates the person's name, trade mark or
other distinctive mark on the product;
3) a person who brings a product into Estonia or into a member state of the European Union in the course of
the person's economic activities with the objective of selling, leasing or marketing of the product in any other
manner.
(2) If the producer cannot be identified, any person who has delivered the product to a victim shall be deemed to be the producer if such person does not disclose the identity of the producer or the person who delivered the product to the person within a reasonable time after the victim has made a corresponding proposal.
(3) The provisions of subsection (2) of this section also apply to products brought into Estonia or into a member state of the European Union if the importer of such products cannot be identified, even if the name of the producer thereof is known.

§ 1063. Product

(1) Any movable is deemed to be a product, even if the movable constitutes a part of another movable or if the movable has become a part of an immovable, and electricity and computer software are also deemed to be movables.
(2) A product is defective unless it is safe to an extent which corresponds to a person's legitimate expectations, bearing in mind all the circumstances, and above all:
1) the manner and conditions of presentation of the product to the public;
2) the method of use of the product which the victim can reasonably presume;
3) the time of placing the product on the market.
(3) A product shall not be deemed to be defective solely for the reason that a product with better characteristics is later placed on the market.

§ 1064. Release of producer from liability

(1) The producer shall not be liable for damage arising from a product if the producer proves that:
1) the producer has not placed the product on the market;
2) circumstances exist on the basis of which it may be presumed that the product did not have the deficiency
which caused the damage at the time that the product was placed on the market by the producer;
3) the producer did not manufacture the product for sale or for marketing in any other manner produce or
market it in the course of the producer's economic or professional activities;
4) the deficiency is caused by the compliance of the product with the mandatory requirements as at the time of
placing the product on the market;
5) due to the level of scientific and technical knowledge at the time of placing the product on the market, the
deficiency could not have been detected.
(2) In addition to the bases for release from liability provided for in subsection (1) of this section, a producer
of raw material or a part of a product shall not be liable for damage if the producer proves that the deficiency of
the raw material or part of the product is caused by the construction of the finished product or the instructions
provided by the producer of the finished product.
(3) The liability of the producer shall not be reduced if the damage occurs due to both a deficiency of the product and the behaviour of a third party.

§ 1065. Victim's burden of proof

The victim shall prove the existence of damage, the deficiency of a product, and a causal relationship between the deficiency of the product and the damage caused.

Page 258 /

259

Law of Obligations Act

§ 1066. Limitation period for and termination of claims

(1) The limitation period for claims arising from the provisions of this Division is three years as of the date
on which the victim becomes aware or should reasonably become aware of the damage, the deficiency and the
identity of the producer.
(2) Regardless of the provisions of subsection (1) of this section, claims which arise from the provisions of this Division shall terminate after ten years have passed as of the date on which the product which causes damage is placed on the market, unless an action has been filed with a court by that time.
(3) The provisions of subsection (2) of this section do not apply to claims recognised by a court decision
entered into force or arising from another execution document, or to claims the existence of which is recognised
by a contract, or to claims arising from a new right acquired on the basis of a compromise contract.

§ 1067. Mandatory nature of provisions

An agreement which restricts or precludes the liability of a producer as provided for in this Division is void.

Part 11 IMPLEMENTATION OF ACT

§ 1068. Entry into force of Act

This Act enters into force as of the date provided in the Implementation Act thereof.

1Directive 2002/47/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on financial collateral arrangements

(OJ L 168, 27.06.2002, pp. 43-50), last amended by Directive 2009/44/EC (OJ L 146, 10.06.2009, pp. 37-43);
Directive 2002/65/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the distance marketing of
consumer financial services and amending Council Directive 90/619/EEC and Directives 97/7/EC and 98/27/
EC (OJ L 271, 09.10.2002, pp. 16-24), last amended by Directive 2007/64/EC (OJ L 319, 05.12.2007, pp.
1-36); Directive 97/5/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on cross-border credit transfers (OJ
L 43, 14.2.1997, pp. 25-30); [RT I, 29.06.2011, 1 - entry into force 30.06.2011] Directive 2011/7/EU of the
European Parliament and of the Council on combating late payment in commercial transactions (OJ L 48,
23.02.2011, pp. 1-10); [RT I, 05.04.2013, 1 - entry into force 15.04.2013] Commission Directive 2011/90/EU,
amending Part II of Annex I of Directive 2008/48/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council providing
additional assumptions for the calculation of the annual percentage rate of charge (OJ L 296, 15.11.2011, pp.
35-37); [RT I, 03.12.2012, 1 - entry into force 01.05.2013] Directive 2011/83/EC of the European Parliament
and of the Council on consumer rights (OJ L 304, 22.11.2011, pp. 64-88); [RT I, 31.12.2013, 1 - entry into force
13.06.2014] Directive 2014/17/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on credit agreements for
consumers relating to residential immovable property (OJ L 60, 28.02.2014, pp. 34-85). [RT I, 11.03.2016, 1 -
entry into force 21.03.2016]

Law of Obligations Act Page 259 / 259

Võlaõigusseadus (Redaktsiooni jõustumise kp: 21.03.2016)

Väljaandja: Riigikogu Akti liik: seadus Teksti liik: terviktekst Redaktsiooni jõustumise kp: 21.03.2016
Redaktsiooni kehtivuse lõpp: Hetkel kehtiv
Avaldamismärge: RT I, 11.03.2016, 2

Võlaõigusseadus1

Vastu võetud 26.09.2001

RT I 2001, 81, 487 jõustumine 01.07.2002

Muudetud järgmiste aktidega Vastuvõtmine	Avaldamine	Jõustumine
05.06.2002	RT I 2002, 53, 336	01.07.2002, osaliselt 01.09.2002, 01.01.2003 ja 01.07.2003
terviktekst RT paberkandjal	RT I 2002, 60, 374
19.11.2003	RT I 2003, 78, 523	27.12.2003
11.02.2004	RT I 2004, 13, 86	15.04.2004
22.04.2004	RT I 2004, 37, 255	01.05.2004
20.10.2004	RT I 2004, 75, 522	10.11.2004
08.12.2004	RT I 2004, 87, 593	01.01.2005
08.12.2004	RT I 2004, 90, 616	01.01.2005
15.06.2005	RT I 2005, 39, 308	01.01.2006
19.10.2005	RT I 2005, 61, 473	01.01.2006
11.10.2007	RT I 2007, 56, 375	12.12.2007
19.11.2008	RT I 2008, 54, 304	27.12.2008
10.12.2008	RT I 2008, 59, 330	01.01.2009
25.02.2009	RT I 2009, 18, 108	01.05.2009
18.11.2009	RT I 2009, 60, 395	01.07.2010
17.12.2009	RT I 2010, 2, 3	22.01.2010
28.01.2010	RT I 2010, 7, 30	26.02.2010
22.04.2010	RT I 2010, 22, 108	01.01.2011 jõustub päeval, mis on kindlaks määratud Euroopa Liidu Nõukogu otsuses Eesti Vabariigi suhtes kehtestatud erandi kehtetuks tunnistamise kohta Euroopa Liidu toimimise lepingu artikli 140 lõikes 2 sätestatud alusel, Euroopa Liidu Nõukogu 13.07.2010. a otsus Nr 2010/416/EL (ELT L 196, 28.07.2010, lk 24–26).
30.09.2010	RT I 2010, 77, 590	23.02.2011, osaliselt 01.07.2011
17.11.2010	RT I, 06.12.2010, 1	05.04.2011
25.11.2010	RT I, 21.12.2010, 1	31.12.2010
12.01.2011	RT I, 04.02.2011, 1	05.04.2011
20.01.2011	RT I, 04.02.2011, 2	23.02.2011, osaliselt 05.04.2011 ja 01.07.2011
09.06.2011	RT I, 29.06.2011, 1	30.06.2011
16.06.2011	RT I, 08.07.2011, 6	18.07.2011
14.11.2012	RT I, 03.12.2012, 1	01.05.2013
20.03.2013	RT I, 05.04.2013, 1	15.04.2013
23.05.2013	RT I, 11.06.2013, 3	01.07.2013
15.11.2013	RT I, 29.11.2013, 1	09.12.2013

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 1 / 237

12.12.2013	RT I, 31.12.2013, 1	13.06.2014, osaliselt 10.01.2014; seaduse 20. peatükis asendatud läbivalt sõna „pakkuja” sõnaga „ettevõtja” vastavas käändes
26.03.2014	RT I, 11.04.2014, 1	01.10.2014
19.06.2014	RT I, 29.06.2014, 109	01.07.2014, Vabariigi Valitsuse seaduse § 107³ lõike 4 alusel asendatud ministrite ametinimetused.
18.02.2015	RT I, 11.03.2015, 1	01.10.2015
18.02.2015	RT I, 12.03.2015, 5	01.07.2015
18.02.2015	RT I, 23.03.2015, 2	01.10.2015
18.02.2015	RT I, 23.03.2015, 3	01.07.2015
10.06.2015	RT I, 07.07.2015, 1	01.01.2016
23.02.2016	RT I, 11.03.2016, 1	21.03.2016, osaliselt 01.07.2016
	1. osa ÜLDOSA
	1. peatükk ÜLDSÄTTED
§ 1. Seaduse kohaldamine

(1) Käesoleva seaduse üldosas sätestatut kohaldatakse kõikidele käesolevas seaduses või muudes seadustes nimetatud lepingutele, muu hulgas töölepingule, ja muudele mitmepoolsetele tehingutele, samuti lepingutele, mida ei ole küll seaduses nimetatud, kuid mis ei ole seaduse sisu ja mõttega vastuolus, samuti võlasuhetele, mis ei ole tekkinud lepingust.
(2) Kui leping vastab kahe või enama seaduses sätestatud lepinguliigi tunnustele, kohaldatakse nende lepinguliikide kohta seaduses sätestatut üheaegselt, välja arvatud sätted, mille üheaegne kohaldamine ei ole võimalik või mille kohaldamine oleks vastuolus lepingu olemuse või eesmärgiga.
(3) Rohkem kui kahe poole vahel sõlmitud lepingutele (mitmepoolne leping) kohaldatakse käesolevas seaduses lepingute kohta sätestatut, kui see ei ole vastuolus lepingu olemuse ega eesmärgiga.
(4) Seadusest võib tuleneda, et lepingule või muule võlasuhtele kohaldatakse erireegleid juhul, kui lepingu või võlasuhte pooleks on tarbija või ettevõtja.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(5) Tarbija käesoleva seaduse tähenduses on füüsiline isik, kes teeb tehingu, mis ei seondu iseseisva majandus- või kutsetegevuse läbiviimisega.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(6) Ettevõtja käesoleva seaduse tähenduses on isik, sealhulgas avalik-õiguslik juriidiline isik, kes teeb tehingu, mis seondub iseseisva majandus- või kutsetegevuse läbiviimisega.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

§ 2. Võlasuhte mõiste

(1) Võlasuhe on õigussuhe, millest tuleneb ühe isiku (kohustatud isik ehk võlgnik) kohustus teha teise isiku (õigustatud isik ehk võlausaldaja) kasuks teatud tegu või jätta see tegemata (täita kohustus) ning võlausaldaja õigus nõuda võlgnikult kohustuse täitmist.
(2) Võlasuhte olemusest võib tuleneda võlasuhte poolte kohustus teatud viisil arvestada teise võlasuhte poole õiguste ja huvidega. Võlasuhe võib sellega ka piirduda.

§ 3. Võlasuhte tekkimise alused

Võlasuhe võib tekkida:
1) lepingust;
2) kahju õigusvastasest tekitamisest;
3) alusetust rikastumisest;
4) käsundita asjaajamisest;
5) tasu avalikust lubamisest;
6) muust seadusest tulenevast alusest.

Leht 2 / 237 Võlaõigusseadus

§ 4. Mittetäielik kohustus

(1) Mittetäielik on kohustus, mille võlgnik võib täita, kuid mille täitmist ei saa võlausaldaja temalt nõuda. (2) Mittetäielik kohustus on:
1) hasartmängust, välja arvatud loa alusel korraldatavast hasartmängust ja loteriist tulenev kohustus;
2) kõlbeline kohustus, mille täitmine vastab üldisele arusaamale;
3) mittetäieliku kohustuse täitmise tagamiseks võetud kohustus;
4) kohustus, mille mittetäielikkus on seaduses ette nähtud.
(3) Mittetäieliku kohustuse täitmiseks üleantut ei saa tagasi nõuda.
(4) Seaduses kohustuse kohta sätestatut kohaldatakse ka mittetäielikule kohustusele, kui see ei ole vastuolus mittetäieliku kohustuse olemusega.
[RT I 2004, 75, 522- jõust. 10.11.2004]

§ 5. Seaduse dispositiivsuse põhimõte

Käesolevas seaduses sätestatust võib võlasuhte poolte või lepingupoolte kokkuleppel kõrvale kalduda, kui seaduses ei ole otse sätestatud või sätte olemusest ei tulene, et seadusest kõrvalekaldumine ei ole lubatud või kui kõrvalekaldumine oleks vastuolus avaliku korra või heade kommetega või rikuks isiku põhiõigusi.

§ 6. Hea usu põhimõte

(1) Võlausaldaja ja võlgnik peavad teineteise suhtes käituma hea usu põhimõttest lähtuvalt.
(2) Võlasuhtele ei kohaldata seadusest, tavast või tehingust tulenevat, kui see oleks hea usu põhimõttest lähtuvalt vastuvõtmatu.

§ 7. Mõistlikkuse põhimõte

(1) Võlasuhtes loetakse mõistlikuks seda, mida samas olukorras heas usus tegutsevad isikud loeksid tavaliselt mõistlikuks.
(2) Mõistlikkuse hindamisel arvestatakse võlasuhte olemust ja tehingu eesmärki, vastava tegevus- või kutseala tavasid ja praktikat, samuti muid asjaolusid.

2. peatükk

LEPING

1. jagu

Üldsätted

§ 8. Lepingu mõiste

(1) Leping on tehing kahe või enama isiku (lepingupooled) vahel, millega lepingupool kohustub või lepingupooled kohustuvad midagi tegema või tegemata jätma.
(2) Leping on lepingupooltele täitmiseks kohustuslik.

§ 9. Lepingu sõlmimine

(1) Leping sõlmitakse pakkumuse esitamise ja sellele nõustumuse andmisega, samuti muul viisil vastastikuste tahteavalduste vahetamise teel, kui on piisavalt selge, et lepingupooled on saavutanud kokkuleppe.
(2) Pakkumusele nõustumuse andmisega on leping sõlmitud ajast, mil pakkumuse esitaja nõustumuse kätte sai. Kui nõustumus väljendub teos, mis ei ole otsene tahteavaldus, on leping sõlmitud ajast, mil pakkumuse esitaja teost teada sai, välja arvatud juhul, kui pakkumusest, lepingupoolte vahelisest praktikast või tavast tulenevalt loetakse leping sõlmituks teo tegemisest.
(3) Kui vastavalt lepingupoolte kokkuleppele või ühe poole taotlusele tuleb saavutada kokkulepe teatud tingimustes, siis ei loeta lepingut sõlmituks enne, kui nendes tingimustes on kokkulepe saavutatud, kui seadusest ei tulene teisiti.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 3 / 237

§ 10. Lepingu sõlmimine enampakkumisel

(1) Enampakkumisel loetakse leping sõlmituks parimale pakkumisele nõustumuse andmisega. Eeldatakse, et enampakkumise läbiviija on volitatud andma nõustumuse parimale pakkumisele.
(2) Pakkuja on oma pakkumisega seotud parema pakkumise tegemiseni. Pakkuja ei ole parema pakkumise puudumisel oma pakkumisega seotud, kui sellele ei anta nõustumust mõistliku aja jooksul pärast pakkumise tegemist.
(3) Kui pakkumisele ei järgne paremat pakkumist, tuleb anda nõustumus viimasele pakkumisele. Kui ühel ajal on teinud võrdse pakkumise mitu isikut ja sellele ei järgne paremat pakkumist, on enampakkumise läbiviijal õigus valida parima pakkumise teinud isik võrdse pakkumise teinud enampakkumisel osalejate hulgast.
(4) Kui enampakkumise tingimustes on enampakkumise läbiviijale jäetud parima pakkumise otsustamise õigus, toimub parimale pakkumisele nõustumuse andmine enampakkumise läbiviija otsuse avaldamisega enampakkumise tingimustes ettenähtud aja jooksul, selle puudumisel aga mõistliku aja jooksul. Kuni selle ajani on pakkumise teinud isikud oma pakkumistega seotud.

§ 11. Lepingu vorm

(1) Lepingu võib sõlmida suuliselt, kirjalikult või mis tahes muus vormis, kui seaduses ei ole sätestatud lepingu kohustuslikku vormi.
(2) Kui vastavalt seadusele, lepingupoolte kokkuleppele või ühe poole taotlusele tuleb leping sõlmida teatud vormis, ei loeta lepingut sõlmituks enne, kui lepingule on antud ettenähtud vorm.
(3) Kui leping tuleb sõlmida teatud vormis, tuleb selles vormis sõlmida ka kokkulepped tagatiste ja teiste kõrvalkohustuste kohta, samuti lepingust tulenevate nõuete loovutamise või kohustuste ülevõtmise kohta, kui seadusest või lepingust ei tulene teisiti.
(4) Kirjalik leping loetakse sõlmituks, kui lepingupooled on lepingudokumendi allkirjastanud või vahetanud kummagi lepingupoole poolt allkirjastatud lepingudokumendid või kirjad. Seaduses võib sätestada, et kirjalik leping loetakse sõlmituks ka siis, kui lepingudokumendile on alla kirjutanud üksnes kohustatud lepingupool.
(5) Kui leping tuleb notariaalselt kinnitada või notariaalselt tõestada, on leping sõlmitud lepingu notariaalsest kinnitamisest või notariaalsest tõestamisest alates. Kui lepingu sõlmimiseks tehtud vastastikused tahteavaldused kinnitatakse või tõestatakse eraldi, on leping sõlmitud viimase tahteavalduse kinnitamisest või tõestamisest alates.

§ 111. Püsiv andmekandja

Püsiv andmekandja on vahend, mis võimaldab isikul säilitada isiklikult temale suunatud teavet nii, et see on teabe otstarbele vastava aja jooksul kättesaadav ja muutmata kujul taasesitatav.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 23.02.2011]

§ 12. Lepingu kehtivus

(1) Lepingu kehtivust ei mõjuta asjaolu, et lepingu sõlmimise ajal oli selle täitmine võimatu või lepingupoolel ei olnud lepingu sõlmimise ajal õigust käsutada lepingu esemeks olevat asja või õigust.
(2) Leping kehtib ka lepingupoole üldõigusjärglase suhtes.

§ 13. Lepingu muutmine ja lõpetamine

(1) Lepingut võib muuta või lepingu võib lõpetada lepingupoolte kokkuleppel või lepingus või seadusega ettenähtud muul alusel.
(2) Kui leping on lepingupoolte kokkuleppel sõlmitud teatud vormis, ei pea seda vormi lepingu muutmisel või lõpetamisel järgima, kui lepingust ei tulene teisiti.
(3) Kui lepingus oli ette nähtud, et lepingut muudetakse või leping lõpetatakse teatud vormis, ei või üks lepingupool sellele lepingutingimusele tugineda, kui teine lepingupool võis tema käitumisest aru saada, et pool oli nõus lepingu muutmise või lõpetamisega teistsuguses vormis.

§ 14. Lepingueelsed läbirääkimised

(1) Lepingueelseid läbirääkimisi pidavad või lepingu sõlmimist muul viisil ette valmistavad isikud peavad mõistlikult arvestama üksteise huvide ja õigustega. Kui isikud esitavad üksteisele lepingu sõlmimise ettevalmistamise käigus andmeid, peavad need olema tõesed.

Leht 4 / 237 Võlaõigusseadus

(2) Lepingueelseid läbirääkimisi pidav või muul viisil lepingu sõlmimist ettevalmistav isik peab teisele poolele teatama kõigist asjaoludest, mille vastu teisel poolel on lepingu eesmärki arvestades äratuntav oluline huvi. Neist asjaoludest, mille teatamist teine pool ei saa mõistlikult oodata, ei pea teatama.
(3) Kui lepingueelseid läbirääkimisi pidanud isikud ei saavuta kokkulepet, siis läbirääkimistest ei tulene neile õiguslikke tagajärgi. Isik ei või pahauskselt, eelkõige lepingu sõlmimise tahteta läbirääkimisi pidada, samuti neid pahauskselt katkestada.
(4) Kui lepingueelsetel läbirääkimistel osalenud isikule tehti teatavaks asjaolusid, mis ei kuulu avaldamisele,
ei tohi ta, sõltumata lepingu sõlmimisest või sõlmimata jäämisest, neid asjaolusid teistele isikutele avaldada ega
neid pahauskselt enda huvides ära kasutada.

§ 141. Lepingueelse teabe andmise kohustus tarbijaga sõlmitava lepingu puhul

(1) Tarbijaga lepingueelseid läbirääkimisi pidav või muul viisil lepingu sõlmimist ettevalmistav ettevõtja teeb tarbijale enne lepingu sõlmimist või selleks tarbija poolt siduva pakkumise tegemist selgel ja tarbijale arusaadaval viisil teatavaks järgmise teabe, kui selline teave ei ole lepingu konteksti arvestades niigi selge:
1) andmed, mis võimaldavad tuvastada ettevõtja isiku, eelkõige tema ärinimi, asukoha aadress ja telefoninumber;
2) lepingu esemeks oleva asja, teenuse või muu soorituse (edaspidi lepingu ese) põhiomadused lepingu esemele ja teabe esitamise viisile kohases ulatuses;
3) mis tahes digitaalses vormis koostatud ja edastatud andmete (edaspidi digitaalne sisu) kasutusviis, selle suhtes rakendatavad tehnilised kaitsemeetmed ning selle ühilduvuse riist- ja tarkvaraga, mida ettevõtja teab või peab teadma, kui lepingu eseme hulka kuulub digitaalne sisu;
4) lepingu eseme koguhind koos maksudega või juhul, kui lepingu eseme olemusest tulenevalt ei ole hinda mõistlike jõupingutustega võimalik enne arvutada, hinna arvutamise viis, ning kõik täiendavad veo-, posti- või muud kättetoimetamise kulud, kui need kulud tuleb kanda tarbijal või kui neid kulusid ei ole mõistlike
jõupingutustega võimalik enne arvutada, samuti teave selle kohta, et võidakse nõuda selliste täiendavate kulude tasumist;
5) maksmise, kättetoimetamise ja tellimuse täitmise kord ning asja kättetoimetamise, teenuse osutamise või muu soorituse tegemise aeg;
6) kestvuslepingu puhul lepingu tähtaeg, või kui leping on tähtajatu või automaatselt pikenev, siis lepingu lõpetamise tingimused;
7) lepingu täitmise järgse lepingu eseme hooldusteenuse pakkumisel selle olemasolu ja kasutamise tingimused;
8) meeldetuletus, et tarbija saab lepingu eseme lepingutingimustele mittevastavuse korral tugineda seaduses
sätestatud õiguskaitsevahenditele;
9) seaduses sätestatud õiguskaitsevahenditele lisaks täiendava garantii andmisel selle olemasolu ja tingimused;
10) ettevõtja rakendatav kaebuste lahendamise kord, kui see on olemas.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatu ei välista, et tarbijal võib olla käesoleva seaduse § 14 lõike 2 tähenduses oluline äratuntav huvi ka muude kui käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud asjaoludest teavitamise vastu.
(3) Käesolevas paragrahvis sätestatust tarbija kahjuks kõrvalekalduv kokkulepe on tühine. [RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

§ 15. Lepingupoole teadmine lepingu puudustest

(1) Kui üks lepingupool oli kohustunud lepingu ettevalmistamiseks või teise lepingupoole teavitamiseks lepingu ettevalmistamisega seotud asjaoludest ja leping on vorminõude järgimata jätmise tõttu tühine, tuleb teisele lepingupoolele hüvitada kahju, mis tekkis seetõttu, et teine lepingupool uskus, et leping on kehtiv.
(2) Kui lepingupool lepingu sõlmimisel teadis või pidi teadma asjaolu, mis ei ole vorminõude rikkumine, kuid toob kaasa lepingu tühisuse, või kui lepingupool selle asjaolu ise põhjustas, peab ta hüvitama teisele lepingupoolele käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud kahju.
(3) Kahju hüvitamist ei saa vastavalt käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 2 sätestatule nõuda, kui ka teine lepingupool teadis või pidi teadma lepingu tühisust kaasatoovast asjaolust, samuti juhul, kui lepingu kehtetust kaasatoovaks asjaoluks on lepingupoole piiratud teovõime või lepingu vastuolu heade kommetega.
(4) Kui isik ei teadnud õiguslikku tähendust omavat asjaolu raske hooletuse tõttu, siis loetakse, et ta pidi seda asjaolu teadma.

§ 16. Pakkumus

(1) Pakkumus (ofert) on lepingu sõlmimise ettepanek, mis on piisavalt määratletud ja väljendab pakkumuse esitaja (oferendi) tahet olla ettepanekule nõustumuse andmise korral sõlmitava lepinguga õiguslikult seotud.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 5 / 237

(2) Pakkumus ei ole lepingu sõlmimise ettepanek, milles ettepaneku tegija on otse väljendanud, et ta ei loe end ettepanekuga seotuks, samuti lepingu sõlmimise ettepanek, mille puhul lepingu olemusest, mille sõlmimiseks ettepanek tehti, või muudest asjaoludest tuleneb, et ettepaneku tegija ei ole oma ettepanekuga seotud. Sellist ettepanekut loetakse ettepanekuks esitada pakkumus.
(3) Ettepanekut, mis on suunatud kindlaks määramata isikutele ja mis seisneb reklaami, hinnakirjade, tariifide, näidiste, kataloogide ja muu sellise saatmises või kaubaväljapanekus, samuti kauba või teenuse konkreetsele isikule mittesuunatud pakkumist avalikus arvutivõrgus, loetakse ettepanekuks esitada pakkumus, kui ettepaneku tegija ei ole selgesti väljendanud, et tegemist on pakkumusega.

§ 17. Määratud nõustumuse andmise tähtajaga pakkumus

(1) Kui pakkumuses on nõustumuse andmise tähtaeg määratud, kehtib pakkumus ja sellele võib nõustumust anda selle tähtaja lõpuni. Pakkumusele ei ole õigeaegselt nõustumust antud, kui nõustumus ei jõua pakkumuse esitajani nõustumuse andmise tähtaja jooksul.
(2) Pakkumuse esitaja poolt kirjas määratud nõustumuse andmise tähtaeg algab kirjas märgitud päevast. Kui kirjas ei ole nõustumuse andmise tähtaja algust märgitud, algab nõustumuse andmise tähtaeg kirja postitamisest.
(3) Kui pakkumus on esitatud kohalviibijale või edastatud telefonitsi või muud hetkesidevahendit kasutades, algab nõustumuse andmise tähtaeg pakkumuse esitamisest, kui pakkumuse esitaja ei ole määranud teisiti.

§ 18. Määramata nõustumuse andmise tähtajaga pakkumus

(1) Kui kohalviibijale nõustumuse andmise tähtaega määramata esitatud pakkumusele ei anta nõustumust viivitamata, siis pakkumus lõpeb, kui asjaoludest ei tulene teisiti. Sama kehtib, kui pakkumus esitatakse telefonitsi või muud hetkesidevahendit kasutades.
(2) Eemalviibijale nõustumuse andmise tähtaega määramata esitatud pakkumuse puhul kehtib pakkumus nõustumuse kättesaamiseks tavaliselt vajaliku aja jooksul, arvestades lepingu sõlmimise asjaolusid, sealhulgas pakkumuse esitaja valitud sidevahendi kiirust.

§ 19. Pakkumuse lõppemine

(1) Pakkumus lõpeb, kui sellele ei ole õigeaegselt nõustumust antud või kui pakkumuse esitaja on kätte saanud pakkumuse tagasilükkamise teate.
(2) Pakkumus ei lõpe, kui pakkumuse esitaja pärast pakkumuse esitamist, kuid enne nõustumuse kättesaamist, muutub piiratult teovõimeliseks või sureb või kui kuulutatakse välja tema pankrot või tema vara määratakse sundvalitsemisele, välja arvatud juhul, kui võib eeldada pakkumuse esitaja tahet pakkumuse lõppemiseks sellisel juhul.

§ 20. Nõustumus

(1) Nõustumus (aktsept) on otsese tahteavaldusega või mingi teoga väljendatud nõusolek sõlmida leping. (2) Vaikimine või tegevusetus loetakse nõustumuseks üksnes siis, kui see tuleneb seadusest, lepingupoolte
kokkuleppest, pooltevahelisest praktikast või nende tegevus- või kutsealal kehtivatest tavadest.
(3) Kui isikuni, kelle majandus- või kutsetegevusse kuulub teatud tehingute tegemine või teenuste osutamine, jõuab pakkumus sellise tehingu tegemiseks või teenuse osutamiseks temaga püsivas ärisuhtes olevalt isikult, tuleb pakkumusele mõistliku aja jooksul vastata. Vaikimine loetakse sel juhul nõustumuseks.

§ 21. Muudatustega nõustumus

(1) Pakkumusega võrreldes olulisi muudatusi sisaldav vastus pakkumusele on pakkumuse tagasilükkamine ja samal ajal uus pakkumus.
(2) Pakkumusega võrreldes ebaolulisi muudatusi sisaldav vastus on nõustumus, kui pakkumuse esitaja ei teata viivitamata, et ta ei ole muudatustega nõus. Sel juhul on lepingu sisuks pakkumuse tingimused koos nõustumuses sisalduvate muudatustega, kui pakkumuses või nõustumuses ei ole väljendatud teistsugust tahet.
(3) Kui pakkumuses ja nõustumuses viidatakse tüüptingimustele, mis on omavahel vastuolus, kohaldatakse käesoleva seaduse §-s 40 sätestatut.

§ 22. Hilinenud nõustumus

(1) Kui pakkumuse esitaja saab nõustumuse hilinemisega, loetakse nõustumus õigeaegselt ärasaadetuks, kui see korrapärase edastamise korral oleks jõudnud pakkumuse esitajani õigeaegselt.

Leht 6 / 237 Võlaõigusseadus

(2) Kui pakkumuse esitaja saab nõustumuse hilinemisega, sest see on hilinemisega ära saadetud, võib pakkumuse esitaja lugeda selle õigeaegselt saabunuks, kui ta sellest teisele poolele viivitamata teatab. Kui pakkumuse esitaja seda ei tee, loetakse nõustumus uueks pakkumuseks.
(3) Kui pakkumuse esitaja saab nõustumuse hilinemisega, kuid pakkumuse esitajale on ilmne, et see oli ära saadetud õigeaegselt, loetakse nõustumus hilinenuks üksnes siis, kui pakkumuse esitaja teatab teisele poolele viivitamata nõustumuse hilinemisest. Kui pakkumuse esitaja seda teeb, loetakse nõustumus uueks pakkumuseks.
(4) Kui pakkumuse esitaja ei ole nõustumust kätte saanud või ei ole seda kätte saanud õigeaegselt, kuid seadusest tulenevalt loetakse see õigeaegselt kätte saaduks, loetakse leping sõlmituks ajal, mil nõustumus oleks kätte saadud, kui takistust ei oleks olnud.

§ 23. Lepingupoolte kohustused

(1) Lepingupoolte kohustused võivad olla kindlaks määratud lepingus või sätestatud seaduses. Lepingupoolte kohustused võivad tuleneda ka:
1) lepingu olemusest ja eesmärgist;
2) lepingupoolte vahel väljakujunenud praktikast;
3) lepingupoolte kutse- või tegevusalal kehtivatest tavadest;
4) hea usu ja mõistlikkuse põhimõttest.
(2) Lepingupool peab tegema teise lepingupoolega koostööd, mis on teisele poolele vajalik oma kohustuste täitmiseks.

§ 24. Lepingupoolte kohustuste sisu

(1) Lepingupool võib olla lepinguga kohustatud saavutama teatud tulemuse või tegema tulemuse saavutamiseks kõik mõistlikult võimaliku.
(2) Kui lepingupoolel on kohustus teha tulemuse saavutamiseks kõik mõistlikult võimalik, peab ta tegema niisuguseid pingutusi, nagu temaga samal tegevus- või kutsealal tegutsev mõistlik isik samadel asjaoludel teeks.
(3) Kui lepingus ei ole otse väljendatud, kas lepingupool on kohustatud teatud tulemuse saavutama või tegema tulemuse saavutamiseks kõik mõistlikult võimaliku, tuleb selle väljaselgitamisel arvestada eelkõige:
1) lepingu olemust ja eesmärki;
2) lepingus kohustuse väljendamise viisi;
3) lepingutingimusi;
4) loodetud tulemuse saavutamise tõenäosust;
5) kohustuse täitmise sõltuvust teise lepingupoole käitumisest.

§ 25. Tavad ja praktika

(1) Lepingupooled on oma majandus- või kutsetegevuses sõlmitud lepingu puhul kohustatud järgima iga tava, mille järgimises nad on kokku leppinud, ja praktikat, mis on nendevahelistes suhetes tekkinud.
(2) Kui lepingupooled ei ole teisiti kokku leppinud, on nad majandus- või kutsetegevuses sõlmitud lepingu puhul samuti kohustatud järgima iga tava, mida isikud, kes seda liiki lepinguid vastaval tegevus- või kutsealal sõlmivad, tavaliselt tunnevad ja enamasti arvestavad, välja arvatud juhul, kui sellise tava järgimine oleks vastuolus seadusega või ei oleks vastavalt asjaoludele mõistlik.

§ 26. Lahtised tingimused

(1) Lepingupooled võivad jätta lepingut sõlmides mõnedes tingimustes kokku leppimata kavatsusega jõuda neis kokkuleppele tulevikus või jätta need tingimused ühe lepingupoole või kolmanda isiku määrata (lahtised tingimused).
(2) Kui lepingupooled ei jõua lahtises tingimuses kokkuleppele või kui lepingupool või kolmas isik ei määra lahtist tingimust, ei mõjuta see lepingu kehtivust, kui ei saa eeldada lepingupoolte teistsugust tahet.
(3) Kui lahtise tingimuse peab määrama üks lepingupool või kolmas isik, peab määratud tingimus vastama hea usu ja mõistlikkuse põhimõttele.
(4) Kui lahtine tingimus tuleb määrata lähtuvalt lepingupoolest sõltumatust asjaolust, mida tingimuse määramise ajal ei ole olemas, tuleb tingimuse määramisel lähtuda sellele kõige sarnasemast asjaolust.
(5) Kui lahtiseks on jäetud tingimus, mille sisuks on ühe lepingupoole kohustuse täitmise ulatus, on tingimuse määramise õigus teisel lepingupoolel, kui poolte kokkuleppest või lepingu olemusest ei tulene teisiti.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 7 / 237

(6) Kui tingimus on mitme kolmanda isiku määrata, on tingimuse määramiseks vajalik nende kõigi nõusolek. Kui kolmandad isikud peavad määrama rahasumma, on tingimuseks nende määratud rahasummade keskmine suurus.
(7) Kui lahtise tingimuse peab määrama üks lepingupool, läheb tingimuse määramise õigus üle teisele lepingupoolele, kui tingimuse määramiseks õigustatud lepingupool ei määra tingimust kokkulepitud aja jooksul, kokkuleppe puudumise korral aga mõistliku aja jooksul enne tähtpäeva, mil kohustuse täitmist võib nõuda, ega teise lepingupoole poolt tingimuse määramiseks antud täiendava mõistliku tähtaja jooksul.
(8) Kui lahtise tingimuse peab määrama üks lepingupooltest, määrab ta tingimuse, tehes avalduse teisele lepingupoolele. Kui tingimuse määrab kolmas isik, määrab ta tingimuse, tehes avalduse mõlemale lepingupoolele.
(9) Lepingupool võib nõuda, et lahtise tingimuse määraks kohus, kui:
1) lepingupooled ei saavuta selle tingimuse suhtes kokkulepet;
2) kolmas isik ei määra tingimust kokkulepitud aja jooksul või kui sellist aega kokku ei lepitud, siis mõistliku
aja jooksul enne seda, kui kohustuse täitmist saab nõuda;
3) teine lepingupool ei määra lahtist tingimust, kui selle määramise õigus läks talle üle vastavalt käesoleva
paragrahvi lõikes 7 sätestatule.
(10) Kohus määrab lepingu lahtise tingimuse, lähtudes lepingu olemusest ja eesmärgist.
(11) Lepingupool võib nõuda, et kohus määraks lahtise tingimuse ka siis, kui teise lepingupoole või kolmanda isiku poolt määratud tingimus ei vasta hea usu ja mõistlikkuse põhimõttele.

§ 27. Olulises tingimuses kokkuleppe puudumine

(1) Kui lepingupooled ei ole kokku leppinud nende õiguste ja kohustuste määramiseks olulises tingimuses või üksnes arvavad, et nad on selles tingimuses kokku leppinud, on leping kehtiv, kui võib eeldada, et leping oleks sõlmitud ka selles tingimuses kokku leppimata.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud juhul kohaldatakse tingimust, mis on mõistlik asjaoludest, lepingupoolte tahtest, lepingu olemusest ja eesmärgist ning hea usu põhimõttest lähtudes.

§ 28. Hinna määramine

(1) Majandus- või kutsetegevuses sõlmitud lepingute puhul eeldatakse, et need on tasulised.
(2) Kui hinda ei ole määratud ega hinna määramise viisi ette nähtud ja hind ega hinna määramise viis ei tulene lepingu olemusest ega muudest asjaoludest, tuleb maksta lepingu sõlmimise ajal lepingu täitmise kohas seda liiki lepinguliste kohustuste täitmise eest tavaliselt tasutav hind, selle puudumisel aga vastavalt asjaoludele mõistlik hind.

§ 281. Tasu nõudmise piirangud tarbijaga sõlmitava lepingu puhul

(1) Ettevõtja võib lisaks lepingu esemeks oleva põhikohustuse täitmise eest kokkulepitud hinnale või muule tasule nõuda tarbijalt täiendava tasu maksmist kõrvalkohustuse või muu täiendava kohustuse täitmise eest üksnes juhul, kui tarbija on sellise täiendava tasu maksmise kohustust kinnitanud sõnaselgelt. Tarbija tahet ei loeta sõnaselgelt väljendatuks, kui ettevõtja kasutab tarbija nõusoleku saamiseks selliseid eeltäidetud valikuid, mille tarbija peab lisatasu maksmise vältimiseks tagasi lükkama.
(2) Kui ettevõtja nõuab tarbijalt tasu lepingust tuleneva rahalise kohustuse täitmise eest teatud maksevahendiga, ei või selline tasu ületada kulu, mis tekib ettevõtjal sellise maksevahendi kasutamise eest.
(3) Kui ettevõtja võimaldab tarbijal lepinguga seotud teadete või tahteavalduste edastamiseks või seoses muude lepingu täitmisega seotud asjaoludega endaga ühendust võtta, helistades ettevõtja nimetatud telefonil, ei või ettevõtja nõuda tarbijalt selle eest täiendavat tasu.
(4) Käesolevas paragrahvis sätestatust tarbija kahjuks kõrvalekalduv kokkulepe on tühine. [RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

§ 29. Lepingu tõlgendamine

(1) Lepingu tõlgendamisel lähtutakse lepingupoolte ühisest tegelikust tahtest. Kui see tahe erineb lepingus kasutatud sõnade üldlevinud tähendusest, on määrav lepingupoolte ühine tahe.
(2) Lepingu tõlgendamisel ei või aluseks olla ebaõige tähistus või väljendusviis, mida lepingupooled kasutasid eksimuse tõttu või soovist varjata oma tegelikku tahet.
(3) Kui üks lepingupool mõistis lepingutingimust teatud tähenduses ja kui teine lepingupool lepingu sõlmimise ajal seda tähendust teadis või pidi teadma, siis tõlgendatakse lepingutingimust selliselt, nagu esimene pool seda mõistis.

Leht 8 / 237 Võlaõigusseadus

(4) Kui lepingupoolte ühist tegelikku tahet ei saa kindlaks teha, tõlgendatakse lepingut nii, nagu lepingupooltega sarnane mõistlik isik seda samadel asjaoludel pidi mõistma.
(5) Lepingu tõlgendamisel tuleb eelkõige arvestada:
1) lepingu sõlmimise asjaolusid, sealhulgas lepingueelseid läbirääkimisi;
2) tõlgendust, mille lepingupooled on samale lepingutingimusele varem andnud;
3) lepingupoolte käitumist enne ja pärast lepingu sõlmimist;
4) lepingu olemust ja eesmärki;
5) vastaval tegevus- või kutsealal mõistetele ja väljenditele tavaliselt antavat tähendust;
6) tavasid ja lepingupooltevahelist praktikat.
(6) Lepingutingimust tuleb tõlgendada koos teiste lepingutingimustega, andes sellele tähenduse, mis tuleneb lepingu kui terviku olemusest ja eesmärgist.
(7) Kui sõnal või väljendil on mitu tähendust, tuleb sõna või väljendit mõista viisil, mis on enam kooskõlas lepingu olemuse ja eesmärgiga.
(8) Lepingutingimuse tõlgendamisel eelistatakse tõlgendust, mille kohaselt lepingutingimus on seaduslik või kehtiv, kui seadusest ei tulene teisiti.
(9) Kui lepingutekst on koostatud mitmes keeles ja tekstidel on võrdne jõud, lähtutakse tekstide lahknevuse korral lepingu tõlgendamisel algselt koostatud tekstist.

§ 30. Võlatunnistus

(1) Leping, millega lubatakse kohustuse täitmist selliselt, et lubadusega luuakse iseseisev kohustus või millega tunnistatakse kohustuse olemasolu, on võlatunnistus.
(2) Kohustatud isiku poolt antud võlatunnistus peab olema kirjalikus vormis, kui seaduses ei ole sätestatud teisiti.
(3) Võlatunnistus ei pea olema kirjalikus vormis, kui see antakse jooksva arve alusel, samuti, kui võlgnik tunnistab võlga, mis on tekkinud tema majandus- või kutsetegevuses.

§ 31. Välistav tingimus

(1) Kui lepingupooled on kirjalikus lepingus kokku leppinud, et lepingus on ette nähtud lepingu kõik
tingimused (välistav tingimus), ei loeta lepingu osaks lepingupoolte varasemaid tahteavaldusi ega kokkuleppeid,
mis ei sisaldu lepingus. Samuti ei oma lepingu suhtes tähendust lepingupoolte varasem käitumine.
(2) Kui välistav tingimus on ette nähtud tüüptingimustes, siis eeldatakse, et lepingupooled soovisid, et nende eelnevaid tahteavaldusi, tegusid või kokkuleppeid ei loeta lepingu osaks.
(3) Välistava tingimuse puhul võib lepingupoolte varasemaid tahteavaldusi arvestada lepingu tõlgendamisel. (4) Kui lepingupool on pärast lepingu sõlmimist oma tahteavalduse või käitumisega teise lepingupoole suhtes
väljendanud, et ta loeb lepingu osaks ka lepingupoolte varasema tahteavalduse või kokkuleppe või lähtub
lepingupoolte varasemast käitumisest, ei või ta selles ulatuses välistavale tingimusele tugineda.

§ 32. Kinnituskiri

(1) Kui leping on sõlmitud lepingupoolte majandus- või kutsetegevuses, kuid ei ole sõlmitud kirjalikus vormis ning lepingu üks pool saadab teisele lepingupoolele mõistliku aja jooksul pärast lepingu sõlmimist lepingu
sisu kinnitamiseks kirjaliku dokumendi (kinnituskiri), milles sisalduvad tingimused ei erine oluliselt varem kokkulepituist või täiendavad neid ebaoluliselt, muutuvad need lepingu tingimusteks, kui teine lepingupool pärast kinnituskirja saamist viivitamata ei teata, et ta ei ole nendega nõus.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatut ei kohaldata, kui kinnituskirja saatja teadis või pidi teadma, et lepingut ei ole sõlmitud, või kui kinnituskirjas märgitu erineb kokkulepitust niivõrd, et kinnituskirja saatja ei või mõistlikult arvestada teise lepingupoole nõusolekut kinnituskirja sisuga.

§ 33. Eelleping

(1) Eelleping on kokkulepe, millega pooled kohustuvad tulevikus sõlmima lepingu eellepingus kokkulepitud tingimustel.
(2) Kui seaduse kohaselt tuleb leping sõlmida teatud vormis, peab ka eelleping olema sõlmitud samas vormis.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 9 / 237

§ 34. Tarbija

[Kehtetu -RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

2. jagu

Tüüptingimused

§ 35. Tüüptingimuse mõiste

(1) Tüüptingimuseks loetakse lepingutingimust, mis on eelnevalt välja töötatud tüüplepingutes kasutamiseks või mida lepingupooled muul põhjusel ei ole eraldi läbi rääkinud ja mida tüüptingimust kasutav lepingupool (tingimuse kasutaja) kasutab teise lepingupoole suhtes, kes ei ole seepärast võimeline mõjutama tingimuse sisu.
(2) Eeldatakse, et tüüptingimust ei olnud eraldi läbi räägitud.
(3) Tüüptingimus võib sisalduda lepingudokumendis või olla lepingu eraldi osa. Tüüptingimus võib olla lepingu tingimuseks sõltumata sellest, milline on selle tingimuse ulatus, millisel viisil on tingimus lepingus kajastatud või mis vormis on leping sõlmitud.
(4) Tüüptingimustega lepingute sõlmimisele kohaldatakse lepingute sõlmimise üldsätteid, kui käesolevas jaos ei ole sätestatud teisiti.
(5) Käesoleva seaduse §-des 35–39 ja 41–45 sätestatust selle lepingupoole kahjuks, kelle suhtes tüüptingimust kasutati, kõrvalekalduv kokkulepe on tühine.

§ 36. Sätete kohaldamine

(1) Käesolevas jaos sätestatut ei kohaldata lepingutele pärimis- ja perekonnasuhete valdkonnas ning lepingutele äriühingute, muude juriidiliste isikute ja seltsingute asutamiseks ning nende juhtimise korraldamiseks.
[RT I, 04.02.2011, 1- jõust. 05.04.2011]
(2) Kui tüüptingimustega lepingu teiseks pooleks on tarbija, kelle elukoht on Eestis või Euroopa Liidu liikmesriigis, ning leping sõlmiti Eestis toimunud avaliku pakkumise, reklaami või muu sellesarnase tegevuse tulemusena või kui leping on muul põhjusel Eesti territooriumiga oluliselt seotud, kohaldatakse käesolevas jaos sätestatut ka siis, kui tingimuse kasutaja tegevuskoht, selle puudumisel aga elu- või asukoht, ei ole Eestis, sõltumata sellest, millise riigi õigust lepingule kohaldatakse.
(3) Kui lepingupooled tegutsevad majandus- või kutsetegevuses ja nende tüüptingimustega lepinguga või selle täitmisega seotud tegevuskohad on Eestis, kohaldatakse käesolevas jaos sätestatut nende vahel sõlmitud lepingutele sõltumata sellest, millise riigi õigust lepingule kohaldatakse.
[RT I 2003, 78, 523- jõust. 27.12.2003]

§ 37. Tüüptingimused lepingu osana

(1) Tüüptingimused on lepingu osaks, kui tingimuse kasutaja enne lepingu sõlmimist või sõlmimise ajal neile kui lepinguosale selgelt viitas ja teisel lepingupoolel oli võimalus nende sisust teada saada. Tüüptingimused
on lepingu osaks ka siis, kui lepingu sõlmimise viisist tulenevalt võis nende olemasolu eeldada ja teisel lepingupoolel oli võimalus nende sisust teada saada.
(2) Lepingupooled võivad käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatut arvestades eelnevalt kokku leppida, et tüüptingimused kehtivad teatud liiki lepingutele.
(3) Lepingu osaks ei loeta tüüptingimust, mille sisu, väljendusviis või esituslaad on niivõrd ebatavaline või arusaamatu, et teine lepingupool ei võinud selle tingimuse olemasolu lepingus mõistlikkuse põhimõttest lähtudes oodata või seda tingimust olulise pingutuseta mõista.

§ 38. Tüüptingimus ja eraldi kokkulepe

Kui tüüptingimus on sisult vastuolus lepingupoolte poolt eraldi kokku lepitud tingimusega, kehtib eraldi kokku lepitud tingimus.

§ 39. Tüüptingimuste tõlgendamine

(1) Tüüptingimust tuleb tõlgendada nii, nagu teise lepingupoolega sarnane mõistlik isik seda samadel asjaoludel mõistma pidi. Kahtluse korral tõlgendatakse tüüptingimust tingimuse kasutaja kahjuks.
(2) Tühisele tüüptingimusele ei või tõlgendamisega anda sisu, mille kohaselt tingimus kehtib. Kui tingimuse saab jagada mitmeks üksteisest sõltumatuks osaks, jääb ühe osa tühisuse korral tingimus muus osas kehtima.

Leht 10 / 237 Võlaõigusseadus

§ 40. Tüüptingimuste vasturääkivus

(1) Kui kumbki lepingupool viitab lepingut sõlmides oma tüüptingimustele, loetakse leping sõlmituks tingimustel, mis ei ole omavahel vastuolus. Vastuoluliste tingimuste asemel lähtutakse seaduses seda liiki lepingu kohta sätestatust.
(2) Tüüptingimuste vasturääkivuse korral ei loeta lepingut sõlmituks, kui üks lepingupool väljendab selgelt enne lepingu sõlmimist või viivitamata pärast lepingu sõlmimist muul viisil kui tüüptingimustes, et ta ei loe lepingut sõlmituks. Lepingupoolel ei ole seda õigust, kui ta on lepingu täielikult või osaliselt täitnud või teise lepingupoole täitmise vastu võtnud.

§ 41. Tüüptingimustega lepingu kehtivus

Kui tüüptingimus on tühine või kui seda ei loeta lepingu osaks, kehtib leping muus osas, kui tingimuse kasutaja ei tõenda, et ta ei oleks lepingut ilma tühise või lepingu osaks mitteloetud tüüptingimuseta sõlminud. Sellise tingimuse asemel kohaldatakse seaduses seda liiki lepingu kohta sätestatut.
[RT I 2003, 78, 523- jõust. 27.12.2003]

§ 42. Tüüptingimuse tühisus

(1) Tüüptingimus on tühine, kui see lepingu olemust, sisu, sõlmimise viisi, lepingupoolte huvisid ja teisi olulisi asjaolusid arvestades kahjustab teist lepingupoolt ebamõistlikult, eelkõige siis, kui tüüptingimusega on lepingust tulenevate õiguste ja kohustuste tasakaalu teise lepingupoole kahjuks oluliselt rikutud. Ebamõistlikku kahjustamist eeldatakse, kui tüüptingimusega kaldutakse kõrvale seaduse olulisest põhimõttest või kui tüüptingimus piirab teise lepingupoole lepingu olemusest tulenevaid õiguseid ja kohustusi selliselt, et lepingu eesmärgi saavutamine muutub küsitavaks. Tüüptingimuse tühisust ja sellega seotud asjaolusid hinnatakse lepingu sõlmimise aja seisuga.
[RT I, 04.02.2011, 1- jõust. 05.04.2011]
(2) Tüüptingimust ei loeta ebamõistlikult kahjustavaks, kui see puudutab lepingu põhilist eset või hinna ja üleantu väärtuse suhet või kui tingimuse sisu tugineb õigusaktil, millest ei saa lepingupoolte kokkuleppel kõrvale kalduda.
[RT I, 04.02.2011, 1- jõust. 05.04.2011]
(3) Lepingus, mille teiseks pooleks on tarbija, on ebamõistlikult kahjustav eelkõige tüüptingimus, millega:
1) välistatakse tingimuse kasutaja seadusest tulenev vastutus või piiratakse seda juhuks, kui põhjustatakse teise
lepingupoole surm või kahjustatakse tema tervist, samuti muuks juhuks, kui kahju tekitatakse tahtlikult või raske
hooletuse tõttu;
2) välistatakse teise lepingupoole õiguskaitsevahendite kasutamine tingimuse kasutaja suhtes, sealhulgas
võimalus tasaarvestada nõudeid, või piiratakse nende kasutamist ebamõistlikult juhuks, kui tingimuse kasutaja
jätab lepingust tuleneva kohustuse täitmata või täidab kohustuse mittekohaselt, sealhulgas viivitab täitmisega;
[RT I, 04.02.2011, 1- jõust. 05.04.2011]
3) välistatakse teise lepingupoole seadusest tulenev õigus keelduda kohustuse täitmise vastuvõtmisest ja oma
kohustuse täitmisest vastastikuse lepingu puhul või piiratakse seda ebamõistlikult, eelkõige kui keeldumise
õigus tehakse sõltuvaks puuduse tunnistamisest tingimuse kasutaja poolt;
4) [kehtetu -RT I, 04.02.2011, 1- jõust. 05.04.2011]
5) nähakse ette, et teine lepingupool peab oma kohustuse rikkumise korral maksma tingimuse kasutajale
ebamõistlikult suurt leppetrahvi, ebamõistlikult suurt kindlaksmääratud suuruses kahjuhüvitist või muud
hüvitist, või kui teiselt lepingupoolelt võetakse võimalus tõendada tegeliku kahju suurust;
6) piiratakse tingimuse kasutaja kohustust täita tema esindaja poolt võetud kohustust või tehakse tingimuse
kasutaja kohustuse täitmine ebamõistlikult sõltuvaks teatud vorminõude järgimisest;
7) nähakse ette, et tingimuse kasutaja asemel vastutab tingimuse kasutaja kohustuse rikkumise eest kolmas isik;
8) välistatakse õigused või piiratakse õigusi, mida teine lepingupool saaks vastavalt seadusele kasutada
kolmanda isiku suhtes, kui lepingust tulenevad tingimuse kasutaja õigused lähevad üle sellele kolmandale
isikule;
9) nähakse teisele lepingupoolele ette ebamõistlikult lühike tähtaeg nõude esitamiseks, sealhulgas määratakse
ebamõistlikult lühike lepingust või seadusest tuleneva nõude aegumistähtaeg;
10) võetakse teiselt lepingupoolelt võimalus kaitsta oma õigusi kohtus või raskendatakse ebamõistlikult selle
võimaluse kasutamist;
11) piiratakse ebamõistlikult teise lepingupoole õigust kasutada tõendeid või pannakse talle tõendamiskohustus,
mis seaduse kohaselt lasub tingimuse kasutajal;
12) nähakse ette, et lepingu rikkumise korral tingimuse kasutaja poolt võib teine lepingupool oma
õiguskaitsevahendeid tingimuse kasutaja suhtes kasutada üksnes juhul, kui ta on eelnevalt esitanud kohtusse
nõude kolmanda isiku vastu;
13) nähakse ette, et tingimuse kasutaja seob oma kohustuse täitmise asjaoluga, mille saabumine sõltub üksnes
temast, samal ajal kui teine lepingupool võtab endale kohustuse, mille ta sõltumata sellest asjaolust peab täitma;
14) nähakse ette tingimuse kasutaja õigus seaduses sätestamata või lepingus nimetamata põhjusel või viisil
muuta ühepoolselt lepingutingimusi;

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 11 / 237

15) lepitakse kokku, et tingimuse kasutajal on õigus määrata vallasasja või teenuse hind kindlaks vallasasja üleandmise või teenuse osutamise ajal või sel ajal hinda suurendada, ilma et teisel lepingupoolel oleks sel juhul õigust lepingut lõpetada, välja arvatud siis, kui tegemist on hinna indekseerimise õiguspäraste tingimustega, milles hinna muutmise viis on otse ette nähtud;
16) antakse tingimuse kasutajale ühepoolne õigus anda mõjuva põhjuseta üle kokkulepitust erinevate omadustega vallasasi või osutada teistsuguste omadustega teenus;
17) antakse tingimuse kasutajale õigus ühepoolselt määrata, kas üleantud vallasasi, osutatud teenus või muu kohustuse täitmine vastab lepingutingimustele;
18) antakse tingimuse kasutajale ainuõigus tõlgendada lepingutingimusi;
19) antakse tingimuse kasutajale õigus ühepoolselt määrata oma kohustuse täitmise aeg või antakse talle
kohustuste täitmiseks ebamõistlikult pikk või ebatäpselt määratletud tähtaeg;
20) [kehtetu -RT I, 04.02.2011, 1- jõust. 05.04.2011]
21) nähakse ette teise lepingupoole kohustus tasuda ebamõistlikult suur ettemaks enne seda, kui tingimuse
kasutaja oma kohustuse täidab;
22) antakse tingimuse kasutajale õigus nõuda ebamõistlikult suurt tagatist;
23) nähakse ette teise lepingupoole kohustus lisaks kokkulepitule täiendavalt vastu võtta tellimata asju või
teenuseid;
24) nähakse ette teise lepingupoole kohustus sõlmida tingimuse kasutaja või kolmanda isikuga muu leping,
välja arvatud juhul, kui teise lepingu sõlmimine on mõistlik, arvestades selle lepingu seost tüüptingimusega
lepinguga;
25) antakse tingimuse kasutajale õigus anda ilma teise lepingupoole nõusolekuta oma lepingust tulenevad
õigused ja kohustused üle kolmandale isikule, kui selle tulemusel võib väheneda lepingu täitmise tõenäosus;
26) välistatakse teise lepingupoole õigus nõudeid loovutada või piiratakse seda õigust ebamõistlikult;
27) nähakse ette, et tähtajaline leping pikeneb tähtaja lõppedes automaatselt enam kui üheks aastaks, kui teine
lepingupool seda ei taotle;
28) nähakse ette, et tähtajaline leping pikeneb tähtaja lõppedes juhul, kui teine lepingupool ei teata oma
seisukohast lepingu pikendamise osas ebamõistlikult vara enne tähtaja lõppemist;
29) antakse tingimuse kasutajale õigus lõpetada leping põhjust avaldamata, kui samasugust õigust ei anta teisele
lepingupoolele;
30) nähakse ette, et juhul, kui tingimuse kasutaja lõpetab lepingu ühepoolselt, võib ta keelduda raha
tagastamisest, mille teine lepingupool on talle maksnud tema poolt veel täitmata kohustuse eest või lubatakse
tingimuse kasutajal jätta endale teise poole tasutud raha, kui teine pool lepingut ei sõlmi või ei täida, ja kui
teisele poolele ei nähta ette sama suurt hüvitist, kui tingimuse kasutaja ise lepingut ei sõlmi või ei täida;
[RT I, 04.02.2011, 1- jõust. 05.04.2011]
31) nähakse lepingu lõpetamiseks teisele lepingupoolele ette ebamõistlikult pikk etteteatamistähtaeg;
32) nähakse lepingu lõpetamiseks tingimuse kasutajale ette ebamõistlikult lühike etteteatamistähtaeg;
33) antakse tingimuse kasutajale õigus mõjuva põhjuseta lõpetada tähtajatu leping ilma mõistliku
etteteatamistähtajata;
34) [kehtetu -RT I, 04.02.2011, 1- jõust. 05.04.2011]
35) nähakse ette tahteavalduse teatavaks tegemine erinevalt seaduses sätestatust ja see on teisele lepingupoolele
kahjulik, välja arvatud juhul, kui erisus käib teise lepingupoole tahteavalduse vormi kohta või kui nähakse ette,
et tingimuse kasutaja võib lugeda teise lepingupoole poolt tingimuse kasutajale antud aadressi õigeks niikaua,
kuni talle ei ole teatatud uut aadressi;
36) tingimuse kasutaja jätab endale ebamõistlikult pika või ebapiisavalt määratletud tähtaja pakkumusele
nõustumuse andmiseks või selle tagasilükkamiseks;
37) nähakse ette, et teatud teo tegemisel või tegemata jätmisel loetakse lepingupoole tahteavaldus tehtuks või
tegemata jäetuks, välja arvatud juhul, kui tingimuse kasutaja kohustub teisele lepingupoolele tema käitumise
tähendusest eraldi teatama ja andma talle mõistliku tähtaja tahteavalduse kinnitamiseks.

§ 43. Erisused krediidiasutuste suhtes

(1) Käesoleva seaduse § 42 lõike 3 punktis 14 nimetatud tingimust ei loeta teist lepingupoolt ebamõistlikult kahjustavaks, kui krediidiasutus või muu finantsteenuste osutaja jätab endale tüüptingimusega õiguse põhjendatud juhtudel ette teatamata muuta teise lepingupoole poolt või teisele lepingupoolele makstavat intressimäära või muud tasu finantsteenuste eest tingimusel, et ta on kohustatud teist lepingupoolt või teisi lepingupooli viivitamata sellest teavitama ning teisel lepingupoolel on õigus leping kohe lõpetada.
(2) Käesoleva seaduse § 42 lõike 3 punktis 14 nimetatud tingimust ei loeta teist lepingupoolt ebamõistlikult kahjustavaks, kui krediidiasutus või muu finantsteenuse osutaja jätab endale tüüptingimustega õiguse muuta ühepoolselt ilma lepingus nimetatud mõjuva põhjuseta kestvuslepingu tingimusi, kui tingimuste muutmine
ei ole teise lepingupoole suhtes ebamõistlik ja krediidiasutus või muu finantsteenuse osutaja kohustub teist lepingupoolt tingimuste muutmisest eelnevalt teavitama ning andma talle õiguse leping kohe lõpetada.

§ 44. Majandus- või kutsetegevuses sõlmitud lepingud

Kui käesoleva seaduse § 42 lõikes 3 nimetatud tüüptingimust kasutatakse lepingus, mille teiseks pooleks on isik, kes sõlmis lepingu oma majandus- või kutsetegevuses, siis eeldatakse, et see tingimus on ebamõistlikult kahjustav.

Leht 12 / 237 Võlaõigusseadus

§ 45. Ebamõistlikult kahjustavate tüüptingimuste kasutamise lõpetamise nõue

(1) Seaduses sätestatud isik või asutus võib seaduses sätestatud korras tingimuse kasutajalt nõuda ebamõistlikult kahjustava tüüptingimuse kasutamise lõpetamist, tingimuse soovitajalt aga soovitamise lõpetamist ja soovituse tagasivõtmist.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud nõude võib esitada muu hulgas mittetulundusühing, kelle põhikirjaliseks eesmärgiks on ettevõtjate või kutsetegevusega tegelevate isikute õiguste kaitse ja kes oma tegevuse korralduse ja finantseerituse tõttu on võimeline neid huve ka tegelikult kaitsma.
(21) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 2 nimetatud mittetulundusühing võib esitada nõude lõpetada sellise maksetähtaega, viivist või sissenõudmiskulude hüvitamist käsitleva lepingutingimuse või praktika kasutamine või selle kasutamise soovitamine, mis on võlausaldaja suhtes asjaolude kohaselt äärmiselt ebaõiglane. Sellise nõude võib esitada ka juhul, kui tegemist on eraldi kokku lepitud tingimusega.
[RT I, 05.04.2013, 1- jõust. 15.04.2013]
(3) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatud nõude lahendamisel ei kohaldata käesoleva seaduse § 39 lõike 1 teises lauses sätestatut.
[RT I 2008, 59, 330- jõust. 01.01.2009]

3. jagu

Väljaspool äriruume sõlmitav leping

[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

§ 46. Väljaspool äriruume sõlmitava lepingu mõiste

[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(1) Väljaspool äriruume sõlmitav leping on leping, mis sõlmitakse:
1) ettevõtja ja tarbija üheaegsel kohalviibimisel kohas, mis ei ole ettevõtja äriruum;
2) ettevõtja äriruumides või sidevahendi abil vahetult pärast seda, kui ettevõtja on tarbija ja ettevõtja üheaegsel
kohalviibimisel pöördunud tarbija poole isiklikult ja individuaalselt kohas, mis ei ole ettevõtja äriruumiks, või
3) ettevõtja korraldatud väljasõidu ajal eesmärgiga reklaamida ja müüa tarbijale vallasasju või pakkuda
teenuseid või muid sooritusi.
(2) Väljaspool äriruume sõlmitavaks lepinguks loetakse ka lepingut, mille sõlmimiseks on tarbija teinud pakkumuse käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 1 punktis 1 nimetatud asjaoludel.
(3) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 1 tähenduses on äriruumiks nii müügiks, teenuse osutamiseks kui ka muu soorituse tegemiseks kasutatav kinnisasjal asuv ehitis, kus ettevõtja alaliselt tegutseb, ning nii müügiks, teenuse osutamiseks kui ka muu soorituse tegemiseks kasutatav vallasasi või muu pind, kus ettevõtja tavaliselt tegutseb.
(4) Ettevõtja nimel või tema ülesandel tegutseva isiku äriruum loetakse ettevõtja äriruumiks. [RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

§ 47. Sätete kohaldamine

(1) Käesolevas jaos sätestatut ei kohaldata lepingule, mille puhul tarbija poolt lepingu eseme eest makstav tasu ei ületa 20 eurot.
(2) Käesolevas jaos sätestatut ei kohaldata ka lepingule, mis sõlmitakse:
1) sotsiaalteenuste osutamiseks;
2) tervishoiuteenuste osutamiseks;
3) hasartmängus osalemiseks;
4) reisijaveoteenuse osutamiseks;
5) kinnisasja võõrandamiseks või koormamiseks või kinnisasjaga seotud asjaõiguse käsutamiseks;
6) uue ehitise ehitamiseks või ehitise suuremahuliseks ümberehitamiseks;
7) eluruumi üürimiseks;
8) notariaalse tõestamise kaudu;
9) toiduainete, jookide või muu igapäevaseks tarbimiseks mõeldud asja kohta, mis antakse üle ettevõtja
sagedaste ja korrapäraste ringsõitude käigus tarbija elu-, asu- või töökohas;
10) müügiautomaate või automatiseeritud äriruume kasutades;
11) elektroonilise side teenuse osutajaga avaliku taksofoni vahendusel selle kasutamiseks või tarbija poolt
telefoni, interneti või faksi teel loodud ühe ühenduse kasutamiseks.
(3) Käesoleva seaduse § 49 lõikes 1 sätestatud taganemisõigust ei kohaldata lepingule:

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 13 / 237

1) mille esemeks on teenuse osutamine või muu kestva soorituse tegemine, kui ettevõtjapoolsed lepingust tulenevad kohustused on täielikult täidetud ning teenuse osutamine või muu soorituse tegemine on alanud tarbija sõnaselgel eelneval nõusolekul ning kinnitusel, et ta kaotab ettevõtjapoolsel lepingu täitmisel oma taganemisõiguse;
2) mille esemeks on sellise asja üleandmine, teenuse osutamine või muu soorituse tegemine, mille hind sõltub finantsturu kõikumisest, mida ettevõtja ei saa mõjutada ja mis võib ilmneda taganemistähtaja jooksul;
3) mille esemeks on sellise asja üleandmine, mis on valmistatud tarbija esitatud nõuete järgi või mis on selgelt kohandatud konkreetse tarbija vajadustele;
4) mille esemeks on sellise asja üleandmine, mis rikneb või vananeb kiiresti;
5) mille esemeks on sellise suletud pakendis asja üleandmine, mis ei ole kõlblik tagasisaatmiseks tervisekaitse
või hügieenilistel põhjustel ning kui see on pärast kohaletoimetamist avatud;
6) mille esemeks on sellise asja üleandmine, mis oma olemuse tõttu segatakse või ühendatakse pärast
üleandmist muu asjaga selliselt, et neid ei saa enam teineteisest eraldada;
7) mille esemeks on selliste alkohoolsete jookide üleandmine, mille hind on kokku lepitud lepingu sõlmimise
ajal ning mis antakse üle rohkem kui 30 päeva möödumisel lepingu sõlmimisest ning mille tegelik väärtus sõltub
turuhinna kõikumisest, mida ettevõtja ei saa mõjutada;
8) mille esemeks on kiireloomuliste parandus- või hooldustööde tegemine, kui tarbija on ettevõtjalt tellinud
selleks kohaletuleku;
9) mille esemeks on suletud ümbrises audio- ja videosalvestise või arvutitarkvara üleandmine, kui tarbija on
ümbrise avanud;
10) mille esemeks on ajalehtede, ajakirjade või muude perioodiliselt ilmuvate väljaannete üleandmine, välja
arvatud selliste väljaannete tellimiseks sõlmitud kestvuslepingule;
11) mis sõlmitakse enampakkumisel, kus tarbija viibib kohal või talle on antud võimalus kohal viibida;
12) mille esemeks on majutusteenuse pakkumine, vallasasja vedu, mootorsõiduki kasutamine, toitlustamine või
vaba aja veetmise teenus, kui ettevõtja kohustub eespool nimetatud lepingut sõlmides osutama teenuse teatud
tähtpäevaks või teatud tähtaja jooksul;
13) mille esemeks on sellise digitaalse sisu edastamine, mida ei toimetata kätte füüsilisel andmekandjal, kui
selle edastamine on alanud tarbija eelneval sõnaselgel nõusolekul, ning tarbija kinnitab asjaolu, et ta kaotab
seeläbi oma taganemisõiguse.
(4) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 3 punktis 8 sätestatud erand ei laiene lepingule, mis sõlmitakse sellise
külastuse käigus tarbija tellitule lisaks, muu hulgas lepingule, millega antakse üle muid asju kui hoolduseks või
parandamiseks ilmtingimata vajalikud varuosad.
(5) Kui väljaspool äriruume sõlmitav leping vastab ka mõne teise tarbija ja ettevõtja vahel sõlmitava lepingu kohta sätestatule, kohaldatakse käesolevas jaos sätestatut koos selle teise lepinguliigi kohta sätestatud erisustega.
(6) Kui väljaspool äriruume sõlmitav leping on sõlmitud Eestis tarbijaga, kelle elukoht on Eestis või teises Euroopa Liidu liikmesriigis, kohaldatakse käesolevas jaos sätestatut sõltumata sellest, millise riigi õigust lepingule kohaldatakse.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

§ 48. Tarbija lepingueelne teavitamine

[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(1) Ettevõtja esitab tarbijale enne lepingu sõlmimist või selleks tarbija poolt siduva pakkumise tegemist selgel ja arusaadaval viisil järgmise teabe:
1) andmed, mis võimaldavad tuvastada ettevõtja isiku, eelkõige tema ärinimi;
2) ettevõtja asukoha aadress ja olemasolu korral tema telefoni- ja faksinumber ning e-posti aadress, ning kui
see on asjakohane, siis selle ettevõtja nimi ja asukoha aadress, kelle nimel ta tegutseb;
3) ettevõtja tegevuskoha aadress, kuhu tarbija võib kaebusi esitada, kui see erineb käesoleva lõike punktis 2
nimetatud aadressist;
4) lepingu eseme põhiomadused lepingu esemele ja teabe edastamise viisile kohases ulatuses;
5) digitaalse sisu puhul selle kasutusviis, selle suhtes rakendatavad tehnilised kaitsemeetmed ning selle
ühilduvus riist- ja tarkvaraga, mida ettevõtja teab või peab teadma;
6) lepingu eseme koguhind koos maksudega või juhul, kui lepingu eseme olemusest tulenevalt ei ole hinda
mõistlike jõupingutustega võimalik enne arvutada, hinna arvutamise viis, ning kõik täiendavad veo-, posti-,
kättetoimetamise või mis tahes muud kulud, kui need kulud tuleb kanda tarbijal, või kui neid kulusid ei ole
mõistlike jõupingutustega võimalik enne arvutada, siis teave selle kohta, et võidakse nõuda selliste täiendavate
kulude tasumist;
7) tasu lepingu sõlmimiseks kasutatava sidevahendi kasutamise eest, välja arvatud juhul, kui see tasu vastab
sellise sidevahendi kasutamise tavalisele tasule;
8) kui tarbija peab maksma tagatisena rahasumma või andma muu rahalise tagatise, asjaolu, et ettevõtja nõudel
tuleb seda teha, ning sellise tagatise tingimused;
9) maksmise, kättetoimetamise ja tellimuse täitmise kord ning asja kättetoimetamise, teenuse osutamise või
muu soorituse tegemise aeg;
10) tarbija lepingust tulenevate kohustuste minimaalne kestus, kui see on olemas;
11) kestvuslepingu puhul lepingu tähtaeg, või kui leping on tähtajatu või automaatselt pikenev, siis lepingu
lõpetamise tingimused;
12) taganemisõiguse olemasolu korral selle õiguse kasutamise tingimused, tähtaeg ja kord vastavalt käesoleva
seaduse § 49 lõikele 21;
13) taganemisõiguse olemasolu korral taganemisavalduse tüüpvorm;

Leht 14 / 237 Võlaõigusseadus

14) asjaolu, et tarbijapoolsel lepingust taganemisel kannab lepinguesemeks olnud asja tagastamise kulud tarbija, kui need kulud tasub tarbija;
15) asjaolu, et kui tarbija kasutab lepingust taganemise õigust pärast käesoleva seaduse § 481lõikes 2 nimetatud avalduse esitamist, on tarbija kohustatud ettevõtjale hüvitama mõistlikud kulud vastavalt käesoleva seaduse §
493lõikele 4;
16) kui taganemisõigust ei ole vastavalt käesoleva seaduse § 47 lõikele 3 ette nähtud, teave selle kohta, et
tarbijal taganemisõigus puudub, või kui tarbija võib oma taganemisõiguse kaotada, teave selle kohta, millistel
asjaoludel taganemisõigus kaotatakse;
17) lepingu täitmise järgse lepingu eseme hooldusteenuse või klienditeenuse pakkumisel selle olemasolu ja
kasutamise tingimused;
18) meeldetuletus, et tarbija saab lepingu eseme lepingutingimustele mittevastavuse korral tugineda seaduses
sätestatud õiguskaitsevahenditele;
19) seaduses sätestatud õiguskaitsevahenditele lisaks täiendava garantii andmisel selle olemasolu ja
tingimused;
20) ettevõtja järgitava käitumiskoodeksi olemasolu, kui ettevõtja sellest oma tegevuses lähtub, ning teave selle
kohta, kuidas on võimalik sellest koopia saada;
21) ettevõtja rakendatav kaebuste lahendamise kord, kui see on olemas;
22) andmed tarbija võimaluste kohta pöörduda kohtuvälise kaebusi ja vaidlusi lahendava organi poole ning
pöördumise tingimused.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud teave esitatakse tarbijale paberil, või kui tarbija on sellega nõus, siis mõnel muul püsival andmekandjal. Kõnealune teave peab olema esitatud loetavalt ning lihtsas ja arusaadavas keeles.
(3) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 1 punktides 12, 14 ja 15 nimetatud teabe võib tarbijale esitada ka lepingust taganemise näidisjuhendis. Kui ettevõtja esitab tarbijale taganemise näidisjuhendi, loetakse kõnealune teave tarbijale esitatuks. Kõnealune teave loetakse tarbijale esitatuks üksnes juhul, kui ettevõtja on lepingust taganemise näidisjuhendi täitnud nõuetekohaselt.
(4) Lepingust taganemise näidisjuhendi kehtestab valdkonna eest vastutav ministermäärusega.
(5) Kui tarbija on ettevõtjalt sõnaselgelt taotlenud teenuseid parandus- või hooldustööde tegemiseks, ettevõtja ja tarbija täidavad kohe oma lepingujärgsed kohustused ning tarbija makstav summa ei ületa 200 eurot, peab ettevõtja andma tarbijale üksnes käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 1 punktides 1, 2, 4, 12, 13 ja 16 sätestatud teabe ning teabe hinna või selle arvutamiseks kasutatava meetodi kohta koos koguhinna prognoosiga. Kui tarbija on selleks andnud oma selgesõnalise nõusoleku, võib ettevõtja käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 1 punktides 4, 12, 13 ja
16 nimetatud teabe anda tarbijale muul viisil, kui käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 2 esimeses lauses on sätestatud.
(6) Käesoleva seaduse § 47 lõike 3 punktis 11 nimetatud lepingu puhul võib ettevõtja asendada käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 1 punktides 1–3 nimetatud teabe vastavate andmetega enampakkuja kohta.
(7) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 1 punktis 6 nimetatud koguhind sisaldab tellimuse kogukulu arveldusperioodi kohta, kui tegemist on tähtajatu lepingu või kestvuslepinguga, mille esemeks on püsivad või korduvad tellimused. Kui sellise lepingu tasu on kindla määraga, tähendab koguhind igakuist kulude kogusummat. Kui kogukulu ei ole mõistlike jõupingutustega võimalik enne arvutada, esitatakse hinna arvutamise viis.
(8) Kui ettevõtja ei ole tarbijat teavitanud kohustusest tasuda käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 1 punktis 6 või 14 nimetatud kulusid, ei pea tarbija neid kulusid kandma.
(9) Väljaspool äriruume sõlmitava lepingu sõlmimise ettevalmistamisele ei kohaldata käesoleva seaduse § 14 lõikes 2 ja §-s 141sätestatud lepingueelse teabe andmise kohustuse kohta sätestatut.
(10) Käesolevas paragrahvis sätestatud lepingueelse teabe andmise kohustuse täitmist peab tõendama ettevõtja. (11) Lepingueelse teabena antud andmed muutuvad lepingu osaks, kui pooled ei ole sõnaselgelt kokku leppinud
teisiti.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

§ 481. Teabe kinnitamine

(1) Ettevõtja annab tarbijale allkirjastatud lepingudokumendi, koopia lepingust või kinnituse lepingu sõlmimise kohta paberil, või kui tarbija on sellega nõus, siis mõnel muul püsival andmekandjal, mis sisaldab juhul, kui lepingu esemeks on digitaalne sisu, ka ettevõtja kinnitust selle kohta, et tarbija on andnud käesoleva seaduse §
47 lõike 3 punkti 13 kohaselt oma sõnaselge nõusoleku ja kinnituse digitaalse sisu edastamise alustamiseks.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 15 / 237

(2) Kui tarbija soovib, et teenuste osutamine, muu kestva soorituse tegemine või vee, gaasi, elektri või soojuse müük ühendusvõrgu kaudu algab käesoleva seaduse §-s 49 ettenähtud taganemistähtaja kestel, nõuab ettevõtja tarbijalt selle kohta püsival andmekandjal sõnaselget avaldust.
(3) Kui tarbija on ettevõtjalt sõnaselgelt taotlenud sellise lepingu sõlmimist, mille esemeks on parandus- või hooldustööde tegemine, ettevõtja ja tarbija täidavad kohe oma lepingujärgsed kohustused ning tarbija poolt vastava teenuse eest makstav tasu ei ületa 200 eurot, peab käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 1 kohaselt antav kinnitus sisaldama käesoleva seaduse § 48 lõikes 1 sätestatud teavet.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

§ 49. Taganemisõigus

(1) Tarbija võib väljaspool äriruume sõlmitavast lepingust taganeda põhjust avaldamata 14 päeva jooksul. [RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(11) Lepingu puhul, mille esemeks on asja üleandmine, hakkab käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud taganemise tähtaeg kulgema päevast, millal tarbija või tarbija nimetatud kolmas isik, kes ei ole vedaja, on saanud asja füüsiliselt enda valdusse või:
1) kui lepingu kohaselt tuleb tarbijale üle anda mitu asja, mis toimetatakse kohale eraldi, päevast, millal tarbija või tarbija nimetatud kolmas isik, kes ei ole vedaja, on saanud viimase asja füüsiliselt enda valdusse;
2) kui lepingu kohaselt tuleb asi tarbijale üle anda mitmes osas, päevast, millal tarbija või tarbija nimetatud kolmas isik, kes ei ole vedaja, on saanud viimase osa füüsiliselt enda valdusse;
3) kestvuslepingu puhul, mille esemeks on asjade korduv üleandmine kindlaksmääratud aja jooksul, päevast, millal tarbija või tarbija poolt nimetatud kolmas isik, kes ei ole vedaja, on saanud esimese üleantava asja füüsiliselt enda valdusse.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(12) Lepingu puhul, mille esemeks on teenuse osutamine või muu kestva soorituse tegemine, hakkab käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud tähtaeg kulgema lepingu sõlmimise päevast.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(13) Vee, gaasi, elektri või soojuse müügi puhul ühendusvõrgu kaudu ning digitaalse sisu puhul, mida ei edastata füüsilisel andmekandjal, hakkab käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud tähtaeg kulgema lepingu sõlmimise päevast.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(14) Kui ettevõtja on rikkunud käesoleva seaduse § 48 lõike 1 punktis 12 nimetatud teabe esitamise kohustust, lõpeb taganemistähtaeg 12 kuu möödumisel käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 11–13sätestatud viisil määratud taganemistähtaja lõppemisest. Kui ettevõtja on tarbijale edastanud eelmises lauses nimetatud taganemisõigust käsitleva teabe hilinenult, kuid siiski 12 kuu jooksul alates käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 11–13osutatud päevast, lõpeb taganemistähtaeg 14 päeva möödumisel teabe saamisest.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(2) Loetakse, et tarbija on väljaspool äriruume sõlmitavast lepingust taganenud tähtaegselt, kui ta on ettevõtjale selle kohta teate ära saatnud taganemistähtaja jooksul.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(21) Tarbija võib lepingust taganeda, kasutades lepingust taganemise avalduse tüüpvormi või esitades muu ühemõttelise taganemisavalduse.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(22) Lepingust taganemise avalduse tüüpvormi kehtestabvaldkonna eest vastutav ministermäärusega. [RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(23) Kui tarbija kasutab taganemisavalduse edastamiseks ettevõtja veebilehte, saadab ettevõtja tarbijale viivitamata püsival andmekandjal kinnituse taganemisavalduse kättesaamise kohta.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(3) [Kehtetu -RT I 2003, 78, 523- jõust. 27.12.2003] (4) [Kehtetu -RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(5) Käesolevas paragrahvis sätestatut ei kohaldata, kui väljaspool äriruume sõlmitav leping on tarbijakrediidileping.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(6) Lepingust taganemist käesolevas paragrahvis sätestatut järgides peab tõendama tarbija. [RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

Leht 16 / 237 Võlaõigusseadus

§ 491. Taganemine tarbijakrediidilepingust

[Kehtetu -RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

§ 492. Ettevõtja kohustused tarbijapoolsel lepingust taganemisel

(1) Ettevõtja tagastab taganemisavalduse kättesaamisel tarbijale viivitamata, kuid hiljemalt 14 päeva möödumisel, kõik tarbijalt lepingu alusel saadud tasud, muu hulgas tarbija kantud asja kättetoimetamise kulud.
(2) Kui tarbija on sõnaselgelt valinud ettevõtja pakutud kõige odavamast tavapärasest asja kättetoimetamise viisist erineva kättetoimetamise viisi, ei pea ettevõtja tarbijale tagastama kulu, mis ületab tavapärase kättetoimetamise viisiga seotud kulu.
(3) Ettevõtja teeb käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud tagasimaksed, kasutades sama makseviisi, mida kasutas maksete tegemiseks tarbija, välja arvatud juhul, kui tarbija on sõnaselgelt andnud nõusoleku teistsuguse makseviisi kasutamiseks, ning tingimusel, et tarbijale ei kaasne selliste maksete tagastamisega teenustasu või muud kulu.
(4) Kui lepingu esemeks on asja üleandmine, võib ettevõtja käesoleva seaduse § 111 alusel keelduda käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud tagasimakse tegemisest seni, kuni tarbija on talle tagastanud lepingu esemeks olnud asja või esitanud tõendi, et ta on selle tagasi saatnud. Ettevõtjal ei ole käesolevas lõikes nimetatud õigust juhul, kui ta on nõustunud lepingu esemeks olevale asjale ise järele tulema.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

§ 493. Tarbija kohustused lepingust taganemisel

(1) Kui lepingu esemena anti tarbijale üle asi, saadab tarbija ettevõtjale viivitamata, kuid hiljemalt 14 päeva möödumisel taganemisavalduse tegemisest asja tagasi või annab asja üle ettevõtjale või ettevõtja nimetatud isikule. Tarbijal ei ole käesoleva lõike esimeses lauses nimetatud asja tagasisaatmise kohustust juhul, kui ettevõtja on nõustunud asjale ise järele tulema. Tarbija loetakse asja tagastamise kohustuse tähtaegselt täitnuks, kui ta on lepingu esemeks olnud asja tagasi saatnud käesoleva lõike esimeses lauses nimetatud tähtaja jooksul.
(2) Tarbija kannab talle lepingu esemena üleantud asja tagastamisega seotud otsesed kulud, kui pooled ei ole kokku leppinud teisiti. Tarbijal ei ole kulude kandmise kohustust, kui ettevõtja ei ole teda teavitanud sellest,
et need kulud tuleb kanda tarbijal. Kui asi on toimetatud tarbija koju lepingu sõlmimise ajal ja asja ei saa selle olemuse tõttu tavaliselt postiga tagasi saata, toimetab ettevõtja asja ära omal kulul.
(3) Tagastamisele kuuluva asja halvenemise korral vastutab tarbija asja kasutamisest tingitud väärtuse vähenemise eest üksnes juhul, kui ta on asja kasutanud muul viisil, kui on vaja asja olemuses, omadustes
ja toimimises veendumiseks. Et veenduda asja olemuses, omadustes ja toimimises, peaks tarbija käsitsema ja kasutama asja üksnes nii, nagu tal lubataks tavapäraselt seda teha poes. Tarbija ei vastuta asja väärtuse vähenemise eest juhul, kui ettevõtja ei ole vastavalt käesoleva seaduse § 48 lõike 1 punktidele 12 ja 13 juhtinud tarbija tähelepanu taganemisõiguse olemasolule.
(4) Kui tarbija kasutab taganemisõigust pärast käesoleva seaduse § 481lõikes 2 nimetatud avalduse esitamist, hüvitab tarbija ettevõtjale lepingu täitmisena üleantu väärtuse proportsionaalselt üleantuga ajani, mil tarbija lepingust taganes, võttes arvesse lepingu kogumahtu. Üleantu väärtus määratakse lepingus kokku lepitud koguhinna alusel. Kui lepingujärgne hind on ebamõistlikult suur, arvutatakse üleantu väärtus turuhinna alusel.
(5) Lepingu puhul, mille esemeks on teenuse osutamine, muu kestva soorituse tegemine või vee, gaasi, elektri või soojuse müük ühendusvõrgu kaudu, ei ole tarbija kohustatud ettevõtjale hüvitama taganemistähtaja jooksul üleantu väärtust, kui:
1) ettevõtja ei ole tarbijale andnud teavet vastavalt käesoleva seaduse § 48 lõike 1 punktile 12, 13 või 15 või
2) tarbija ei ole sõnaselgelt taotlenud käesoleva seaduse § 481lõike 2 kohaselt teenuse osutamise, muu kestva soorituse tegemise või vee, gaasi, elektri või soojuse ühendusvõrgu kaudu müümise alustamist taganemistähtaja jooksul.
(6) Lepingu puhul, mille esemeks on digitaalse sisu üleandmine, ei ole tarbija kohustatud ettevõtjale hüvitama üleantu väärtust talle taganemistähtaja jooksul edastatud digitaalse sisu eest, mida ei edastatud füüsilisel andmekandjal, kui:
1) tarbija ei ole andnud eelnevat sõnaselget nõusolekut digitaalse sisu edastamise alustamiseks enne käesoleva seaduse § 49 lõikes 1 sätestatud 14-päevase tähtaja lõppu;
2) tarbija ei ole kinnitanud asjaolu, et nõusoleku andmisega kaotab ta oma taganemisõiguse, või
3) ettevõtja ei ole andnud tarbijale käesoleva seaduse § 481lõikes 1 nimetatud kinnitust.
(7) Taganemisest tulenevad ettevõtja nõuded tarbija vastu piirduvad käesolevas paragrahvis ja § 492lõikes 2 sätestatuga.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 17 / 237

(8) Lepingutingimus, mis raskendab taganemisõiguse kasutamist, eelkõige kokkulepe, millega taganemine seotakse käsiraha või leppetrahvi maksmisega, on tühine.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

§ 494. Taganemise mõju kõrvallepingule

(1) Kui tarbija kasutab väljaspool äriruume sõlmitava lepingu suhtes käesoleva seaduse §-s 49 sätestatud taganemisõigust, loetakse tarbija taganenuks ka väljaspool äriruume sõlmitava lepinguga seotud kõrvallepingust, mille ta on sõlminud ettevõtja või kolmanda isikuga kolmanda isiku ja ettevõtja vahelise kokkuleppe alusel.
(2) Kui tarbija loetakse käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud juhul kõrvallepingust taganenuks, ei või ettevõtja ega kolmas isik nõuda muude kui käesoleva seaduse § 492lõikes 2 ja §-s 493sätestatud kulude kandmist.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

§ 495. Taganemise mõju tarbijakrediidilepingule

(1) Kui väljaspool äriruume sõlmitav leping kujutab endast tarbijakrediidilepinguga majanduslikult seotud lepingut käesoleva seaduse § 414 tähenduses, loetakse tarbija käesoleva seaduse §-s 49 sätestatud tingimustel väljaspool äriruume sõlmitavast lepingust taganemise korral taganenuks ka tarbijakrediidilepingust ja sellega seotud kõrvallepingust käesoleva seaduse § 409 lõike 32tähenduses.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud juhul ei või tarbijalt tarbijakrediidilepingust taganemise korral nõuda intressi ega muude kulude tasumist. Muus osas kohaldatakse taganemise tagajärgedele käesoleva seaduse
§-des 188–192 sätestatut.
(3) Kui krediiti on andnud kolmas isik ja krediidisumma on juba makstud ettevõtjale, lähevad tarbija lepingust taganemise korral ettevõtja õigused ja kohustused tarbija suhtes üle krediidiandjale.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

§ 50. Sätete rikkumise keelamine

Seaduses sätestatud isik või asutus võib seaduses sätestatud korras nõuda ettevõtjalt, kes on rikkunud käesolevas jaos sätestatut, rikkumise lõpetamist ja rikkumisest hoidumist.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

§ 51. Sätete kohustuslikkus

Käesolevas jaos sätestatust tarbija kahjuks kõrvalekalduv kokkulepe on tühine.

4. jagu

Sidevahendi abil sõlmitud lepingud

[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

§ 52. Sidevahendi abil sõlmitud lepingu mõiste

(1) Sidevahendi abil sõlmitud lepinguks loetakse ettevõtja ja tarbija vahelist lepingut, kui: [RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
1) leping sõlmitakse selliste lepingute sõlmimiseks kasutatavas turustus- või teenindussüsteemis; [RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
2) [kehtetu -RT I, 04.02.2011, 1- jõust. 05.04.2011]
3) ettevõtja ja tarbija ei viibi lepingu sõlmimisel ühel ajal koos samas kohas ja
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
4) lepingupoolte tahteavaldused lepingu sõlmimiseks, sealhulgas tarbija tahteavaldus võtta endale lepingulised
kohustused (edaspidi tellimus), edastatakse eranditult üksnes sidevahendi abil.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(2) Sidevahendi kasutamiseks loetakse iga viisi, mis võimaldab teineteisest eemalviibival tarbijal ja ettevõtjal korraldada läbirääkimisteks ja lepingu sõlmimiseks vajalikku teabevahetust, eelkõige telefoni, raadio, arvuti, faksi või televisiooni kasutamist, adresseerimata või adresseeritud trükise, sealhulgas kataloogi või tüüpkirja toimetamist tarbijani ja tellimislehega reklaami ajakirjanduses.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(3) Sidevahendi abil sõlmitud finantsteenuse osutamise lepinguks loetakse käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatud tingimustele vastavat lepingut investeerimisteenuste ja fondivalitsejale lubatud teenuste osutamiseks ning krediidiasutustele lubatud tehingute tegemiseks, samuti kindlustuslepingut ning teenuse osutamist maksekäsundi alusel.
[RT I 2004, 75, 522- jõust. 10.11.2004]

Leht 18 / 237 Võlaõigusseadus

§ 53. Sätete kohaldamine

(1) Käesolevas jaos sätestatut kohaldatakse sidevahendi abil sõlmitud lepingutele tarbijaga, kelle elukoht on Eestis või Euroopa Liidu liikmesriigis, kui leping sõlmiti Eestis toimunud avaliku pakkumise, reklaami või muu sarnase tegevuse tulemusena või kui leping on muul põhjusel Eesti territooriumiga oluliselt seotud, sõltumata sellest, millise riigi õigust lepingule kohaldatakse.
(11) Selliste finantsteenuseid käsitlevate lepingute puhul, mis hõlmavad finantsteenuse esmakordse osutamise kokkulepet ja sellele järgnevaid järjestikuseid toiminguid või sellele järgnevaid samasuguseid toiminguid, mis on ajalises seoses, kohaldatakse käesolevas jaos sätestatut üksnes esimese lepingu suhtes. Kui finantsteenuse esmakordse osutamise kokkulepe puudub, kuid samad lepinguosalised teevad järjestikuseid toiminguid
või eraldi omavahel ajaliselt seotud sama laadi toiminguid, kohaldatakse käesoleva seaduse §-des 541ja
551sätestatud tarbija teavitamise nõudeid üksnes esimese toimingu suhtes. Kui rohkem kui aasta jooksul ei ole sama laadi toimingut tehtud, loetakse järgmine toiming uue toimingute sarja esimeseks toiminguks, mistõttu kohaldatakse käesoleva seaduse §-des 541ja 551sätestatut.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(2) Käesolevas jaos sätestatut ei kohaldata lepingutele, mis sõlmitakse:
1) sotsiaalteenuste osutamiseks;
2) tervishoiuteenuste osutamiseks;
3) hasartmängus osalemiseks;
4) reisijaveoteenuse osutamiseks;
5) kinnisasja võõrandamiseks, selle asjaõigusega koormamiseks või kinnisasjaga seotud asjaõiguse
käsutamiseks;
6) uue ehitise ehitamiseks või ehitise suuremahuliseks ümberehitamiseks;
7) eluruumi üürimiseks;
8) notariaalse tõestamise kaudu;
9) toiduainete, jookide või muu igapäevaseks tarbimiseks mõeldud asja kohta, mis antakse üle ettevõtja
sagedaste ja korrapäraste ringsõitude käigus tarbija elu-, asu- või töökohas;
10) kasutades müügiautomaate või automatiseeritud äriruume;
11) elektroonilise side teenuse osutajaga avaliku taksofoni vahendusel selle kasutamiseks või tarbija poolt
telefoni, interneti või faksi teel loodud ühe ühenduse kasutamiseks.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(3) [Kehtetu -RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(4) Käesoleva seaduse § 56 lõikes 1 sätestatud taganemisõigust ei kohaldata lepingule, mille esemeks on: [RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
1) teenuse osutamine või muu kestva soorituse tegemine, kui ettevõtjapoolsed lepingust tulenevad kohustused on täielikult täidetud ning teenuse osutamine või muu soorituse tegemine on alanud tarbija sõnaselgel eelneval nõusolekul ning kinnitusel, et ta kaotab ettevõtjapoolsel lepingu täitmisel oma taganemisõiguse;
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
11) sellise asja üleandmine, teenuse osutamine või muu soorituse tegemine, mille hind sõltub finantsturu kõikumisest, mida ettevõtja ei saa mõjutada ja mis võib ilmneda taganemistähtaja jooksul, sealhulgas lepingutele, mille esemeks on teenused, mis on seotud välisvaluutaga või väärtpaberituru seaduse §-s 2 nimetatud väärtpaberitega;
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
2) sellise asja üleandmine, mis on valmistatud, arvestades lepingupooleks oleva tarbija isiklikke vajadusi;
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
3) sellise asja üleandmine, mis on valmistatud tarbija esitatud tingimuste kohaselt;
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
4) sellise asja üleandmine, mis rikneb või vananeb kiiresti;
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
41) sellise suletud pakendis asja üleandmine, mis ei ole kõlblik tagasisaatmiseks tervisekaitse või hügieenilistel põhjustel ning kui see on pärast kohaletoimetamist avatud;
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
42) asja üleandmine, mis oma olemuse tõttu segatakse või ühendatakse pärast üleandmist muu asjaga selliselt, et neid ei saa enam teineteisest eraldada;
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
43) selliste alkohoolsete jookide üleandmine, mille hind on kokku lepitud lepingu sõlmimise ajal ning mis antakse üle rohkem kui 30 päeva möödumisel lepingu sõlmimisest ning mille tegelik väärtus sõltub turuhinna kõikumisest, mida ettevõtja ei saa mõjutada;
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
44) kiireloomuliste parandus- või hooldustööde tegemine, kui tarbija on ettevõtjalt tellinud selleks kohaletuleku; [RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 19 / 237

5) ajalehtede, ajakirjade või muude perioodiliselt ilmuvate väljaannete üleandmine, välja arvatud selliste väljaannete tellimiseks sõlmitud kestvuslepingule;
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
6) [kehtetu -RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
7) suletud ümbrises audio- ja videosalvestise või arvutitarkvara üleandmine, kui tarbija on ümbrise avanud;
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
71) sellise digitaalse sisu edastamine, mida ei toimetata kätte füüsilisel andmekandjal, kui selle edastamine on alanud tarbija eelneval sõnaselgel nõusolekul, ning tarbija kinnitab asjaolu, et ta kaotab seeläbi oma taganemisõiguse;
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
72) majutusteenuse pakkumine, vallasasja vedu, mootorsõiduki kasutamine, toitlustamine või vaba aja veetmise teenus, kui ettevõtja kohustub eespool nimetatud lepingut sõlmides osutama teenuse teatud tähtpäevaks või teatud tähtaja jooksul;
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
8) enampakkumisel;
9) reisi ja pagasi kindlustamiseks või muudele sarnastele lühiajalistele kindlustuslepingutele kestusega alla ühe
kuu.
(41) Käesoleva seaduse §-s 55 sätestatut ei kohaldata sidevahendi abil sõlmitud finantsteenuse osutamise lepingutele.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(5) Kui sidevahendi abil sõlmitud leping vastab ka mõne teise tarbija ja ettevõtja vahel sõlmitava lepingu kohta sätestatule, kohaldatakse käesolevas jaos sätestatut koos selle teise lepinguliigi kohta sätestatud erisustega.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(6) [Kehtetu -RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(7) Käesolevas paragrahvi lõike 4 punktis 44sätestatud erand ei laiene lepingule, mis sõlmitakse sellise külastuse käigus tarbija tellitule lisaks, muu hulgas lepingule, millega antakse üle muid asju kui parandamiseks või hoolduseks ilmtingimata vajalikud varuosad.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

§ 54. Tarbija lepingueelne teavitamine

[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(1) Ettevõtja esitab tarbijale enne lepingu sõlmimist või selleks tarbija poolt siduva pakkumise tegemist selgel ja arusaadaval viisil järgmise teabe:
1) andmed, mis võimaldavad tuvastada ettevõtja isiku, eelkõige tema ärinimi;
2) ettevõtja asukoha aadress ja olemasolu korral tema telefoni- ja faksinumber ning e-posti aadress, ning kui see
on asjakohane, siis selle ettevõtja nimi ja asukoha aadress, kelle nimel ta tegutseb;
3) ettevõtja tegevuskoha aadress, kuhu tarbija võib kaebusi esitada, kui see erineb käesoleva lõike punktis 2
nimetatud aadressist;
4) lepingu eseme põhiomadused lepingu esemele ja teabe edastamise viisile kohases ulatuses;
5) digitaalse sisu puhul selle kasutusviis, selle suhtes rakendatavad tehnilised kaitsemeetmed ning selle
ühilduvus riist- ja tarkvaraga, mida ettevõtja teab või peab teadma;
6) lepingu eseme koguhind koos maksudega või juhul, kui lepingu eseme olemusest tulenevalt ei ole hinda
mõistlike jõupingutustega võimalik enne arvutada, hinna arvutamise viis, ning kõik täiendavad veo-, posti-,
kättetoimetamise või mis tahes muud kulud, kui need kulud tuleb kanda tarbijal, või kui neid kulusid ei ole
mõistlike jõupingutustega võimalik enne arvutada, siis teave selle kohta, et võidakse nõuda selliste täiendavate
kulude tasumist;
7) tasu lepingu sõlmimiseks kasutatava sidevahendi kasutamise eest, välja arvatud juhul, kui see tasu vastab
sellise sidevahendi kasutamise tavalisele tasule;
8) kui tarbija peab maksma tagatisena rahasumma või andma muu rahalise tagatise, asjaolu, et ettevõtja nõudel
tuleb seda teha, ning sellise tagatise tingimused;
9) maksmise, kättetoimetamise ja tellimuse täitmise kord ning asja kättetoimetamise, teenuse osutamise või
muu soorituse tegemise aeg;
10) tarbija lepingust tulenevate kohustuste minimaalne kestus, kui see on olemas;
11) kestvuslepingu puhul lepingu tähtaeg, või kui leping on tähtajatu või automaatselt pikenev, siis lepingu
lõpetamise tingimused;
12) taganemisõiguse olemasolu korral selle õiguse kasutamise tingimused, tähtaeg ja kord vastavalt käesoleva
seaduse § 56 lõikele 22;
13) taganemisõiguse olemasolu korral taganemisavalduse tüüpvorm;
14) asjaolu, et tarbija kannab tarbijapoolsel lepingust taganemisel lepinguesemeks olnud asja tagastamise kulud
ning olukorras, kui lepingu esemeks olnud asja ei saa selle olemuse tõttu tavalise postiteenuse kaudu tagastada,
asja äraviimise kulud, kui need tuleb tasuda tarbijal;
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1- jõust. 21.03.2016]
15) asjaolu, et kui tarbija kasutab lepingust taganemise õigust pärast käesoleva seaduse § 55 lõikes 3 nimetatud
avalduse esitamist, on tarbija kohustatud ettevõtjale hüvitama mõistlikud kulud vastavalt käesoleva seaduse §
562lõikele 5;

Leht 20 / 237 Võlaõigusseadus

16) kui taganemisõigust ei ole vastavalt käesoleva seaduse § 53 lõikele 4 ette nähtud, teave selle kohta, et tarbijal taganemisõigus puudub, või kui tarbija võib oma taganemisõiguse kaotada, teave selle kohta, millistel asjaoludel taganemisõigus kaotatakse;
17) lepingu täitmise järgse lepingu eseme hooldusteenuse või klienditeenuse pakkumisel selle olemasolu ja kasutamise tingimused;
18) meeldetuletus, et tarbija saab lepingu eseme lepingutingimustele mittevastavuse korral tugineda seaduses sätestatud õiguskaitsevahenditele;
19) seaduses sätestatud õiguskaitsevahenditele lisaks täiendava garantii andmisel selle olemasolu ja tingimused;
20) ettevõtja järgitava käitumiskoodeksi olemasolu, kui ettevõtja sellest oma tegevuses lähtub, ning teave selle
kohta, kuidas on võimalik sellest koopia saada;
21) ettevõtja rakendatav kaebuste lahendamise kord, kui see on olemas;
22) andmed tarbija võimaluste kohta pöörduda kohtuvälise kaebusi ja vaidlusi lahendava organi poole ning
pöördumise tingimused.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud teave esitatakse või tehakse tarbijale kättesaadavaks kasutatavale sidevahendile asjakohasel viisil lihtsas ja arusaadavas keeles. Kui kõnealune teave esitatakse püsival andmekandjal, peab see olema esitatud loetavalt.
(3) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 1 punktides 12, 14 ja 15 nimetatud teabe võib tarbijale esitada ka kasutades käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 4 nimetatud lepingust taganemise näidisjuhendit. Kui ettevõtja esitab tarbijale taganemise näidisjuhendi, loetakse kõnealune teave tarbijale esitatuks. Kõnealune teave loetakse tarbijale esitatuks üksnes juhul, kui ettevõtja on lepingust taganemise näidisjuhendi täitnud nõuetekohaselt.
(4) Lepingust taganemise näidisjuhendi kehtestab valdkonna eest vastutav ministermäärusega.
(5) Kui leping sõlmitakse sidevahendi abil, mis piirab teabe esitamist kas ruumiliselt või ajaliselt, esitatakse tarbijale enne sellise lepingu sõlmimist vastavale sidevahendile kohases ulatuses vähemalt käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 1 punktides 1, 4, 6, 11 ja 12 sätestatud teave. Muu käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud teave esitatakse tarbijale asjakohasel viisil vastavalt käesoleva paragrahvi lõikele 2.
(6) Kui ettevõtja võtab tarbijaga lepingu sõlmimise eesmärgil ühendust telefonitsi, peab ta telefonivestluse alguses tegema tarbijale teatavaks enda nime, ja kui see on asjakohane, siis selle isiku nime, kelle nimel ta helistab, ning kõne ärilise eesmärgi.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1- jõust. 21.03.2016]
(7) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 1 punktis 6 nimetatud koguhind sisaldab tellimuse kogukulu arveldusperioodi kohta, kui tegemist on tähtajatu lepingu või kestvuslepinguga, mille esemeks on püsivad või korduvad tellimused. Kui sellise lepingu tasu on kindla määraga, tähendab koguhind igakuist kulude kogusummat. Kui kogukulu ei ole mõistlike jõupingutustega võimalik enne arvutada, esitatakse hinna arvutamise viis.
(8) Kui ettevõtja ei ole tarbijat teavitanud kohustusest tasuda käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 1 punktis 6 või 14 nimetatud kulusid, ei pea tarbija neid kulusid kandma.
(9) Sidevahendi abil sõlmitud lepingu sõlmimise ettevalmistamisele ei kohaldata käesoleva seaduse § 14 lõikes
2 ja §-s 141sätestatud lepingueelse teabe andmise kohustuse kohta sätestatut.
(10) Käesolevas paragrahvis sätestatud lepingueelse teabe andmise kohustuse täitmist peab tõendama ettevõtja. (11) Lepingueelse teabena antud andmed muutuvad lepingu osaks, kui pooled ei ole sõnaselgelt kokku leppinud
teisiti
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

§ 541. Tarbija lepingueelne teavitamine finantsteenuse lepingu puhul

[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(1) Finantsteenuse osutaja esitab tarbijale mõistliku aja jooksul enne finantsteenuse lepingu sõlmimist või selleks tarbija poolt siduva pakkumise tegemist püsival andmekandjal selgel ja arusaadaval viisil järgmise teabe:
1) finantsteenuse osutaja nimi, finantsteenuse osutaja tegevusala, tegevuskoha aadress ning muu tarbija ja finantsteenuse osutaja vahelistes suhetes oluline aadress;
2) tarbija elukohariigis tegutseva finantsteenuse osutaja esindaja nimi ning tarbija ja finantsteenuse osutaja vahelistes suhetes oluline aadress;
3) finantsteenust vahendava, soovitava või muul viisil finantsteenuse pakkumisel osaleva ettevõtja, kes ei ole finantsteenuse osutaja, nimi, majandus- või kutseala, millel ta tarbijaga suheldes tegutseb, ning tarbija ja ettevõtja suhete seisukohast oluline tegevuskoha aadress;
4) äriregistri number või registritunnus juhul, kui finantsteenuse osutaja on kantud äriregistrisse või samaväärsesse avalikku registrisse, samuti registri nimetus;
5) järelevalve teostaja andmed, kui finantsteenuse osutaja tegevuseks on nõutav luba;

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 21 / 237

6) finantsteenuse põhiomadused;
7) finantsteenuse koguhind, mille tarbija tasub finantsteenuse osutajale, sealhulgas kõik finantsteenusega
seonduvad tasud, maksud ja kulud ning kõik finantsteenuse osutaja vahendusel tasutavad maksud, või kui täpset
hinda ei ole võimalik näidata, siis hinna arvutamise alus, mis võimaldab tarbijal hinda kontrollida;
8) tarbijalt nõutavad sidevahendi kasutamisest tulenevad lisakulud ning muud võimalikud maksud ja kulud,
mida ei ole hinna sisse arvestatud ja mida ei tasuta finantsteenuse osutaja vahendusel;
9) finantsteenuse eest maksmise kord ning finantsteenuse osutamise ja lepingu täitmise asjaolud;
10) finantsteenusega kaasnevad erilised riskid, mis on tingitud finantsinstrumentide või finantstoimingute
eripärast või finantsteenuste hinna sõltuvusest finantsturgudest, mida finantsteenuse osutajal ei ole võimalik
mõjutada, ning asjaolu, et tulevikuprognoos ei sõltu varasemast tulemusest;
11) lepingu minimaalne kestus, kui finantsteenust osutatakse teatud aja jooksul püsivalt või osadena;
12) tarbija taganemisõigus vastavalt käesoleva seaduse §-le 56 või selle puudumine, taganemistähtaeg,
taganemise tingimused, sealhulgas praktilised juhised taganemisõiguse teostamiseks, märkides muu hulgas
ära aadressi, kuhu taganemisavaldus tuleb saata, tarbija kohustus maksta käesoleva seaduse § 562lõike 4 järgi arvutatav summa ning taganemisõiguse teostamata jätmise tagajärjed;
13) poolte õigus lepingutingimuste alusel leping üles öelda või lepingust taganeda ning sellisel juhul rakendatavad leppetrahvid;
14) liikmesriik või liikmesriigid, mille õiguse alusel finantsteenuse osutaja enne sidevahendi abil lepingu sõlmimist tarbijaga suhteid loob;
15) kokkulepped lepingule kohaldatava õiguse ja kohtualluvuse kohta;
16) millises keeles lepingutingimused ja enne lepingu sõlmimist antav teave esitatakse ning millises keeles
kohustub finantsteenuse osutaja kokkuleppel tarbijaga edastama teavet kõnealuse sidevahendi abil sõlmitud
lepingu kehtivusaja jooksul;
17) andmed tarbija võimaluste kohta pöörduda kohtuvälise kaebusi ja vaidlusi lahendava organi poole ning
pöördumise tingimused;
18) andmed kahju hüvitamise korra kohta, mis ei ole reguleeritud tagatisfondi seadusega.
(2) Kui pakutavaks finantsteenuseks on tarbijakrediit, tuleb tarbijale käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 1 punktis 12 sätestatud teave teatavaks teha erisusega, et tarbija võib lepingust taganeda käesoleva seaduse §-s 409 sätestatud alusel ja tagajärgedega.
(3) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1 ja 2 loetletud andmed tuleb kasutatavaid sidevahendeid arvestades esitada heauskselt, vastavuses heade kommetega ja arvestades piiratud teovõimega isikute kaitsmise vajadust ning selliselt, et ilmneks pakkumise äriline eesmärk. Telefonside puhul tuleb finantsteenuse osutaja nimi ja kõne äriline eesmärk teha tarbijale selgelt teatavaks vestluse alguses.
(4) Enne lepingu sõlmimist tarbijale edastatav lepingulisi kohustusi käsitlev teave peab olema kooskõlas nende kohustustega, mis tuleneksid sidevahendi abil sõlmitud lepingule kohaldatavast õigusest, kui selline leping sõlmitaks.
(5) Finantsteenuse pakkumisel telefonside kaudu võib tarbija selgesõnalisel nõusolekul esitada üksnes järgmise teabe:
1) helistaja nimi ja tema seotus finantsteenuse osutajaga;
2) finantsteenuse põhiomadused;
3) hind, mille tarbija peab finantsteenuse osutajale finantsteenuse eest tasuma, sealhulgas kõik finantsteenuse
osutaja vahendusel tasutavad maksud, või kui täpset hinda ei ole võimalik näidata, siis hinna arvutamise alus,
mis võimaldab tarbijal hinda kontrollida;
4) viide võimalikele maksudele ja kuludele, mis ei ole hinna sisse arvestatud ja mida ei tasuta finantsteenuse
osutaja vahendusel;
5) tarbija taganemisõigus vastavalt käesoleva seaduse §-le 56 või selle puudumine, taganemistähtaeg,
taganemise tingimused, sealhulgas tarbija kohustus maksta käesoleva seaduse § 562lõike 5 järgi arvutatav summa.
(6) Kui pakutavaks finantsteenuseks on tarbijakrediit:
1) esitatakse tarbijale käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 5 punktis 5 sätestatud teave erisusega, et tarbija võib lepingust
taganeda käesoleva seaduse §-s 409 sätestatud alusel ja tagajärgedega;
2) peab käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 5 punktis 2 nimetatud finantsteenuse peamiste omaduste kirjeldus
sisaldama vähemalt käesoleva seaduse § 4031lõike 1 punktides 3–8 nimetatud teavet, krediidi kulukuse määra tüüpilise näite kujul ja vajaduse korral ka § 4031lõike 2 punktis 2 nimetatud teavet;
3) peab elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidilepingu korral käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 5 punktis 2
nimetatud finantsteenuse peamiste omaduste kirjeldus sisaldama vähemalt käesoleva seaduse § 4033lõike 3 alusel kehtestatud määruse lisa A osa jagudes 3–6 nimetatud teavet.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1- jõust. 21.03.2016]
(7) Kui pakutavaks finantsteenuseks on käesoleva seaduse § 407 lõikes 21nimetatud arvelduskrediidilepingu sõlmimine ja arvelduskrediidi kasutusse võtmine on kohe võimalik, peab käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 5 punktis
2 nimetatud finantsteenuse peamiste omaduste kirjeldus sisaldama vähemalt käesoleva seaduse § 4031lõike 1 punktides 3 ja 8 ning § 407 lõike 21punktides 3 ja 5 nimetatud teavet.

Leht 22 / 237 Võlaõigusseadus

(8) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 5 sätestatud juhul teavitab finantsteenuse osutaja tarbijat lisateabe saamise võimalusest ja kirjeldab selle laadi. Igal juhul annab teenuse osutaja täieliku teabe käesoleva seaduse §-s
551sätestatud kohustuste täitmisel.
(9) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 1 punktide 1–5, 7, 13 ja 15–17 asemel kohaldatakse käesoleva seaduse § 711 lõikes 1 ja § 7111lõikes 1 sätestatut, kui pakutakse makseteenust makseasutuste ja e-raha asutuste seaduse § 3 lõike 1 tähenduses.
(10) Käesolevas paragrahvis sätestatud lepingueelse teabe andmise kohustusele ei kohaldata käesoleva seaduse
§ 14 lõikes 2 ning §-des 141ja 54 sätestatud lepingueelse teabe andmise kohustuse kohta sätestatut. [RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

§ 542. Lepingu sõlmimine telefonitsi

(1) Kui pooled sõlmivad lepingu telefonitsi, on tarbija telefonikõne käigus võetud kohustustega seotud üksnes juhul, kui ettevõtja on telefonitsi edastatut kinnitanud püsival andmekandjal ning tarbija on oma tahet olla telefoni teel võetud kohustustega seotud kinnitanud kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis. Käesolevas lõikes nimetatud nõuete rikkumisel loetakse ettevõtja poolt tarbijale edastatud asi, teenus või muus sooritus tellimata asjaks, teenuseks või muuks soorituseks käesoleva seaduse § 99 lõike 1 tähenduses.
(2) Käesolevas paragrahvis sätestatut ei kohaldata finantsteenustele.
(3) Käesolevas paragrahvis sätestatut ei kohaldata juhul, kui leping sõlmitakse tarbija algatusel. [RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

§ 55. Teabe kinnitamine

(1) Ettevõtja annab tarbijale kinnituse lepingu sõlmimise kohta püsival andmekandjal mõistliku aja jooksul pärast lepingu sõlmimist, kuid mitte hiljem kui asi toimetatakse kätte või algab teenuse osutamine või muu soorituse tegemine.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud kinnitus sisaldab käesoleva seaduse § 54 lõikes 1 nimetatud teavet, kui ettevõtja ei ole seda teavet esitanud tarbijale püsival andmekandjal juba enne lepingu sõlmimist, ning kui lepingu esemeks on digitaalne sisu, siis ettevõtja kinnitust selle kohta, et tarbija on andnud käesoleva seaduse §
53 lõike 4 punkti 71kohaselt oma selgesõnalise nõusoleku ja kinnituse digitaalse sisu edastamise alustamiseks.
(3) Kui tarbija soovib, et teenuste osutamine, muu kestva soorituse tegemine või vee, gaasi, elektri või soojuse müük ühendusvõrgu kaudu algab käesoleva seaduse §-s 56 ettenähtud taganemistähtaja kestel, nõuab ettevõtja tarbijalt selle kohta sõnaselget avaldust.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

§ 551. Teabe esitamise erisused finantsteenuse lepingu puhul

(1) Lisaks käesoleva seaduse § 541lõikes 1 sätestatule, edastab finantsteenuse osutaja tarbijale mõistliku aja jooksul enne lepingu sõlmimist või tarbija poolt pakkumuse tegemist lepingutingimused ning muu seaduses sätestatud asjakohase teabe püsival andmekandjal.
[RT I, 07.07.2015, 1- jõust. 01.01.2016]
(2) Finantsteenuse osutaja peab käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 ja käesoleva seaduse § 541lõikes 1 sätestatud kohustuse täitma kohe pärast lepingu sõlmimist, kui leping on sõlmitud tarbija algatusel, kasutades sellist sidevahendit, mis ei võimalda lepingutingimuste ja teabe esitamist vastavalt käesoleva paragrahvi lõikele 1 ja käesoleva seaduse § 541lõikele 1.
(3) Kui tarbijakrediidileping sõlmitakse tarbija algatusel ja kasutades sellist sidevahendit, mis ei võimalda teabe esitamist vastavalt käesoleva seaduse §-le 4031, eelkõige käesoleva seaduse § 541lõikes 5 nimetatud juhul, edastab krediidiandja või krediidivahendaja tarbijale viivitamata pärast tarbijakrediidilepingu sõlmimist täieliku teabe vastavalt käesoleva seaduse §-le 4031, kasutades Euroopa tarbijakrediidi standardinfo teabelehte.
(4) Kui käesoleva seaduse § 407 lõikes 21nimetatud arvelduskrediidileping sõlmitakse tarbija algatusel ja kasutades sellist sidevahendit, mis ei võimalda teabe esitamist vastavalt käesoleva seaduse § 407 lõigetele
21ja 22, eelkõige käesoleva seaduse § 541lõikes 5 nimetatud juhul, edastab krediidiandja või krediidivahendaja tarbijale viivitamata pärast tarbijakrediidilepingu sõlmimist täieliku teabe vastavalt käesoleva seaduse § 407 lõikele 24.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 23 / 237

(5) Tarbija võib lepingu kehtivuse jooksul igal ajal nõuda lepingutingimusi paberil. Samuti on tarbijal õigus vahetada kasutatavat sidevahendit, välja arvatud juhul, kui see ei ole kooskõlas lepingu või osutatava finantsteenuse olemusega.
(6) Kui tarbija soovib, et finantsteenuste osutamine algab käesoleva seaduse §-s 56 ettenähtud taganemistähtaja kestel, avaldab tarbija selle kohta sõnaselget nõusolekut.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

§ 56. Õigus lepingust taganeda

(1) Tarbija võib sidevahendi abil sõlmitud lepingust taganeda põhjust avaldamata 14 päeva jooksul. [RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(11) Lepingu puhul, mille esemeks on asja üleandmine, hakkab käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud taganemise tähtaeg kulgema päevast, millal tarbija või tarbija nimetatud kolmas isik, kes ei ole vedaja, on saanud asja füüsiliselt enda valdusse või:
1) kui lepingu kohaselt tuleb tarbijale üle anda mitu asja, mis toimetatakse kohale eraldi, päevast, millal tarbija või tarbija nimetatud kolmas isik, kes ei ole vedaja, on saanud viimase asja füüsiliselt enda valdusse;
2) kui lepingu kohaselt tuleb asi tarbijale üle anda mitmes osas, päevast, millal tarbija või tarbija nimetatud kolmas isik, kes ei ole vedaja, on saanud viimase osa füüsiliselt enda valdusse;
3) kestvuslepingu puhul, mille esemeks on asjade korduv üleandmine kindlaksmääratud aja jooksul, päevast, millal tarbija või tarbija nimetatud kolmas isik, kes ei ole vedaja, on saanud esimese üleantava asja füüsiliselt enda valdusse.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(12) Lepingu puhul, mille esemeks on teenuse osutamine või muu kestva soorituse tegemine, hakkab käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud tähtaeg kulgema lepingu sõlmimise päevast.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(13) Vee, gaasi, elektri või soojuse müügi puhul ühendusvõrgu kaudu ning digitaalse sisu puhul, mida ei edastata füüsilisel andmekandjal, hakkab käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud tähtaeg kulgema lepingu sõlmimise päevast.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(14) Finantsteenuse osutamise lepingu puhul algab taganemistähtaeg lepingu sõlmimise päevast või käesoleva seaduse § 541lõikes 1 ning § 551lõigetes 1 ja 2 sätestatud kohustuse täitmisest, kui see toimub pärast lepingu sõlmimist.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(15) Sidevahendi abil sõlmitud elu- ja pensionikindlustuslepingust võib tarbija taganeda 30 päeva jooksul alates päevast, millal tarbijat teavitatakse lepingu sõlmimisest, või käesoleva seaduse § 541lõikes 1 ning § 551lõigetes
1 ja 2 sätestatud kohustuse täitmisest, kui see toimub pärast lepingu sõlmimist.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(16) Kui ettevõtja on rikkunud käesoleva seaduse § 54 lõike 1 punktis 12 nimetatud teabe esitamise kohustust, lõpeb taganemistähtaeg 12 kuu möödumisel käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 11–13sätestatud viisil määratud taganemistähtaja lõppemist. Kui ettevõtja on tarbijale edastanud eelmises lauses nimetatud taganemisõigust käsitleva teabe hilinenult, kuid siiski 12 kuu jooksul alates käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 11–13osutatud päevast, lõpeb taganemistähtaeg 14 päeva möödumisel teabe saamisest.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(2) Kui sidevahendi abil sõlmitud lepinguks on finantsteenuse osutamise leping, võib tarbija lepingust taganeda erinevalt käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 16sätestatust kolme kuu jooksul lepingu sõlmimise päevast arvates, kui ettevõtja ei ole täitnud käesoleva seaduse §-s 541või 551sätestatut. Kui ettevõtja edastab tarbijale käesoleva seaduse § 541lõikes 1 sätestatud teabe hilinenult, kuid siiski kolme kuu jooksul lepingu sõlmimise päevast arvates, võib tarbija lepingust taganeda 14 päeva jooksul teabe saamisest arvatest.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(21) Loetakse, et tarbija on sidevahendi abil sõlmitud lepingust taganenud tähtaegselt, kui ta on ettevõtjale selle kohta teate ära saatnud taganemistähtaja jooksul.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(22) Tarbija võib lepingust taganeda, kasutades taganemisavalduse tüüpvormi või esitades muu ühemõttelise taganemisavalduse. Käesolevas lõikes sätestatut ei kohaldata finantsteenuse osutamise lepingust taganemisele. [RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(23) Taganemisavalduse tüüpvormi kehtestab valdkonna eest vastutav ministermäärusega. [RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

Leht 24 / 237 Võlaõigusseadus

(24) Kui tarbija kasutab taganemisavalduse edastamiseks ettevõtja veebilehte, saadab ettevõtja tarbijale viivitamata püsival andmekandjal kinnituse taganemisavalduse kättesaamise kohta.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(25) Lepingust taganemist käesolevas paragrahvis sätestatut järgides tõendab tarbija. [RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(3) [Kehtetu -RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014] (4) [Kehtetu -RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(5) Käesolevas paragrahvis sätestatut ei kohaldata juhul, kui sidevahendi abil sõlmitud lepinguks on tarbijakrediidileping.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]

§ 561. Ettevõtja kohustused tarbijapoolsel lepingust taganemisel

(1) Ettevõtja tagastab taganemisavalduse kättesaamisel tarbijale viivitamata, kuid mitte hiljem kui 14 päeva möödumisel, kõik tarbijalt lepingu alusel saadud tasud, muu hulgas tarbija kantud asja kättetoimetamise kulud.
(2) Kui tarbija taganeb finantsteenuse osutamise lepingust, tagastab finantsteenuse osutaja tarbijale taganemisavalduse kättesaamisel viivitamata, kuid mitte hiljem kui 30 päeva möödumisel kõik tarbijalt lepingu alusel saadud tasud.
(3) Kui tarbija on sõnaselgelt valinud ettevõtja pakutud kõige odavamast tavapärasest asja kättetoimetamise viisist erineva kättetoimetamise viisi, ei pea ettevõtja tarbijale tagastama kulu, mis ületab tavapärase kättetoimetamise viisiga seotud kulu.
(4) Ettevõtja teeb käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1 ja 2 nimetatud tagasimaksed, kasutades sama makseviisi, mida kasutas maksete tegemiseks tarbija, välja arvatud juhul, kui tarbija on sõnaselgelt andnud nõusoleku teistsuguse makseviisi kasutamiseks, ning tingimusel, et tarbijale ei kaasne selliste maksete tagastamisega teenustasu või muud kulu.
(5) Kui lepingu esemeks on asja üleandmine, võib ettevõtja käesoleva seaduse § 111 alusel keelduda käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1 ja 2 nimetatud tagasimaksete tegemisest seni, kuni tarbija on talle tagastanud lepingu esemeks olnud asja või esitanud tõendi, et ta on selle asja tagasi saatnud. Ettevõtjal ei ole käesolevas lõikes nimetatud õigust juhul, kui ta on nõustunud lepingu esemeks olevale asjale ise järele tulema.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

§ 562. Tarbija kohustused lepingust taganemisel

(1) Kui lepingu esemena anti tarbijale üle asi, saadab tarbija ettevõtjale viivitamata, kuid mitte hiljem kui
14 päeva möödumisel taganemisavalduse tegemisest asja tagasi või annab asja üle ettevõtjale või ettevõtja
nimetatud isikule. Tarbijal ei ole käesoleva lõike esimeses lauses nimetatud asja tagasisaatmise kohustust juhul,
kui ettevõtja on nõustunud asjale ise järele tulema. Tarbija loetakse asja tagastamise kohustuse tähtaegselt
täitnuks, kui ta on lepingu esemeks olnud asja tagasi saatnud käesoleva lõike esimeses lauses nimetatud tähtaja
jooksul.
(2) Kui tarbija taganeb finantsteenuse osutamise lepingust, siis tagastab tarbija finantsteenuse osutajale saadud raha ja muud esemed viivitamata, kuid mitte hiljem kui 30 päeva möödumisel taganemisavalduse tegemisest.
(3) Tarbija kannab talle lepingu esemena üleantud asja tagastamisega seotud otsesed kulud, kui pooled ei ole kokku leppinud teisiti. Tarbijal ei ole kulude kandmise kohustust, kui ettevõtja ei ole teda teavitanud sellest, et need kulud tuleb kanda tarbijal.
(4) Tagastamisele kuuluva asja halvenemise korral vastutab tarbija asja kasutamisest tingitud väärtuse vähenemise eest üksnes juhul, kui ta on asja kasutanud muul viisil, kui on vaja asja olemuses, omadustes
ja toimimises veendumiseks. Et veenduda asja olemuses, omadustes ja toimimises, peaks tarbija käsitsema ja kasutama asja üksnes nii, nagu tal lubataks tavapäraselt seda teha poes. Tarbija ei vastuta asja väärtuse vähenemise eest juhul, kui ettevõtja ei ole vastavalt käesoleva seaduse § 54 lõike 1 punktidele 12 ja 13 juhtinud tarbija tähelepanu taganemisõiguse olemasolule.
(5) Kui tarbija kasutab taganemisõigust pärast käesoleva seaduse § 55 lõikes 3 või § 551lõikes 6 nimetatud avalduse esitamist, hüvitab tarbija ettevõtjale lepingu täitmisena üleantu väärtuse proportsionaalselt üleantuga ajani, mil tarbija lepingust taganes, võttes arvesse lepingu kogumahtu. Üleantu väärtus määratakse lepingus kokku lepitud koguhinna alusel. Kui lepingujärgne hind on ebamõistlikult suur, arvutatakse üleantu väärtus turuhinna alusel.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 25 / 237

(6) Lepingu puhul, mille esemeks on teenuse osutamine, muu kestva soorituse tegemine või vee, gaasi, elektri või soojuse müük ühendusvõrgu kaudu, ei ole tarbija kohustatud ettevõtjale hüvitama taganemistähtaja jooksul üleantu väärtust, kui:
1) ettevõtja ei ole tarbijale andnud teavet vastavalt käesoleva seaduse § 54 lõike 1 punktile 12, 13 või 15 või
kui tegemist on finantsteenusega vastavalt käesoleva seaduse § 541lõike 1 punktile 12 või
2) tarbija ei ole sõnaselgelt taotlenud käesoleva seaduse § 55 lõike 3 või § 551lõike 6 kohaselt teenuse osutamise, muu kestva soorituse tegemise või vee, gaasi, elektri või soojuse ühendusvõrgu kaudu müümise alustamist taganemistähtaja jooksul.
(7) Lepingu puhul, mille esemeks on digitaalse sisu üleandmine, ei ole tarbija kohustatud ettevõtjale hüvitama üleantu väärtust talle taganemistähtaja jooksul edastatud digitaalse sisu eest, mida ei edastatud füüsilisel andmekandjal, kui:
1) tarbija ei ole andnud eelnevat sõnaselget nõusolekut digitaalse sisu edastamise alustamiseks enne käesoleva seaduse § 56 lõikes 1 sätestatud 14-päevase tähtaja lõppu;
2) tarbija ei ole kinnitanud asjaolu, et nõusoleku andmisega kaotab ta oma taganemisõiguse, või
3) ettevõtja ei ole andnud tarbijale käesoleva seaduse § 55 lõikes 2 nimetatud kinnitust.
(8) Taganemisest tulenevad ettevõtja nõuded tarbija vastu piirduvad käesolevas paragrahvis ja § 561lõikes 3 sätestatuga.
(9) Lepingutingimus, mis raskendab taganemisõiguse kasutamist, eelkõige kokkulepe, millega taganemine seotakse käsiraha või leppetrahvi maksmisega, on tühine.
(10) Kui sidevahendi abil sõlmitud finantsteenuse osutamise lepinguks on tarbijakrediidileping, kohaldatakse käesolevas paragrahvis nimetatud tagajärgede asemel käesoleva seaduse §-s 409 sätestatut.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

§ 563. Taganemise mõju kõrvallepingule

(1) Kui tarbija kasutab sidevahendi abil sõlmitud lepingu suhtes käesoleva seaduse §-s 56 sätestatud taganemisõigust, loetakse tarbija taganenuks ka sidevahendi abil sõlmitud lepinguga seotud kõrvallepingust, mille ta on sõlminud ettevõtja või kolmanda isikuga kolmanda isiku ja ettevõtja vahelise kokkuleppe alusel.
(2) Kui tarbija loetakse käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud juhul kõrvallepingust taganenuks, ei või ettevõtja ega kolmas isik nõuda tarbijalt muude kui käesoleva seaduse § 561lõikes 3 ja §-s 562sätestatud kulude kandmist.
(3) Kui sidevahendi abil sõlmitud lepinguks on finantsteenuse osutamise leping, mis on seotud teise sidevahendi abil sõlmitud lepinguga teenuse osutamiseks finantsteenuse osutaja või kolmanda isiku poolt nendevahelise kokkuleppe alusel, kohaldatakse lepingust taganemise tagajärgedele käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes
2 sätestatu asemel käesoleva seaduse §-des 188–192 sätestatut. [RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

§ 57. Taganemise mõju tarbijakrediidilepingule

[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(1) Kui sidevahendi abil sõlmitud leping kujutab endast tarbijakrediidilepinguga majanduslikult seotud lepingut käesoleva seaduse § 414 tähenduses, loetakse tarbija käesoleva seaduse §-s 56 sätestatud tingimustel lepingust taganemise korral taganenuks tarbijakrediidilepingust ja sellega seotud kõrvallepingust käesoleva seaduse § 409 lõike 32tähenduses.
(2) Tarbijalt ei või käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatud juhul nõuda intressi ega kulude tasumist. Muus osas kohaldatakse taganemise tagajärgedele käesoleva seaduse §-des 188–192 sätestatut.
(3) Kui krediiti on andnud kolmas isik ja krediidisumma on juba makstud ettevõtjale, lähevad ettevõtja õigused ja kohustused tarbija suhtes tarbija lepingust taganemise korral üle krediidiandjale.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

§ 571. Finantsteenuse osutamise lepinguga seotud lepingust taganemine

[Kehtetu -RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

§ 58. Finantsteenuse osutamise lepingust taganemise tagajärjed

[Kehtetu -RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

§ 59. Lepingu täitmine

Leht 26 / 237 Võlaõigusseadus

[Kehtetu -RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

§ 60. Sidevahendi kasutamise piirangud

Pakkumise võib tarbijale teha inimsekkumist mittevajava automatiseeritud kõnevalimissüsteemi, faksi, telefoni automaatvastaja või elektronposti abil üksnes tarbija eelneval nõusolekul. Muid individuaalset suhtlemist võimaldavaid sidevahendeid võib pakkumise edastamiseks kasutada, kui tarbija ei ole nende kasutamist sõnaselgelt keelanud.
[RT I, 04.02.2011, 1- jõust. 05.04.2011]

§ 61. Sätete rikkumise keelamine

§ 62. Sätete kohustuslikkus

Käesolevas jaos sätestatust tarbija kahjuks kõrvalekalduv kokkulepe on tühine.

5. jagu

Arvutivõrgu abil sõlmitud lepingud

[RT I 2004, 13, 86- jõust. 15.04.2004]

§ 621. Arvutivõrgu abil lepingu sõlmimine

[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(1) Ettevõtja, kes sõlmib lepingu arvutivõrgu abil, annab lepingu teise poole kasutusse sobivad ja tõhusad tehnilised vahendid, millele teisel poolel on juurdepääs ja mille abil ta saab enne tellimuse edastamist tuvastada ja parandada sisestusvead.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(2) Enne käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud tellimuse edastamist teeb ettevõtja lepingu teisele poolele teatavaks:
1) lepingu sõlmimise tehnilised etapid;
2) kas ettevõtja säilitab lepinguteksti pärast lepingu sõlmimist ja kas see jääb lepingu teisele poolele
kättesaadavaks;
3) tehnilised vahendid sisestusvigade tuvastamiseks ja kõrvaldamiseks;
4) lepingu sõlmimiseks pakutavad keeled;
5) ettevõtja järgitavad reeglid ja elektroonilised võimalused nendega tutvumiseks.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(3) Ettevõtja peab tellimuse saamist viivitamata elektrooniliselt kinnitama. [RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(4) [Kehtetu -RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(5) Lepingutingimused, sealhulgas tüüptingimused, tuleb lepingu teisele poolele esitada selliselt, et tal on võimalik need salvestada ja taasesitada.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(6) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1–3 sätestatut ei kohaldata, kui leping sõlmitakse elektronposti või muu sellesarnase isikliku sidevahendi abil.
(7) [Kehtetu -RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(8) Käesolevas paragrahvis sätestatu ei välista ega piira ettevõtja kohustust teha lepingu teisele poolele teatavaks muid seaduses ettenähtud andmeid.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

§ 622. Täiendavad nõuded lepingu sõlmimisele tarbijaga

(1) Hiljemalt tellimisprotsessi alguses teeb ettevõtja selgelt ja loetavalt tarbijale teatavaks järgmise teabe:
1) kättetoimetamise piirangud, kui neid esineb;
2) vastuvõetavad maksevahendid.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 27 / 237

(2) Kui arvutivõrgu abil sõlmitud leping näeb ette maksekohustuse, teeb ettevõtja lisaks käesoleva seaduse §
621lõikes 2 sätestatule vahetult enne tellimuse edastamist tarbijale selgelt ja esiletõstetult teatavaks käesoleva seaduse § 54 lõike 1 punktides 4, 6, 10 ja 11 sätestatud teabe. Teavitamiskohustuse rikkumisel ei ole tarbija lepingu ega tellimusega seotud.
(3) Ettevõtja tagab, et tarbija kinnitaks tellimust, esitades sõnaselgelt asjaolu, et tellimus tähendab kohustust maksta. Kui tellimuse edastamine eeldab nupule vajutamist või sellesarnast funktsiooni, tuleb nupp või sellesarnane funktsioon tähistada hästi loetavalt ainult sõnadega „tellimus koos maksekohustusega” või mõne muu samasuguse ühemõttelise sõnastusega, mis näitab, et tellimuse esitamine toob kaasa kohustuse maksta. Kui ettevõtja ei täida käesolevas lõikes sätestatud nõudeid, ei ole tarbija lepingu ega tellimusega seotud.
(4) Käesolevas paragrahvis sätestatut ei kohaldata arvutivõrgu abil sõlmitud lepingule, mille esemeks on finantsteenuse osutamine.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

§ 623. Sätete kohustuslikkus

Käesolevas jaos sätestatust tarbija kahjuks kõrvalekalduv kokkulepe on tühine. [RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

3. peatükk

ISIKUTE PALJUSUS VÕLASUHTES

1. jagu

Võlgnike paljusus

§ 63. Osavõlgnikud

(1) Kui mitu isikut peavad täitma sama osadeks jagatava kohustuse, peavad nad seda tegema võrdsetes osades. Seaduses või tehinguga võib ette näha osavõlgnike kohustuse täitmise ebavõrdsetes osades.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatut ei kohaldata, kui mitu isikut peavad kohustuse täitma solidaarvõlgnikena.

§ 64. Ühisvõlgnikud

Kui mitu isikut peavad täitma sama kohustuse, mille nad saavad täita üksnes ühiselt, võib võlausaldaja nõuda neilt kohustuse täitmist üksnes ühiselt.

§ 65. Solidaarvõlgnikud

(1) Kui mitu isikut peavad täitma kohustuse solidaarselt (solidaarvõlgnikud), võib võlausaldaja nõuda kohustuse täielikku või osalist täitmist kõigilt võlgnikelt ühiselt või igaühelt või mõnelt neist.
(2) Solidaarkohustus tekib, kui mitu isikut peavad täitma sama sisuga kohustuse, mille täitmist võib võlausaldaja nõuda vaid ühe korra, samuti muul seaduses sätestatud juhul või tehingu alusel.
(3) Solidaarkohustus tekib samuti siis, kui kohustus on jagamatu.
(4) Kui mitu isikut kohustuvad lepinguga täitma kohustust ühiselt, siis eeldatakse, et nad on solidaarvõlgnikud.

§ 66. Nõudest loobumine

(1) Kui võlausaldaja on täielikult või osaliselt loobunud nõudest mõne solidaarvõlgniku vastu, on teised solidaarvõlgnikud siiski kohustatud täitma kohustuse täies ulatuses.
(2) Kui võlausaldaja on kellegagi solidaarvõlgnikest kokku leppinud, et ta loobub oma nõudest kõigi solidaarvõlgnike vastu, vabanevad kohustusest ka teised solidaarvõlgnikud. Solidaarvõlgnik võib teiste solidaarvõlgnike nimel anda nõustumuse võlausaldaja ettepanekule selle kohta, et võlausaldaja loobub tasuta oma nõudest kõigi solidaarvõlgnike suhtes.
(3) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1 ja 2 sätestatut kohaldatakse ka juhul, kui võlausaldaja loobus oma nõudest solidaarvõlgniku vastu enne solidaarkohustuse tekkimist.

Leht 28 / 237 Võlaõigusseadus

§ 67. Solidaarvõlgnike vastuväited

(1) Kui keegi solidaarvõlgnikest on kohustuse täielikult täitnud, ei pea ülejäänud võlgnikud kohustust täitma. Sama kehtib täitmise asendamise, hoiustamise või tasaarvestuse korral. Iga solidaarvõlgnik võib võlausaldaja nõude tasaarvestada üksnes enda nõudega.
(2) Iga solidaarvõlgnik võib esitada võlausaldaja nõudele vastuväiteid, mis tulenevad solidaarkohustusest või tema enda õigussuhtest võlausaldajaga.
(3) Kui solidaarvõlgnik ei esita võlausaldaja nõudele vastuväidet, mille oleks võinud esitada iga solidaarvõlgnik, ei ole tal teiste solidaarvõlgnike suhtes tagasinõudeõigust osas, milles solidaarkohustus oleks vähenenud vastuväite esitamise korral, välja arvatud juhul, kui ta vastuväite aluseks olevat asjaolu ei teadnud ega pidanudki teadma.

§ 68. Asjaolude kehtivus solidaarvõlgnike suhtes

(1) Solidaarvõlgnik ei vastuta solidaarkohustuse rikkumise eest teise solidaarvõlgniku poolt.
(2) Võlausaldaja vastuvõtuviivitusest tulenevad tagajärjed ühe solidaarvõlgniku suhtes, samuti kohustuse täitmise tähtpäeva edasilükkamisest tulenevad tagajärjed ühe solidaarvõlgniku suhtes kehtivad ka teiste solidaarvõlgnike suhtes.
(3) Seaduses nimetamata asjaolud, mis mõjutavad solidaarvõlgnike vastutust, eelkõige aegumise vastuväide, kehtivad üksnes selle solidaarvõlgniku suhtes, keda need puudutavad, kui solidaarkohustusest ei tulene teisiti.

§ 69. Solidaarvõlgnike omavahelised suhted

(1) Omavahelises suhtes peavad solidaarvõlgnikud kohustuse täitma võrdsetes osades, kui seadusest, lepingust või kohustuse olemusest ei tulene teisiti.
(2) Solidaarkohustuse täitnud võlgnikule läheb üle võlausaldaja nõue teiste võlgnike vastu (solidaarvõlgniku tagasinõue), välja arvatud talle endale langevas osas.
(3) Käesoleva seaduse § 66 lõikes 1 sätestatud juhul on teistel võlgnikel tagasinõudeõigus solidaarkohustusest vabastatud võlgniku vastu osas, mis langeb sellele võlgnikule solidaarvõlgnike omavahelises suhtes. See
ei kehti, kui võlausaldaja vähendab oma nõuet ulatuses, mis langeb solidaarvõlgnike omavahelises suhtes võlgnikule, kelle suhtes võlausaldaja nõudest loobus.
(4) Kui solidaarkohustus seisneb muus kui raha maksmises, võib kohustuse täitnud solidaarvõlgnik nõuda teistelt solidaarvõlgnikelt üksnes rahalist hüvitist.
(5) Solidaarvõlgnik võib teistelt solidaarvõlgnikelt nõuda tema poolt kohustuse täitmisel tehtud mõistlike kulutuste hüvitamist vastavalt neile langevatele osadele. Kulutuste hüvitamist ei või nõuda, kui kulutused on seotud üksnes selle solidaarvõlgniku isikuga.
(6) Kui mõni solidaarvõlgnik ei ole talle langevat osa kohustusest kohustuse täitnud solidaarvõlgniku suhtes täitnud, kannavad täitmata jäänud osas kohustuse täitnud solidaarvõlgnik ja ülejäänud solidaarvõlgnikud vastutust võrdeliselt neile langeva kohustuse osaga. Neile läheb üle nõue kohustuse täitmata jätnud solidaarvõlgniku vastu.
(7) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1–6 sätestatut kohaldatakse vastavalt ka nende isikute vahelisele suhtele, kes on andnud tagatised võlgniku kohustuse täitmise tagamiseks.
[RT I 2003, 78, 523- jõust. 27.12.2003]

§ 70. Solidaarvõlgniku tagasinõude aegumine

(1) Solidaarkohustuse täitnud solidaarvõlgniku tagasinõude aegumistähtaeg lõpeb ajal, mil aeguks võlausaldaja nõue solidaarvõlgniku suhtes, kelle vastu tagasinõue esitati.
(2) Solidaarvõlgniku tagasinõue ei aegu enne kuue kuu möödumist päevast, mil solidaarvõlgnik täitis kohustuse või võlausaldaja esitas tema vastu hagi kohustuse täitmiseks.
(3) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 2 sätestatut ei kohaldata, kui solidaarvõlgnik täitis kohustuse pärast seda, kui nõue oli aegunud tema või solidaarvõlgniku suhtes, kellele ta tagasinõude esitas.
(4) Koos tagasinõudega aegub ka käesoleva seaduse § 69 lõikes 5 sätestatud mõistlike kulutuste hüvitamise nõue, samuti tagasinõude asemel esitatavad võimalikud käsundita asjaajamisest ja alusetust rikastumisest tulenevad nõuded.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 29 / 237

2. jagu

Võlausaldajate paljusus

§ 71. Osavõlausaldajad

Kui sama osadeks jagatav kohustus tuleb täita mitmele võlausaldajale, on igaühel neist õigus nõuda kohustuse täitmist endale teiste võlausaldajatega võrdses osas, kui seadusest või tehingust ei tulene, et võlausaldajad võivad nõuda kohustuse täitmist ebavõrdsetes osades või kõigile ühiselt või solidaarselt.

§ 72. Ühisvõlausaldajad

(1) Kui mitu võlausaldajat võivad seadusest, tehingust või kohustuse olemusest tulenevalt nõuda kohustuse täitmist üksnes ühiselt, on võlgnikul õigus kohustus täita üksnes kõigile võlausaldajatele ühiselt.
(2) Kui sama jagamatu kohustus tuleb täita mitmele võlausaldajale, võib iga võlausaldaja nõuda kohustuse täitmist üksnes kõigile võlausaldajatele ühiselt, kui võlausaldajad ei ole solidaarvõlausaldajad.
(3) Iga ühisvõlausaldaja võib nõuda kohustuse täitmist, sealhulgas võlgnetava eseme hoiustamist või müüki, üksnes kõigile võlausaldajatele ühiselt. Muud asjaolud, mis puudutavad üksnes ühte ühisvõlausaldajat, ei kehti teiste ühisvõlausaldajate suhtes.

§ 73. Solidaarvõlausaldajad

(1) Kui sama kohustus tuleb seadusest, tehingust või kohustuse olemusest tulenevalt täita mitmele isikule selliselt, et igaüks neist võib nõuda kohustuse täielikku täitmist, on need isikud solidaarvõlausaldajad.
(2) Võlgnik võib täita kohustuse kõigile solidaarvõlausaldajatele või mõnele neist, isegi kui mõni võlausaldaja on juba esitanud hagi kohustuse täitmiseks.
(3) Kohustuse täitmine mõnele solidaarvõlausaldajale, sealhulgas tasaarvestus mõne solidaarvõlausaldaja nõudega või hoiustamine mõnele võlausaldajale, vabastab võlgniku kohustuse täitmisest teistele solidaarvõlausaldajatele.
(4) Võlgnik võib solidaarvõlausaldaja nõudele esitada üksnes vastuväiteid, mis tal on selle solidaarvõlausaldaja vastu.

§ 74. Asjaolude kehtivus solidaarvõlausaldajate suhtes

(1) Kui üks solidaarvõlausaldaja on kohustuse täitmise vastuvõtmisega viivitanud, loetakse, et ka teised solidaarvõlausaldajad on sellega viivitanud.
(2) Kui solidaarvõlausaldajast saab samas võlasuhtes ühtlasi võlgnik, lõpeb kohustus. Solidaarvõlausaldaja peab siiski tasuma teistele solidaarvõlausaldajatele nende osad vastavalt käesoleva seaduse §-s 75 sätestatule.
(3) Kui solidaarvõlausaldaja loobub nõudest või loovutab selle teisele isikule, jäävad teiste solidaarvõlausaldajate õigused kehtima.
(4) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1–3 nimetamata asjaolud kehtivad üksnes selle solidaarvõlausaldaja suhtes, kelle isikut need puudutavad.

§ 75. Solidaarvõlausaldajate omavahelised suhted

(1) Võlgnikult kohustuse täitmise vastu võtnud solidaarvõlausaldaja peab tasuma teistele võlausaldajatele neile kuuluvad osad. Kui seadusest, tehingust või kohustuse olemusest ei tulene teisiti, on solidaarvõlausaldajate osad võrdsed.
(2) Teiste solidaarvõlausaldajate nõude aegumistähtaeg kohustuse täitmise vastu võtnud solidaarvõlausaldaja vastu lõpeb ajal, mil oleks aegunud solidaarvõlausaldajate nõue võlgniku vastu, kuid mitte enne kuue kuu möödumist päevast, mil võlgnik täidab kohustuse.

4. peatükk

KOHUSTUSE TÄITMINE

§ 76. Kohustuse täitmine

(1) Kohustus tuleb täita vastavalt lepingule või seadusele.
(2) Kohustuse täitmisel tuleb lähtuda hea usu ja mõistlikkuse põhimõttest, võttes arvesse tavasid ja praktikat.

Leht 30 / 237 Võlaõigusseadus

(3) Kohustus loetakse kohaselt täidetuks, kui see on täidetud täitmise vastuvõtmiseks õigustatud isikule õigel ajal, õiges kohas ja õigel viisil.
(4) Kui võlausaldaja on talle kohustuse täitmisena pakutu vastu võtnud, siis eeldatakse, et täitmine oli täielik, täitmisena pakutu oli võlgnetav ja kohustus täideti kohaselt.

§ 77. Kohustuse täitmise kvaliteet

(1) Võlgnik peab kohustuse täitma lepingule või seadusele vastava kvaliteediga. Kui lepingulise kohustuse täitmise kvaliteet ei tulene lepingust või seadusest, peab lepingupool kohustuse täitma asjaolusid arvestades vähemalt keskmise kvaliteediga.
(2) Kui kohustuse täitmiseks võlgnetakse liigitunnustega asi ja sellesse liiki kuuluvad asjad on erineva kvaliteediga, peab võlgnik kohustuse täitma vähemalt keskmise kvaliteediga asjaga.
(3) Kui kohustuse täitmiseks võlgnetakse liigitunnustega asi ja võlgnik on kohustuse täitmiseks kõik omapoolselt vajaliku teinud, sealhulgas omandanud selliste liigitunnustega asja või eraldanud asja teistest samade liigitunnustega asjadest, siis loetakse, et kohustuse esemeks on omandatud või eraldatud asi.
(4) Kui isik on kohustatud üle andma kindlaksmääratud asja, peab ta asja eest kuni üleandmiseni hoolitsema mõistlikul viisil.

§ 78. Kohustuse täitmine kolmanda isiku poolt

(1) Kui võlgnik ei pea kohustust seadusest, tehingust või kohustuse olemusest tulenevalt täitma isiklikult, võib kohustuse osaliselt või täielikult täita kolmas isik. Kui kolmas isik täidab kohustuse, vabaneb võlgnik täitmise kohustusest.
(2) Võlausaldaja võib keelduda kolmandalt isikult kohustuse täitmist vastu võtmast, kui võlgnik vaidleb vastu sellele, et kohustuse täidaks kolmas isik.
(3) Kui võlgnik on vastu vaielnud sellele, et kohustuse täidab kolmas isik, ei või võlausaldaja siiski kohustuse täitmise vastuvõtmisest keelduda, kui:
1) kolmas isik täidab kohustuse, et vältida sundtäitmist võlgnikule kuuluva eseme suhtes, mis on kolmanda
isiku seaduslikus valduses või millele kolmandal isikul on muu õigus ja sundtäitmise korral see valdus või õigus
lõpeks, või
2) kolmandal isikul on muu õigustatud huvi kohustuse täitmiseks ning võlgnik ei ole kohustust õigeaegselt
täitnud või on ilmne, et ta seda õigeaegselt ei täida, samuti kui võlasuhtest tulenevad õigused, millest tulenevat
kohustust täidetakse, on panditud või arestitud ja kohustuse mittetäitmise korral satuks õiguse realiseerimine
ohtu.
[RT I 2008, 54, 304- jõust. 27.12.2008]
(4) Kohustuse täitnud kolmas isik võib esitada tagasinõude või nõuda täitmiseks tehtud kulutuste hüvitamist üksnes juhul, kui see tuleneb seadusest või võlgniku ja kolmanda isiku vahelisest suhtest, muu hulgas tulenevalt alusetust rikastumisest või käsundita asjaajamisest.

§ 79. Kohustuse täitmine õigustamata isikule

(1) Kui kohustus on täidetud isikule, kes ei ole võlausaldaja, või isikule, kes ei ole võlausaldaja asemel õigustatud täitmist vastu võtma, loetakse kohustus täidetuks, kui kohustus sellele isikule täideti täitmise vastuvõtmiseks õigustatud isiku nõusolekul või kui täitmise vastuvõtmiseks õigustatud isik kiitis sellele isikule täitmise hiljem heaks. Kohustus loetakse samuti täidetuks käesoleva seaduse § 169 lõikes 1 nimetatud juhul.
(2) Kui kohustus on täidetud piiratud teovõimega võlausaldajale, loetakse kohustus täidetuks, kui piiratud teovõimega võlausaldajale täideti kohustus tema seadusliku esindaja nõusolekul või kui seaduslik esindaja täitmise heaks kiitis. Võlgnik võib kohustuse täita piiratud teovõimega võlausaldaja seaduslikule esindajale, kui esindaja ei ole andnud nõusolekut kohustuse täitmiseks võlausaldajale.
(3) Kui kohustus täidetakse võlausaldajale, kellel ei ole sundtäitmise või pankroti tõttu oma nõude käsutamise õigust, loetakse kohustus täidetuks siis, kui isik, kellele nõude käsutamise õigus kuulub, sellega nõustub või selle heaks kiidab.

§ 80. Leping kolmanda isiku kasuks

(1) Lepingus võib ette näha või võlasuhte olemusest tuleneda, et kohustus tuleb võlausaldaja asemel täita kolmandale isikule (leping kolmanda isiku kasuks).
(2) Kolmas isik võib nõuda lepingu täitmist, kui see on ette nähtud lepinguga või tuleneb seadusest.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 31 / 237

(3) Kui elukindlustus- või elurendiselepinguga nähakse ette kindlustusandja kohustuste täitmine või elurendise maksmine kolmandale isikule, võib kolmas isik nõuda lepingu täitmist, kui lepingust ei tulene teisiti. Sama kehtib kinkelepingu kohta, kui kingisaaja peab vastavalt lepingule täitma mingi kohustuse kolmandale isikule.
(4) Kolmas isik, kelle kasuks on leping sõlmitud, ei pea lepingu sõlmimise ajal olema isikuliselt määratletav. (5) Kui võlgnik peab täitma kohustuse kolmandale isikule pärast võlausaldaja surma, võib kolmas isik
kohustuse täitmist nõuda alates võlausaldaja surmast, kui lepingust või võlasuhte olemusest ei tulene, et
kohustus tuleb täita hiljem.
(6) Lepingupooled võivad kolmanda isiku kasuks sõlmitud lepingut muuta või selle lõpetada ka kolmanda isiku nõusolekuta, kui seadusest või lepingust ei tulene teisiti.
(7) Võlgnik võib kolmanda isiku vastu esitada samu vastuväiteid, mida ta võib esitada võlausaldaja vastu.
(8) Kui kolmas isik loobub talle lepinguga antud õigusest või kui tema õigus lõpeb või ei kehti, siis eeldatakse, et võlausaldaja võib määrata uue kolmanda isiku, kellele kohustus tuleb täita, või nõuda kohustuse täitmist endale.
(9) Kui kolmas isik loobub talle lepinguga antud õigusest, siis loetakse, et tal ei ole seda õigust olnud. Loobumine on kehtiv, kui vastav tahteavaldus jõuab mõlema lepingupooleni.

§ 81. Kolmandat isikut kaitsev leping

(1) Lepinguga võib kaasneda kohustus arvestada kolmanda isiku huvide või õigustega samal määral kui võlausaldaja huvide või õigustega. Sellist kohustust eeldatakse, kui:
1) kolmanda isiku huvid või õigused on lepingu täitmise käigus ohustatud samal määral kui võlausaldaja huvid või õigused ja
2) võib eeldada võlausaldaja tahet kolmanda isiku huvisid või õigusi kaitsta ja
3) võlausaldaja tahe kolmanda isiku huvisid või õigusi kaitsta ning kolmas isik on võlgnikule äratuntavad.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud kohustuse rikkumise korral võib kolmas isik nõuda talle tekitatud kahju hüvitamist.

§ 82. Kohustuse täitmise aeg ja sissenõutavus

(1) Kui kohustuse täitmise tähtpäev on kindlaks määratud või tuleneb võlasuhte olemusest, tuleb kohustus täita sellel tähtpäeval.
(2) Kui kohustuse täitmiseks on ette nähtud tähtaeg või kui see on määratletav lepingu alusel, tuleb kohustus täita selle tähtaja kestel, kui lepingust või asjaoludest ei tulene, et täitmise tähtpäeva võib määrata võlausaldaja.
(3) Kui kohustuse täitmise aega ei ole kindlaks määratud ja see ei tulene ka võlasuhte olemusest, peab võlgnik kohustuse täitma selle täitmiseks mõistlikult vajaliku aja jooksul pärast lepingu sõlmimist või muul alusel võlasuhte tekkimist, arvestades eelkõige kohustuse täitmise kohta, viisi ja olemust.
(4) Võlgnik peab täitma kogu kohustuse ühekorraga, kui see on võimalik ja lepingust või võlasuhte olemusest ei tulene teisiti.
(5) Lepingupooled peavad oma vastastikused lepingulised kohustused täitma üheaegselt, kui üheaegne täitmine on võimalik ja lepingust või võlasuhte olemusest ei tulene teisiti. Kui ühe lepingupoole kohustus on teha
teatud ajavahemiku jooksul teatavaid tegusid ja teine lepingupool võib kohustuse täita ühekorraga, peab teine lepingupool täitma kohustuse pärast seda, kui esimene pool on oma kohustuse täitnud, kui lepingust ei tulene teisiti.
(6) Võlausaldaja majandus- või kutsetegevuses sõlmitud lepingust tuleneva kohustuse võib võlgnik täita ning kohustuse täitmine tuleb vastu võtta tavalisel tööajal, kui lepingust ei tulene teisiti.
(7) Kohustus muutub sissenõutavaks, kui võlausaldajal on õigus nõuda kohustuse täitmist. Kui lepingust ei tulene teisiti, võib võlausaldaja nõuda kohustuse täitmist kohustuse täitmise tähtpäeva või kohustuse täitmiseks ettenähtud tähtaja möödumisel. Kui kohustuse täitmise aega ei ole kindlaks määratud ja see ei tulene ka võlasuhte olemusest, võib võlausaldaja nõuda kohustuse täitmist pärast käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 3 nimetatud kohustuse täitmiseks mõistlikult vajaliku aja möödumist.

§ 821. Tasu sissenõutavaks muutumine vastastikuste lepingute puhul

(1) Kui vastastikuse lepingu puhul ei ole tasu maksmise tähtpäeva või tähtaega kokku lepitud, muutub tasu maksmise kohustus sissenõutavaks hiljemalt 30 päeva möödumisel:
1) arve või muu sellise makseettepaneku võlgniku kätte jõudmisest; [RT I, 04.02.2011, 1- jõust. 05.04.2011]
2) kauba, teenuse või muu hüve saamisest, kui arve või muu makseettepaneku võlgniku kätte jõudmise aeg ei ole selge või kui võlgnik saab arve või makseettepaneku enne kauba, teenuse või muu hüve saamist;

Leht 32 / 237 Võlaõigusseadus

[RT I, 04.02.2011, 1- jõust. 05.04.2011]
3) kauba, teenuse või muu hüve vastuvõtmisest või ülevaatamisest, kui seaduse või lepinguga on ette nähtud
kauba, teenuse või muu hüve vastuvõtmine või ülevaatamine, mille käigus tuleb kontrollida selle lepingule
vastavust, ja kui võlgnik saab arve või muu makseettepaneku enne vastuvõtmise või ülevaatamise aega või selle
ajaks.
[RT I, 05.04.2013, 1- jõust. 15.04.2013]
(11) Kui võlgnik on riigihangete seaduse § 10 lõikes 1 või 2 nimetatud isik, ei tohi kokku leppida tähtajas, mille möödumisel loetakse, et võlgnik on arve kätte saanud.
[RT I, 05.04.2013, 1- jõust. 15.04.2013]
(2) Võlgnik, kes on sõlminud lepingu oma majandus- või kutsetegevuses, ei või tugineda kokkuleppele,
millega nähakse ette 60 päeva ületav maksetähtaeg alates käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 1 punktides 1–3 nimetatud
asjaolude esinemisest, välja arvatud juhul, kui lepingus on sõnaselgelt teisiti kokku lepitud ja kui see ei ole
asjaolude kohaselt võlausaldaja suhtes äärmiselt ebaõiglane.
[RT I, 05.04.2013, 1- jõust. 15.04.2013]
(3) Võlgnik, kes on riigihangete seaduse § 10 lõikes 1 või 2 nimetatud isik, ei või tugineda kokkuleppele, millega nähakse ette käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatust pikem maksetähtaeg, välja arvatud juhul, kui lepingus on sõnaselgelt teisiti kokku lepitud ja kui see tuleneb objektiivselt lepingu olemusest või erilistest tunnusjoontest.
[RT I, 05.04.2013, 1- jõust. 15.04.2013]
(4) Kokkulepe, millega nähakse ette võlgnikule, kes on riigihangete seaduse § 10 lõikes 1 või 2 nimetatud isik,
60 päeva ületav maksetähtaeg, on tühine.
[RT I, 05.04.2013, 1- jõust. 15.04.2013]
(5) Kui maksetähtaeg hakkab kulgema pärast kauba, teenuse või muu hüve vastuvõtmist või ülevaatamist, ei saa majandus- või kutsetegevuses tegutsev võlgnik tugineda kokkuleppele, mille kohaselt on kauba, teenuse või muu hüve vastuvõtmise või ülevaatamise tähtaeg pikem kui 30 päeva alates kauba, teenuse või muu hüve saamisest, välja arvatud juhul, kui see on sõnaselgelt teisiti kokku lepitud ja kui see ei ole asjaolude kohaselt võlausaldaja suhtes äärmiselt ebaõiglane.
[RT I, 05.04.2013, 1- jõust. 15.04.2013]

§ 83. Kohustuse ositi täitmine

(1) Kui kohustus tuleb täita ühekorraga, võib võlausaldaja keelduda kohustuse ositi täitmise vastuvõtmisest, välja arvatud juhul, kui see oleks vastuolus hea usu põhimõttega.
(2) Võlausaldaja võib keelduda kohustuse ositi täitmise vastuvõtmisest sõltumata sellest, kas kohustuse ositi täitmist pakkudes pakub võlgnik tagatist ka ülejäänud kohustuse osa täitmise tagamiseks või kinnitab kohustuse täitmist täies ulatuses.
(3) Võlausaldajale kohustuse ositi täitmise vastuvõtmisest tekkinud lisakulud kannab võlgnik.

§ 84. Kohustuse ennetähtaegne täitmine

(1) Võlausaldaja ei või nõuda kohustuse täitmist enne täitmise tähtpäeva, kuid ta ei või keelduda kohustuse täitmise vastuvõtmisest enne täitmise tähtpäeva, kui tal ei ole keeldumiseks õigustatud huvi.
(2) Kui lepingupool on kohustuse täitmise enne täitmise tähtpäeva vastu võtnud, ei mõjuta see tema enda kohustuse täitmise aega, kui tema kohustuse täitmise aeg ei sõltu teise lepingupoole kohustuse täitmisest.
(3) Kohustuse täitmisega enne täitmise tähtpäeva võlausaldajale tekkivad lisakulud kannab võlgnik.
(4) Kui võlgnik on enne täitmise tähtpäeva täitnud kohustuse, millega kaasneb intressi maksmise kohustus, võib võlausaldaja nõuda intressi kuni kohustuse täitmiseks ettenähtud tähtpäevani. Kui enne täitmise tähtpäeva täidetakse kohustus, millega ei kaasne intressi maksmise kohustust, ei või võlgnik nõuda võlausaldajalt intressi ajavahemiku eest kohustuse täitmisest kuni kohustuse täitmiseks ettenähtud tähtpäevani.

§ 85. Kohustuse täitmise koht

(1) Võlgnik peab kohustuse täitma lepingu või seadusega kindlaksmääratud kohas. Kui kohustuse täitmise kohta ei ole lepingu või seadusega kindlaks määratud, tuleb kohustus täita kohas, mis tuleneb võlasuhte olemusest.
(2) Kui kohustuse täitmise kohta ei saa määrata käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud alustel, tuleb:

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 33 / 237

1) rahaline kohustus täita võlausaldaja võlasuhte tekkimise ajal võlasuhtega kõige rohkem seotud tegevuskohas, selle puudumisel aga võlausaldaja elu- või asukohas;
2) kindlaksmääratud asja või kindlaksmääratud asjade kogumist võetava asja üleandmise kohustus täita kohas, kus asi või asjade kogum asus võlasuhte tekkimise ajal;
3) kohustus anda üle asi, mis tuleb toota või valmistada pärast lepingu sõlmimist, täita kohas, kus asi valmistati või toodeti;
4) käesoleva lõike punktides 1–3 nimetamata kohustus täita võlgniku võlasuhte tekkimise ajal võlasuhtega kõige rohkem seotud tegevuskohas, selle puudumisel aga võlgniku elu- või asukohas.
(3) Kui kohustus tuleb täita võlausaldaja tegevus-, elu- või asukohas ja võlausaldaja muudab seda kohta pärast kohustuse tekkimist, võib ta nõuda kohustuse täitmist uues tegevus-, elu- või asukohas, kui ta kannab sellega seotud lisakulud ja riisiko.
(4) Kui kohustus tuleb täita võlgniku tegevus-, elu- või asukohas ja võlgnik muudab seda kohta pärast kohustuse tekkimist, võib ta kohustuse täita uues tegevus-, elu- või asukohas tingimusel, et ta kannab sellega seotud lisakulud ja riisiko.
(5) Kui kohustuse täitmiseks on määratud mitu alternatiivset kohta, on täitmise koha valiku õigus võlgnikul, kui seadusest või võlasuhte olemusest ei tulene, et see õigus on võlausaldajal või kolmandal isikul.

§ 86. Alternatiivkohustus

(1) Kui võlgnik peab täitma ühe mitmest kohustusest, kuulub valikuõigus võlgnikule, kui seadusest, lepingust või võlasuhte olemusest tulenevalt ei ole seda õigust võlausaldajal või kolmandal isikul.
(2) Valikuõigust omav võlgnik või võlausaldaja teeb oma valiku sellest võlasuhte teisele poolele teatamisega. Kui valikuõigus on kolmandal isikul, teeb ta valiku sellest nii võlgnikule kui ka võlausaldajale teatamisega. Kui valik on tehtud, siis loetakse, et algusest peale tuli täita üksnes valitud kohustus.

§ 87. Valikuõiguse üleminek alternatiivkohustuse puhul

(1) Kui alternatiivkohustuse puhul on valikuõigus võlgnikul või võlausaldajal ja valikut ei ole tehtud kokkulepitud aja jooksul või kokkuleppe puudumise korral mõistliku aja jooksul enne kohustuse sissenõutavaks muutumist, läheb valikuõigus üle võlasuhte teisele poolele.
(2) Kui valikuõigus on kolmandal isikul ja kolmas isik ei tee valikut käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud tähtaja jooksul, läheb valikuõigus üle võlgnikule.

§ 88. Täitmine erinevate kohustuste katteks

(1) Kui võlgnik peab võlausaldajale üle andma raha või liigitunnustega esemeid või osutama samaliigilisi teenuseid mitme erineva kohustuse täitmiseks ja üleantud rahast, esemetest või osutatud teenustest ei piisa kõigi kohustuste täitmiseks, võib võlgnik määrata, missuguse kohustuse täitmiseks on raha või esemed üle antud või teenus osutatud.
(2) Kui võlgniku kohustused ei ole võrdselt tagatud, ei või võlgnik määrata, et ta täidab paremini tagatud kohustuse.
(3) Võlgnik ei või määrata, et ta täidab kohustuse, mille täitmist ei või võlausaldaja veel nõuda ja mille ennetähtaegse täitmise vastuvõtmisest keeldumiseks on võlausaldajal õigustatud huvi.
(4) Kui võlgnik ei ole enne kohustuse täitmist või mõistliku aja jooksul pärast kohustuse täitmist määranud, millise kohustuse ta on täitnud, võib selle määrata võlausaldaja, kui:
1) ta teatab määramisest võlgnikule mõistliku aja jooksul pärast kohustuse täitmist ja
2) kohustuse täitmine ei ole õigusvastane ja
3) kohustus on muutunud sissenõutavaks ja
4) kohustust ei ole vaidlustatud.
(5) Kui võlausaldaja on käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 4 nimetatud asjaoludel määranud, millise kohustuse on võlgnik täitnud, kuid võlgnik on sellele viivitamata vastu vaielnud, võib võlgnik ise määrata, millise kohustuse ta on täitnud. Sel juhul loetakse, et võlgnik on täitnud tema poolt määratud kohustuse.
(6) Kui võlgnik ega võlausaldaja ei ole määranud, millise kohustuse täitmiseks raha, esemed või teenus arvestatakse, loetakse täidetuks:
1) esimeses järjekorras esimesena sissenõutavaks muutunud kohustus;
2) teises järjekorras võlausaldaja jaoks kõige vähem tagatud kohustus;
3) kolmandas järjekorras võlgnikule kõige koormavam kohustus;
4) neljandas järjekorras varem tekkinud kohustus.
(7) Kui käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 6 sätestatu alusel ei ole võimalik määrata, milline kohustus on täidetud, loetakse, et täitmine on toimunud võrdeliselt kõikide kohustuste katteks.

Leht 34 / 237 Võlaõigusseadus

(8) Kui võlgnik peab lisaks rahalisele põhikohustusele tasuma kulutusi ja intressi, loetakse, et täitmine on toimunud esmalt kulutuste, seejärel juba sissenõutavaks muutunud intressi ning lõpuks põhikohustuse katteks.
(9) Võlgnik ei või võlausaldaja nõusolekuta määrata kohustuse täitmiseks käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 8 sätestatust erinevat järjekorda.

§ 89. Kohustuse täitmise asendamine

(1) Võlgnik võib kohustuse täitmiseks vajaliku teo asemel teha teistsuguse teo (täitmise asendamine) üksnes võlausaldaja nõusolekul, isegi kui teistsuguse teo väärtus on sama mis võlgnetaval teol või sellest suurem. Kui võlausaldaja võtab teise teo kohustuse täitmisena vastu, loetakse kohustus täidetuks.
(2) Võlausaldaja nõude rahuldamise eesmärgil võlgniku poolt võlausaldaja ees uue kohustuse võtmist ei loeta täitmise asendamiseks, kui seadusest või lepingust ei tulene teisiti. Kui võlausaldaja võtab uue kohustuse täitmise vastu, loetakse ka esialgne kohustus täidetuks.
(3) Täitmise asendamise korral vastutab võlgnik asendatud täitmise eest samadel alustel, kui ta vastutaks juhul, kui täitmist ei oleks asendatud.

§ 90. Kohustuse täitmise kulud

Võlgnik kannab oma kohustuse täitmisega seotud kulud.

§ 91. Rahalise kohustuse täitmise viis

(1) Rahalise kohustuse võib täita sularahas. Rahalise kohustuse võib täita ka muul viisil, kui see on poolte poolt kokku lepitud või kui seda kasutatakse tasumise kohas tavaliselt majandustegevuses.
(2) Kui riigis, kus rahaline kohustus tuleb täita, on võlausaldajal krediidiasutuses või muu makseteenuse pakkuja juures konto, mis on määratud maksetehingute tegemiseks, võib võlgnik kohustuse täita võlgnetava summa kandmisega sellele kontole, kui võlausaldaja ei ole seda otseselt keelanud.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]
(3) Rahalise kohustuse täitmisel võlgnetava summa kandmisega võlausaldaja kontole loetakse kohustus täidetuks võlausaldaja konto krediteerimisest võlgnetava rahasumma ulatuses.
(4) Kui võlausaldaja võtab rahalise kohustuse täitmisena vastu talle pakutud tšeki, veksli või muu sellesarnase maksevahendi ja maksevahend hiljem lunastatakse, loetakse kohustus täidetuks maksevahendi vastuvõtmisest alates.
(5) Kui võlausaldaja on rahalise kohustuse täitmisena vastu võtnud käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 4 nimetatud maksevahendi, võib ta nõuda kohustuse täitmist rahas üksnes juhul, kui maksevahendit ei lunastata.
(6) Kui võlausaldajal on õigus keelduda oma kohustuse täitmisest kuni rahalise kohustuse täitmiseni võlgniku poolt ja ta on kohustuse täitmisena vastu võtnud käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 4 nimetatud maksevahendi, võib ta keelduda oma kohustuse täitmisest, kuni maksevahend on lunastatud.
(7) Rahalise kohustuse täitmisel posti teel loetakse kohustus täidetuks raha võlausaldajale väljamaksmisest alates.

§ 92. Rahasumma tasumine nimiväärtuses

Rahaline kohustus tuleb täita raha nimiväärtuses, kui seadusest või lepingust ei tulene teisiti.

§ 93. Rahalise kohustuse vääring

(1) Rahalise kohustuse täitmiseks makstav raha peab olema tasumise ajal kehtiv riigis, mille vääringus makse tehakse.
(2) Kui kohustus, mis tuleb täita rahas, ei ole väljendatud üheski vääringus, tuleb see täita kohustuse täitmise koha (maksmiskoht) vääringus.
(3) Maksmiskoha vääringust erinevas vääringus väljendatud kohustuse võib võlgnik täita ka maksmiskoha vääringus, välja arvatud juhul, kui see vääring ei ole vabalt konverteeritav või kui on kokku lepitud, et tasumine ei ole lubatud muus vääringus kui selles, milles rahaline kohustus on väljendatud. Sõltumata sellisest kokkuleppest võib võlausaldaja nõuda rahalise kohustuse täitmist maksmiskoha vääringus, kui tasumine on võimatu vääringus, milles rahaline kohustus on väljendatud.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 35 / 237

(4) Kui maksmiskoha vääringust erinevas vääringus väljendatud rahaline kohustus täidetakse maksmiskoha vääringus, võetakse kohustuse ümberarvestamisel maksmiskoha vääringusse aluseks keskmine vahetuskurss, millega võlausaldaja saab kohustuse sissenõutavaks muutumise ajal maksmiskohas viivitamata hankida vääringut, milles kohustus oli väljendatud. Kui võlgnik ei ole rahalist kohustust õigeaegselt täitnud, võib võlausaldaja nõuda tasumist kas kohustuse sissenõutavaks muutumise või tegeliku tasumise ajal kehtiva vahetuskursi alusel.

§ 94. Intress võlasuhtes

(1) Kui kohustuselt tuleb vastavalt seadusele või lepingule tasuda intressi, on intressimääraks poolaasta kaupa Euroopa Keskpanga põhirefinantseerimisoperatsioonidele kohaldatav viimane intressimäär enne iga aasta 1. jaanuari ja 1. juulit, kui seaduses või lepinguga ei ole ette nähtud teisiti.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud intressimäära õigeaegse avaldamise korraldab Eesti Pank väljaandes Ametlikud Teadaanded.
[RT I 2003, 78, 523- jõust. 27.12.2003]
(3) Fikseeritud intressimääraks on lepingus võlausaldaja ja võlgniku vahel terveks lepingu kehtivuse ajaks kokkulepitud intressimäär või kindlateks ajavahemikeks kokkulepitud intressimäär, mis arvutatakse üksnes kindlaksmääratud protsendimäära alusel. Kui kõik intressimäärad ei ole lepingus kindlaks määratud, loetakse intressimäär fikseerituks nendeks ajavahemikeks, milleks intressimäär on lepingu sõlmimisel väljendatud üksnes kindlaksmääratud protsendimäärana.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(4) Intressimäär, mida ei loeta käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 3 alusel fikseeritud intressimääraks, on fikseerimata intressimäär.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]

§ 95. Täitmise kviitung

(1) Võlausaldaja peab kohustuse täitmise vastuvõtmisel andma võlgnikule tema nõudel kohustuse täitmise vastuvõtmise kohta kirjaliku tõendi (täitmise kviitung). Võlgnik võib nõuda kviitungi andmist muus vormis, kui tal on selleks õigustatud huvi.
(2) Kui võlgniku asemel täidab kohustuse kolmas isik, võib täitmise kviitungit nõuda nii võlgnik kui ka kolmas isik.
(3) Kui kohustus tuleb täita kolmandale isikule, võib võlgnik nõuda täitmise kviitungit nii kolmandalt isikult kui võlausaldajalt.
(4) Kui võlausaldaja poolt väljaantud täitmise kviitungi annab võlgnikule üle isik, kes ei ole võlausaldaja, siis loetakse, et see isik on õigustatud võlgnikult kohustuse täitmist vastu võtma. Kviitungi üleandjat ei loeta õigustatuks kohustuse täitmist vastu võtma, kui võlgnik teadis või pidi teadma, et üleandja ei olnud õigustatud kohustuse täitmist vastu võtma, samuti kui kviitung oli võlausaldaja valdusest välja läinud tema tahte vastaselt.
(5) Kui kviitung on välja antud põhikohustuse täitmise kohta, siis eeldatakse, et tasutud on ka kulud ja intress. (6) Kui võlausaldaja või kolmas isik, kellele kohustus tuleb täita, keeldub kviitungit välja andmast, võib võlgnik
oma kohustuse täitmisest kuni kviitungi saamiseni keelduda. Sel juhul loetakse võlausaldaja kohustuse täitmise
vastuvõtmisega viivitanuks.

§ 96. Võladokumendi tagastamine

(1) Kui võlgnik on kohustuse kohta välja andnud kohustuse olemasolu tõendava dokumendi (võladokument), võib ta kohustuse täitmisel lisaks kviitungile või selle asemel nõuda võladokumendi tagastamist. Kui võlausaldaja võladokumenti ei tagasta, võib võlgnik nõuda võlausaldajalt kohustuse lõppemise kohta kirjalikku tunnistust.
(2) Kui kohustus on täidetud osaliselt või kui võladokumendil on näidatud ka võlausaldaja muud õigused või kui võlausaldajal on võladokumendi tagastamata jätmiseks muu õigustatud huvi, võib ta keelduda võladokumendi tagastamisest tingimusel, et ta teeb võladokumendile kohustuse täitmist tõendava pealdise.
(3) Kui võladokument on võlgnikule tagastatud, siis eeldatakse, et kohustus on täidetud.
(4) Kui võlausaldaja keeldub võladokumenti tagastamast või sellele pealdist tegemast või kohustuse lõppemise kohta tunnistust välja andmast, võib võlgnik keelduda kohustuse täitmisest kuni võladokumendi üleandmiseni, sellele pealdise tegemise või tunnistuse väljaandmiseni. Sel juhul loetakse võlausaldaja kohustuse täitmise vastuvõtmisega viivitanuks.

Leht 36 / 237 Võlaõigusseadus

§ 97. Lepinguliste kohustuste vahekorra muutumine

(1) Kui pärast lepingu sõlmimist muutuvad lepingu sõlmimise aluseks olnud asjaolud ja sellega kaasneb lepingupoolte kohustuste vahekorra oluline muutumine, mistõttu ühe lepingupoole kohustuste täitmise kulud suurenevad oluliselt või teiselt lepingupoolelt lepinguga saadava väärtus väheneb oluliselt, võib kahjustatud lepingupool nõuda teiselt lepingupoolelt lepingu muutmist poolte kohustuste esialgse vahekorra taastamiseks.
(2) Lepingu muutmist võib käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud asjaoludel nõuda, kui:
1) kahjustatud lepingupool ei saanud lepingu sõlmimise ajal mõistlikult arvata, et asjaolud võivad muutuda ja
2) kahjustatud lepingupool ei saanud asjaolude muutumist mõjutada ja
3) asjaolude muutumise riisikot ei kanna seadusest või lepingust tulenevalt kahjustatud lepingupool ja
4) kahjustatud lepingupool ei oleks asjaolude muutumisest teades lepingut sõlminud või oleks seda teinud
oluliselt teistsugustel tingimustel.
(3) Lepingu muutmist võib nõuda ka juhul, kui lepingu sõlmimise aluseks olnud asjaolud olid küll muutunud enne lepingu sõlmimist, kuid nende asjaolude muutumine sai kahjustatud lepingupoolele teatavaks pärast lepingu sõlmimist.
(4) Kahjustatud lepingupool võib nõuda lepingu muutmist ka tagasiulatuvalt, kuid mitte varasema seisuga, kui alates kohustuste vahekorra muutumisest.
(5) Kui on olemas alused lepingu muutmiseks, kuid asjaolude kohaselt ei ole lepingu muutmine käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 1 kohaselt võimalik või ei oleks see teise lepingupoole suhtes mõistlik, võib kohustuste vahekorra muutumisega kahjustatud lepingupool lepingust taganeda, kestvuslepingu aga käesoleva seaduse §-s
196 sätestatud korras üles öelda.

§ 98. Tagatise andmise ja kohustuse täitmise kinnitamise kohustus

(1) Kui isik peab oma kohustuse täitmiseks andma tagatise, ilma et tagatis oleks täpselt määratletud, või kui tagatise andmine on õiguslike tagajärgede tekkimise tingimus, võib tagatise andja valida tagatise liigi. Tagatis peab piisavalt tagama kohustust ning vajadusel ka intressi ja kulutusi ning võlausaldajal peab olema võimalus tagatis raskusteta rahaks teha.
(2) Kui käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud asjaoludel antud tagatis on muutunud ebapiisavaks põhjusel, mis ei olene võlausaldajast, peab võlgnik tagatist täiendama või selle asendama.
(3) Kui isik peab oma kohustuse täitmist kinnitama, kuid kinnitamise viisi ei ole kindlaks määratud või on kohustuse täitmise kinnitamisega seotud teatud õiguslikud tagajärjed, peab ta esitama piisavad tõendid oma võime kohta kohustust täita.

§ 99. Tellimata asja saatmine, teenuse osutamine ja muu soorituse tegemine

[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(1) Ettevõtjal ei teki tarbijale tellimata asja saatmise, teenuse osutamise või muu soorituse tegemise korral tarbija vastu nõudeid. Tarbija vaikimist või tegevusetust ei loeta tarbija nõustumuseks.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatu ei välista seadusest tulenevate nõuete esitamist, kui:
1) asi või teenus ei olnud määratud sellele tarbijale;
2) asja saatja või teenuse osutaja arvas ekslikult, et tarbija selle tellis ja tarbija sai eksimusest aru või pidi sellest
aru saama.
(3) [Kehtetu -RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(4) Käesolevas paragrahvis sätestatust tarbija kahjuks kõrvalekalduv kokkulepe on tühine. [RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

5. peatükk

KOHUSTUSE RIKKUMINE

1. jagu

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 37 / 237

Üldsätted

§ 100. Kohustuse rikkumise mõiste

Kohustuse rikkumine on võlasuhtest tuleneva kohustuse täitmata jätmine või mittekohane täitmine, sealhulgas täitmisega viivitamine.

§ 101. Õiguskaitsevahendid kohustuse rikkumise korral

(1) Kui võlgnik on kohustust rikkunud, võib võlausaldaja:
1) nõuda kohustuse täitmist;
2) oma võlgnetava kohustuse täitmisest keelduda;
3) nõuda kahju hüvitamist;
4) taganeda lepingust või öelda leping üles;
5) alandada hinda;
6) rahalise kohustuse täitmisega viivitamise korral nõuda viivist.
(2) Võlausaldaja võib kohustuse rikkumise korral kasutada eraldi või koos kõiki seadusest või lepingust tulenevaid õiguskaitsevahendeid, mida saab üheaegselt kasutada, kui seadusest või lepingust ei tulene teisiti. Eelkõige ei võta kohustuse rikkumisest tuleneva õiguskaitsevahendi kasutamine võlausaldajalt õigust nõuda kohustuse rikkumisega tekitatud kahju hüvitamist.
(3) Võlausaldaja ei või tugineda kohustuse rikkumisele võlgniku poolt ega kasutada sellest tulenevalt õiguskaitsevahendeid niivõrd, kuivõrd selle rikkumise põhjustas tema enda tegu või temast tulenev asjaolu või sündmus, mille toimumise riisikot ta kannab.

§ 102. Teatamiskohustus

Võlgnik peab võlausaldajale teatama kohustuse täitmist takistavast asjaolust ja selle mõjust kohustuse täitmisele viivitamata pärast seda, kui ta sai takistavast asjaolust teada.

§ 103. Rikkumise vabandatavus

(1) Võlgnik vastutab kohustuse rikkumise eest, välja arvatud, kui rikkumine on vabandatav. Eeldatakse, et kohustuse rikkumine ei ole vabandatav.
(2) Kohustuse rikkumine on vabandatav, kui võlgnik rikkus kohustust vääramatu jõu tõttu. Vääramatu jõud on asjaolu, mida võlgnik ei saanud mõjutada ja mõistlikkuse põhimõttest lähtudes ei saanud temalt oodata, et ta lepingu sõlmimise või lepinguvälise kohustuse tekkimise ajal selle asjaoluga arvestaks või seda väldiks või takistava asjaolu või selle tagajärje ületaks.
(3) Kui vääramatu jõu mõju on ajutine, on kohustuse rikkumine vabandatav üksnes aja vältel, mil vääramatu jõud kohustuse täitmist takistas.
(4) Seaduses või lepinguga ettenähtud juhtudel vastutab isik oma kohustuse rikkumise eest rikkumise vabandatavusest sõltumata.

§ 104. Vastutus süü puhul

(1) Seaduses või lepingus ettenähtud juhtudel vastutab isik oma kohustuse rikkumise eest üksnes süü olemasolu korral.
(2) Süü vormid on hooletus, raske hooletus ja tahtlus.
(3) Hooletus on käibes vajaliku hoole järgimata jätmine.
(4) Raske hooletus on käibes vajaliku hoole olulisel määral järgimata jätmine.
(5) Tahtlus on õigusvastase tagajärje soovimine võlasuhte tekkimisel, täitmisel või lõpetamisel.
(6) Kui isik seadusest või lepingust tulenevalt peab ilmutama üksnes niisugust hoolt, nagu ta rakendab oma asjades, vastutab ta siiski ka tahtluse ja raske hooletuse korral.

§ 105. Õiguskaitsevahendid võlgniku vastutusest sõltumata

Kui võlgnik on kohustust rikkunud, on võlausaldajal sõltumata sellest, kas võlgnik vastutab kohustuse rikkumise eest, õigus keelduda oma kohustuse täitmisest, lepingust taganeda või leping üles öelda, samuti alandada hinda.
[RT I, 05.04.2013, 1- jõust. 15.04.2013]

Leht 38 / 237 Võlaõigusseadus

§ 106. Vastutusest vabastamise või vastutuse piiramise kokkulepe

(1) Võlgnik ja võlausaldaja võivad eelnevalt kokku leppida kohustuse rikkumise eest vastutuse välistamises või piiramises.
(2) Tühine on kokkulepe, millega välistatakse vastutus või piiratakse seda kohustuse tahtliku rikkumise puhuks, samuti kokkulepe, mis võimaldab võlgnikul täita kohustuse oluliselt erinevana võlausaldaja poolt mõistlikult eeldatust või mis muul viisil ebamõistlikult välistab vastutuse või piirab seda.

§ 107. Heastamine

(1) Lepingulist kohustust rikkunud lepingupool võib rikkumise oma kulul heastada, muu hulgas mittekohase täitmise parandada või asendada, kuni teine lepingupool ei ole lepingust taganenud, seda üles öelnud või nõudnud kohustuse täitmise asemel kahju hüvitamist, kui:
1) heastamine on vastavalt asjaoludele mõistlik ja
2) heastamisega ei põhjustata kahjustatud lepingupoolele põhjendamatuid ebamugavusi ega kulutusi ja
3) kahjustatud lepingupoolel ei ole õigustatud huvi heastamisest keelduda.
(2) Kohustust rikkunud lepingupool võib kohustuse rikkumise heastada mõistliku aja jooksul pärast seda, kui ta on kahjustatud lepingupoolele teatanud heastamise kavatsusest, pakutavast heastamise viisist ja ajast ning kahjustatud lepingupool, kellel on heastamisest keeldumiseks õigustatud huvi, ei ole mõistliku aja jooksul teatanud, et ta ei ole heastamisega nõus.
(3) Kahjustatud lepingupool võib heastamise teate saamisest kuni heastamise lõppemiseni või selle ebaõnnestumiseni oma kohustuse täitmisest keelduda. Muid õiguskaitsevahendeid võib ta heastamise ajal kasutada üksnes juhul, kui need ei ole heastamisega vastuolus.
(4) Heastamine ei võta kahjustatud lepingupoolelt õigust nõuda kohustuse täitmisega viivitamise ja rikkumise heastamisega tekitatud kahju hüvitamist, muu hulgas viivise või leppetrahvi maksmist.

2. jagu

Õiguskaitsevahendid

§ 108. Kohustuse täitmise nõudmine

(1) Kui võlgnik rikub raha maksmise kohustust, võib võlausaldaja nõuda selle täitmist.
(2) Kui võlgnik rikub kohustust, mis ei seisne raha maksmises, võib võlausaldaja nõuda temalt kohustuse täitmist. Kohustuse täitmist ei või nõuda, kui:
1) kohustuse täitmine on võimatu;
2) kohustuse täitmine on võlgnikule ebamõistlikult koormav või kulukas;
3) võlausaldaja saab mõistlikult saavutada kohustuse täitmisega taotletava tulemuse muul viisil;
4) kohustuse täitmine seisneb isikliku iseloomuga teenuse osutamises.
(3) Võlausaldaja võib nõuda käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 2 nimetatud kohustuse täitmist üksnes mõistliku aja jooksul pärast seda, kui ta sai kohustuse rikkumisest teada või pidi sellest teada saama.
(4) Võlgnik võib eelnevalt määrata võlausaldajale mõistliku tähtaja kohustuse täitmise nõude esitamiseks. Kui võlgnik on täitmise nõude esitamiseks andnud ebamõistlikult lühikese tähtaja, loetakse see pikenenuks mõistliku tähtajani.
(5) Kui võlausaldaja käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 3 või 4 nimetatud tähtaja jooksul kohustuse täitmise nõuet ei esita, ei või ta enam nõuda kohustuse täitmist, kuid võib kasutada muid õiguskaitsevahendeid.
(6) Õigus nõuda kohustuse täitmist hõlmab ka võlausaldaja õiguse nõuda mittekohase täitmise parandamist, asendamist või muul viisil heastamist niivõrd, kuivõrd seda võib võlgnikult mõistlikult oodata.
(7) Kui võlgnikult ei või käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 2 nimetatud alusel kohustuse täitmist nõuda ja kui võlgnik saab võlgnetava kohustuse eseme asemel hüvitise või omandab sellise hüvitise maksmise nõude (hüvitisnõue), võib võlausaldaja nõuda hüvitise üleandmist või hüvitisnõude loovutamist.
(8) Võlausaldaja ei või nõuda kohustuse täitmist, kui talle on kohustuse täitmise asemel tema nõudel hüvitatud kohustuse rikkumisega tekitatud kahju.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 39 / 237

§ 109. Vastastikuse lepingu täitmise nõude erisused

(1) Vastastikuse lepingu puhul võib oma kohustust rikkunud lepingupool nõuda teiselt lepingupoolelt tema kohustuse täitmist ka juhul, kui kohustust rikkunud lepingupoolelt endalt ei saa käesoleva seaduse § 108 lõikes 2 nimetatud põhjusel kohustuse täitmist nõuda, kui see põhjus on tekkinud teisest lepingupoolest tuleneva asjaolu tõttu või kui see põhjus tekkis ajal, mil teine lepingupool oli vastuvõtuviivituses.
(2) Kohustust rikkunud lepingupool peab käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud juhul oma nõudest siiski maha arvama selle, mis ta oma kohustuse täitmata jätmisega kokku hoiab või oma tööjõu või vahendite teistsuguse rakendamisega omandab või jätab pahauskselt omandamata, kuigi tal on selleks mõistlik võimalus.

§ 110. Kohustuse täitmisest keeldumine

(1) Võlgnik võib keelduda oma kohustuse täitmisest, kuni võlausaldaja on rahuldanud võlgniku sissenõutavaks muutunud nõude võlausaldaja vastu, kui see nõue ei ole piisavalt tagatud ning selle nõude ja võlgniku kohustuse vahel on piisav seos ning seadusest, lepingust või võlasuhte olemusest ei tulene teisiti. Eelkõige on nõude ja kohustuse vahel piisav seos juhul, kui võlgniku ja võlausaldaja kohustused tulenevad samast õigussuhtest, nendevahelisest eelnevast regulaarsest suhtest või muust piisavast majanduslikust või ajalisest seosest.
(2) Võlgnikul ei ole käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud alusel õigust kohustuse täitmisest keelduda, kui:
1) võlgniku võlausaldaja vastu suunatud nõude täitmine on võimatu;
2) võlausaldaja on oma kohustust rikkunud võlgnikust tulenevatel asjaoludel, sealhulgas ka siis, kui tema
kohustuse täitmist takistab võlgniku vastuvõtuviivitus;
3) võlausaldaja nõue tuleneb võlgniku kohustusest võlausaldajat ülal pidada;
4) võlausaldaja nõue võlgniku vastu tuleneb tervise kahjustamise või surma põhjustamisega tekitatud kahju
hüvitamise kohustusest;
5) nõudele ei saa seadusest tulenevalt pöörata sissenõuet.
(3) Võlgniku õigus täitmisest keelduda lõpeb, kui võlausaldaja täidab oma kohustuse või tagab kohustuse täitmise.
(4) Kui võlgniku nõue võlausaldaja vastu on aegunud, võib võlgnik oma kohustuse täitmisest keelduda, kui täitmisest keeldumise õigus on tekkinud enne aegumistähtaja lõppemist.
(5) Kui võlausaldaja nõuab võlgnikult kohtus kohustuse täitmist ja võlgnik täitmisest käesoleva paragrahvi alusel keeldub, teeb kohus otsuse, millega võlgnikku kohustakse otsust täitma üksnes juhul, kui võlausaldaja on oma kohustuse tema suhtes täitnud või võlgnik on täitmise vastuvõtmisega sattunud viivitusse.
[RT I 2008, 59, 330- jõust. 01.01.2009]

§ 111. Kohustuse täitmisest keeldumine vastastikuse lepingu puhul

(1) Kui lepingupooltel on lepingust tulenevad vastastikused kohustused (vastastikune leping), võib üks lepingupool oma kohustuse täitmisest keelduda, kuni teine lepingupool on oma kohustuse täitnud, täitmist pakkunud või andnud täitmiseks tagatise või on kinnitanud, et ta kohustuse täidab.
(2) Kui kohustus tuleb täita mitme isiku suhtes, võib kohustatud lepingupool käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud juhul keelduda kohustuse täitmisest kõigi nende isikute suhtes, kuni tema suhtes on kogu kohustus täidetud.
(3) Kohustuse täitmisest ei või keelduda, kui see ei oleks asjaolusid arvestades mõistlik või ei vastaks hea usu põhimõttele, eelkõige kui teine lepingupool on oma kohustuse suuremas osas või oluliste puudusteta täitnud.
(4) Lepingupool, kes peab oma kohustuse täitma enne teist lepingupoolt, võib keelduda lepingu täitmisest, kui talle pärast lepingu sõlmimist teatavaks saanud asjaolud annavad piisavalt alust arvata, et teine lepingupool
ei suuda oma kohustust täita maksejõuetuse tõttu, või kui teise lepingupoole käitumine kohustuse täitmise ettevalmistamisel või täitmisel või muu oluline põhjus annab alust arvata, et ta oma kohustust ei täida.
(5) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 4 nimetatud juhul võib kohustuse täitmisest keeldumiseks õigustatud lepingupool nõuda, et teine lepingupool täidaks oma kohustuse temaga ühel ajal, ning määrata kohustuse täitmiseks, kohustuse täitmise kinnitamiseks või tagatise andmiseks mõistliku tähtaja. Kui teine lepingupool selle tähtaja jooksul kohustust ei täida, täitmist ei taga ega kinnita, võib kohustuse täitmisest keeldumiseks õigustatud lepingupool vastavalt käesoleva seaduse §-s 117 sätestatule lepingust taganeda.
(6) Kui lepingupoolel, kes peab oma kohustuse täitma enne teist poolt, on piisavalt alust arvata, et teine lepingupool täidab kohustuse osaliselt või muul viisil mittekohaselt, võib ta oma kohustuse täitmisest käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 4 sätestatud alusel keelduda üksnes siis, kui võib eeldada, et teine lepingupool rikub lepingut oluliselt.
(7) Kui võlausaldaja nõuab võlgnikult kohtus kohustuse täitmist ja võlgnik täitmisest käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 1 või 4 alusel keeldub, kohaldatakse käesoleva seaduse § 110 lõikes 5 sätestatut. Käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 4 alusel täitmisest keeldumisel võib kohus kohustada võlgnikku kohustust täitma üksnes tagatise vastu. [RT I 2008, 59, 330- jõust. 01.01.2009]

Leht 40 / 237 Võlaõigusseadus

§ 112. Hinna alandamine

(1) Kui lepingupool võtab vastu kohustuse mittekohase täitmise, võib ta alandada tema poolt selle eest tasumisele kuuluvat hinda võrdeliselt kohustuse mittekohase täitmise väärtuse suhtele kohase täitmise väärtusesse. Kohase ja mittekohase täitmise väärtused määratakse kohustuse täitmise aja seisuga. Kui kohase ja mittekohase täitmise väärtusi ei saa täpselt kindlaks teha, otsustab väärtuste suuruse asjaolusid arvestades kohus.
(2) Hinna alandamine toimub avalduse tegemisega teisele lepingupoolele. Kui lepingus osaleb ühel või teisel lepingupoolel mitu isikut, võib hinda alandada üksnes kõigi ühel lepingupoolel olevate isikute poolt ja kõigi suhtes ühiselt. Kui hinna alandamise õigus lõpeb ühe õigustatud isiku jaoks, lõpeb see ka ülejäänute jaoks.
(3) Hinna alandamiseks õigustatud lepingupool, kes on juba maksnud alandatud hinda ületava rahasumma, võib hinna alandamise korral nõuda ülemäära makstu tagastamist vastavalt käesoleva seaduse § 189 lõikes 1 ja § 191 lõikes 1 sätestatule.
(4) Hinda võib alandada ka enne teise lepingupoole kohustuse sissenõutavaks muutumist samadel eeldustel, nagu on sätestatud käesoleva seaduse §-s 117 lepingust taganemise kohta enne kohustuse sissenõutavaks muutumist.
(5) Üks lepingupool ei või hinda alandada ulatuses, milles teine lepingupool oma kohustuse rikkumise heastas.

§ 113. Viivis

(1) Rahalise kohustuse täitmisega viivitamise korral võib võlausaldaja nõuda võlgnikult viivitusintressi (viivis), arvates kohustuse sissenõutavaks muutumisest kuni kohase täitmiseni. Viivise määraks loetakse käesoleva seaduse §-s 94 sätestatud intressimäär, millele lisandub kaheksa protsenti aastas. Kui lepinguga on ette nähtud kõrgem intressimäär kui seadusjärgne viivisemäär, loetakse viivise määraks lepinguga ettenähtud intressimäär. [RT I, 05.04.2013, 1- jõust. 15.04.2013]
(2) Kui rahalise kohustuse täitmise aeg ei ole kindlaks määratud, muu hulgas kahju hüvitamise või alusetu rikastumise väljaandmise või taganemisest tuleneva väljaandmise nõude puhul, arvestatakse võlgnetavalt rahalt viivist alates ajast, mil võlausaldaja teatas võlgnikule oma nõudest või esitas raha sissenõudmiseks hagi või maksekäsu kiirmenetluse avalduse. Kui tasu maksmise aeg ei ole kindlaks määratud vastastikuse lepingu puhul, arvestatakse tasult viivist alates käesoleva seaduse § 821lõikes 1 sätestatud ajast.
[RT I, 06.12.2010, 1- jõust. 05.04.2011]
(3) Kui isikule tuleb hüvitada tema poolt tehtud kulutused, võib neilt nõuda viivist alates kulutuste tegemisest. Kui kulutused on tehtud asjale, mis tuleb välja anda isikule, kes on kohustatud kulutused hüvitama, ei pea see isik maksma viivist aja eest, mille eest asja viljad või muu kasu jäävad hüvitise saamiseks õigustatud isikule.
(4) Võlgnik ei pea tasuma viivist aja eest, mil ta ei saanud kohustust täita võlausaldaja vastuvõtuviivituse tõttu, samuti aja eest, mil ta õigustatult keeldus oma kohustuse täitmisest.
(5) Kui kohustuse täitmisega viivitamisest tekkinud kahju suurus ületab viivise, võib nõuda viivist ületava kahju hüvitamist, kui kahju hüvitamise nõue on olemas.
[RT I, 11.03.2015, 1- jõust. 01.10.2015]
(6) Viivist ei ole lubatud nõuda intressi, sealhulgas viivise, ega muu raha kasutamise tasu maksmisega viivitamise korral. Sellest võlgniku kahjuks kõrvalekalduv kokkulepe on tühine.
[RT I, 11.03.2015, 1- jõust. 01.10.2015]
(7) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 6 sätestatu ei välista ega piira võlausaldaja õigust nõuda intressi, sealhulgas viivise, ja muu raha kasutamise tasu maksmisega viivitamisega tekitatud kahju hüvitamist.
[RT I, 11.03.2015, 1- jõust. 01.10.2015]
(8) Viivise maksmiseks kohustatud isik võib nõuda selle vähendamist vastavalt käesoleva seaduse §-s 162 sätestatule.
[RT I 2005, 39, 308- jõust. 01.01.2006]
(9) Majandus- või kutsetegevuses tegutsev võlgnik ei või tugineda kokkuleppele, millega piiratakse käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatud viivise nõudeõigust, kui see kokkulepe on võlausaldaja suhtes asjaolude kohaselt äärmiselt ebaõiglane.
[RT I, 05.04.2013, 1- jõust. 15.04.2013]
(10) Kokkulepe, millega välistatakse majandus- või kutsetegevuses tegutsevalt isikult viivise nõudmine
või mille kohaselt riigihangete seaduse § 10 lõikes 1 või 2 nimetatud isik on kohustatud maksma viivist alla
käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatud määra, on tühine.
[RT I, 05.04.2013, 1- jõust. 15.04.2013]

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 41 / 237

§ 1131. Sissenõudmiskulude hüvitamine majandus- või kutsetegevuses tegutseva isiku poolt

[RT I, 11.03.2015, 1- jõust. 01.10.2015]
(1) Kui võlausaldaja võib nõuda viivist, võib ta nõuda võlgnikult võla sissenõudmiskulude hüvitamist summas
40 eurot.
(2) Kui kohustuse täitmisega viivitamisest tekkinud kahju suurus ületab käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatud hüvitise määra, võib võlausaldaja nõuda viivist ja sissenõudmiskulude kindlaksmääratud summas hüvitist ületava kahju hüvitamist, kui kahju hüvitamise nõue on olemas.
(3) Võlgnik ei või tugineda kokkuleppele, millega välistatakse sissenõudmiskulude hüvitamine või millega piiratakse käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatud sissenõudmiskulude hüvitise nõudeõigust, kui selline kokkulepe on asjaolude kohaselt võlausaldaja suhtes äärmiselt ebaõiglane. Sissenõudmiskulude hüvitamise välistamise korral eeldatakse, et see on võlausaldaja suhtes äärmiselt ebaõiglane.
(4) Käesolevat paragrahvi ei kohaldata tarbijast võlgnikule. [RT I, 05.04.2013, 1- jõust. 15.04.2013]

§ 1132. Sissenõudmiskulude hüvitamine tarbija poolt

(1) Lepingu kehtivusajal võib majandus- või kutsetegevuses tegutsev võlausaldaja nõuda tarbijalt
võla sissenõudmiskulude hüvitamist iga sissenõutavaks muutunud kohustuse kohta saadetava vaid ühe
meeldetuletuskirja eest summas kuni 5 eurot. Eelmises lauses nimetatud sissenõudmiskulude hüvitis suureneb
iga solidaarvõlgniku või tagatise andja kohta 5 euro võrra. Käesolevas lõikes nimetatud hüvitist on võlausaldajal
õigus nõuda ainult juhul, kui ta on saatnud tarbijale enne vähemalt ühe tasuta meeldetuletuse.
(2) Pärast lepingu lõppemist võib majandus- või kutsetegevuses tegutsev võlausaldaja nõuda tarbijalt tarbijaga sõlmitud lepingu alusel ja lisaks iga solidaarvõlgniku või tagatise andja kohta:
1) sissenõudmiskulude hüvitist kogusummas kuni 30 eurot, seejuures võib esimese tarbijale saadetava tasulise meeldetuletuskirja eest nõuda kuni 15 eurot ning kummagi järgmise kahe kirja eest kuni 5 eurot, kui võlausaldaja nõue on kuni 500 eurot;
2) sissenõudmiskulude hüvitist kogusummas kuni 40 eurot, seejuures võib esimese tarbijale saadetava tasulise meeldetuletuskirja eest nõuda kuni 20 eurot ning kummagi järgmise kahe kirja eest kuni 5 eurot, kui võlausaldaja nõue on üle 500 euro ja kuni 1000 eurot;
3) sissenõudmiskulude hüvitist kogusummas kuni 50 eurot, seejuures võib esimese tarbijale saadetava tasulise meeldetuletuskirja eest nõuda kuni 25 eurot ning kummagi järgmise kahe kirja eest kuni 5 eurot, kui võlausaldaja nõue on üle 1000 euro.
(3) Pärast lepingu lõppemist võib majandus- või kutsetegevuses tegutsev võlausaldaja saata esimese tasulise meeldetuletuskirja kõige varem seitsme päeva möödumisel lepingu lõppemisest. Teise ja kolmanda tasulise kirja võib võlausaldaja saata kõige varem seitsme päeva möödumisel eelmise kirja saatmisest.
(4) Kui kohustuse täitmisega viivitamisest tekkinud võla sissenõudmisega seotud kahju suurus ületab käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1 ja 2 sätestatud hüvitise määra, sealhulgas kohtutäituri seaduse §-s 48 sätestatud juhul, võib võlausaldaja nõuda viivist ja sissenõudmiskulude hüvitise määra ületava kahju hüvitamist üksnes erandlikel asjaoludel, eelkõige kui sissenõudmistoimingud on olnud erakordselt keerukad.
(5) Sissenõudmiskulude hüvitist maksma kohustatud tarbija võib nõuda selle vähendamist vastavalt käesoleva seaduse §-s 162 sätestatule. Sissenõudmiskulude hüvitise vähendamisel võetakse muu hulgas arvesse tarbija kohtuväliselt esitatud vastuväiteid nõude suhtes või varasemat nõude tunnistamist.
(6) Käesolevas paragrahvis sätestatust tarbija kahjuks kõrvalekalduv kokkulepe on tühine. [RT I, 11.03.2015, 1- jõust. 01.10.2015]

§ 114. Täiendav tähtaeg kohustuse täitmiseks

(1) Kui võlgnik rikub kohustust, võib võlausaldaja anda võlgnikule kohustuse täitmiseks täiendava mõistliku tähtaja. Kui võlausaldaja nõuab kohustuse täitmist, kuid ei määra selleks täiendavat tähtaega, eeldatakse, et täitmiseks on antud mõistlik täiendav tähtaeg. Kui võlausaldaja on täitmiseks täiendavalt andnud ebamõistliku tähtaja, pikeneb see mõistliku täiendava tähtajani.
(2) Täiendava tähtaja andmine ei vabasta võlgnikku vastutusest kohustuse rikkumise eest.
(3) Kui täiendav tähtaeg on antud lepingulise kohustuse rikkumise korral, võib võlausaldaja selle tähtaja jooksul keelduda oma kohustuse täitmisest ning nõuda rikkumisest tuleneva kahju hüvitamist ning viivise maksmist,
kuid ei või kasutada muid õiguskaitsevahendeid.
(4) Kui võlgnik teatab, et ta kohustust ei täida või kui ta ei ole täiendava tähtaja jooksul kohustust kohaselt täitnud, võib võlausaldaja pärast teate saamist või tähtaja möödumist kasutada muid õiguskaitsevahendeid, sealhulgas nõuda kohustuse täitmise asemel kahju hüvitamist või taganeda lepingust või öelda leping üles.

Leht 42 / 237 Võlaõigusseadus

§ 115. Kahju hüvitamine

(1) Kui võlgnik rikub kohustust, võib võlausaldaja koos kohustuse täitmisega või selle asemel nõuda võlgnikult kohustuse rikkumisega tekitatud kahju hüvitamist, välja arvatud juhul, kui võlgnik kohustuse rikkumise eest ei vastuta või kui kahju ei kuulu seadusest tulenevalt muul põhjusel hüvitamisele.
(2) Kohustuse täitmise asemel võib kahju hüvitamist nõuda pärast käesoleva seaduse §-s 114 sätestatud täiendava tähtaja möödumist. Kui kohustus seisneb teatud eseme tagastamises, võib kohustuse täitmise asemel kahju hüvitamist nõuda üksnes juhul, kui võlausaldaja on viivituse tõttu kaotanud huvi eseme tagastamise vastu.
(3) Kohustuse täitmise asemel võib kahju hüvitamist nõuda ka täiendavat tähtaega määramata, kui on ilmne, et täiendava tähtaja määramisel ei oleks tulemust, samuti käesoleva seaduse § 116 lõike 2 punktides 1–4 nimetatud juhtudel või kui asjaolude kohaselt on kahju kohe hüvitamine muul põhjusel mõistlik.
(4) Kui võlgnik on kohustuse täitnud osaliselt, võib võlausaldaja kahju hüvitamist kohustuse tervikuna täitmise asemel nõuda üksnes juhul, kui tal ei ole osalise täitmise vastu mõistlikku huvi. Kohustuse osalisel täitmisel üleantu tuleb sellisel juhul tagastada vastavalt käesoleva seaduse §-des 189–191 sätestatule.
(5) [Kehtetu -RT I 2003, 78, 523- jõust. 27.12.2003]

§ 116. Taganemine ja ülesütlemine õiguskaitsevahendina

(1) Lepingupool võib lepingust taganeda, kui teine lepingupool on lepingust tulenevat kohustust oluliselt rikkunud (oluline lepingurikkumine).
(2) Olulise lepingurikkumisega on eelkõige tegemist, kui:
1) kohustuse rikkumise tõttu jääb kahjustatud lepingupool olulisel määral ilma sellest, mida ta õigustatult
lepingust lootis, välja arvatud juhul, kui teine lepingupool ei näinud kohustuse rikkumise niisugust tagajärge ette
ja temaga sarnane mõistlik isik ei oleks seda tagajärge samadel asjaoludel samuti ette näinud;
2) rikuti kohustust, mille täpne järgimine oli lepingust tulenevalt teise lepingupoole huvi püsimise eelduseks
lepingu täitmise vastu;
3) kohustust rikuti tahtlikult või raske hooletuse tõttu;
4) kohustuse rikkumine annab kahjustatud lepingupoolele mõistliku põhjuse eeldada, et teine lepingupool ei
täida kohustusi ka edaspidi;
5) teine lepingupool ei täida oma ükskõik millist kohustust käesoleva seaduse §-s 114 nimetatud täitmiseks
antud täiendava tähtaja jooksul või teatab, et ta selle tähtaja jooksul kohustust ei täida.
(3) Kui lepingust tulenevad kohustused tuleb täita ositi ja oluline lepingurikkumine leidis aset üksnes mõne kohustuse või kohustuse osa suhtes, võib kahjustatud lepingupool taganeda lepingust üksnes selle kohustuse või kohustuse osa suhtes. Sel juhul võib kahjustatud lepingupool kogu lepingust taganeda üksnes siis, kui tal õigustatult ei ole kohustuse osalise täitmise vastu huvi või kui rikkumine on oluline lepingu kui terviku suhtes.
(4) Lepingust taganemine kohustuse täitmiseks käesoleva seaduse §-s 114 nimetatud täiendavat tähtaega andmata ei ole lubatud, kui kohustust rikkunud lepingupool kannaks teise lepingupoole lepingust taganemise korral kohustuse täitmiseks või täitmise ettevalmistamiseks tehtud kulutustega võrreldes ebamõistlikult suurt kahju. Siiski võib lepingust täiendavat tähtaega andmata taganeda, kui rikuti käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 2 punktis 2 nimetatud kohustust või kui teine lepingupool teatab, et ta oma kohustust ei täida.
(5) Käesoleva seaduse §-s 114 nimetatud täiendava tähtaja andmisel võib kahjustatud lepingupool määrata, et juhul, kui teine lepingupool ei täida täiendava tähtaja jooksul oma kohustust, loeb kahjustatud lepingupool ennast lepingust taganenuks. Kahjustatud lepingupool ei või sel viisil lepingust taganeda, kui kohustus, mida lepingut rikkunud lepingupool täiendava tähtaja jooksul ei täitnud, moodustas tema lepingulistest kohustustest ebaolulise osa.
(6) Kui oluliselt rikutakse kestvuslepingut, võib kahjustatud lepingupool selle vastavalt käesoleva seaduse §-s
196 sätestatule üles öelda.
[RT I 2003, 78, 523- jõust. 27.12.2003]

§ 117. Taganemine enne kohustuse sissenõutavaks muutumist

(1) Kui enne ühe lepingupoole kohustuse sissenõutavaks muutumist on ilmne, et see lepingupool paneb toime olulise lepingurikkumise, eelkõige, kui ta teatab, et ei kavatse lepingut täita, võib teine lepingupool lepingust taganeda juba enne kohustuse sissenõutavaks muutumist.
(2) Lepingust enne kohustuse sissenõutavaks muutumist taganeda kavatsev pool peab teisele lepingupoolele oma taganemise kavatsusest teatama, et võimaldada tal kohustuse täitmist tagada või kinnitada. Tagatise või kinnituse saamiseni võib taganeda kavatsev lepingupool keelduda oma kohustuse täitmisest. Kui kohustuse

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 43 / 237

täitmist ei tagata ega kinnitata mõistliku aja jooksul pärast taganemise kavatsusest teatamist, võib kavatsusest teatanud lepingupool lepingust taganeda.
(3) Lepingust taganemise kavatsusest ei pea teisele lepingupoolele teatama, kui teine lepingupool on teatanud, et ta oma kohustust ei täida.

§ 118. Taganemise lubamatus

(1) Taganemiseks õigustatud lepingupool kaotab õiguse lepingust taganeda, kui ta ei tee taganemise avaldust mõistliku aja jooksul pärast seda, kui:
1) ta sai olulisest lepingurikkumisest teada või pidi sellest teada saama;
2) käesoleva seaduse § 114 kohaselt määratud täiendav täitmise tähtaeg on möödunud.
(2) Lepingurikkumise tõttu lepingust taganemine on tühine, kui kohustuse täitmise nõue on aegunud ja võlgnik tugineb sellele või kui võlgnik keeldub õigustatult kohustust täitmast.
[RT I 2003, 78, 523- jõust. 27.12.2003]

6. peatükk

KOHUSTUSE TÄITMISE TAKISTUSED

§ 119. Vastuvõtuviivituse mõiste ja tagajärjed

(1) Võlausaldaja satub vastuvõtuviivitusse, kui võlgnik ei saa täita oma kohustust võlausaldajast tuleneva asjaolu tõttu, eelkõige, kui võlausaldaja ei võta õigustamatult vastu talle tegelikult pakutud kohustuse kohast täitmist või keeldub õigustamatult kohustuse täitmisest, milleta võlgnik ei saa oma kohustust täita, või ei tee võlgniku kohustuse täitmiseks vajalikku muud tegu või koostööd võlgnikuga.
(2) Võlausaldaja vastuvõtuviivituse korral vastutab võlgnik oma kohustuse rikkumise eest üksnes juhul, kui ta põhjustas selle tahtlikult või raske hooletuse tõttu.

§ 120. Raha, väärtpaberite, muude dokumentide ja väärtasjade hoiustamine

(1) Võlausaldaja vastuvõtuviivituse korral, samuti juhul, kui võlgnik ei tea ega peagi teadma, kes on võlausaldaja, võib võlgnik võlgnetava raha, väärtpaberid, muud dokumendid või väärtasjad võlausaldaja jaoks notari juures hoiustada. Hoiustamise korra kehtestab valdkonna eest vastutav minister.
(2) Võlgnik võib võlgnetava raha, väärtpaberid, muud dokumendid või väärtasjad hoiustada kohustuse täitmise kohas. Kui võlgnik hoiustab need esemed muus kohas, peab ta hüvitama võlausaldajale sellest tulenevad kulud ja kahju.
(3) Võlgnik peab hoiustamisest võlausaldajale või end võlausaldajana esitlevale isikule viivitamata teatama. (4) Kui võlgnik ja võlausaldaja peavad kohustused täitma üheaegselt, võib võlgnik seada hoiustatu
võlausaldajale kätteandmise tingimuseks, et võlausaldaja täidab oma kohustuse.
(5) Isik, kelle juures hoiustamine toimub, võib keelduda hoiustatut võlausaldajale välja andmast, kui võlausaldaja ei tasu talle kõiki hoidmisega seotud kulusid. Pärast hoiustatu väljaandmist peab isik, kelle juures hoiustamine toimub, tagastama võlgnikule hoiustamise eest makstu sõltumata sellest, kas võlausaldaja on hoidmisega seotud kulud tasunud või mitte. Kui võlgnik võtab hoiustatu tagasi, kannab ta hoiustamise kulud.

§ 121. Hoiustatu tagasivõtmine

(1) Võlgnik võib hoiustatu isikult, kelle juures hoiustamine toimub, tagasi võtta üksnes juhul, kui ta hoiustamisel teatas isikule, kelle juures hoiustamine toimub, et ta jätab endale hoiustades sellise õiguse (hoiustatu tagasivõtmise õigus).
(2) Hoiustatu tagasivõtmise õigus lõpeb, kui:
1) võlgnik on isikule, kelle juures hoiustamine toimub, teatanud, et ta loobub hoiustatu tagasivõtmise õigusest;
2) võlausaldaja on teatanud isikule, kelle juures hoiustamine toimub, hoiustatu vastuvõtmisest;
3) isikule, kelle juures hoiustamine toimub, esitatakse jõustunud või viivitamata täitmisele kuuluv kohtulahend,
millega on tunnustatud võlausaldaja õigust hoiustatule;
[RT I 2008, 59, 330- jõust. 01.01.2009]
4) kohus on välja kuulutanud võlgniku pankroti.
(3) Hoiustatu tagasivõtmise õigusele ei saa pöörata sissenõuet ega seda arestida.
(4) Kui võlgnik võtab hoiustatu tagasi, siis loetakse, et hoiustamist ei ole toimunud ning nõue võlgniku vastu taastub koos kõigi kõrvalkohustustest tulenevate õigustega.

Leht 44 / 237 Võlaõigusseadus

§ 122. Hoiustamise õiguslikud tagajärjed

(1) Tagasivõtmise õiguseta hoiustamise korral loetakse, et hoiustamisega on võlgnik kohustuse täitnud hoiustamise ajal. Kui võlgnik on jätnud endale hoiustatu tagasivõtmise õiguse, loetakse kohustus täidetuks hoiustatu tagasivõtmise õiguse lõppemisest.
(2) Tagasivõtmise õigusega hoiustamise korral võib võlgnik esitada võlausaldaja kohustuse täitmise nõudmisele vastuväite, et ta on hoiustanud kohustuse täitmiseks võlgnetava raha, väärtpaberid, dokumendid või väärtasjad. Sel juhul ei või võlausaldaja nõuda kohustuse täitmist muul viisil kui hoiustatu arvel.
(3) Tagasivõtmise õigusega hoiustamise aja kestel kannab hoiustatu juhusliku hävimise ja kahjustumise riisikot võlausaldaja. Võlgnik ei pea hoiustamise aja eest tasuma intressi ega hüvitama võlausaldajale saamata jäänud tulu.
(4) Võlausaldaja õigus hoiustatu kätte saada lõpeb seitsme aasta möödumisel hoiustamisteate saamisest, kui ta ei ole enne seda teatanud isikule, kelle juures hoiustamine toimub, soovist hoiustatu vastu võtta. Kui nimetatud tähtaeg on möödunud ja võlausaldaja ei ole teatanud soovist hoiustatu vastu võtta, võib võlgnik hoiustatu tagasi võtta, isegi kui ta ei ole endale tagasivõtmise õigust jätnud.
(5) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 4 nimetatud tähtaja möödumisega lõpeb ka võlausaldaja nõue võlgniku vastu, kui see ei ole lõppenud juba varem.

§ 123. Avaldus hoiustatu kättesaamiseks

Kui võlausaldajal on hoiustatu kättesaamiseks vaja kättesaamise õigust tõendavat võlgniku avaldust, võib võlausaldaja nõuda võlgnikult avalduse andmist samadel tingimustel, nagu ta võiks nõuda kohustuse täitmist, kui hoiustamist ei oleks toimunud. Võlausaldaja hagi rahuldamisel loetakse võlgnik nõusoleku andnuks otsuse jõustumisel.

§ 124. Muude asjade hoiustamine

(1) Käesoleva seaduse § 120 lõikes 1 nimetatud juhul võib võlgnik muu võlgnetava vallasasja kui raha, väärtpaberid, muud dokumendid ja väärtasjad hoiustada mõistlikult valitud kolmanda isiku juures, kes võtab oma majandustegevuses hoiule seda liiki vallasasju, kui hoiustamisega ei kaasne ebamõistlikult suuri kulutusi.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud vallasasja hoiustamisele kohaldatakse vastavalt käesoleva seaduse
§ 120 lõigetes 2–5 ja §-des 121–123 sätestatut.

§ 125. Võlgnetava vallasasja müük

(1) Hoiustamise asemel võib võlgnik käesoleva seaduse § 120 lõikes 1 nimetatud juhul, samuti juhul, kui vallasasja üleandmine võlausaldajale ei ole võimalik võlgnikust mitteoleneval põhjusel, võlgnetava vallasasja mõistlikul viisil müüa, kui:
1) asja ei saa hoiustada selle olemuse või hoiustamiseks mõistliku võimaluse puudumise tõttu;
2) asi on kiiresti riknev;
3) asja säilitamine või hoidmine põhjustaks põhjendamatult suuri kulutusi;
4) hoiustamisaeg võib kujuneda ettenägematult pikaks seetõttu, et võlgnik võlausaldaja isikut ei tea ega peagi
teadma.
(2) Asja võib müüa kohustuse täitmise kohas. Kui kohustuse täitmise kohas ei ole mõistlikku tulemust loota, võib asja müüa muus sobivas kohas.
(3) Võlgnik peab vallasasja müüma, kui see on selgelt võlausaldaja huvides või kui võlausaldaja teatab, et ta nõuab asja müümist.
(4) Asi tuleb müüa enampakkumisel. Kui asi on kiiresti riknev, kui asjal on väljakujunenud börsi- või turuhind või kui enampakkumisel loodetav hind oleks enampakkumise kuludega võrreldes ebamõistlikult madal, võib võlgnik asja müüa enampakkumise asemel ka muul mõistlikul viisil.
(5) Võlgnik peab mõistliku aja jooksul enne asja kavandatavat müüki teatama müümise kavatsusest võlausaldajale. Teatada ei ole vaja, kui asi on kiiresti riknev või kui teatamine ei ole võimalik.
(6) Asja müümise mõistlikud kulud kannab võlausaldaja ja need arvatakse asja müümisest saadud rahast maha. Ülejäänud raha peab võlgnik võlausaldajale välja maksma.
(7) Asja müümise korral säilivad võlausaldajal kohustuse mittekohasest täitmisest tulenevad õigused.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 45 / 237

§ 126. Täitmine kolmanda isiku poolt

Käesolevas peatükis võlgniku õiguste ja kohustuste kohta sätestatut kohaldatakse ka kolmandale isikule, kes täidab kohustuse selleks, et vältida sundtäitmist võlgnikule kuuluva eseme suhtes, mis on kolmanda isiku seaduslikus valduses või millele kolmandal isikul on muu õigus ja sundtäitmise korral see valdus või õigus lõpeks.

7. peatükk

KAHJU HÜVITAMINE

§ 127. Kahju hüvitamise eesmärk ja ulatus

(1) Kahju hüvitamise eesmärk on kahjustatud isiku asetamine olukorda, mis on võimalikult lähedane olukorrale, milles ta oleks olnud, kui kahju hüvitamise kohustuse aluseks olevat asjaolu ei oleks esinenud.
(2) Kahju ei kuulu hüvitamisele ulatuses, milles kahju ärahoidmine ei olnud selle kohustuse või sätte eesmärgiks, mille rikkumise tagajärjel kahju hüvitamise kohustus tekkis.
(3) Lepingulist kohustust rikkunud lepingupool peab hüvitama üksnes kahju, mida ta nägi rikkumise võimaliku tagajärjena ette või pidi ette nägema lepingu sõlmimise ajal, välja arvatud juhul, kui kahju tekitati tahtlikult või raske hooletuse tõttu.
(4) Isik peab kahju hüvitama üksnes juhul, kui asjaolu, millel tema vastutus põhineb, on kahju tekkimisega sellises seoses, et tekkinud kahju on selle asjaolu tagajärg (põhjuslik seos).
(5) Kahjuhüvitisest tuleb maha arvata igasugune kasu, mida kahjustatud isik sai kahju tekitamise tagajärjel, eelkõige tema poolt säästetud kulud, välja arvatud juhul, kui kasu mahaarvamine oleks vastuolus kahju hüvitamise eesmärgiga.
(6) Kui kahju tekitamine on kindlaks tehtud, kuid kahju täpset suurust ei saa kindlaks teha, muu hulgas mittevaralise kahju tekitamise ja tulevikus tekkiva kahju korral, otsustab hüvitise suuruse kohus. Kui kahju hüvitamist nõutakse autoriõiguse, autoriõigusega kaasneva õiguse või tööstusomandiõiguse rikkumise tõttu, võib kohus, kui see on mõistlik, määrata kahjuhüvitise kindla summana, lähtudes muu hulgas tasu suurusest, mida rikkuja pidanuks maksma, kui ta oleks hankinud loa vastava õiguse kasutamiseks.
[RT I 2005, 39, 308- jõust. 01.01.2006]
(7) [Kehtetu -RT I 2008, 59, 330- jõust. 01.01.2009]

§ 128. Hüvitatava kahju liigid

(1) Hüvitamisele kuuluv kahju võib olla varaline või mittevaraline.
(2) Varaline kahju on eelkõige otsene varaline kahju ja saamata jäänud tulu.
(3) Otsene varaline kahju hõlmab eelkõige kaotsiläinud või hävinud vara väärtuse või vara halvenemisest tekkinud väärtuse vähenemise, isegi kui see tekib tulevikus, ning kahju tekitamisega seoses kantud või tulevikus kantavad mõistlikud kulud, sealhulgas mõistlikud kulud kahju ärahoidmiseks või vähendamiseks ja hüvitise saamiseks, muu hulgas kahju kindlaks tegemiseks ja kahju hüvitamisega seotud nõuete esitamiseks.
(4) Saamata jäänud tulu on kasu, mida isik oleks vastavalt asjaoludele, eelkõige tema poolt tehtud ettevalmistuste tõttu, tõenäoliselt saanud, kui kahju hüvitamise aluseks olevat asjaolu ei oleks esinenud. Saamata jäänud tulu võib seisneda ka kasu saamise võimaluse kaotamises.
(5) Mittevaraline kahju hõlmab eelkõige kahjustatud isiku füüsilist ja hingelist valu ning kannatusi.

§ 129. Varalise kahju hüvitamine surma põhjustamise korral

(1) Isiku surma põhjustamisest tuleneva kahju hüvitamise kohustuse olemasolu korral tuleb hüvitada surma põhjustamisest tekkinud kulud, eelkõige mõistlikud matusekulud, samuti surma põhjustanud tervisekahjustuse või kehavigastuse mõistlikud ravikulud ning kahjustatud isiku vahepealsest töövõimetusest tekkinud kahju.
(2) Matusekulud tuleb hüvitada isikule, kellel lasub nende kandmise kohustus. Kui matusekulud kandis muu isik, tuleb matusekulud hüvitada temale.
(3) Kui isikul, kelle surm põhjustati, oli surma ajal seadusest tulenev kohustus teist isikut ülal pidada, peab kahju hüvitamiseks kohustatud isik maksma sellele isikule mõistliku rahalise hüvitise, mis vastaks ülalpidamise suurusele, mida surmasaanu oleks oma eeldatava eluea kestel sellele isikule andnud.

Leht 46 / 237 Võlaõigusseadus

(4) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 3 nimetatud alustel ja ulatuses peab kahju hüvitamiseks kohustatud isik maksma kolmandale isikule hüvitise ka siis, kui kohustus seda isikut ülal pidada oleks seaduse alusel tekkinud surmasaanu eeldatava eluea jooksul tulevikus.
(5) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 3 ja 4 sätestatud kohustus on kahju hüvitamiseks kohustatud isikul ka isiku suhtes, kes oli surma ajaks eostatud, aga veel mitte sündinud.
(6) Kui isik, kelle surm põhjustati, pidas kestvalt oma surmani ülal teist isikut, kellega ta elas koos nagu perekonnas, või kui ta pidas seda isikut kestvalt oma surmani ülal kõlbelise kohustuse alusel, peab kahju hüvitamiseks kohustatud isik käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 3 nimetatud ulatuses maksma sellele isikule hüvitist, kui:
1) see isik vajab ülalpidamist ja
2) tal ei ole võimalik ülapidamist muul viisil saada ja
3) isik, kelle surm põhjustati, oleks tulevikus eeldatavalt ülalpidamist jätkanud.
(7) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 2–6 nimetatud isikute kahju hüvitamise nõuetele võib kahju hüvitamiseks kohustatud isik esitada samu vastuväiteid, mida ta oleks võinud esitada isiku vastu, kelle surma ta põhjustas.

§ 130. Kahju hüvitamine tervise kahjustamise või kehavigastuse tekitamise korral

(1) Isiku tervise kahjustamisest või talle kehavigastuse tekitamisest tekkinud kahju hüvitamise kohustuse olemasolu korral tuleb kahjustatud isikule hüvitada kahjustamisest tekkinud kulud, sealhulgas vajaduste suurenemisest tekkinud kulud, ning täielikust või osalisest töövõimetusest tekkinud kahju, sealhulgas sissetulekute vähenemisest ja edasiste majanduslike võimaluste halvenemisest tekkinud kahju.
(2) [Kehtetu -RT I, 21.12.2010, 1- jõust. 31.12.2010]

§ 131. Varalise kahju hüvitamine vabaduse võtmise või isikuõiguste rikkumise korral

Isikult vabaduse ebaseadusliku võtmise, isiku au teotamise või muu isikuõiguse rikkumisega tekitatud kahju hüvitamise kohustuse olemasolu korral tuleb kahjustatud isikule hüvitada talle põhjustatud kulutused, samuti hüvitada tema sissetuleku vähenemisest või edasiste majanduslike võimaluste vähenemisest tekkinud kahju.

§ 132. Kahju hüvitamine asja hävimise, kaotsimineku või kahjustamise korral

(1) Asja hävimisest või kaotsiminekust tekkinud kahju hüvitamise kohustuse olemasolu korral tuleb maksta hüvitis, mis vastab uue samaväärse asja soetamiseks tehtavatele mõistlikele kulutustele. Kui asja väärtus oli hävimise või kaotsimineku hetkel, võrreldes uue samaväärse asja väärtusega, oluliselt vähenenud, tuleb väärtuse vähenemist kahjuhüvitise määramisel mõistlikult arvestada.
(2) Kui uue samaväärse asja soetamine ei ole võimalik, kuulub hüvitamisele hävinud või kaotsiläinud asja väärtus.
(3) Kui asja on kahjustatud, hõlmab kahjuhüvitis eelkõige asja parandamise mõistlikud kulud ning võimaliku väärtuse vähenemise. Kui asja parandamine on asja väärtusega võrreldes ebamõistlikult kulukas, tuleb maksta hüvitist vastavalt käesoleva paragrahvi lõikele 1.
(4) Kui kahjustatud asi oli isikule vajalik või kasulik, eelkõige tema majandus- või kutsetegevuseks või tööks, hõlmab kahjuhüvitis ka samaväärse asja kasutamise kulusid kahjustatud asja parandamise või uue muretsemise aja jooksul. Kui isik samaväärset asja ei kasuta, võib ta nõuda asja parandamise või uue asja muretsemise aja jooksul saamata jäänud kasutamiseeliste hüvitamist.
[RT I 2003, 78, 523- jõust. 27.12.2003]

§ 133. Keskkonnaohtliku tegevusega tekitatud kahju hüvitamine

(1) Keskkonnaohtliku tegevusega kahju tekitamise puhul kuulub lisaks isikule või tema varale tekitatud
kahjule hüvitamisele ka kahju, mis on seotud keskkonna kvaliteedi halvenemisega. Hüvitada tuleb samuti kahju
suurenemise ärahoidmiseks või kahju tagajärgede leevendamiseks rakendatud mõistlike abinõudega seotud
kulud ning nende abinõude rakendamisest tekkinud kahju.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud kahju ja kulud tuleb hüvitada seaduses sätestatud ulatuses ja korras.

§ 134. Mittevaralise kahju hüvitamise erisused

(1) Lepingust tuleneva kohustuse rikkumise eest võib mittevaralise kahju hüvitamist nõuda üksnes juhul, kui kohustus oli suunatud mittevaralise huvi järgimisele ning sõltuvalt lepingu sõlmimise või kohustuse rikkumise asjaoludest sai võlgnik aru või pidi aru saama, et kohustuse rikkumine võib põhjustada mittevaralise kahju.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 47 / 237

(2) Isikult vabaduse võtmisest, isikule kehavigastuse tekitamisest, tema tervise kahjustamisest või muu isikuõiguse rikkumisest, sealhulgas isiku au teotamisest, tekkinud kahju hüvitamise kohustuse olemasolu korral tuleb kahjustatud isikule mittevaralise kahju hüvitiseks maksta mõistlik rahasumma.
[RT I, 21.12.2010, 1- jõust. 31.12.2010]
(3) Isiku surma põhjustamise või talle raske kehavigastuse või tervisekahjustuse tekitamisega tekitatud kahju hüvitamise kohustuse korral võivad ka surmasaanu või kahjustatud isiku lähedased isikud nõuda mittevaralise kahju hüvitist, kui hüvitise maksmist õigustavad erandlikud asjaolud.
(4) Asja hävimise või kaotsimineku korral on isikul erandlikke asjaolusid arvestades lisaks varalise kahju hüvitisele õigus nõuda ka mõistlikku rahasummat mittevaralise kahju hüvitisena, kui kahjustatud isikul on hävinud või kaotsiläinud asja suhtes eriline huvi, arvestamata asja kasulikkust, eelkõige isiklike põhjuste tõttu.
(5) Mittevaralise kahju hüvitise määramisel arvestatakse rikkumise raskust ja ulatust ning kahju tekitaja käitumist ja suhtumist kahjustatud isikusse pärast rikkumist.
[RT I, 21.12.2010, 1- jõust. 31.12.2010]
(6) Isiku au teotamise, muu hulgas ebakohase väärtushinnanguga või ebaõigete andmete avaldamisega, isiku nime või kujutise õigustamatu kasutamise, eraelu puutumatuse või muu sarnase isikuõiguse rikkumise eest mittevaralise kahju hüvitise määramisel võib kohus lisaks lõikes 5 sätestatule arvestada vajadust mõjutada kahju tekitajat hoiduma edasisest kahju tekitamisest, võttes seejuures arvesse kahju tekitaja varalist seisundit.
[RT I, 21.12.2010, 1- jõust. 31.12.2010]

§ 135. Hinnavahe hüvitamine

(1) Kui kahjustatud lepingupool tegi pärast lepingust taganemist mõistliku aja jooksul ja mõistlikul viisil tehingu, millega ta saavutas sama eesmärgi, mida peeti silmas lepinguga, millest taganeti (asendustehing), võib kahjustatud lepingupool kohustust rikkunud lepingupoolelt kahjuhüvitisena nõuda lepingujärgse hinna ja asendustehingust tuleneva hinna vahe tasumist.
(2) Kui kahjustatud lepingupool taganes lepingust, võib ta kahjuhüvitisena nõuda lepingujärgse hinna ning lepingust taganemise ajal kohustust rikkunud lepingupoole lepingujärgse kohustuse turuhinna vahe tasumist, kui lepingujärgse kohustuse esemel on lepingu täitmise kohas või muus mõistlikult aluseks võetavas kohas olemas turuhind, ka juhul, kui ta asendustehingut ei teinud.
(3) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1 ja 2 sätestatu ei välista ega piira hinnavahet ületava kahju hüvitamise nõude esitamise õigust.

§ 136. Kahju hüvitamise viis

(1) Kahju tuleb hüvitada ühekordselt makstava rahasummana, välja arvatud juhul, kui vastavalt kahju iseloomule on mõistlik kahju hüvitamine perioodiliste maksetena.
(2) Surma põhjustamise, kehavigastuse tekitamise või tervise kahjustamise korral tuleb kahju hüvitada perioodiliste rahaliste maksetena, välja arvatud juhul, kui vastavalt kahju iseloomule on mõistlik kahju hüvitamine ühekordselt makstava rahasummana.
(3) Kui kahju kuulub hüvitamisele perioodiliste maksetena, tuleb maksed teha iga kolme kuu eest ette, kui kohus asjaolusid arvestades ei ole otsustanud teisiti. Kui hüvitise saamiseks õigustatud isik sureb enne selle ajavahemiku lõppu, mille eest perioodiline makse tehti või tuli teha, ei mõjuta see maksmise kohustust selle ajavahemiku eest.
(4) Kui kohus on kohustanud võlgnikku maksma perioodilisi makseid, võib kohus maksete tasumise aega ja suurust kummagi poole taotlusel muuta, kui pärast otsuse tegemist ilmnevad asjaolud, mis on maksete tasumise aja ja suuruse määramiseks olulised ning mille ilmnemise võimalust ei arvestatud perioodiliste maksete määramisel. Kohus võib juba perioodiliste maksete väljamõistmisel näha ette maksete indekseerimise või muul viisil muutmise, kui see on ilmselt mõistlik.
[RT I 2008, 59, 330- jõust. 01.01.2009]
(5) Seaduses või lepinguga ettenähtud juhtudel, samuti muudel juhtudel, kui see on vastavalt asjaoludele mõistlik, võib kahjustatud isik nõuda kahju hüvitamist ka muul viisil kui rahalise hüvitise maksmisega.

§ 137. Kahju hüvitamine mitme isiku poolt

(1) Kui mitu isikut vastutavad samal või erinevatel alustel kolmanda isiku suhtes viimasele tekitatud sama kahju eest, vastutavad nad hüvitise maksmise eest solidaarselt.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud isikute omavahelises suhtes jaguneb vastutus, võttes arvesse kõiki asjaolusid, eelkõige kohustuse rikkumise raskust või muu käitumise õigusvastasuse laadi, samuti riisiko astet, mille eest iga isik vastutab.

Leht 48 / 237 Võlaõigusseadus

(3) Kui üks kahju hüvitamiseks kohustatud isikutest võib esitada vastuväite, mis välistaks tema vastutuse kahju hüvitamist nõudva isiku ees või piiraks vastutuse ulatust, väheneb kahju hüvitamise nõue teiste võlgnike vastu ulatuses, mis langeb kahju hüvitamiseks kohustatud isikute omavahelises suhtes vastuväite esitamiseks õigustatud isikule.

§ 138. Ühine vastutus kahju eest

(1) Kui tekkinud kahju eest võivad vastutada erinevad isikud ja on kindlaks tehtud, et kahju võis tekitada neist igaüks, võib kahju hüvitamist nõuda neilt kõigilt.
(2) Kahju hüvitamiseks kohustatud isik vabaneb vastutusest, kui ta tõendab, et tema kahju ei tekitanud.
(3) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud juhul võib igalt isikult nõuda kahju hüvitamist määral, mis vastab tõenäosusele, mil määral isik võis kahju tekkimise põhjustada.

§ 139. Kahjustatud isiku osa kahju tekkimisel

(1) Kui kahju osaliselt tekkis kahjustatud isikust tulenevatel asjaoludel või ohu tagajärjel, mille eest kahjustatud isik vastutab, vähendatakse kahjuhüvitist ulatuses, milles need asjaolud või oht soodustasid kahju tekkimist.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatut kohaldatakse ka juhul, kui kahjustatud isik jättis kahju tekitaja tähelepanu juhtimata ebatavaliselt suurele kahju tekkimise ohule või jättis kahju tekkimise ohu tõrjumata või jättis tegemata toimingu, mis oleks tekkinud kahju vähendanud, kui kahjustatud isikult võis seda mõistlikult oodata.
(3) Isiku surma põhjustamise või tema tervise kahjustamise korral võib kahjuhüvitist käesoleva paragrahvi
lõikes 1 nimetatud alusel vähendada üksnes juhul, kui kahju tekitamisele aitas kaasa kahjustatud isiku tahtlus või
raske hooletus.
(4) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 3 sätestatud kahjuhüvitise vähendamise piirangut ei kohaldata ulatuses, milles kahjustatud isikule hüvitab tekkinud kahju kindlustusandja.

§ 140. Kahju hüvitamise piiramine

(1) Kohus võib kahjuhüvitist vähendada, kui kahju hüvitamine täies ulatuses oleks kohustatud isiku suhtes äärmiselt ebaõiglane või muudel põhjustel mõistlikult vastuvõtmatu. Seejuures tuleb arvestada kõiki asjaolusid, eelkõige vastutuse iseloomu, isikutevahelisi suhteid ja nende majanduslikku olukorda, sealhulgas kindlustuse olemasolu.
(2) Seadusega võib sätestada kahju tekitanud isiku vastutuse piirsuuruse või kahjuhüvitise kindla suuruse.

8. peatükk

KÕRVALKOHUSTUSED

§ 141. Kõrvalkohustused

Kõrvalkohustusteks on eelkõige:
1) käendamisest ja garantii andmisest tulenevad kohustused;
2) käsiraha andmisest tulenevad kohustused;
3) leppetrahvi kokkuleppimisest tulenevad kohustused.

1. jagu

Käenduse ja garantii andmine

§ 142. Käenduse mõiste

(1) Käenduslepinguga kohustub käendaja kolmanda isiku (põhivõlgnik) võlausaldaja ees vastutama põhivõlgniku kohustuse täitmise eest.
(2) Käendusega võib tagada ka tingimuslikku kohustust. Tulevast kohustust võib käendada üksnes juhul, kui kohustus on piisavalt määratletav.
(3) Käendus võib olla piiratud tähtaja või rahasummaga, samuti võib see olla seotud muu tingimusega.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 49 / 237

(4) Käenduse kehtivus ei sõltu põhivõlgniku ja käendaja vahelisest suhtest.
(5) Kui käendatakse kohustust, millele võib esitada aegumise vastuväite või mida võib tühistada põhivõlgniku eksimuse tõttu või mille aluseks olev tehing on kehtetu põhivõlgniku teovõime piiratuse tõttu ja käendaja oli käenduslepingu sõlmimisel neist asjaoludest teadlik, vastutab käendaja kohustuse täitmise eest samamoodi kui garantii andmise puhul.
(6) Kokkulepe, millega kaldutakse käendaja kahjuks kõrvale käesolevas peatükis sätestatust, on tühine, kui seaduses ei ole sätestatud teisiti.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336- jõust. 01.07.2002]

§ 143. Tarbijakäendusleping

(1) Tarbijakäendusleping on käendusleping, kus käendajaks on füüsiline isik. [RT I, 06.12.2010, 1- jõust. 05.04.2011]
(2) Tarbijakäendusleping on tühine, kui ei ole kokku lepitud käendaja vastutuse rahalises maksimumsummas. [RT I 2003, 78, 523- jõust. 27.12.2003]

§ 144. Käenduslepingu sõlmimine ja vorm

(1) Võlausaldaja nõustumust käenduslepingu sõlmimiseks eeldatakse.
(2) Tarbijakäenduslepingu puhul peab käendaja avaldus, milles ta kohustub võtma endale käendusest tulenevad kohustused, olema kirjalikus vormis.
(3) Käendusleping kehtib ka seadusest või tehingust tuleneva vorminõude järgimata jätmise korral, kui käendaja täidab lepingust tuleneva põhivõlgniku kohustuse.

§ 145. Käendaja vastutus

(1) Kohustuse rikkumise korral vastutavad põhivõlgnik ja käendaja võlausaldaja ees solidaarselt, kui käenduslepinguga ei ole ette nähtud, et käendaja vastutab üksnes juhul, kui võlausaldaja ei saa nõuet põhivõlgniku vastu rahuldada.
(2) Käendaja vastutab käendatava kohustuse eest täies ulatuses. Ta vastutab ka kohustuse rikkumisest tulenevate tagajärgede, eelkõige viivise ja leppetrahvi maksmise ning kahju hüvitamise eest, samuti lepingust taganemise või lepingu ülesütlemisega seotud kulude hüvitamise eest. Võla põhivõlgnikult sissenõudmisega seotud kulude hüvitamise eest vastutab käendaja, kui talle anti sissenõudmise kavatsusest õigeaegse teatamisega võimalus neid kulusid vältida.
(3) Kui käendus on antud kohustuse tagamiseks, mis ei seisne raha maksmises, siis loetakse, et käendatud on kahjuhüvitise maksmise kohustust kohustuse rikkumise juhuks. Muus osas kohaldatakse käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 2 sätestatut.
(4) Tehing, mille põhivõlgnik teeb pärast käenduslepingu sõlmimist, ei laienda käendaja kohustust. (5) Kui võlausaldaja tegevuse tulemusena vähenevad käenduslepingu sõlmimise ajal olemas olnud ja
käendatava nõude tagamiseks antud muud tagatised, väheneb käendaja vastutus tagatiste vähenemisele vastava
summa võrra, kui võlausaldaja ei tõenda, et käendaja kahju on väiksem.

§ 146. Võlausaldaja teatamiskohustus

(1) Käendaja nõudel peab võlausaldaja andma talle teavet põhivõlgniku kohustuse täitmise kohta.
(2) Põhivõlgniku pankroti korral peab võlausaldaja esitama oma nõude pankrotimenetluses pankrotiseaduses ettenähtud korras. Pankrotimenetlusest teada saamisel peab võlausaldaja sellest viivitamata teatama käendajale.
(3) Kui võlausaldaja ei täida käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1 ja 2 nimetatud kohustusi, väheneb tema nõue käendaja vastu kohustuse rikkumisest käendajale tekkinud kahju ulatuses.
[RT I 2005, 39, 308- jõust. 01.01.2006]

§ 147. Kohustuse täitmisest teatamine

(1) Kui käendaja on põhivõlgniku kohustuse täielikult või osaliselt täitnud, peab ta sellest põhivõlgnikule teatama.
(2) Kui käendaja kohustuse täitmisest põhivõlgnikule ei teata ja põhivõlgnik täidab sama kohustuse, ei ole käendajal põhivõlgniku vastu tagasinõudeõigust, kui põhivõlgnik ei teadnud ega pidanudki teadma, et käendaja on kohustuse täitnud. See ei välista ega piira käendaja poolt võlausaldaja vastu alusetust rikastumisest tuleneva nõude esitamist.

Leht 50 / 237 Võlaõigusseadus

§ 148. Käendaja õigus nõuda tagatist või kohustuse täitmist

(1) Käendaja võib põhivõlgnikult nõuda tagatist või kohustuse sissenõutavaks muutumise korral selle täitmist võlausaldajale, kui:
1) põhivõlgniku tegutsemis-, elu- või asukoha muutusega raskeneb tema vastu sissenõude pööramine;
2) käendaja riisiko on oluliselt suurenenud põhivõlgniku majandusliku seisundi halvenemise, tagatiste väärtuse
vähenemise või põhivõlgniku tahtluse või raske hooletuse tõttu;
3) põhivõlgnik rikub käendajaga sõlmitud lepingust tulenevaid kohustusi;
4) põhivõlgnik ei ole oma kohustust õigeaegselt täitnud.
(2) Käendaja võib põhivõlgnikult nõuda kohustuse täitmist võlausaldajale ka siis, kui kohus on teinud otsuse, millega on rahuldatud võlausaldaja hagi tema vastu.

§ 149. Käendaja vastuväited

(1) Käendaja võib esitada võlausaldaja nõudele kõiki vastuväiteid, mida oleks võinud esitada põhivõlgnik ise, välja arvatud need, mis on vahetult seotud põhivõlgniku isikuga. Käendajal on õigus esitada neid vastuväiteid ka siis, kui põhivõlgnik neist loobus.
(2) Käendaja ei või esitada vastuväidet, mida põhivõlgnik võib käendusega tagatud nõudele esitada, kui käenduslepingu eesmärk seisneb võlausaldajale tagatise andmises ka põhivõlgniku poolt vastuväite esitamise puhuks. Sel juhul ei või käendaja eelkõige esitada pärija vastutuse piiratuse vastuväidet ning põhivõlgniku kohustuse lõppemise või vähendamise vastuväidet tema likvideerimis- või pankrotimenetluses ja seltsingu lõpetamisel õigusjärgluse puudumise korral.
(3) Käendaja võib keelduda võlausaldaja nõude rahuldamisest tähtaja jooksul, mil põhivõlgnik võib tema kohustuse aluseks oleva tehingu tühistada või lepingust taganeda. See õigus on käendajal ka siis, kui põhivõlgnik võib tema kohustuse aluseks olevast tehingust tuleneva nõude tasaarvestada.
(4) [Kehtetu -RT I 2003, 78, 523- jõust. 27.12.2003]
(5) Kui käendatava kohustuse tagamiseks on põhivõlgniku vara suhtes seatud pandiõigus või kui võlausaldaja võib teostada põhivõlgniku vara suhtes seadusest tulenevat pandiõigust, võib käendaja kuni põhivõlgniku pankroti väljakuulutamiseni pandi ulatuses nõuda, et võlausaldaja rahuldaks oma nõude pandi arvel.
(6) Kui käendaja seab põhivõlgniku kohustuse tagamiseks pandiõiguse, võib ta kuni pandieseme müügi toimumiseni nõuda tema vastu algatatud sundtäitmise peatamist.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336- jõust. 01.07.2002]

§ 150. Kaaskäendajad

Kui sama kohustust käendab mitu isikut (kaaskäendajad), vastutavad nad võlausaldaja ees solidaarselt, isegi kui nad ei andnud käendust ühiselt.

§ 151. Kohustuse täitmine käendaja poolt

(1) Kui käendaja on kohustuse põhivõlgniku asemel täitnud enne kohustuse sissenõutavaks muutumist, ei
või käendaja käendusest tulenevaid nõudeid põhivõlgniku vastu esitada enne põhivõlgniku kohustuse täitmise
tähtpäeva.
(2) Kui põhivõlgniku kohustus on muutunud sissenõutavaks, võib käendaja igal ajal täita kohustuse põhivõlgniku asemel.

§ 152. Käendaja tagasinõue põhivõlgniku vastu

(1) Põhivõlgniku kohustuse täitnud käendajale läheb rahuldatud ulatuses üle võlausaldaja nõue põhivõlgniku vastu. Põhivõlgnik võib nõudele esitada nii vastuväiteid, mis tal olid võlausaldaja vastu, kui ka vastuväiteid, mis tulenevad tema ja käendaja vahelisest õigussuhtest. Käendaja tagasinõude aegumisele kohaldatakse vastavalt käesoleva seaduse §-s 70 sätestatut.
(2) Kui käendaja ei esita võlausaldaja vastu vastuväiteid, mis põhivõlgnikul olid võlausaldaja vastu, ja täidab kohustuse, ei lähe võlausaldaja nõue käendajale üle ulatuses, milles käendaja vastutus oleks nendest vastuväidetest tulenevalt vähenenud, kui käendaja ei tõenda, et ta neid vastuväiteid ei teadnud ega pidanudki teadma.

§ 153. Käenduse lõppemine

(1) Käendus lõpeb:

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 51 / 237

1) käendusega tagatud kohustuse lõppemisega;
2) kohustuse ülevõtmisega, kui käendaja ei andnud nõusolekut vastutada uue võlgniku eest;
3) tähtajalise käenduse korral tähtaja möödumisega.
(2) Tarbijakäenduse puhul peab käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 1 punktis 2 nimetatud nõusolek olema kirjalikus vormis.
(3) Tähtajalise käenduse lõppemise korral eeldatakse, et käendaja vastutab edasi enne tähtaja möödumist tekkinud kohustuse eest.
(4) Kui põhivõlgnikuks ja käendajaks saab sama isik, säilivad võlausaldajale käendusest tulenevad tagatised ja muud õigused.

§ 154. Tarbijakäenduslepingu lõppemise erisused

(1) Tulevase kohustuse tagamiseks sõlmitud tähtajatu tarbijakäenduslepingu võib käendaja igal ajal üles öelda. Kui niisugune leping on tähtajaline, võib lepingu üles öelda viie aasta möödudes lepingu sõlmimisest.
(2) Pärast tarbijakäenduslepingu ülesütlemist jääb käendus enne ülesütlemist tekkinud kohustuse eest kehtima.

§ 155. Garantii andmine

(1) Majandus- või kutsetegevuses võib isik (garantii andja) võtta lepinguga võlausaldaja suhtes kohustuse
(garantii), et ta täidab võlausaldaja nõudel garantiist tuleneva kohustuse.
(11) Võlausaldaja nõustumust garantiiga eeldatakse.
(2) Garantii andja garantiist tulenev kohustus võlausaldaja ees ei sõltu sellega tagatavast võlgniku kohustusest ega selle kohustuse kehtivusest, isegi kui garantiis sisaldub viide sellele kohustusele.
(3) Garantii andja võib võlausaldaja vastu esitada üksnes garantiist tulenevaid vastuväiteid. (4) Garantii andja garantiist tulenev kohustus lõpeb, kui:
1) garantii andja maksab võlausaldajale rahasumma, mille maksmiseks ta garantiist tulenevalt on kohustatud;
2) möödub tähtaeg, milleks garantii on välja antud;
3) võlausaldaja loobub garantiist tulenevatest õigustest, sealhulgas, kui ta tagastab garantii andjale dokumendi,
milles garantii väljendus.
(5) Kui garantii andja on garantiist tuleneva kohustuse täitnud, on tal tagasinõudeõigus võlgniku vastu üksnes juhul, kui see tuleneb nendevahelisest suhtest.
[RT I 2003, 78, 523- jõust. 27.12.2003]

2. jagu

Käsiraha

§ 156. Käsiraha mõiste

(1) Käsirahaks on ühe lepingupoole poolt teisele lepingupoolele lepingu sõlmimise tõendamiseks ja selle täitmise tagamiseks antud rahasumma.
(2) Käsirahaga tagatud lepingu täitmise korral eeldatakse, et käsiraha arvestatakse võlgnetava kohustuse täitmise katteks, täitmise võimatuse korral aga käsiraha tagastatakse.

§ 157. Käsirahaga tagatud lepingu täitmata jätmise tagajärjed

(1) Kui käsirahaga tagatud leping jääb täitmata käsiraha andnud lepingupoole süü tõttu, jääb käsiraha teisele lepingupoolele. Kui käsiraha saanud lepingupool nõuab talle lepingu täitmata jätmise tõttu tekkinud kahju hüvitamist, arvestatakse käsiraha hüvitise katteks.
(2) Kui käsirahaga tagatud leping jääb täitmata muul põhjusel kui käsiraha andnud lepingupoole süü tõttu, võib käsiraha andnud lepingupool nõuda käsiraha tagastamist.

3. jagu

Leht 52 / 237 Võlaõigusseadus

Leppetrahv

§ 158. Leppetrahvi mõiste

(1) Leppetrahv on lepingus ettenähtud lepingut rikkunud lepingupoole kohustus maksta kahjustatud lepingupoolele lepingus määratud rahasumma.
(2) Leppetrahvi kohta sätestatut kohaldatakse ka teole, mille lepingut rikkunud lepingupool peab kahjustatud lepingupoole huvides tegema.
(3) Käesolevas jaos sätestatut kohaldatakse vastavalt juhtudel, kui lepingupooled on eelnevalt kokku leppinud hüvitatava kahju summas, mida peab maksma oma kohustust rikkunud lepingupool.

§ 159. Leppetrahv ja kohustuse täitmise nõue

(1) Leppetrahvi kokkuleppimisel kohustuse rikkumise puhuks võib kahjustatud lepingupool lisaks leppetrahvile nõuda ka kohustuse täitmist. Kohustuse täitmist ei või lisaks leppetrahvile nõuda, kui leppetrahv lepiti kokku mitte kohustuse täitmisele sundimiseks, vaid kohustuse täitmise asendamiseks.
(2) Kahjustatud pool kaotab õiguse leppetrahvi nõuda, kui ta mõistliku aja jooksul pärast kohustuse rikkumise avastamist teisele lepingupoolele ei teata, et ta leppetrahvi nõuab.
[RT I 2003, 78, 523- jõust. 27.12.2003]

§ 160. Leppetrahv rikkumise vabandatavuse korral

Kohustuse rikkumise vabandatavuse korral ei või leppetrahvi nõuda, kui lepinguga ei ole ette nähtud teisiti.

§ 161. Leppetrahv ja kahju

(1) Lepingu rikkumise korral võib kahjustatud lepingupool nõuda leppetrahvi tegelikust kahjust sõltumata. (2) Kui kahjustatud lepingupool võib nõuda lepingu rikkumisega tekitatud kahju hüvitamist, tuleb kahju
hüvitada osas, mida leppetrahv ei katnud.

§ 162. Leppetrahvi vähendamine

(1) Kui tasumisele kuuluv leppetrahv on ebamõistlikult suur, võib kohus seda leppetrahvi maksmiseks kohustatud lepingupoole nõudmisel vähendada mõistliku suuruseni, arvestades eelkõige kohustuse täitmise ulatust tema poolt, teise lepingupoole õigustatud huvi ja lepingupoolte majanduslikku seisundit.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatust leppetrahvi maksmiseks kohustatud lepingupoole kahjuks kõrvalekalduv kokkulepe on tühine.
(3) Leppetrahvi maksmiseks kohustatud lepingupool ei või leppetrahvi vähendamist nõuda pärast seda, kui ta on leppetrahvi tasunud.

§ 163. Leppetrahv lepingu kehtetuse korral

Lepingu kehtetuse korral on kehtetu ka kokkulepe leppetrahvi tasumise kohta.

9. peatükk

NÕUETE JA KOHUSTUSTE ÜLEMINEK

1. jagu

Nõuete üleminek

§ 164. Nõude loovutamine

(1) Võlausaldaja võib oma nõude võlgniku nõusolekust sõltumata anda lepingu alusel tervikuna või osaliselt üle teisele isikule (nõude loovutamine). Nõuet ei või loovutada, kui loovutamine on seadusest tulenevalt keelatud
või kui kohustust ei saa selle sisu muutmata täita kellelegi teisele kui senisele võlausaldajale.
(2) Nõude loovutamisega astub uus võlausaldaja senise asemele.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 53 / 237

(3) Kui sama võlausaldaja loovutab korduvalt sama nõude, loetakse kehtivaks varasem loovutamine.

§ 165. Tingimuslike ja tulevikus tekkivate nõuete loovutamine

Loovutada võib ka tulevikus tekkivaid ja tingimuslikke nõudeid, kui need on loovutamise hetkel piisavalt määratletavad.

§ 166. Loovutamise piirangud

(1) Loovutada ei või ülalpidamise nõuet, kehavigastuse tekitamise, tervise kahjustamise või surma põhjustamisega tekitatud kahju hüvitamise nõudeid ega muid nõudeid, millele seadusest tulenevalt ei saa pöörata sissenõuet. Sellise nõude võib loovutada, kui loovutamisega kaasneb majanduslikult samaväärse vastusoorituse saamine.
(2) Võlgniku ja võlausaldaja vahel sõlmitud kokkulepe, millega nõude loovutamine välistatakse või nõude loovutamise õigust piiratakse, ei kehti kolmandate isikute suhtes.
(3) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 2 sätestatu ei välista ega piira senise võlausaldaja poolt võlgnikuga sõlmitud kokkuleppest tulenevat vastutust nõude loovutamise õiguse välistamise või piiramise keelu rikkumise eest. Isik, kellele nõue loovutati, kokkuleppe rikkumise eest ei vastuta.

§ 167. Tagatiste ja muude õiguste üleminek

(1) Nõude tagamiseks antud nõudega seotud tagatised ja kõrvalkohustustest tulenevad õigused, sealhulgas eesõigused pankroti ja sundtäitmise puhuks, mis ei ole lahutamatult seotud loovutaja isikuga ja on üleantavad, lähevad nõude loovutamisel üle uuele võlausaldajale. Eeldatakse, et nõude loovutaja on kohustatud üle andma ka nõudega mitteseotud tagatised ja kõrvalkohustustest tulenevad õigused.
(2) Nõudega seotud tagatised ja kõrvalkohustustest tulenevad õigused on tagatised ja õigused, mis lõpevad nõude lõppemisel, mille tagamiseks need on antud. Nõudega mitteseotud tagatised ja kõrvalkohustustest tulenevad õigused on tagatised ja õigused, mis ei lõpe nõude lõppemisel, mille tagamiseks need on antud.
(3) Nõude loovutamisel lähevad uuele võlausaldajale üle ka senise võlausaldaja õigused intressile ja leppetrahvile.
(4) Nõude loovutamisel läheb uuele võlausaldajale üle ka õigus teostada nõude suhtes olemasolevast täitedokumendist tulenevaid õigusi.
(5) Nõude osalise loovutamise korral jääb uuele võlausaldajale loovutamata jäänud nõude osa rahuldamise eesõigus senisele võlausaldajale uue võlausaldaja ees, samuti eesõigus kõrvalkohustustest tulenevatele õigustele ja tagatistele.
(6) Tagatiste ja kõrvalkohustustest tulenevate õiguste üleminekul peab senine võlausaldaja tegema kõik vajaliku, et uus võlausaldaja saaks tagatistest ja kõrvalkohustustest tulenevaid õigusi teostada, sealhulgas andma välja tema käes oleva pandi eseme uuele võlausaldajale. Hüpoteegi või registerpandiga tagatud nõude üleminekul peab nõude loovutanud võlausaldaja kaasa aitama pandiõiguse ülemineku registreerimisele.
(7) Kui loovutatakse nõue, mille tagamiseks on võlausaldajale loovutatud muu nõue või antud muu õigus, eeldatakse, et need tuleb uuele võlausaldajale üle anda.
(8) Käesolevas paragrahvis sätestatu ei välista ega piira nõude loovutanud võlausaldaja ja võlgniku või tagatise andnud isiku vahel tagatise ülemineku välistamise või piiramise kohta sõlmitud kokkulepete kehtivust.

§ 168. Nõude loovutamise tõendid

(1) Nõude loovutanud võlausaldaja peab uuele võlausaldajale üle andma nõuet ja kõrvalkohustustest tulenevaid õigusi tõendavad dokumendid, muu hulgas käesoleva seaduse § 167 lõikes 4 nimetatud täitedokumendi, ja andma talle nõude esitamiseks vajalikku teavet. Kui senine võlausaldaja vajab dokumenti ka edaspidi, võib uus võlausaldaja dokumendi üleandmise asemel nõuda koopia või väljavõtte andmist või muude tegude tegemist, mis võimaldaksid tal oma õigusi teostada.
(2) Senine võlausaldaja peab uuele võlausaldajale tema nõudmisel andma dokumendi, mis kinnitab nõude loovutamist.

§ 169. Kohustuse täitmine senisele võlausaldajale

(1) Kui võlgnik täitis kohustuse nõude loovutanud võlausaldajale ja ta ei teadnud ega pidanudki kohustust täites nõude loovutamisest teadma, loetakse, et ta on kohustuse täitnud õigele isikule.
(2) Kui võlgnik tegi nõude suhtes tehingu või muu toimingu nõude loovutanud võlausaldajaga ja tehingut või muud toimingut tehes ei teadnud ega pidanudki nõude loovutamisest teadma, loetakse tehing või muu toiming kehtivaks.

Leht 54 / 237 Võlaõigusseadus

(3) [Kehtetu -RT I 2008, 59, 330- jõust. 01.01.2009]

§ 170. Loovutamisest teatamine

Kui võlausaldaja teatab võlgnikule, et on nõude loovutanud uuele võlausaldajale, loetakse, et loovutamine
on võlgniku suhtes toimunud, isegi kui nõuet tegelikult ei loovutatud või kui loovutamine ei ole kehtiv. Sama
kehtib, kui võlausaldaja on nõude loovutamise kohta välja andnud dokumendi ja uus võlausaldaja esitab
dokumendi võlgnikule.

§ 171. Võlgniku vastuväited uue võlausaldaja nõudele ja tasaarvestus loovutatud nõudega

(1) Võlgnik võib uue võlausaldaja nõude vastu lisaks vastuväidetele, mis tal on uue võlausaldaja vastu, esitada kõiki vastuväiteid, mis tal olid senise võlausaldaja vastu nõude loovutamise ajal.
(2) Võlgnik ei või uue võlausaldaja vastu esitada vastuväiteid tulenevalt lepingu rikkumisest, millega välistati või piirati võlausaldaja õigust nõuet loovutada, samuti ei või ta sel alusel nõuet tasaarvestada.
(3) Võlgnik võib talle senise võlausaldaja vastu kuulunud nõude ka uue võlausaldaja nõudega tasaarvestada, välja arvatud juhul, kui:
1) võlgnik on oma nõude omandanud kolmandalt isikult ja ta teadis või pidi selle nõude omandamisel teadma, et tema vastu suunatud nõue on loovutatud;
2) võlgniku nõue muutus sissenõutavaks hiljem kui loovutatud nõue ja hiljem, kui võlgnik loovutamisest teada sai või teada saama pidi.

§ 172. Loovutamisdokument

Võlgnik võib keelduda kohustuse täitmisest uuele võlausaldajale, kui talle ei anta senise võlausaldaja poolt väljastatud dokumenti nõude loovutamise kohta, välja arvatud juhul, kui senine võlausaldaja on talle nõude loovutamisest kirjalikult teatanud.

§ 173. Nõude üleminek seaduse alusel

(1) Kui nõue läheb võlausaldajalt teisele isikule (nõude omandaja) üle seaduse alusel, kehtib nõude üleminek senise võlausaldaja tahteavalduseta.
(2) Seaduse alusel nõude üleminekule kohaldatakse nõude loovutamise kohta sätestatut. (3) Nõue läheb seaduse alusel üle:
1) isikule, kelle vara müüakse täitemenetluses võlgniku vastu suunatud nõude täitmiseks;
2) isikule, kes täidab kohustuse seetõttu, et tema varaga on tagatud võlgniku vastu suunatud nõude täitmine;
3) isikule, kes täidab kohustuse, et vältida sundtäitmist käesoleva seaduse § 78 lõikes 3 nimetatud juhul;
4) muul seaduses sätestatud juhul.
(4) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 3 punktides 1–3 sätestatud juhtudel ei lähe nõude täitmise kohustus üle ulatuses, milles kohustus langeb nõude omandaja ja võlgniku vahelises õigussuhtes nõude omandajale.
(5) Nõude üleminekul seaduse alusel saab nõude omandaja õiguse kokkulepitud intressile ja leppetrahvile üksnes ulatuses, mis on tekkinud pärast nõude üleminekut.

§ 174. Muude õiguste üleminek

Käesolevas jaos nõuete ülemineku kohta sätestatut kohaldatakse vastavalt muude õiguste üleminekule, kui seadusest või õiguse olemusest ei tulene teisiti.

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Kohustuste üleminek

§ 175. Kohustuse ülevõtmine

(1) Kolmas isik võib võlausaldajaga sõlmitud lepingu alusel üle võtta võlgniku kohustuse nii, et kolmas isik astub senise võlgniku asemele.
(2) Kolmas isik võib võlgniku kohustuse üle võtta ka võlgnikuga sõlmitud lepingu alusel, kuid kohustus läheb üle üksnes tingimusel, et võlausaldaja sellega nõustub.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 55 / 237

(3) Kui võlgnik on sõlminud kolmanda isikuga lepingu kohustuse ülevõtmiseks, võib võlgnik või kolmas isik teha võlausaldajale ettepaneku teatada tema poolt määratud tähtaja jooksul, kas ta annab nõusoleku. Kui võlausaldaja ei anna nõusolekut selle tähtaja jooksul, loetakse ta nõusoleku andmisest keeldunuks.
(4) Kui kolmas isik võtab kohustuse üle võlgnikuga sõlmitud lepingu alusel ja võlausaldaja ei ole veel nõusolekut andnud või keeldub selle andmisest, eeldatakse, et võlgnikul on õigus nõuda kohustuse ülevõtjalt, et see täidaks õigeaegselt võlausaldaja nõude. Kui võlausaldaja keeldub kohustuse ülevõtmisele nõusoleku andmisest, võib võlgnik nõuda kohustuse ülevõtjalt kohustuse ülevõtmise aluseks oleva lepingu täitmiseks tagatist.
(5) Kui võlausaldaja on kohustuse ülevõtmisega eelnevalt nõustunud, loetakse kohustus ülevõetuks kohustuse ülevõtmise lepingu sõlmimise ja sellest võlausaldajale teatamisega. Võlausaldaja ei või eelnevalt antud nõusolekut tagasi võtta, kui ta ei ole jätnud endale sellist õigust nõusolekut andes.
(6) Kui kinnisasja omandaja võtab kokkuleppel võõrandajaga üle võõrandaja kohustuse, mille tagamiseks
on kinnisasjale seatud hüpoteek, peab võõrandaja pärast uue omaniku kinnistusraamatusse kandmist teatama
sellest kirjalikult võlausaldajale. Kui võlausaldaja ei ole teate saamisest kolme kuu jooksul keeldunud kohustuse
ülevõtmise nõusoleku andmisest, loetakse nõusolek antuks. Kui võlausaldaja on kohustuse ülevõtmiseks
nõusoleku andnud või selle andmisest keeldunud, peab kinnisasja võõrandaja sellest omandajale teatama.
(7) [Kehtetu -RT I 2003, 78, 523- jõust. 27.12.2003]
(8) Sama kohustuse üleminekul mitmele isikule eeldatakse, et need isikud vastutavad kohustuse täitmise eest solidaarselt.

§ 176. Kohustuse ülevõtja vastuväited

(1) Kohustuse ülevõtja võib võlausaldaja nõudele lisaks enda vastuväidetele esitada vastuväiteid, mis tulenevad võlausaldaja ja senise võlgniku vahelisest õigussuhtest, välja arvatud vastuväited, mis kuulusid senisele võlgnikule võlausaldaja vastu isiklikult. Samuti ei või ta senise võlgniku nõuet võlausaldaja nõudega tasaarvestada.
(2) Kohustuse ülevõtja ei või võlausaldaja nõudele esitada vastuväiteid, mis kuuluvad talle senise võlgniku vastu tulenevalt kohustuse ülevõtmise aluseks olevast õigussuhtest.
(3) Kui kohustus võeti võlausaldaja nõusolekul üle võlgnikuga sõlmitud lepingu alusel, võib kohustuse ülevõtja esitada kohustuse ülevõtmise kehtetusest tuleneva vastuväite võlausaldaja vastu üksnes juhul, kui võlausaldaja nõusolekut andes kehtetuse põhjusest teadis või pidi teadma.

§ 177. Kõrvalkohustused ja tagatised kohustuse ülevõtmisel

(1) Kohustuse ülevõtmisel lähevad uuele võlgnikule üle nõudega seotud kõrvalkohustused, kui need ei ole isiklikku laadi või ei ole muul põhjusel lahutamatult seotud senise võlgniku isikuga. Uuele võlgnikule läheb üle kohustus tasuda kokkulepitud intress ja leppetrahv ka siis, kui need muutusid sissenõutavaks pärast kohustuse ülevõtmist.
(2) Kohustuse ülevõtmisel lõpevad kohustuse täitmise tagamiseks antud kohustusega seotud tagatised. Kui kohustuse täitmise tagamiseks on antud tagatis, mis ei ole kohustusega seotud, tuleb tagatis vastavalt tagatise andmise aluseks olnud kokkuleppele tagatise andjale tagasi anda.
(3) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 2 sätestatut ei kohaldata, kui tagatise andja nõustub vastutama ka uue võlgniku kohustuse täitmise eest.

§ 178. Kohustusega ühinemine

(1) Kohustuse võib üle võtta ka nii, et kolmas isik astub võlasuhtesse uue võlgnikuna senise võlgniku kõrvale
(kohustusega ühinemine).
(2) Kohustusega ühinemise võib kolmas isik kokku leppida võlausaldajaga või võlgnikuga.
(3) Kui kohustusega ühinemine toimub võlausaldaja nõude tagamise eesmärgil, kohaldatakse vastavalt käesoleva seaduse §-s 144 sätestatud vorminõudeid.
(4) Kohustusega ühinemisel tekib solidaarkohustus. Kui kohustusega ühinetakse võlausaldaja nõude tagamiseks, kohaldatakse lisaks vastavalt käesoleva seaduse §-des 145, 149 ja 152 sätestatut.

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Leht 56 / 237 Võlaõigusseadus

Lepingu ülevõtmine

§ 179. Lepingu ülevõtmise mõiste

(1) Lepingupool võib teise lepingupoole nõusolekul anda oma lepingust tulenevad õigused ja kohustused üle kolmandale isikule temaga sõlmitud lepingu alusel, kui seaduses ei ole sätestatud teisiti.
(2) Lepingu ülevõtmisega loetakse, et kõik lepingust tulenevad õigused ja kohustused on lepingu ülevõtjale üle läinud.
(3) Lepingu ülevõtmisele kohaldatakse vastavalt käesoleva seaduse §-des 167, 168, 171, 176 ja 177 sätestatut.

4. jagu

Ettevõtte üleminek

§ 180. Ettevõtte üleminek

(1) Ettevõtte üleandja võib omandajaga sõlmitud lepinguga kohustuda andma omandajale üle ettevõtte. Ettevõte võib omandajale üle minna ka seaduse alusel.
(2) Ettevõttesse kuuluvad ettevõtte majandamisega seotud ja selle majandamist teenivad asjad, õigused ja kohustused, muu hulgas ettevõttega seotud lepingud.

§ 181. Kohaldamise piirangud

Käesolevas jaos sätestatut ei kohaldata ettevõtte üleminekule juriidiliste isikute ühinemise, jagunemise või ümberkujundamise puhul, samuti kui ettevõtte üleminek toimub seaduse alusel, eelkõige sundtäitmisel või pankrotimenetluses.

§ 182. Ettevõtte üleandmine

(1) Ettevõttesse kuuluvad asjad antakse omandajale üle vastavate asjade üleandmise sätete järgi ja õigused vastavate õiguste üleandmise sätete järgi, lepingud aga lepingute ülevõtmise sätete järgi. Ettevõtte üleandja on kohustatud andma omandajale üle asjade valduse, registreerimisele kuuluva vara puhul tagama ka vastavate kannete tegemise registrites.
(2) Ettevõttesse kuuluvate asjade ja õiguste üleminekuga lähevad omandajale üle kõik üleandja ettevõttega seotud kohustused, muu hulgas töölepingutest tulenevad kohustused ettevõtte töötajate suhtes, kui seaduses ei ole sätestatud teisiti. Võlausaldaja või teise lepingupoole nõusolekut ei ole kohustuse või lepingu üleminekuks vaja, kui seaduses ei ole sätestatud teisiti.
(3) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 2 sätestatust kõrvalekalduv kokkulepe ei kehti kolmandate isikute suhtes. Kokkulepe kehtib võlausaldaja suhtes, kes on sellise kokkuleppega kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis nõustunud.
(4) Ettevõtte omandaja peab võlausaldajatele viivitamata teatama kohustuste omandamisest, ettevõtte üleandja aga teatama võlgnikele nõuete loovutamisest omandajale.
(5) Käesolevas paragrahvis sätestatut kohaldatakse vastavalt ka ettevõtte kasutusse andmisele. [RT I 2002, 53, 336- jõust. 01.07.2002]

§ 183. Ettevõtte üleandja vastutus

(1) Enne ettevõtte üleminekut tekkinud kohustuste eest, mis on ülemineku ajaks muutunud sissenõutavaks või mis muutuvad sissenõutavaks viie aasta jooksul pärast üleminekut, vastutab üleandja võlausaldajate
ees solidaarselt omandajaga. Eeldatakse, et omavahelises suhtes üleandjaga on kohustatud isikuks ettevõtte omandaja.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatust kõrvalekalduv kokkulepe ei kehti kolmandate isikute suhtes, välja arvatud võlausaldaja suhtes, kes on sellise kokkuleppega kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis nõustunud.
(3) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud kohustusest tekkinud nõuete aegumistähtaeg on viis aastat ettevõtte üleminekust, kui mõnele neist nõuetest ei kehti lühem aegumistähtaeg.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 57 / 237

(4) Käesolevas paragrahvis sätestatut kohaldatakse vastavalt ka ettevõtte kasutusse andmisele. [RT I 2002, 53, 336- jõust. 01.07.2002]

§ 184. Õigus ärinimele

(1) Üleantava ettevõtte senise ärinime kasutamise õigus läheb üle omandajale, kui see ei ole vastuolus seaduse või kolmanda isiku õigustega ja lepingupoolte kokkuleppest ei tulene teisiti. Ärinime üleminekut ei takista asjaolu, et omandaja jätkab tegevust muus õiguslikus vormis kui üleandja, kui omandaja järgib ärinime kohta seaduses sätestatud nõudeid.
(2) Kui ettevõtte üleandja on füüsiline isik, läheb senise ärinime kasutamise õigus üle omandajale ettevõtte üleandja kirjalikul nõusolekul.

§ 185. Ettevõtte osa üleminek

Käesolevas jaos sätestatut kohaldatakse ka lepingutele, millega antakse üle organisatsiooniliselt terviklikuks üksuseks olev ettevõtte osa (käitis).

10. peatükk

VÕLASUHTE LÕPPEMINE

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Üldsätted

§ 186. Võlasuhte lõppemise alused

Võlasuhe lõpeb:
1) kohase täitmisega;
2) tasaarvestusega;
3) kokkulangemisega;
4) võlasuhte lõpetamise kokkuleppega;
5) lepingust taganemisega;
6) lepingu ülesütlemisega;
7) füüsilisest isikust võlgniku surmaga, kui kohustust ei saa täita tema isikliku osavõtuta;
8) füüsilisest isikust võlausaldaja surmaga, kui kohustus tuli täita isiklikult võlausaldajale;
9) muul seaduses või lepinguga ettenähtud juhul.

§ 187. Kõrvalkohustuste ja tagatiste lõppemine

(1) Kohustuse lõppemisel lõpevad ka sellega seotud tagatised ja kõrvalkohustused, kui seadusest ei tulene teisiti.
(2) Kohustuse lõppemise korral tuleb nõude tagamiseks antud tagatis, mis ei ole nõudega seotud, vastavalt tagatise andmise aluseks olnud kokkuleppele tagatise andjale tagasi anda.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336- jõust. 01.07.2002]

2. jagu

Lepingust taganemine

§ 188. Taganemise avaldus ja tagajärjed

(1) Lepingupool taganeb lepingust taganemisavalduse tegemisega teisele lepingupoolele.
(2) Kui lepingupool võib vastavalt seadusele või lepingule lepingust taganeda, vabastab lepingust taganemine mõlemad lepingupooled nende lepinguliste kohustuste täitmisest. Taganemine ei mõjuta lepingust enne taganemist tekkinud õiguste ja kohustuste kehtivust.
(3) Taganemine ei mõjuta kokkulepet lepingust tulenevate vaidluste lahendamise kohta, samuti muid lepingutingimusi lepingupoolte õiguste ja kohustuste kohta pärast lepingust taganemist.

§ 189. Lepingu alusel üleantu väljaandmine ja hüvitamine

(1) Lepingust taganemise korral võib kumbki lepingupool nõuda tema poolt lepingu alusel üleantu tagastamist ning saadud viljade ja muu kasu väljaandmist, kui ta tagastab kõik üleantu. Taganemisest tulenevad kohustused peavad lepingupooled täitma üheaegselt, kusjuures vastavalt kohaldatakse käesoleva seaduse §-s 111 sätestatut. Tagastatavalt rahalt tuleb tasuda intressi raha saamisest alates.

Leht 58 / 237 Võlaõigusseadus

(2) Tagastamise või väljaandmise asemel peab lepingupool hüvitama üleantu väärtuse, kui:
1) tagastamine või väljaandmine on üleantu olemuse tõttu välistatud, muu hulgas, kui üleantu seisneb teenuse
saamises või asja kasutamises;
2) lepingupool on üleantud eseme ära tarvitanud, võõrandanud, koormanud kolmanda isiku õigusega või ümber
töötanud;
3) üleantu on hävinud.
(3) Kui üleantu hind on lepingus määratud, loetakse see käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 2 tähenduses üleantu väärtuseks.
(4) Kui tagastamisele või väljaandmisele kuuluv asi on halvenenud ja halvenemine ei ole tekkinud asja korrapärase kasutamise tulemusena, tuleb hüvitada asja väärtuse vähenemine.
(5) Lepingupool, kes peab asjaoludest tulenevalt mõistlikult ette nägema lepingust taganemise võimalikkust, peab hoolitsema selle eest, et lepingust taganemise korral oleks üleantu tagastamine võimalik.

§ 190. Hüvitamise välistatus

(1) Lepingupool ei ole kohustatud talle üleantu tagastamise või väljaandmise asemel selle väärtust hüvitama, kui:
1) taganemise aluseks olev asjaolu ilmnes alles asja ümbertöötamisel;
2) halvenemine või hävimine toimus teisest lepingupoolest tulenevatel asjaoludel või asjaolu tõttu, mille
esinemise riisikot kannab teine lepingupool või kui kahju oleks tekkinud ka teise lepingupoole juures;
3) seadusest tuleneva taganemisõiguse teostamise puhul on üleantu halvenenud või hävinud vaatamata sellele,
et lepingupool ilmutas niisugust hoolt, mida ta rakendab oma asjades.
(2) Kui käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud asjaoludel on lepingupool alusetult rikastunud, peab ta üleantu vastavalt alusetu rikastumise sätetele välja andma.

§ 191. Kasu ja kulutused

(1) Kui lepingupool ei saanud vilju või muud kasu, mida tal oleks olnud võimalik korrapärase majandamise nõudeid järgides saada, peab ta taganemise korral teisele lepingupoolele hüvitama saamata jäänud viljade või muu kasu väärtuse. Seadusest tuleneva taganemisõiguse korral vastutab taganemiseks õigustatud lepingupool viljade ja kasu saamisel üksnes sellise hoole ilmutamise eest, mida ta rakendab oma asjades.
(2) Kui lepingupool tagastab eseme, hüvitab selle väärtuse või kui väärtuse hüvitamise kohustus on vastavalt käesoleva seaduse § 190 lõike 1 punktile 1 või 2 välistatud, peab teine lepingupool hüvitama esemele tehtud vajalikud kulutused. Muud kulutused tuleb lepingupoolele hüvitada vastavalt alusetu rikastumise sätetele, kui teine lepingupool on kulutuste läbi alusetult rikastunud.

§ 192. Taganemisõiguse jagamatus

(1) Kui lepingus osaleb ühel lepingupoolel mitu isikut, võivad nad taganemisõigust teostada üksnes ühiselt. Kui taganemisõigus lõpeb ühe taganemiseks õigustatud isiku jaoks, lõpeb see ka ülejäänud isikute jaoks.
(2) Kui lepingupool taganeb lepingust, mille teisel poolel osaleb mitu isikut, võib ta taganemisõigust teostada üksnes kõigi nende isikute suhtes ühiselt.
(3) Mitmepoolse lepingu puhul võib lepingupool lepingust taganeda üksnes tema suhtes võetud kohustuse rikkumise korral teise lepingupoole või teiste lepingupoolte poolt.

§ 193. Tasaarvestus pärast olulist lepingurikkumist

Lepingust taganemine olulise lepingurikkumise tõttu on tühine, kui lepingupool, kelle suhtes lepingust taganeda sooviti, võib kohustuse lõpetada tasaarvestusega ja teatab tasaarvestusest viivitamata pärast teise lepingupoole poolt lepingust taganemisest teatamist.

§ 194. Tarbijalepingutest taganemise erisused

[Kehtetu -RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

3. jagu

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 59 / 237

Lepingu ülesütlemine

§ 195. Lepingu korraline ülesütlemine

(1) Lepingupool ütleb lepingu üles ülesütlemisavalduse tegemisega teisele lepingupoolele.
(2) Kui lepingupool võib vastavalt seadusele või lepingule lepingu üles öelda, vabastab ülesütlemine mõlemad lepingupooled nende lepinguliste kohustuste täitmisest. Lepingust kuni selle ülesütlemiseni tekkinud õigused ja kohustused jäävad kehtima.
(3) Püsiva kohustuse või korduvate kohustuste täitmisele suunatud lepingu (kestvusleping), mis on sõlmitud tähtajatult, võib kumbki lepingupool mõistliku etteteatamistähtajaga üles öelda, kui seadusest või lepingust ei tulene teisiti (korraline ülesütlemine).
(4) Kui lepingus osaleb ühel lepingupoolel mitu isikut, võivad nad ülesütlemisõigust teostada üksnes ühiselt. Kui lepingupool ütleb üles lepingu, mille teisel poolel osaleb mitu isikut, võib lepingu üles öelda üksnes kõigi nende isikute suhtes ühiselt.
(5) Lepingu ülesütlemise korral peavad lepingupooled tagastama üksnes lepingu lõpetamisele järgneva aja kohta juba ette üleantu. Tagastamisele kohaldatakse vastavalt käesoleva seaduse §-des 189–191 sätestatut.

§ 196. Lepingu erakorraline ülesütlemine

(1) Kestvuslepingu võib kumbki lepingupool mõjuval põhjusel etteteatamistähtaega järgimata üles öelda, eelkõige kui ülesütlevalt lepingupoolelt ei või kõiki asjaolusid ja mõlemapoolset huvi arvestades mõistlikult nõuda lepingu jätkamist kuni kokkulepitud tähtpäevani või etteteatamistähtaja lõppemiseni (erakorraline ülesütlemine).
(2) Kui mõjuv põhjus seisneb selles, et teine lepingupool rikub lepingulist kohustust, võib lepingu üles öelda alles pärast kohustuse rikkumise lõpetamiseks määratud mõistliku tähtaja tulemusteta lõppemist. Tähtaja määramine ei ole vajalik käesoleva seaduse § 116 lõike 2 punktides 2–4 sätestatud juhtudel.
(3) Ülesütlemiseks õigustatud isik võib lepingu üles öelda üksnes mõistliku aja jooksul pärast seda, kui ta ülesütlemise aluseks olnud asjaoludest teada sai.
(4) Kui ülesütlemiseks õigustatud isikul ei ole ülesütlemise tõttu juba täidetud kohustuste vastu enam huvi, võib ta lepingu ülesütlemise laiendada ka juba täidetud kohustustele. Üleantu tagastamisele kohaldatakse vastavalt käesoleva seaduse §-des 189–191 sätestatut.

4. jagu

Tasaarvestus

§ 197. Tasaarvestuse mõiste

(1) Kui kaks isikut (tasaarvestuse pooled) on kohustatud maksma teineteisele rahasumma või täitma muu samaliigilise kohustuse, võib kumbki pool (tasaarvestav pool) oma nõude teise poole nõudega tasaarvestada, kui tasaarvestaval poolel on õigus oma kohustus täita ja teiselt poolelt nõuda tema kohustuse täitmist.
(2) Tasaarvestuse tulemusena lõpevad tasaarvestuse poolte nõuded kattuvas ulatuses ajast, mil neid võis tasaarvestada, kui pooled ei lepi kokku teisiti. Kui ühe või mõlema nõude eest on juba makstud intressi, ei ulatu tasaarvestus tagasi rohkem kui viimase ajavahemiku lõpuni, mille eest intressi maksti.
(3) Eri vääringutes väljendatud rahalisi nõudeid võib tasaarvestada vahetuskursiga, mis arvestatakse tasaarvestamise päeva seisuga tasaarvestava poole tegevuskohas, selle puudumisel aga elu- või asukohas. Tasaarvestamine ei ole lubatud, kui vahetuskursid ei ole turul vabalt kujunenud.

§ 198. Tasaarvestuse avaldus

Tasaarvestus toimub avalduse tegemisega teisele poolele. Tingimuslikult või tähtaja määramisega tehtud avaldus on tühine.

§ 199. Tasaarvestus täitmise kohtade erinevuse korral

Kui tasaarvestatakse erinevate täitmise kohtadega nõudeid, peab tasaarvestav pool teisele poolele hüvitama kahju, mis tekib seetõttu, et teine pool ei saa tasaarvestuse tõttu kohustuse täitmist ettenähtud kohas kätte või oma kohustust ettenähtud kohas täita.

Leht 60 / 237 Võlaõigusseadus

§ 200. Tasaarvestuse piirangud

(1) Tasaarvestada ei saa:
1) ülalpidamise nõuet, tervise kahjustamise või surma põhjustamisega tekitatud kahju hüvitamise nõuet, samuti
teise poole kahju õigusvastasest ja tahtlikust tekitamisest tulenevat nõuet, mis teisel poolel on tasaarvestava
poole vastu;
2) teise poole nõuet, millele seadusest tulenevalt ei saa pöörata sissenõuet;
3) teise poole nõuet, mille tasaarvestamine seadusest tulenevalt ei ole lubatud.
(2) Tasaarvestav pool võib oma nõude teise poole nõudega tasaarvestada ka juhul, kui tasaarvestava poole nõue on aegunud, kui õigus nõuet tasaarvestada tekkis enne nõude aegumist.
[RT I, 04.02.2011, 2- jõust. 23.02.2011]
(3) Tasaarvestav pool ei saa tasaarvestada arestitud nõuet oma nõudega teise poole vastu, kui tasaarvestav pool omandas nõude pärast arestimist või kui tema nõue muutus sissenõutavaks pärast arestimist ja arestitud nõudest hiljem.
(4) Tasaarvestav pool ei saa tasaarvestada nõuet, millele teine pool saab esitada vastuväiteid.

§ 201. Tasaarvestus nõuete paljususe korral

(1) Kui tasaarvestuse pooltel on mitu tasaarvestuseks sobivat nõuet, võib tasaarvestav pool määrata nõuded, mis tasaarvestatakse. Kui tasaarvestuse avalduses ei ole määratud, millised nõuded tasaarvestatakse, või kui teine pool vaidleb tasaarvestuse avalduses märgitud määramisele viivitamata vastu, loetakse tasaarvestatuks:
1) esimeses järjekorras esimesena sissenõutavaks muutunud kohustus;
2) teises järjekorras võlausaldaja jaoks kõige vähem tagatud kohustus;
3) kolmandas järjekorras võlgnikule kõige koormavam kohustus;
4) neljandas järjekorras varem tekkinud kohustus.
(2) Kui tasaarvestav pool peab teisele poolele lisaks põhikohustuse täitmisele maksma intressi või hüvitama kulutusi, loetakse, et tasaarvestus toimub esmalt kulutuste, seejärel juba sissenõutavaks muutunud intressi ning lõpuks põhikohustuse katteks. Tasaarvestav pool ei või teise poole nõusolekuta määrata kohustuse täitmiseks erinevat järjekorda.
(3) Käesolevas paragrahvis sätestatut ei kohaldata tasaarvestusele, mis toimub käesoleva seaduse §-s 203 nimetatud asjaoludel.

§ 202. Tasaarvestuse piirang kolmanda isiku kasuks sõlmitud lepingu puhul

Kolmanda isiku kasuks sõlmitud lepingu puhul ei või lepingupool, kes peab kohustuse täitma kolmanda isiku suhtes, tasaarvestada tema vastu suunatud kohustuse täitmise nõuet.

§ 203. Jooksev arve

(1) Kui mõlema poole püsivas ärisuhtes sõlmitud lepingutest tulenevad rahalised nõuded ja kohustused tuleb summeerida (jooksev arve), loetakse tasaarvestus summeerimisega toimunuks. Sel juhul võlgnetakse nõuete ja kohustuste vahe (saldo).
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud korras ei või tasaarvestada nõudeid, mis ei ole seotud pooltevahelise püsiva suhtega.
(3) Jooksvale arvele ei või kanda nõudeid, mille tasaarvestamine ei ole lubatud.
(4) Nõude kandmine jooksvale arvele ei võta õigust kasutada õiguskaitsevahendeid nende tehingute suhtes, millest nõue tekkis.
(5) Kui jooksvale arvele kantud nõue on tagatud, võib võlausaldaja kasutada tagatist tagatud nõude ulatuses tema kasuks oleva saldonõude tagamiseks.
(6) Nõude kandmine jooksvale arvele ei välista ega piira kolmanda isiku vastutust jooksvale arvele kantud nõude eest.
(7) Jooksvale arvele kantud nõudeid ei saa arestida ega neile sissenõuet pöörata. Seda saab teha üksnes saldo maksmise nõude suhtes.
(8) Kui tasaarvestava poole võlausaldaja kasuks arestitakse saldo maksmise nõue, ei kehti võlausaldaja suhtes jooksvale arvele kohustuste kandmine, mis on tekkinud pärast arestimist tehtud tehingutest.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 61 / 237

§ 204. Jooksva arvega seotud toimingud

(1) Tasaarvestav pool, kes korraldab jooksva arve pidamist, teatab teisele poolele arveldusperioodi lõpus saldo, näidates ära jooksvale arvele kantud nõuded, millest teisele poolele ei ole veel teatatud. Eeldatakse, et arveldusperioodi kestuseks on üks aasta.
(2) Kui teine pool ei vaidlusta talle edastatud saldot mõistliku aja jooksul, loetakse, et saldo on õige. Sel juhul loetakse negatiivne saldo võlatunnistuseks.
(3) Alates saldo teatamisest tuleb saldolt maksta intressi poolele, kelle kasuks saldo on, isegi juhul, kui jooksvale arvele kantud nõuetelt tuli juba intressi maksta.
(4) Saldo maksmise nõue muutub sissenõutavaks saldost teatamisega.
(5) Saldo maksmise nõude aegumistähtaeg on viis aastat päevast, mil saldo muutus sissenõutavaks.

§ 205. Jooksva arve lepingu lõppemine

(1) Kui jooksva arve kohta on sõlmitud leping tähtaega määramata, võib kumbki pool selle üles öelda igaks jooksva arveldusperioodi lõpuks, teatades ülesütlemisest vähemalt 10 päeva ette.
(2) Ühe poole surma korral võib teine pool, samuti surnud poole pärija, jooksva arve lepingu igal ajal üles öelda.
(3) Sõltumata jooksva arve lepingu lõppemisest, võib saldo maksmist nõuda alles pärast arveldusperioodi lõppu.

5. jagu

Kokkulangemine

§ 206. Võlasuhte lõppemine kokkulangemisega

(1) Võlasuhe lõpeb võlgniku ja võlausaldaja kokkulangemisega ühes isikus. Kui võlgniku ja võlausaldaja isik on võlasuhtes kokku langenud, kuid sellel isikul on võlasuhte jätkumiseks õigustatud huvi, siis võlasuhe ei lõpe.
(2) Kui kokkulangemine on osaline, lõpeb võlasuhe kokkulangevas osas.
(3) Kui nõudele on seatud pant või muu asjaõigus, siis kehtib nõue pandipidaja või muud asjaõigust omava isiku suhtes kokkulangemisele vaatamata edasi.
(4) Käesolevas paragrahvis sätestatu ei puuduta väärtpaberitest tulenevaid nõudeid.

6. jagu

Võlasuhte lõpetamise kokkulepe

§ 207. Võlasuhte lõpetamine kokkuleppel

(1) Võlasuhe lõpeb, kui võlausaldaja ja võlgnik on võlasuhte lõpetamises kokku leppinud seoses võlausaldaja loobumisega nõudest.
(2) Võlasuhte lõppemise kohta sätestatut kohaldatakse, kui võlasuhte pooled on kokku leppinud või võlausaldaja tunnistab, et võlasuhet ei ole.

2. osa

VÕÕRANDAMISLEPINGUD

11. peatükk

MÜÜGILEPING

1. jagu

Leht 62 / 237 Võlaõigusseadus

Üldsätted

§ 208. Müügilepingu mõiste

(1) Asja müügilepinguga kohustub müüja andma ostjale üle olemasoleva, valmistatava või müüja poolt tulevikus omandatava asja ning tegema võimalikuks omandi ülemineku ostjale, ostja aga kohustub müüjale tasuma asja ostuhinna rahas ja võtma asja vastu.
(2) Käesolevas peatükis sätestatut kohaldatakse ka lepingutele, mis on sõlmitud valmistatava asja tellimiseks, välja arvatud juhul, kui tellija andis teisele lepingupoolele olulise osa asjade valmistamiseks vajalikust materjalist. Käesolevas peatükis sätestatut ei kohaldata lepingutele, mille puhul suurem osa lepingupoole kohustustest, kes asja muretseb, seisneb töö tegemises või muu teenuse osutamises.
(3) Asja müügi kohta seaduses sätestatut kohaldatakse vastavalt õiguse ja muu eseme müügile, muu hulgas energia, vee ja soojuse müügile ühendusvõrgu kaudu, kui seadusest ei tulene teisiti ja see ei ole vastuolus eseme olemusega. Õiguse müüja peab ostjale võimaldama müügilepingu esemeks olev õigus omandada.
(4) Tarbijalemüük on asja müük müügilepingu alusel, mille puhul tarbijale müüb vallasasja müüja, kes sõlmib lepingu oma majandus- või kutsetegevuses.

§ 209. Asja üleandmise kohustus

(1) Kui asi tuleb ostjale üle anda määratud kohas, peab müüja asja määratud kohas ostja käsutusse andmiseks valmis panema ja ostjale valmispanekust teatama. Kui lepingu esemeks on liigitunnustega asjad, ei loeta
neid ostja käsutusse andmiseks valmispanduks enne, kuni neid ei ole lepingu järgi üleandmiseks tähistusega, veodokumentidega või muul viisil selgelt eristatud.
(2) Kui müüja on asja määratud kohas ostja käsutusse andmiseks valmis pannud ja sellest ostjale teatanud, loetakse asja ostjale üleandmise kohustus täidetuks.
(3) Kui asi tuleb ostjale üle anda määratud kohas ja asja omadused ei võimalda müüjal asja eraldamist enne selle vastuvõtmist ostja poolt, loetakse asi ostjale üleantuks, kui müüja on teinud kõik vajaliku, võimaldamaks ostjal asi vastu võtta.
(4) Kui müüja on kohustatud asja ise ostjani toimetama, peab ta asja üle andma ostja valdusse. Kui lepingus
on ette nähtud asja vedamine, kuid sellega ei kaasne müüja kohustust asi ostjani toimetada, loetakse asja ostjale
üleandmise kohustus täidetuks asja üleandmisel vedajale, kes on kohustatud asja saatmiskohast vedama. Kui
asja vedamine on ette nähtud tarbijalemüügi puhul, loetakse asja ostjale üleandmise kohustus täidetuks asja
üleandmisel ostja valdusse. Kui sellisel juhul on vedaja nimetanud või temaga lepingu sõlminud ostja, ilma
et müüja oleks seda vahendanud või sellele võimalusele viidanud, loetakse asja ostjale üleandmise kohustus
täidetuks asja üleandmisel vedajale.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(5) [Kehtetu -RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(6) Kui pooled ei ole tarbijalemüügi puhul asja üleandmise aega kindlaks määranud, peab müüja asja üleandmise kohustuse täitma viivitamata, kuid mitte hiljem kui 30 päeva möödumisel lepingu sõlmimisest. [RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

§ 210. Müüja täiendavad kohustused asja vedamise puhul

(1) Kui müüja peab andma asja üle vedajale ning asi ei ole tähistusega, veodokumentidega või muul viisil selgelt eristatud, peab müüja ostjale teatama, et ta andis asja vedajale üle, ja asja seejuures täpselt kirjeldama.
(2) Kui müüja peab korraldama asja vedamise, peab ta sõlmima lepingu, mis on vajalik asja veoks sihtkohta tavalistel tingimustel ja transpordivahenditega, mille kasutamine on vastavalt asjaoludele mõistlik.
(3) Kui müüja ei pea sõlmima veosekindlustuslepingut, peab ta ostja soovil andma ostjale kogu temal oleva teabe, mis on vajalik sellise lepingu sõlmimiseks.

§ 211. Dokumentide üleandmine

(1) Müüja peab ostjale asja vastuvõtmiseks ning valdamiseks, kasutamiseks ja käsutamiseks vajalikud dokumendid (asja juurde kuuluvad dokumendid) lepingus ettenähtud vormis üle andma asja üleandmise kohas asja üleandmise ajal. Kui müüjal on õigustatud huvi jätta asja kohta käiva dokumendi originaal endale, peab ta ostjale viimase nõudmisel andma dokumendi originaali asemel ärakirja või väljavõtte.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 63 / 237

(2) Vedamisele kuuluva asja juurde kuuluvad dokumendid tuleb anda ostjale üle tema tegevuskohas, mis on lepinguga kõige enam seotud, selle puudumisel aga ostja elu- või asukohas. Kui dokumendid tuleb üle anda ostuhinna maksmise vastu, tuleb need üle anda ostuhinna maksmise kohas.
(3) Asja juurde kuuluvad dokumendid tuleb anda ostjale üle arvestusega, et ostjal oleks piisavalt aega asi ebamõistliku viivituseta sihtkohas vastu võtta või seda vabalt käsutada.

§ 212. Müüja teatamiskohustus

Kui ostja on kohustatud asja üleandmise kohast ära viima ja asja üleandmise aja määramise õigus on müüjal, peab müüja ostjale õigeaegselt teatama, millal asi on ostja käsutusse andmiseks valmis pandud.

§ 213. Ostuhinna tasumise kohustus

(1) Kui asja ostuhind tuleb arvutada asja hulga, mõõdu või kaalu alusel, võetakse arvutamisel aluseks asja hulk, mõõt või kaal asja juhusliku hävimise ja kahjustumise riisiko ülemineku ajal ostjale. Kui asja ostuhind tuleb määrata asja kaalu järgi, eeldatakse, et hind tuleb määrata netokaalu järgi.
(2) Kui ostja peab ostuhinna tasuma asja või dokumendi üleandmise vastu, peab ta seda tegema asja või dokumendi üleandmise kohas.
(3) Ostja ei pea tasuma ostuhinda enne, kui tal on olnud võimalus asi üle vaadata, välja arvatud juhul, kui kokkulepitud üleandmis- või tasumisviisist tulenevalt ei ole see võimalik.
(4) [Kehtetu -RT I, 04.02.2011, 1- jõust. 05.04.2011]

§ 214. Ostuhinna tasumise kohustus asja juhusliku hävimise ja kahjustumise riisiko üleminekul ostjale

(1) Ostja peab ostuhinna tasuma ka siis, kui ostetud asi on juhuslikult hävinud või kahjustunud pärast asja juhusliku hävimise ja kahjustumise riisiko üleminekut temale.
(2) Asja juhusliku hävimise ja kahjustumise riisiko läheb ostjale üle asja üleandmisega.
(3) Asja juhusliku hävimise ja kahjustumise riisiko läheb ostjale üle ka ajal, mil ostja satub viivitusse selle toimingu tegemisega, millega ta asja üleandmisele peab kaasa aitama, eelkõige, kui ta ei võta asja vastu. Liigitunnustega piiritletud asjade müügi puhul ei lähe juhusliku hävimise ja kahjustumise riisiko ostja viivituse puhul talle üle siiski enne lepinguesemeks olevate asjade eraldamist ja ostjale eraldamisest teatamist.
(4) Vedamisel oleva asja müümise puhul kannab ostja asja juhusliku hävimise ja kahjustumise riisikot tagasiulatuvalt, alates asja üleandmisest esimesele vedajale. See ei kehti, kui müüja müügilepingu sõlmimise ajal teadis või pidi teadma, et asi on hävinud või kahjustunud, kuid ei teatanud sellest ostjale.
(5) [Kehtetu -RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(6) Asja juhusliku hävimise ja kahjustumise riisiko üleminekut ei mõjuta müüja õigus pidada kinni asja juurde kuuluv dokument.

§ 215. Lepingu sõlmimise ja täitmise kulud

(1) Müüja kannab asja üleandmise kulud, eelkõige mõõtmise ja kaalumise kulud, ostja aga asja vastuvõtmise ning ostuhinna tasumise kulud, samuti võimalikud müügilepingu koostamise või tõestamise kulud ning lepingu alusel avalikku registrisse kande tegemisega seotud kulud.
(2) Kui müüdud asi tuleb ostja soovil saata mujale kui lepingujärgsesse kohustuse täitmise kohta, kannab sellega seotud täiendavad kulud ostja.
(3) Kui tarbijalemüügi puhul toimetab müüdud asja ostjale kätte müüja või müüjaga sõlmitud lepingu alusel vedaja, võib ostjalt nõuda veokulude hüvitamist üksnes juhul, kui nende kulude suurus või andmed, mille alusel kulude suurus arvutatakse, on ostjale hiljemalt lepingu sõlmimisel teatavaks tehtud. Sama kehtib kõigi muude teenuste osutamisega seotud kulude suhtes, mida müüja ostjale tema nõusolekul seoses müügiga osutab.
(4) Õiguse müümisel kannab müüja õiguse omandamise võimaldamise ja üleandmise kulud.

§ 216. Asjaga seotud kasu, kulud ja koormised

(1) Kasu, mis saadi asjast enne seda, kui see tuli üle anda, kuulub müüjale, välja arvatud juhul, kui sellise kasu saamist võis mõistlikult oodata pärast seda, kui asi tuli üle anda. Kasu, mis saadi asjast pärast seda, kui see tuli üle anda, kuulub ostjale, välja arvatud juhul, kui kasu saamist võis mõistlikult oodata enne seda, kui asi tuli üle anda.
(2) Müüja kannab kõik asjaga seotud kulud ja koormised kuni asja üleandmiseni või ostja vastuvõtuviivitusse sattumiseni, välja arvatud kulud, mis on põhjustatud ostjast tulenevast asjaolust.

Leht 64 / 237 Võlaõigusseadus

§ 217. Asja vastavus lepingutingimustele

(1) Ostjale üleantav asi peab vastama lepingutingimustele, eelkõige koguse, kvaliteedi, liigi, kirjelduse ja pakendi osas. Lepingutingimustele peavad vastama ka asja juurde kuuluvad dokumendid.
(2) Asi ei vasta muu hulgas lepingutingimustele, kui:
1) asjal ei ole kokkulepitud omadusi;
2) kokkuleppe puudumisel asja omaduste kohta ei sobi asi teatud eriliseks otstarbeks, milleks ostja seda vajab ja
mida müüja lepingu sõlmimise ajal teadis või pidi teadma, kui ostja võis mõistlikult tugineda müüja erialastele
oskustele või teadmistele, muul juhul aga otstarbeks, milleks seda liiki asju tavaliselt kasutatakse;
3) asja kasutamist takistavad õigusakti sätted, mida müüja lepingu sõlmimisel teadis või pidi teadma;
4) kolmandal isikul on asja suhtes nõue või muu õigus, mida ta võib esitada;
5) vallasasi ei ole pakitud seda liiki asjadele tavaliselt omasel viisil, sellise viisi puudumisel aga asja säilimiseks
ja kaitseks vajalikul viisil;
6) tarbijalemüügi puhul ei ole asi seda liiki asjadele tavaliselt omase kvaliteediga, mida ostja võis mõistlikult
eeldada, lähtudes asja olemusest ja arvestades asja müüja, tootja, varasema müüja või muu vahendaja poolt asja
teatud omaduste suhtes avalikult tehtud avaldusi, eelkõige asja reklaamimisel või etikettidel.
(3) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 2 punktis 6 sätestatud müüja vastutust asja tootja, varasema müüja või muu vahendaja avalduse eest ei kohaldata, kui müüja avaldusest ei teadnud ega pidanudki teadma või kui müüja tõendab, et avaldus oli lepingu sõlmimise ajaks tagasi võetud või seda oli parandatud või et avaldus ei mõjutanud asja ostmist.
(4) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 2 punkti 4 tähenduses loetakse asja koormavaks kolmanda isiku õiguseks kinnisasja või avalikku registrisse kantud vallasasja puhul ka kinnistusraamatusse või muusse avalikku registrisse kantud õigust, mis ei kehti.
(5) Ostetud asja ebaõigest paigaldamisest tulenevat lepingutingimustele mittevastavust loetakse võrdseks asjast tuleneva lepingutingimustele mittevastavusega, kui asja paigaldas müüja või tehti seda tema vastutusel. Sama kehtib, kui asja paigaldas ostja ja ebaõige paigaldamine tulenes müüja poolt antud puudulikust teabest asja paigaldamise kohta.
(6) Õiguse müümisel, mis annab õiguse asja vallata, peab müüja andma ostjale asja üle puudusteta, muu hulgas vabana kolmandate isikute õigustest.
(7) Käesoleva jao tähenduses loetakse tootjaks käesoleva seaduse §-s 1062 nimetatud isikut, samuti isikut, kes tegutseb tootja poolt sõlmitud lepingu alusel levitajana või teenuste pakkujana.

§ 218. Müüja vastutus asja lepingutingimustele mittevastavuse puhul

(1) Müüja vastutab asja lepingutingimustele mittevastavuse eest, kui mittevastavus on olemas juhusliku hävimise ja kahjustumise riisiko ülemineku ajal ostjale, isegi kui mittevastavus ilmneb hiljem. Tarbijalemüügi puhul vastutab müüja asja lepingutingimustele mittevastavuse eest, mis on olemas asja ostjale üleandmisel, isegi kui juhusliku hävimise ja kahjustumise riisiko üleminek lepiti kokku varasemaks ajaks.
(2) Tarbijalemüügi puhul vastutab müüja asja lepingutingimustele mittevastavuse eest, mis ilmneb kahe aasta jooksul asja üleandmisest ostjale. Tarbijalemüügi puhul eeldatakse, et kuue kuu jooksul asja ostjale üleandmise päevast ilmnenud lepingutingimustele mittevastavus oli olemas asja üleandmise ajal, kui selline eeldus ei ole vastuolus asja või puuduse olemusega.
(21) Müügilepingu puhul, mille esemeks on kinnisasi või selle osa, korteriomand või piiratud asjaõigus, mille osaks on ehitis, või hooneühistu liikmesus, ning mis on sõlmitud majandus- ja kutsetegevuses tegutseva müüja ja tarbijast ostja vahel, eeldatakse, et kahe aasta jooksul ehitise tarbijale üleandmise päevast arvates ilmnenud lepingutingimustele mittevastavus oli olemas ehitise üleandmise ajal, kui selline eeldus ei ole vastuolus ehitise või puuduse olemusega. Käesolevas lõikes sätestatust tarbija kahjuks kõrvalekalduv kokkulepe on tühine.
[RT I, 23.03.2015, 3- jõust. 01.07.2015]
(3) Müüja vastutab ka asja lepingutingimustele mittevastavuse eest, mis tekib pärast juhusliku hävimise ja kahjustumise riisiko üleminekut ostjale, kui asja lepingutingimustele mittevastavus tekkis müüja kohustuste rikkumisest tulenevalt.
(4) Müüja ei vastuta asja lepingutingimustele mittevastavuse eest, kui ostja lepingu sõlmimisel asja lepingutingimustele mittevastavust teadis või pidi teadma.
(5) Kinnisasja või laevakinnistusraamatusse kantud laeva müümise puhul on müüja kohustatud kinnistusraamatusse kantud õiguse või selle seadmist tagava nõude kohta tehtud märke kõrvaldama ka juhul, kui ostja seda õigust või märget teab.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 65 / 237

(6) Kinnisasja müüja ei vastuta asjal avalike maksude ja muude avalike koormiste olemasolu eest.

§ 219. Asja ülevaatamise kohustus

(1) Kui ostja on müügilepingu sõlminud oma majandus- või kutsetegevuses, peab ta ostetud asja viivitamata üle vaatama või üle vaadata laskma.
(2) Kui müügilepingus on ette nähtud asja vedamine, võib ostja asja üle vaadata asja jõudmisel sihtkohta. (3) Kui asi suunatakse ostja poolt ümber või saadetakse edasi teise sihtkohta, ilma et ostjal oleks mõistlikku
võimalust asja üle vaadata, võib asja üle vaadata asja jõudmisel uude sihtkohta, kui müüja lepingu sõlmimisel
ümbersuunamise või edasisaatmise võimalust teadis või pidi teadma.

§ 220. Asja lepingutingimustele mittevastavusest teatamine

(1) Ostja peab teatama asja lepingutingimustele mittevastavusest müüjale mõistliku aja jooksul pärast seda, kui ta asja lepingutingimustele mittevastavusest teada sai või pidi teada saama. Tarbijalemüügi puhul peab tarbija teatama asja lepingutingimustele mittevastavusest müüjale kahe kuu jooksul pärast seda, kui ta sai mittevastavusest teada.
(2) Oma majandus- või kutsetegevuses müügilepingu sõlminud ostja peab lepingule mittevastavust sellest teatamisel piisavalt täpselt kirjeldama.
(3) Kui ostja ei teata müüjale lepingutingimustele mittevastavusest õigeaegselt või ei kirjelda oma majandus- või kutsetegevuses sõlmitud lepingu puhul asja lepingutingimustele mittevastavust piisavalt täpselt, ei või ostja asja lepingutingimustele mittevastavusele tugineda. Kui teatamata jätmine on mõistlikult vabandatav, võib ostja siiski lepingutingimustele mittevastavusele tuginedes alandada ostuhinda või nõuda, et müüja hüvitaks tekitatud kahju, välja arvatud saamata jäänud tulu.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336- jõust. 01.07.2002]

§ 221. Asja lepingutingimustele mittevastavusele tuginemise erisused

(1) Ostja võib lepingutingimustele mittevastavusele tugineda sõltumata sellest, et ta asja üle ei vaadanud või selle lepingutingimustele mittevastavusest õigeaegselt ei teatanud, kui:
1) asja lepingutingimustele mittevastavus on tekkinud müüja tahtluse või raske hooletuse tõttu;
2) müüja teadis või pidi teadma asja lepingutingimustele mittevastavusest või sellega seotud asjaoludest ja ei
avaldanud seda ostjale.
(2) Müüja ei või tugineda kokkuleppele, millega välistatakse või piiratakse ostja õigusi seoses asja lepingutingimustele mittevastavusega, kui müüja teadis või pidi teadma, et asi lepingutingimustele ei vasta ja ta sellest ostjale ei teatanud.

§ 222. Lepingu täitmise nõue õiguskaitsevahendina

(1) Kui asi ei vasta lepingutingimustele, võib ostja nõuda müüjalt asja parandamist või asendamist, kui see
on võimalik ja sellega ei põhjustata müüjale võrreldes teiste õiguskaitsevahendite kasutamisega ebamõistlikke
kulusid või põhjendamatuid ebamugavusi, arvestades muu hulgas asja väärtust, lepingutingimustele
mittevastavuse olulisust ning ostja võimalust saada lepingutingimustele vastav asi oluliste ebamugavusteta
mujalt. Müüja võib parandamise asemel asendada asja lepingutingimustele vastava asjaga.
(2) Muu müügilepingu kui tarbijalemüügi lepingu puhul võib ostja asja lepingutingimustele mittevastavuse puhul nõuda asja asendamist käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 1 esimeses lauses nimetatud juhul üksnes siis, kui asja lepingutingimustele mittevastavuse näol on tegemist olulise lepingurikkumisega.
(3) Kui müüja asendab puudusega asja lepingutingimustele vastava asjaga, võib ta nõuda ostjalt puudusega asja tagastamist. Sel juhul kohaldatakse käesoleva seaduse §-des 189–191 sätestatut.
(4) Müüja kannab asja parandamisega või asja asendamisega seotud kulud, eelkõige veo-, posti-, töö-, reisi- ja materjalikulud.
(5) Kui ostja nõuab õigustatult asja parandamist ja müüja ei tee seda mõistliku aja jooksul, võib ostja asja ise parandada või lasta seda teha ning nõuda müüjalt selleks tehtud mõistlike kulutuste hüvitamist.
(6) Ostja kaotab õiguse nõuda müüjalt asja parandamist või asendamist, kui ta ei nõua seda müüjalt üheaegselt teatega asja lepingutingimustele mittevastavuse kohta või mõistliku aja jooksul pärast teate esitamist, välja arvatud juhul, kui müüja käitumine on vastuolus hea usu põhimõttega.
(7) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 6 sätestatut ei kohaldata tarbijalemüügi suhtes. [RT I 2005, 39, 308- jõust. 01.01.2006]

Leht 66 / 237 Võlaõigusseadus

§ 223. Müüjapoolne müügilepingu oluline rikkumine

(1) Müüjat loetakse müügilepingut oluliselt rikkunuks muu hulgas ka siis, kui asja parandamine või asendamine ei ole võimalik või ebaõnnestub või kui müüja keeldub õigustamatult asja parandamast või asendamast või ei tee seda mõistliku aja jooksul pärast talle lepingutingimustele mittevastavusest teatamist.
(2) Tarbijalemüügi puhul loetakse müüja oluliseks lepingurikkumiseks ka asja parandamise või asendamisega ostjale põhjendamatute ebamugavuste tekitamist.
(3) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1 ja 2 nimetatud juhul ei pea ostja määrama müüjale tema kohustuse täitmiseks käesoleva seaduse §-s 114 nimetatud täiendavat tähtaega ning võib muu hulgas lepingust taganeda.

§ 224. Ostuhinna alandamise piirangud

Ostja ei või alandada ostuhinda:
1) kui müüja parandas või asendas asja lepingutingimustele vastava asjaga;
2) kui ostja keeldus õigustamatult vastu võtmast müüja ettepanekut asja parandamise või asendamise kohta;
3) enampakkumisel müüdud kasutatud asja ostmisel.

§ 225. Kahju hüvitamise erisused

Ostja võib nõuda müüjalt ka sellise kahju hüvitamist, mis tekkis asja selle otstarbele mittevastava kasutamise tõttu, kui see tulenes ostja ebapiisavast teavitamisest müüja poolt, samuti kahju hüvitamist, mis tekkis asjale selle lepingutingimustele mittevastavuse tõttu.

§ 226. Müüja vastutuse erisused müügi puhul näidise, kirjelduse või mudeli järgi

(1) Näidise, kirjelduse või mudeli järgi müügi puhul eeldatakse, et näidis, kirjeldus või mudel on asja lepingutingimustele vastavuse hindamise ainus kriteerium. Sel juhul annab kõrvalekalle näidisest, kirjeldusest või mudelist ostjale õiguse lepingust taganeda või kasutada muid õigusi, mis tulenevad asja lepingutingimustele mittevastavusest.
(2) Kui kokkuleppest või tavast tuleneb, et näidist, kirjeldust või mudelit tuleb kasutada kvaliteedi ligikaudseks määramiseks, võib ostja lepingust taganeda üksnes juhul, kui kõrvalekalle näidisest, kirjeldusest või mudelist on oluline.

§ 227. Müüdud asja lepingutingimustele mittevastavusest tulenevate nõuete aegumise algus

Müüdud asja lepingutingimustele mittevastavusest tuleneva nõude aegumistähtaeg algab asja üleandmisest ostjale. Asja asendamisel müüja poolt algab aegumistähtaeg asendatud asja üleandmisest ostjale. Asja parandamisel müüja poolt algab aegumistähtaeg kõrvaldatud puuduse suhtes uuesti parandamisest arvates.

§ 228. Tootja, varasema müüja või muu vahendaja vastutus müüja ees

Kui asja tarbijale müünud müüja vastutab ostja ees asja lepingutingimustele mittevastavuse eest tootja, varasema müüja või muu vahendaja poolt asja teatud omaduste suhtes avalikult tehtud avalduse tulemusena, siis eeldatakse, et ta võib selles ulatuses nõuda vastavalt isikult talle tekkinud kahju hüvitamist vastavalt nendevahelisele suhtele.

§ 229. Ostja kohustus asi valdusse võtta ja säilitada

(1) Kui ostja on asja oma valdusse võtnud, kuid kavatseb lepingust taganeda või nõuab asja asendamist või kasutab muud õigust, mille tulemusena asi tuleb tagastada, peab ta tarvitusele võtma mõistlikud abinõud asja säilitamiseks ja kaitsmiseks. Tal on õigus asja väljaandmisest keelduda, kuni müüja hüvitab asja säilitamiseks ja kaitsmiseks tehtud mõistlikud kulutused.
(2) Kui ostjale saadetud asi antakse sihtkohas ostja käsutusse, kuid ostja õigustatult keeldub asja vastu võtmast, peab ostja asja sellele vaatamata müüja arvel oma valdusse võtma, kui see on võimalik ostuhinda tasumata ja ei põhjusta ostjale ebamõistlikke ebamugavusi või kulusid. Ostja ei pea asja oma valdusse võtma, kui sihtkohas on kohal müüja või isik, kellel on õigus asi müüja arvel oma valdusse võtta.
(3) Kui ostja võtab asja käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 2 sätestatu kohaselt oma valdusse, on tal käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud õigused ja kohustused.
(4) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1 ja 2 sätestatu puhul võib ostja asja kolmanda isiku juures hoiustada vastavalt käesoleva seaduse §-le 124 või selle müüa vastavalt käesoleva seaduse §-le 125.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 67 / 237

§ 230. Müügigarantii

(1) Müügigarantiiks käesoleva peatüki tähenduses on müüja, varasema müüja või tootja (müügigarantii andja) lubadus müüdud asi garantiis või reklaamis ettenähtud tingimustel tasuta või tasu eest välja vahetada, parandada või tagada muul viisil asja vastavus garantiis või reklaamis ettenähtud tingimustele, millega antakse ostjale seaduses sätestatust soodsam seisund.
[RT I, 04.02.2011, 1- jõust. 05.04.2011]
(2) Garantiitähtaeg algab asja ostjale üleandmisest, kui lepingus või garantiikirjas ei ole ette nähtud garantiitähtaja hilisemat algust. Kui müüjal on kohustus asi ostjale saata, ei hakka garantiitähtaeg kulgema
enne asja ostjale üleandmist. Garantiitähtaja kulg peatub ajal, mil ostja ei saa asja kasutada lepingutingimustele mittevastavuse tõttu, mille eest vastutab müügigarantii andja.
(3) Eeldatakse, et müügigarantiiga on hõlmatud kõik asjal garantiitähtaja jooksul ilmnenud puudused.
(4) Müügigarantiist tulenevate õiguste teostamiseks ettenähtud kord ei tohi olla ostjale ebamõistlikult koormav. (5) Müügigarantii ei välista ega piira ostja õigust kasutada muid seadusest või lepingust tulenevaid
õiguskaitsevahendeid.

§ 231. Müügigarantii erisused tarbijalemüügi puhul

(1) Tarbijalemüügi puhul peab müügigarantii sisaldama tarbija jaoks arusaadavalt esitatud andmeid garantii põhisisu ja sellest tulenevate õiguste kasutamise korra kohta. Muu hulgas tuleb garantiis märkida:
1) müügigarantii andja nimi ja aadress;
2) isik, kelle poole garantiist tulenevate õiguste kasutamiseks tuleb pöörduda;
3) millised õigused garantii tarbijale annab;
4) garantiist tulenevate õiguste kasutamise kord;
5) garantii tähtaeg;
6) garantii kehtivusala;
7) selgitus, et lisaks garantiist tulenevatele õigustele on tarbijal ka muud seadusest tulenevad õigused.
(2) Tarbijale tuleb anda võimalus vabalt tutvuda müügigarantii tingimustega enne müügilepingu sõlmimist. Tarbija nõudmisel tuleb garantii esitada talle kirjalikult või muul püsival andmekandjal, mida tarbija saab kasutada.
(3) Kui müügigarantii andja on jätnud käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1 ja 2 nimetatud andmed esitamata, ei välista ega piira see garantii kehtivust.
(4) Tarbijalemüügi puhul eeldatakse, et:
1) müügigarantii annab ostjale garantiitähtajal õiguse nõuda asja tasuta parandamist või asendamist;
2) garantiitähtajal asendatud asjale antakse algse müügigarantiiga sama kestusega uus garantii;
3) asja parandamise puhul garantiitähtajal pikeneb müügigarantii parandamise aja kestuse võrra.

§ 232. Teenindus tarbijalemüügi puhul

Kui tarbijalemüügi puhul võib ostja mõistlikult eeldada asja kasutamise, korrashoiu või parandamisega seotud teenuste olemasolu ja müüja ise neid ei osuta, peab ta ostjale asja üleandmise ajal ja tarbija nõudmisel ka pärast seda andma piisavalt teavet teenuste kasutamise võimalustest.

§ 233. Omandireservatsioon

(1) Kui vallasasja müügi puhul on kokku lepitud, et kuni ostuhinna tasumiseni jääb asja omand müüjale, eeldatakse, et omand läheb ostjale üle ostuhinna täieliku tasumisega (omandireservatsioon).
(2) Omandireservatsioonile tuginedes võib müüja asja ostjalt üksnes siis välja nõuda, kui müüja on lepingust taganenud. Kui müüja nõue, mille tagamiseks omandireservatsioon kokku lepiti, on aegunud, võib müüja asja ostjalt välja nõuda vastavalt omandi kaitse sätetele.

§ 234. Energiamüügilepingu pikenemine ja lõppemine

(1) Tähtajaline elektri- ja soojusenergiaga ühendusvõrgu kaudu varustamise leping loetakse pikenenuks samaks tähtajaks ja samadel tingimustel, kui vähemalt üks kuu enne lepingu kehtivusaja lõppu ei teata kumbki lepingupool teisele oma teistsugusest tahtest.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatut kohaldatakse ka gaasi, nafta, vee või muu samasugusega ühendusvõrgu kaudu varustamise lepingule, mis on sõlmitud tähtajalisena.
(3) Tarbijast ostja võib käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1 ja 2 nimetatud lepingu sõltumata sellest, kas leping on tähtajaline või tähtajatu, üles öelda, teatades ülesütlemisest ette vähemalt üks kuu. Sellest tarbija kahjuks kõrvalekalduv kokkulepe on tühine.

Leht 68 / 237 Võlaõigusseadus

§ 235. Proovimüük

(1) Proovimüük on asja müük tingimusliku müügilepingu alusel, mille puhul asi antakse ostja kasutusse.
(2) Proovimüügi leping sõlmitakse ostja poolt heakskiitmise edasilükkava või heaks kiitmata jätmise äramuutva tingimusega. Eeldatakse, et proovimüügi puhul on müügileping sõlmitud edasilükkava tingimusega.
(3) Edasilükkava tingimusega proovimüügi lepingu puhul kannab asja juhusliku hävimise ja kahjustumise riisikot kuni ostja heakskiiduni müüja. Äramuutva tingimusega proovimüügi lepingu puhul kannab juhusliku hävimise ja kahjustumise riisikot kuni lepingu heaks kiitmata jätmiseni ostja.

§ 236. Sätete rikkumise keelamine

Tarbijalemüügi puhul võib seaduses sätestatud isik või asutus seaduses sätestatud korras nõuda käesolevas jaos ja käesoleva seaduse üldosas müügilepingu kohta sätestatut rikkunud müüjalt rikkumise lõpetamist ja rikkumisest hoidumist.

§ 237. Sätete kohustuslikkus tarbijalemüügi puhul

(1) Tarbijalemüügi puhul on ostja kahjuks käesolevas jaos sätestatust ja käesoleva seaduse üldosas lepingu rikkumise puhuks kasutatavate õiguskaitsevahendite kohta sätestatust kõrvalekalduv kokkulepe tühine.
[RT I, 04.02.2011, 1- jõust. 05.04.2011]
(2) Kui leping sõlmiti Eestis toimunud avaliku pakkumise, reklaami või muu sarnase majandustegevuse tulemusena, kohaldatakse Eestis või Euroopa Liidu liikmesriigis elukohta omava ostjaga sõlmitud tarbijalemüügi lepingule käesolevas jaos sätestatut sõltumata sellest, millise riigi õigust lepingule kohaldatakse. [RT I 2003, 78, 523- jõust. 27.12.2003]

2. jagu

Tagasiostuõigusega müük

§ 238. Tagasiostuõigusega müük

(1) Lepingupooled võivad müügilepinguga või hiljem kokku leppida, et müüjal on asja tagasiostuõigus
(tagasiostuõigusega müügileping).
(2) Tagasiostuõigusega müügilepingu puhul loetakse asi müüja poolt tagasi ostetuks müüja poolt avalduse tegemisega ostjale.
(3) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 2 nimetatud avaldus peab olema samas vormis nagu müügileping. Kirjaliku müügilepingu puhul piisab ka notariaalselt tõestatud või notariaalselt kinnitatud avalduse tegemisest.
(4) Tagasiostu puhul eeldatakse, et tagasiostuhinnaks on hind, millega ese müüdi.

§ 239. Tagasiostuõiguse teostamise tähtaeg

Tagasiostuõigust võib teostada kinnisasjade puhul kümne aasta, muude asjade puhul aga kolme aasta jooksul tagasiostuõiguse tingimuse kokkuleppimisest.

§ 240. Ostja vastutus

(1) Kui ostetud asi on enne tagasiostuõiguse teostamist hävinud või halvenenud või kui seda ei saa muul põhjusel üle anda ostjast tuleneva asjaolu tõttu või kui ostja on asja oluliselt muutnud, peab ostja müüjale hüvitama sellest tuleneva kahju. Kui asi on halvenenud asjaolu tõttu, mille eest ostja ei vastuta, või kui asja on ebaoluliselt muudetud, ei või müüja nõuda sellest tekkinud kahju hüvitamist ega alandada ostuhinda.
(2) Kui ostja on enne müüja poolt tagasiostuõiguse teostamist ostetud asja käsutanud või kui asja on käsutatud sundtäitmisel või pankrotimenetluses, on ostja kohustatud käsutamisest tekkinud kolmandate isikute õigused kõrvaldama.

§ 241. Kulutuste hüvitamine

Ostja võib nõuda müüjalt tema poolt ostetud asjale enne tagasiostu tehtud kulutuste hüvitamist ulatuses, mille võrra asja väärtus on kulutuste tulemusena suurenenud.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 69 / 237

§ 242. Tagasiost asja tagasiostuaegse väärtusega

Kui asja tagasiostuhinnaks on poolte kokkuleppe kohaselt asja väärtus tagasiostu ajal, ei kohaldata käesoleva seaduse §-des 240 ja 241 sätestatut.

§ 243. Mitu tagasiostuks õigustatud isikut

Kui tagasiostuõigus kuulub mitmele isikule ühiselt, võivad need isikud kasutada tagasiostuõigust üksnes ühiselt täies ulatuses. Kui tagasiostuõigus on ühe õigustatud isiku jaoks lõppenud või kui üks neist loobub oma õiguse kasutamisest, on ülejäänutel õigus kasutada tagasiostuõigust ühiselt täies ulatuses.

3. jagu

Ostueesõigusega müük

§ 244. Ostueesõiguse mõiste ja teostamine

(1) Ostueesõigus on õigus, mille teostamise korral loetakse ostueesõigust omava isiku ja müüja vahel sõlmituks müügileping samadel tingimustel, milles müüja ostjaga kokku leppis. Ostueesõiguse teostamine ei muuda kehtetuks ostjaga sõlmitud müügilepingut ega sellest tulenevaid kohustusi.
(2) Ostueesõigus tekib seaduse alusel või tehinguga.
(21) Tehingu alusel tekkinud ostueesõigus kehtib müügilepingu suhtes, mille sõlmib müüjana isik, kellega ostueesõiguse seadmine kokku lepiti. Seaduse alusel tekkinud ostueesõigust võib teostada eseme igakordse müümise korral.
(3) Asja suhtes ostueesõigust omav isik võib ostueesõigust teostada, kui müüja on sõlminud ostjaga müügilepingu. Ostueesõigust saab teostada ka muu tasulise võõrandamise korral.
(4) Ostueesõiguse teostamine toimub ostueesõigust omava isiku avalduse tegemisega müüjale.
(5) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 4 nimetatud avaldus peab olema samas vormis nagu müügileping. Kirjaliku müügilepingu puhul piisab ka notariaalselt tõestatud või kinnitatud avalduse tegemisest.
(6) Eseme käsutamine, mille suhtes kehtib seaduse alusel tekkinud ostueesõigus, on tühine, kui käsutustehing tehakse pärast ostueesõiguse teostamise õiguse tekkimist ning see kahjustab või piirab ostueesõiguse teostamist. Käesolevas lõikes sätestatut ei kohaldata seaduse alusel tekkinud kinnisasja või selle osa ostueesõigusele.
[RT I 2003, 78, 523- jõust. 27.12.2003]

§ 245. Tühine tingimus

Ostueesõigust omava isiku suhtes on tühine müüja ja ostja kokkulepe, mille kohaselt:
1) müügileping kehtib üksnes siis, kui ostueesõigust ei teostata;
2) müüjale on jäetud ostueesõiguse teostamise juhuks lepingust taganemise õigus.

§ 246. Kõrvalkohustused

(1) Kui ostjal on lepingust tulenev kõrvalkohustus, mida ostueesõigust omav isik ei ole võimeline täitma, peab ostueesõigust omav isik kõrvalkohustuse täitmise asemel tasuma selle hariliku väärtuse.
(2) Kui ostjal on lepingust tulenev kõrvalkohustus, mis ei ole rahaliselt hinnatav ja mida ostueesõigust omav isik ei ole võimeline täitma, ei saa ostueesõigust teostada. Kõrvalkohustus ei takista ostueesõiguse teostamist ja ostueesõigust omav isik ei pea kõrvalkohustust täitma, kui võib eeldada, et müüja ja ostja ei oleks kõrvalkohustuses kokku leppinud, kui ostueesõigust ei oleks olnud.

§ 247. Ostueesõiguse teostamine mitmele asjale

Kui ostja ostis asja, mille suhtes kehtib ostueesõigus, koos teiste asjadega ühise hinna eest, peab ostueesõigust omav isik tasuma asjale vastava võrdelise osa ühisest hinnast. Müüja võib nõuda, et ostueesõigust omav
isik ostaks ka teised asjad, mida ei saa müüja jaoks kahjuliku tagajärjeta eraldada asjast, mille suhtes kehtib ostueesõigus.

§ 248. Ostuhinna ajatamine

(1) Kui ostja ei pea müügilepingu kohaselt ostuhinda tasuma lepingu sõlmimisel, on ostueesõigust omaval isikul sama õigus üksnes juhul, kui ta annab ajatatava summa eest tagatise.
(2) Kui ostueesõigusega müügilepingu esemeks on kinnisasi või avalikku registrisse kantud vallasasi või õigus ja ostja ei pea ostuhinda tasuma lepingu sõlmimisel, ei pea ostueesõigust omav isik tagatist andma niivõrd,

Leht 70 / 237 Võlaõigusseadus

kuivõrd ajatatud ostuhinna tasumise tagamiseks on kokku lepitud pandi seadmine müügilepingu esemele või üle võetud kohustus, mille tagamiseks on müügilepingu esemele seatud pant.

§ 249. Müügist teatamine ostueesõigust omavale isikule

(1) Müüja peab ostueesõigust omavale isikule viivitamata teatama ostjaga sõlmitud müügilepingust ja selle sisust.
(2) Kui müügileping on sõlmitud kirjalikus vormis, peab müüja ostueesõigust omava isiku nõudmisel esitama talle lepingu.
(3) Müüja teatamiskohustus loetakse täidetuks ka siis, kui lepingust ja selle sisust teatab või lepingu esitab ostueesõigust omavale isikule ostja.

§ 250. Ostueesõiguse teostamise tähtaeg

Ostueesõigust võib teostada kahe nädala jooksul pärast käesoleva seaduse §-s 249 nimetatud teate saamist, kinnisasjade puhul kahe kuu jooksul pärast käesoleva seaduse §-s 249 nimetatud teate saamist, kui seaduses või lepinguga ei ole ette nähtud teistsugust tähtaega.

§ 251. Ostueesõiguse teostamise piirangud

(1) Ostueesõigust ei saa teostada, kui asi müüakse sundtäitmisel või pankrotimenetluses, samuti kui asi sundvõõrandatakse.
(2) Ostueesõigust ei saa kasutada asja müümisel müüja alanejale või ülenejale sugulasele või abikaasale.

§ 252. Ostueesõiguse teostamine mitme isiku poolt

(1) Kui ostueesõigus kuulub mitmele isikule ühiselt, võivad need isikud seda teostada üksnes ühiselt täies ulatuses. Kui ostueesõigus on ühe õigustatud isiku jaoks lõppenud või kui üks õigustatud isikutest loobub oma õiguse teostamisest, on ülejäänutel õigus teostada ostueesõigust ühiselt täies ulatuses.
(2) Kui ostueesõigus kuulub mitmele isikule eraldi ja nad soovivad seda teostada, heidetakse nende vahel liisku, kui seadusest või poolte kokkuleppest ei tulene teisiti.
(3) Seaduse alusel omandatud ostueesõigust eelistatakse tehinguga seatud ostueesõigusele.

§ 253. Ostueesõiguse üleandmatus

(1) Ostueesõigus ei ole üleantav.
(2) Tähtajaline ostueesõigus läheb üle ostueesõigust omava isiku pärijatele.

12. peatükk

VAHETUSLEPING

§ 254. Vahetuslepingu mõiste

(1) Vahetuslepinguga kohustuvad lepingupooled vastastikku teineteisele üle andma eseme ja tegema võimalikuks eseme omandi või muu esemele käsutusõigust andva õiguse ülemineku.
(2) Vahetuslepingule kohaldatakse vastavalt müügilepingu kohta sätestatut. Kumbagi lepingupoolt vaadeldakse tema poolt üleandmisele kuuluva eseme suhtes müüjana ja talle üleandmisele kuuluva eseme suhtes ostjana.

§ 255. Vahetatavate esemete hind

Eeldatakse, et vahetamisele kuuluvate esemete hind on võrdne.

13. peatükk

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 71 / 237

FAKTOORINGULEPING

§ 256. Faktooringulepingu mõiste

Faktooringulepinguga kohustub üks isik (faktooringu klient) loovutama teisele isikule (faktoor) rahalise nõude kolmanda isiku (faktooringuvõlgnik) vastu, mis tuleneb lepingust, mille alusel faktooringu klient müüb faktooringuvõlgnikule oma majandus- või kutsetegevuses eseme või osutab teenuse, faktoor aga kohustub:
1) tasuma nõude eest ja kandma nõude täitmata jätmise riisikot või
2) andma faktooringu kliendile nõude täitmise arvel krediiti, nõuet faktooringu kliendi jaoks valitsema ja
teostama sellest tulenevaid õigusi, muu hulgas korraldama nõudest tulenevat raamatupidamist, ja nõude sisse
nõudma.

§ 257. Nõude loovutamisest teatamine

Faktooringu klient on kohustatud teatama faktooringuvõlgnikule nõude loovutamisest.

§ 258. Lepingu rikkumine

(1) Kui faktooringu klient rikub faktooringu kliendi ja faktooringuvõlgniku vahel sõlmitud müügi- või teenuse osutamise lepingut, millest tulenev rahaline nõue oli loovutatud faktoorile, ei või faktooringuvõlgnik nõuda faktoorile nõude alusel makstud raha tagastamist, kui faktooringuvõlgnik võib nõuda raha tagastamist kliendilt.
(2) Faktooringuvõlgnik võib käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud kliendipoolse lepingu rikkumise puhul siiski nõuda faktoorilt raha tagastamist, mis nõude alusel faktoorile oli makstud, ulatuses, milles faktoor:
1) ei täitnud kohustust selle nõude osas faktooringu kliendile makse tegemiseks;
2) tegi makse faktooringu kliendile ajal, mil ta teadis või pidi teadma, et faktooringu klient on rikkunud müügi-
või teenuse osutamise lepingut.

14. peatükk

KINKELEPING

§ 259. Kinkelepingu mõiste

(1) Kinkelepinguga kohustub üks isik (kinkija) tasuta teisele isikule (kingisaaja) üle andma talle kuuluva eseme ja tegema võimalikuks omandi ülemineku kingisaajale või tasuta varalisest õigusest kingisaaja kasuks loobuma või muul viisil kingisaajat rikastama.
(2) Kinkeks ei loeta teise isiku kasuks:
1) vara omandamisest hoidumist;
2) õigusest loobumist, mida isik ei ole veel omandanud;
3) pärandist või annakust loobumist.

§ 260. Kinkeleping sündimata lapse kasuks

Kinkelepingu võib sõlmida veel sündimata, kuid eostatud lapse kasuks või kinke tegemise ajal elava kindlaksmääratud isiku tulevase lapse kasuks, isegi kui see ei ole veel eostatud. Sel juhul otsustab kinke vastuvõtmise tulevase lapse vanem või eestkostja.

§ 261. Kinkelepingu vorm

(1) Kinkija avaldus endale kinkelepingust tulenevate kohustuste võtmiseks peab olema tehtud kirjalikult, kui seadusest ei tulene teisiti.
(2) Kinkelepingust tuleneva kohustuse täitmisega loetakse kinkeleping kehtivaks ka juhul, kui käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatud vorminõuet ei ole järgitud.

§ 262. Kinge surma puhuks

Kui kinkeleping on sõlmitud kinkija surma puhuks, kohaldatakse sellele pärimisseaduses testamentaarse annaku või testamendi kohta sätestatut. Kui selline kinkelepingust tulenev kohustus täidetakse siiski kinkija eluajal, kohaldatakse sellele kinkelepingu kohta sätestatut.

§ 263. Kinkija üleandmiskohustus

Kinkija peab andma kingisaajale üle kingitud eseme või tegema võimalikuks kingisaajale selle valduse saamise muul viisil ning kõrvaldama kõik takistused eseme valdamiseks.

Leht 72 / 237 Võlaõigusseadus

§ 264. Kinkija vastutus lepingu rikkumise eest

(1) Kingitud eseme lepingutingimustele vastavuse hindamisel lähtutakse vastavalt käesoleva seaduse §-des 217 ja 218 sätestatust.
(2) Kui kingitud ese ei vasta lepingutingimustele, vastutab kinkija üksnes juhul, kui ta tahtlikult või raske hooletuse tõttu kingitud eseme lepingutingimustele mittevastavusest kingisaajale ei teatanud või kui ta on vastutuseks kohustunud.
(3) Kui kinkija lubas üle anda üksnes liigitunnustega piiritletud asja, mille ta pidi esmalt omandama, ja kui üleantud asi ei vastanud lepingutingimustele, võib kingisaaja nõuda puudusega asja asemel lepingutingimustele vastava asja üleandmist, kui asja puudus oli kinkijale asja omandamise ajal teada või pidi teada olema. Kui kinkija ei teatanud asja puudusest tahtlikult, võib kingisaaja nõuda lepingutingimustele vastava asja üleandmise asemel kohustuse rikkumisega tekitatud kahju hüvitamist.
(4) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 3 nimetatud kingisaaja nõuetele kohaldatakse sätteid müüja vastutuse kohta müüdud asja lepingutingimustele mittevastavuse eest.
(5) Kinkija ei pea kinke üleandmisega viivitamise korral maksma viivist ega välja andma kingitud esemest saadud kasu.

§ 265. Koormised ja kohustused kingisaajale

(1) Kinkelepingus võib kingisaajale ette näha koormisi või kohustusi.
(2) Kui koormise või kohustuse täitmine on avalikes huvides, võib pärast kinkija surma nõuda selle täitmist ka pädev riigi- või omavalitsusasutus.
(3) Kui koormis on määratud mitme isiku kasuks nende osade suurust kindlaks määramata ning üks neist isikutest sureb, suureneb tema osa arvel teiste isikute osa.
(4) Kui kinke väärtus kinke lepingutingimustele mittevastavuse tõttu ei kata koormise täitmiseks vajalikke kulutusi, võib kingisaaja keelduda kinke väärtust ületavas osas koormise täitmisest, kuni kinke väärtust ületavad kulutused talle hüvitatakse. Kui kingisaaja koormise siiski täidab, võib ta nõuda, et kinkija hüvitaks talle koormise täitmisel tehtud kulutused, mis ületavad kinke väärtust.

§ 266. Kinkelepingu lõppemise erisused

(1) Kinkija poolt veel täitmata kinkeleping lõpeb kinkija vastu algatatud täitemenetluse peatamisega vara puudumise tõttu või kinkija pankroti väljakuulutamisega.
(2) Kui kinkelepinguga on ette nähtud perioodilistes maksetes seisneva toetuse maksmine füüsilisest isikust kingisaajale, lõpeb leping füüsilisest isikust kinkija või kingisaaja surma või juriidilisest isikust kinkija lõppemisega.

§ 267. Kinkelepingust taganemine enne selle täitmist

Kinkija võib enne kingitud eseme kingisaajale üleandmist lepingu täitmisest keelduda ja lepingust taganeda, kui:
1) kingisaaja on oma käitumisega näidanud kinkija või tema lähedase inimese vastu üles jämedat tänamatust;
2) kinkija ei ole lepingu täitmise puhul võimeline täitma seadusest tulenevat ülalpidamiskohustust või ennast
mõistlikult ülal pidama, välja arvatud juhul, kui kinkija on ennast sellesse olukorda asetanud tahtlikult või raske
hooletuse tõttu või kui kingisaaja maksab ülalpidamiseks vajaliku raha;
3) kingisaaja jätab õigustamatult täitmata kinkega seotud koormise või tingimuse;
4) kinkijale on pärast lepingu sõlmimist tekkinud uusi või oluliselt suuremaid ülalpidamiskohustusi;
5) kingisaaja sureb.

§ 268. Kinkelepingust taganemine pärast täitmist

(1) Kui kinkeleping on täidetud, võib kinkija lepingust taganeda ja kingitud eseme alusetu rikastumise sätete järgi kingisaajalt välja nõuda käesoleva seaduse § 267 punktides 1–3 ettenähtud juhtudel.
(2) Kui kinkija taganeb kinkelepingust käesoleva seaduse § 267 punktis 2 sätestatud alusel, ei loeta lepingut lõppenuks, kui kingisaaja tasub ülalpeetava ülalpidamiseks vajaliku summa alates kingitud eseme üleandmisest kuni kinkija surmani käesoleva seaduse §-s 571 sätestatud korras.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 73 / 237

§ 269. Kahju hüvitamise piirang

Käesoleva seaduse §-des 267 ja 268 nimetatud juhtudel ei ole kingisaajal õigust nõuda talle lepingust taganemisega tekitatud kahju hüvitamist.

§ 270. Taganemise piirangud

(1) Kinkija võib kinkelepingust taganeda ühe aasta jooksul alates ajast, mil ta sai teada või pidi teada saama oma taganemise õiguse tekkimisest. Kui kinkeleping on täidetud, ei või kinkija lepingust taganeda pärast kingisaaja surma.
(2) Kui kinkija sureb enne käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatud tähtaja möödumist, lähevad lõikes 1 nimetatud õigused tähtaja ülejäänud ulatuses üle tema pärijatele. Pärijad võivad kinkelepingust taganeda käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud tähtaja jooksul üksnes juhul, kui kingisaaja põhjustas kinkija surma tahtlikult ja õigusvastaselt või takistas teda lepingust taganemast.
(3) Kinkija ei või taganeda kõlbelise kohustuse täitmiseks sõlmitud kinkelepingust.

3. osa

KASUTUSLEPINGUD

15. peatükk

ÜÜRILEPING

1. jagu

Üldsätted

§ 271. Üürilepingu mõiste

Üürilepinguga kohustub üks isik (üürileandja) andma teisele isikule (üürnikule) kasutamiseks asja ja üürnik kohustub maksma üürileandjale selle eest tasu (üüri).

§ 272. Sätete kohaldamine elu- ja äriruumide üürimisel

(1) Eluruum on elamu või korter, mis on kasutatav alaliseks elamiseks. Äriruum on majandus- või kutsetegevuses kasutatav ruum.
(2) Kinnisasja üürimise kohta sätestatut kohaldatakse ka elu- ja äriruumide üürimisele, kui seadusest ei tulene teisiti.
(3) Elu- ja äriruumide üürilepingu kohta sätestatut kohaldatakse ka asjade üürimisele, mille üürileandja annab koos ruumidega üürniku kasutusse.
(4) Elu- ja äriruumide üürimise kohta sätestatut ei kohaldata:
1) majutusettevõtte ruumide ning puhkamiseks mõeldud ruumide üürilepingutele tähtajaga mitte üle kolme kuu,
samuti muude ruumide ajutiseks kasutamiseks sõlmitud üürilepingutele;
2) üürilepingutele, mille eesmärk on ruumide allkasutusse andmine tulunduslikul eesmärgil;
3) üürilepingutele, mille esemeks on eluruum, mis on osa üürileandja enda poolt kasutatavatest eluruumidest,
mille üürileandja on suuremas osas sisustanud;
4) üürilepingutele, mille esemeks on eluruum, mille riik, kohaliku omavalitsuse üksus või muu avalik-õiguslik
juriidiline isik on oma seadusest tulenevate ülesannete täitmiseks andnud üürile eluruumi hädasti vajavatele
isikutele või haridust omandavatele isikutele, kui üürnikule teatati lepingu sõlmimisel ruumi sihtotstarbest.

§ 273. Eluruumi üürilepinguga seotud kokkuleppe tühisus

Tühine on kokkulepe, mis seab eluruumi üürilepingu sõlmimise või jätkamise sõltuvusse üürniku kohustusest üürileandja või kolmanda isiku suhtes, kui see kohustus ei ole otseselt seotud üüritud eluruumi kasutamisega.

§ 274. Eluruumi üürilepingu vormi mõju lepingu tähtajale

Kui eluruumi üürilepingut tähtajaga üle ühe aasta ei ole sõlmitud kirjalikus vormis, loetakse leping sõlmituks tähtajatult, kuid sellist lepingut ei või üles öelda selliselt, et leping lõpeks varem kui ühe aasta möödumisel eluruumi üürnikule üleandmisest.

Leht 74 / 237 Võlaõigusseadus

§ 275. Sätete kohustuslikkus

Eluruumi üürilepingus lepingupoolte õiguste ja kohustuste ning vastutuse osas seadusega sätestatust üürniku kahjuks kõrvalekalduv kokkulepe on tühine.

2. jagu

Lepingupoolte õigused ja kohustused

§ 276. Lepingupoolte üldised kohustused

(1) Üürileandja on kohustatud asja üürnikule üle andma kokkulepitud ajaks koos päraldistega lepingujärgseks kasutamiseks sobivas seisundis ja tagama asja hoidmise selles seisundis lepingu kehtivuse ajal.
(2) Üürnik peab asja kasutama hoolikalt ja vastavalt sihtotstarbele, millest üürileandmisel lähtuti. (3) Elu- või äriruumi üürnik peab arvestama majaelanike ja naabrite huvidega.

§ 277. Üüritud asja mitteõigeaegne üleandmine ja lepingutingimustele mittevastava asja üleandmine

(1) Kui üürileandja ei anna asja üle kokkulepitud ajal või annab üle asja, mille puudused välistavad asja sihtotstarbelise kasutamise võimaluse või piiravad seda olulisel määral, võib üürnik lepingust taganeda.
(2) Kui üürnik asja üleandmisel teadis või pidi teadma, et asi ei vasta lepingutingimustele, kuid võttis sellele vaatamata asja vastu, kaotab ta lepingust taganemise õiguse ning võib käesoleva seaduse §-s 278 sätestatud õigusi teostada üksnes juhul, kui ta asja vastuvõtmisel endale sellise õiguse jättis.

§ 278. Üüritud asjal tekkiv puudus ja asja kasutamise takistus

Kui üüritud asjal tekib lepingu kehtivuse ajal puudus, mille eest üürnik ei vastuta ja mida ta ei pea oma kulul kõrvaldama, või kui asja lepingujärgne kasutamine on takistatud, võib üürnik:
1) nõuda üürileandjalt puuduse või takistuse kõrvaldamist vastavalt käesoleva seaduse §-s 279 sätestatule;
2) nõuda üürileandjalt kolmanda isikuga õigusliku vaidluse ülevõtmist;
3) nõuda üürileandjalt kahju hüvitamist;
4) alandada üüri vastavalt käesoleva seaduse §-s 296 sätestatule;
5) hoiustada üüri vastavalt käesoleva seaduse §-s 298 sätestatule.

§ 279. Puuduse või takistuse kõrvaldamine

(1) Kui üürileandja käesoleva seaduse §-s 278 nimetatud puudusest või takistusest teab või peab sellest teadma, kuid ei kõrvalda puudust või takistust mõistliku aja jooksul pärast seda, kui ta puudusest või takistusest teada
sai või teada saama pidi, võib üürnik lepingu etteteatamistähtaega järgimata üles öelda, kui puudus või takistus välistab asja sihtotstarbelise kasutamise või piirab seda olulisel määral.
(2) Üürnikul ei ole õigust nõuda puuduse kõrvaldamist, kui üürileandja asendab puudusega asja mõistliku aja jooksul puudusteta asjaga.
(3) Üürnik võib puuduse või takistuse ise kõrvaldada ja nõuda selleks tehtud vajalike kulutuste hüvitamist,
kui üürileandja on puuduse või takistuse kõrvaldamisega viivituses või kui asja puudus või takistus piirab asja
sihtotstarbelise kasutamise võimalust üksnes ebaolulisel määral.
(4) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1 ja 3 sätestatust üürniku kahjuks kõrvalekalduv kokkulepe on tühine.

§ 280. Pisipuuduse kõrvaldamine

Üürnik peab oma kulul kõrvaldama üüritud asja puuduse, mida saab kõrvaldada asja harilikuks säilitamiseks vajaliku väikese koristamise või hooldamisega.

§ 281. Üürniku õiguste piiramise lubamatus

Kokkulepe üürniku õiguste välistamise või piiramise kohta seoses üüritud asja lepingutingimustele mittevastavusega on tühine, kui üürileandja teadis või pidi teadma lepingu sõlmimisel, et asi ei vasta lepingutingimustele, ja ei teatanud sellest üürnikule.

§ 282. Üürniku teatamiskohustus

(1) Üürnik peab üürileandjale viivitamata teatama:

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 75 / 237

1) asja lepingutingimustele mittevastavusest, kui üürnik ise ei pea seda kõrvaldama;
2) ohust asjale, kui ohu tõrjumiseks tuleb abinõud tarvitusele võtta;
3) üürnikule teatavaks saanud kolmanda isiku õigusest asjale.
(2) Kui üürnik rikub käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud kohustust, peab ta hüvitama üürileandjale kohustuse rikkumisega tekitatud kahju.
(3) Kui üürileandja ei saanud üüritud asja puudust või takistust asja kasutamisel kõrvaldada seetõttu, et üürnik rikkus käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud kohustust, ei või üürnik kasutada üürileandja suhtes käesoleva seaduse §-s 278 sätestatud õigusi, samuti öelda käesoleva seaduse § 314 lõikes 1 sätestatud juhul üürileping erakorraliselt üles üürileandjale üüritud asja kasutamise taasvõimaldamiseks mõistlikku tähtaega andmata.

§ 283. Üürniku talumiskohustus

(1) Üürnik peab taluma asja suhtes tehtavaid töid ja muid mõjutusi, mis on vajalikud asja säilitamiseks, puuduste kõrvaldamiseks, kahju ärahoidmiseks või selle tagajärgede kõrvaldamiseks. Asja suhtes tehtavate tööde ja muude mõjutuste talumise kohustus ei välista ega piira üürniku õigust tööde või muude mõjutuste tõttu alandada üüri ega nõuda kahju hüvitamist.
(2) Üürnik peab lubama üürileandjal asja üle vaadata, kui see on vajalik asja säilitamiseks, võõrandamiseks või üürimiseks teisele isikule.
(3) Üürileandja peab üürnikule õigeaegselt teatama tehtavatest töödest ja asja ülevaatamisest ning arvestama tööde tegemisel üürniku huve.

§ 284. Üürileandja poolt asjale tehtavad parendused ja muudatused

(1) Üürileandja võib teha asjale parendusi ja muudatusi ning üürnik peab taluma parenduste ja muudatustega seotud töid ning muid mõjutusi, kui tööd ja mõjutused ei ole üürnikule ebamõistlikult koormavad.
(2) Üürileandja peab vähemalt kaks kuud enne parenduste või muudatuste tegemise alustamist teatama üürnikule kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis parenduste ja muudatuste tegemiseks kavandatavate abinõude liigist, ulatusest, algusest ja eeldatavast kestusest, samuti nendest tuleneda võivast üüri suurenemisest.
(3) Üürnik võib lepingu käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 2 nimetatud teate saamisel 14 päeva jooksul üles öelda, teatades ülesütlemisest ette vähemalt 30 päeva. Kui üürnik ütles lepingu üles, ei tohi parenduste või muudatuste tegemisega alustada enne lepingu lõppemist.
(4) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 2 ja 3 sätestatut ei kohaldata, kui tehtavad parendused ja muudatused ei ole olulised ega too kaasa üüri tõstmist.
(5) Üürileandja peab parenduste ja muudatuste tegemisel arvestama üürniku huve. Üürniku huvide arvestamine ei välista ega piira üürniku õigust üüri alandada ja nõuda kahju hüvitamist. Kulutused, mis üürnik parenduste ja muudatuste tegemise tõttu peab tegema, peab üürileandja mõistlikus ulatuses hüvitama ning üürniku nõudmisel talle ette maksma.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336- jõust. 01.07.2002]

§ 285. Üürniku poolt asjale tehtavad parendused ja muudatused

(1) Üürnik võib üüritud asjale teha parendusi ja muudatusi üksnes üürileandja kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis esitatud nõusolekul. Üürileandja ei või keelduda nõusoleku andmisest, kui parenduste ja muudatuste tegemine on vajalik asja kasutamiseks või asja mõistlikuks majandamiseks.
(2) Kui üürileandja on parenduste ja muudatustega nõustunud, võib ta endise olukorra taastamist nõuda üksnes juhul, kui selles on kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis kokku lepitud.
(3) Üürnik võib üürilepingu lõppemisel ära võtta asjale tehtud parenduse või muudatuse, kui see on võimalik asja kahjustamata. Üürnikul ei ole õigust parendust või muudatust ära võtta, kui üürileandja tasub talle selle eest mõistliku hüvitise, välja arvatud juhul, kui üürnikul on parenduse või muudatuse äravõtmiseks õigustatud huvi. [RT I 2002, 53, 336- jõust. 01.07.2002]

§ 286. Kulutuste hüvitamine üürnikule

(1) Kui üürilepingu lõppemisel ilmneb, et asja väärtus on üürileandja nõusolekul tehtud parenduste või muudatuste tõttu oluliselt suurenenud, võib üürnik nõuda selle eest mõistlikku hüvitist.
(2) Muude kui käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud kulutuste hüvitamist võib üürnik nõuda üürileandjalt vastavalt käsundita asjaajamise kohta sätestatule.
[RT I 2003, 78, 523- jõust. 27.12.2003]

Leht 76 / 237 Võlaõigusseadus

§ 287. Leppetrahvi kokkuleppe keeld eluruumi üürimisel

Kokkulepe, millega eluruumi üürnikku kohustatakse lepingu rikkumise korral tasuma leppetrahvi, on tühine.

§ 288. Asja allkasutusse andmine

(1) Üürnik võib üürileandja nõusolekul anda asja kasutamise osaliselt või täielikult edasi kolmandale isikule
(allkasutus), eelkõige anda asja allüürile.
(2) Üürileandja võib keelduda asja allkasutusse andmiseks nõusolekut andmast üksnes juhul, kui tal on selleks mõjuv põhjus, eelkõige kui:
1) üürnik ei avalda üürileandjale allkasutusse andmise tingimusi;
2) üürileandjale tekiks allkasutusse andmisega oluline kahju;
3) üüritud ruumi koormataks allkasutusse andmisega ebamõistlikult;
4) kui üürileandjal on selleks allkasutaja isikust tulenev mõjuv põhjus.
(3) Kui üürileandja keeldub asja allkasutusse andmiseks nõusolekut andmast mõjuva põhjuseta, võib üürnik lepingu käesoleva seaduse §-s 312 sätestatud tähtaega arvestades üles öelda.
(4) Kui asja allkasutusse andmist võib eeldada üksnes üüri mõistliku tõstmise korral, võib üürileandja seada nõusoleku andmise sõltuvusse üürniku nõusolekust üüri tõstmisega.
(5) Kui üürnik annab kasutuse üle allkasutajale, vastutab ta allkasutaja tegevuse eest nagu enda tegevuse eest. (6) Allkasutaja ei või kasutada asja pärast üürilepingu lõppemist ega teisiti, kui see on lubatud üürnikule.
Üürileandja võib seda allkasutajalt vahetult nõuda.

§ 289. Eluruumi üürniku perekonnaliikmete majutamine

Eluruumi üürnikul on õigus üürileandja nõusolekuta majutada üüritud eluruumi oma abikaasat, alaealisi lapsi ja töövõimetuid vanemaid, kui üürilepingus ei ole kokku lepitud, et üürnik võib seda teha üksnes üürileandja nõusolekul.

§ 290. Üürilepingu üleandmine

(1) Üürnik võib üürilepingust tulenevad õigused ja kohustused üürileandja kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis esitatud nõusolekul kolmandale isikule üle anda.
(2) Esialgne üürnik vastutab üürilepingust tulenevate õiguste ja kohustuste üleandmise korral üürileandja ees lepingust tulenevate kohustuste täitmise eest solidaarselt isikuga, kellele üürniku õigused ja kohustused üle anti. Esialgse üürniku vastutus lõpeb ajast, mil üürileandja võis üürilepingu esmakordselt üles öelda, või ajast, mil üürileping lõpeb, kuid siiski mitte hiljem kui kahe aasta möödumisel pärast õiguste ja kohustuste üleandmist. [RT I 2002, 53, 336- jõust. 01.07.2002]

§ 291. Üürilepingu üleminek üüritud kinnisasja omaniku vahetumisel

(1) Kui üürileandja võõrandab kinnisasja pärast kinnisasja üürniku valdusse andmist või kui üüritud asja omanik vahetub pärast asja üürniku valdusse andmist asja võõrandamise korral sundtäitmisel või pankrotimenetluses, lähevad üürilepingust tulenevad üürileandja õigused ja kohustused üle asja omandajale.
(2) Hoonestusõiguse või kasutusvalduse seadmisel üüritud asjale pärast asja üürniku valdusse andmist lähevad üürilepingust tulenevad õigused ja kohustused asja omanikult üle piiratud asjaõiguse omajale.
(3) Reaalservituudi ja isikliku kasutusõiguse seadmisel asjale lähevad üürileandja õigused ja kohustused üle reaalservituudi või isikliku kasutusõiguse järgi õigustatud isikule, kui servituudi teostamine kitsendab üürniku üürilepingust tulenevaid õigusi.
(4) Kui uus üürileandja rikub üürilepingust tulenevat kohustust, vastutab eelmine üürileandja kolme aasta jooksul, alates üürileandja õiguste ja kohustuste üleminekust, kohustuse rikkumisega üürnikule tekitatud kahju eest nagu käendaja.

3. jagu

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 77 / 237

Üür ja kõrvalkulud

§ 292. Kõrvalkulud

(1) Lisaks üüri maksmisele peab üürnik kandma muid üüritud asjaga seotud kulusid (kõrvalkulud) üksnes juhul, kui selles on kokku lepitud. Kõrvalkuludeks on tasu üürileandja või kolmanda isiku teenuste ja tegude eest, mis on seotud asja kasutamisega.
(2) Üürileandja peab üürniku nõudmisel võimaldama tal tutvuda kõrvalkulusid tõendavate dokumentidega.

§ 293. Maksud ja koormised

Üürileandja kannab asjaga seotud maksud ja koormised, kui ei ole kokku lepitud teisiti.

§ 294. Maksetähtpäev

Kui üür on arvestatud teatud ajavahemike järgi, tuleb üüri ja kõrvalkulusid maksta pärast iga vastava ajavahemiku möödumist, kui lepingupooled ei ole kokku leppinud teisiti. Kui üüri ei arvestata ajavahemike järgi, peab üürnik maksma üüri ja kõrvalkulud lepingu lõppemisel.

§ 295. Eelmise üüri avaldamise kohustus

Üürnik võib lepingu sõlmimisel nõuda üürileandjalt talle eelmise üürilepingu järgse üüri suuruse teatavaks tegemist.

§ 296. Üüri maksmisest keeldumine ja üüri alandamine

(1) Üürnik ei pea maksma üüri ega kandma kõrvalkulusid ajavahemiku eest, mil üürnik ei saanud asja sihtotstarbeliselt kasutada käesoleva seaduse §-s 278 nimetatud puuduse või takistuse tõttu või seetõttu, et üürileandja ei andnud asja tema kasutusse.
(2) Kui asja sihtotstarbele vastava kasutamise võimalus on käesoleva seaduse §-s 278 nimetatud puuduse või takistuse tõttu üksnes vähenenud, võib üürnik alandada üüri puudusele vastaval määral puudusest teada saamisest kuni puuduse kõrvaldamiseni kestnud ajavahemiku eest.
(3) Üürnik peab üüri maksma ka aja eest, mil ta ei saanud asja kasutada temast oleneval põhjusel, eelkõige oma äraoleku tõttu, kuid ta võib üürist maha arvestada üürileandja poolt kokkuhoitu ja asja teistsuguse kasutamisega saadud kasu väärtuse.

§ 297. Tasaarvestusest ja täitmisest keeldumisest teatamine

(1) Elu- või äriruumi üürnik võib talle kuuluva nõude tasaarvestada üürileandja üürinõudega või seaduses sätestatud alusel keelduda üüri maksmisest, kui ta on sellest kavatsusest teatanud üürileandjale kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis vähemalt üks kuu enne üüri maksetähtpäeva saabumist.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatust kõrvalekalduv kokkulepe on tühine. [RT I 2002, 53, 336- jõust. 01.07.2002]

§ 298. Üüri hoiustamine

(1) Kui elu- või äriruumi üürnik nõuab üürileandjalt käesoleva seaduse §-s 278 nimetatud puuduse või takistuse kõrvaldamist, võib ta määrata üürileandjale kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis selleks tähtaja ning hoiatada, et puuduse või takistuse kõrvaldamata jätmise korral hoiustab ta tähtaja möödumisel sissenõutavaks muutuva üüri vastavalt käesoleva seaduse §-s 120 sätestatule. Hoiustamisest peab üürnik üürileandjale kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis teatama.
(2) Üürileandja võib nõuda hoiustatud summa väljaandmist, kui üürnik ei ole käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes
1 nimetatud nõuet üürileandja vastu esitanud üürikomisjonile või kohtule 30 päeva jooksul alates ajast, mil
esimesena hoiustatud üür muutus sissenõutavaks.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336- jõust. 01.07.2002]

§ 299. Üüri tõstmine tähtajatu üürilepingu puhul

(1) Eeldatakse, et üürileandja võib tähtajatu üürilepingu korral tõsta üüri järgmiselt:
1) kinnisasja, laevakinnistusraamatusse kantud laeva ja Eesti õhusõidukite registrisse kantud õhusõiduki
üürimise puhul iga kuue kuu möödumisel lepingu sõlmimisest;
2) möbleeritud tubade ja eraldi üüritud parkimisplatside, garaažikohtade ja muu taolise üürimise puhul iga kuu
möödumisel lepingu sõlmimisest.
(2) Eluruumi üürileandja peab teatama üürnikule üüri tõstmisest kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis vähemalt 30 päeva enne üüri tõstmist ja seda põhjendama. Teates tuleb selgelt märkida:

Leht 78 / 237 Võlaõigusseadus

1) üüri tõstmise ulatus ja üüri uus suurus;
2) mis ajast üür suureneb;
3) üüri tõstmise põhjendus ja arvestus;
4) üüri tõstmise vaidlustamise kord.
(3) Üüri tõstmine on tühine, kui üürileandja ei teata sellest käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1 ja 2 nimetatud viisil ja vormis või hoiatab üürnikku, et üüri tõstmise vaidlustamise korral ütleb ta üürilepingu üles.
(4) Isegi kui üürilepinguga on kokku lepitud, et üürileandja võib lepingutingimusi, mis ei puuduta üüri
suurust, ühepoolselt muuta, kohaldatakse käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1–3 sätestatut, kui üürileandja muudab
ühepoolselt lepingutingimusi üürniku kahjuks, eelkõige vähendab oma seniseid üürnikule pakutavaid teenuseid
või paneb üürniku kanda uusi kõrvalkulusid.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336- jõust. 01.07.2002]

§ 300. Eluruumi üüri perioodilise suurenemise kokkulepe

Kokkulepe eluruumi üüri perioodilise suurenemise kohta kehtib üksnes juhul, kui:
1) üürileping on sõlmitud vähemalt kolmeaastase tähtajaga ja
2) üür tõuseb mitte rohkem kui kord aastas ja
3) üüri tõstmise ulatus või selle arvestamise alus on täpselt määratud.

§ 301. Eluruumi üüri ülemäärane suurus

(1) Eluruumi üür on ülemääraselt suur, kui eluruumi üürimisest saadakse ebamõistlikku kasu, välja arvatud juhul, kui tegemist on luksuskorteri või -majaga.
(2) Üüri suurus ei ole ülemäärane, kui see ei ole kõrgem samasuguse asukoha ja seisundiga eluruumi tavalisest üürist.
(3) Üüri tõstmine ei ole ülemäärane, kui üüri suuruse tõstmine põhineb eluruumile tehtavate kulutuste või üürileandja kohustuste suurenemisel või kui üüri tõstmine on vajalik mõistlike parenduste ja muudatuste tegemiseks, muu hulgas kui üüritava ruumi või hoone osa seisundit parandatakse selliselt, et ruum või hoone vastaks seisundile, millele selline ruum või hoone osa tavaliselt vastab.

§ 302. Eluruumi üüri suuruse vaidlustamine lepingu kehtivuse ajal

(1) Kui üürileandja saab üüriarvestuse aluse olulise muutumise, eelkõige kulude alanemise tõttu ülemäärast kasu, võib üürnik eluruumi üüri ülemäärase suuruse vaidlustada ja nõuda selle alandamist alates avalduse esitamisest üürikomisjonile või kohtule.
(2) Üürnik peab esitama üüri alandamise taotluse kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis üürileandjale, kes peab 30 päeva jooksul teatama üürnikule oma seisukoha taotluse suhtes.
(3) Kui üürileandja ei nõustu täielikult või osaliselt üüri alandamisega või ei vasta käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes
2 nimetatud üürniku taotlusele ettenähtud tähtaja jooksul, võib üürnik 30 päeva jooksul vastamise tähtaja
möödumisest pöörduda üüri alandamise nõudega üürikomisjoni või kohtusse.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336- jõust. 01.07.2002]

§ 303. Eluruumi üüri tõstmise või suurenemise vaidlustamine

(1) Üürnik võib vaidlustada eluruumi üüri suuruse ülemäärase tõstmise käesoleva seaduse § 301 tähenduses 30 päeva jooksul selle talle teatavaks tegemisest.
(2) Isegi kui üürilepinguga on kokku lepitud, et üürileandja võib ühepoolselt muuta lepingutingimusi, mis ei puuduta üüri suurust, võib üürnik siiski käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatud tähtaja jooksul vaidlustada tema kahjuks üürileandja poolt ühepoolselt tehtud muudatuse, eelkõige oma seni üürnikule pakutavate teenuste vähendamise või üürnikule uute kõrvalkulude panemise.

§ 304. Üürinõue üüritud asja omaniku vahetumisel

(1) Üüritud asja omaniku vahetumisel võib omandaja nõuda üürnikult üüri maksmist omandi ülemineku kalendrikuule järgnevast kalendrikuust. Üür varasema aja eest tuleb maksta senisele üürileandjale.
(2) Kui üürileandja on enne omaniku vahetumist asja omandajale üleminevat üüri nõuet käsutanud, kehtib see omandaja suhtes üksnes niivõrd, kuivõrd omandaja nõude käsutamisest omandi üleminekul teadis.
(3) Kui üürnik on andnud kinnisasja üürileandjale oma kohustuste täitmiseks tagatise, läheb see tagatis kinnisasja võõrandamise korral üle kinnisasja omandajale.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 79 / 237

(4) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1–3 sätestatut kohaldatakse vastavalt ka üürilepingust tulenevate õiguste ja kohustuste ülemineku korral, kui üüritud asja omandaja võõrandab asja edasi või kui asja koormatakse hoonestusõiguse või servituudiga.

4. jagu

Üürileandja tagatised

§ 305. Üürileandja pandiõigus

(1) Kinnisasja üürileandjal on üürilepingust tulenevate nõuete tagamiseks pandiõigus üüritud kinnisasjal asuvatele ja ruumi üürimisel selle sisustusse või kasutamise juurde kuuluvatele vallasasjadele ka siis, kui need ei ole üürileandja valduses. Pandiga on tagatud jooksva ja sellele eelneva aasta üüri nõuded, samuti hüvitisnõuded.
(2) Pandiõigus ei ulatu asjadele, millele ei saa pöörata sissenõuet.
(3) Üürileandja pandiõigusele eelnevad kolmanda isiku õigused asjadele, mille kohta üürileandja teadis või
pidi teadma, et need asjad ei kuulu üürnikule, samuti üürniku valduses olevatele asjadele, mis on omanikult või
eelmiselt valdajalt varastatud, kadunud või muul viisil omaniku või eelmise valdaja tahte vastaselt valdusest
välja läinud.
(4) Üürileandja pandiõigusele kohaldatakse asjaõigusseaduses vallaspandi kohta sätestatut, kui käesolevas jaos sätestatust ei tulene teisiti.

§ 306. Pandiõiguse lõppemine

(1) Üürileandja pandiõigus lõpeb asja eemaldamisega üüritud kinnisasjalt, välja arvatud juhul, kui eemaldamine toimus üürileandja teadmata või kui üürileandja vaidles asja eemaldamisele vastu.
(2) Üürileandja ei või asja eemaldamisele vastu vaielda, kui eemaldamine vastab kinnisasja korrapärasele majandamisele või tavalisele elukorraldusele või kui allesjäävad asjad on üürileandjale piisavaks tagatiseks.
(3) Üürileandja pandiõigus lõpeb, kui üürnik annab talle oma kohustuste täitmise tagamiseks muu tagatise. Üürileandja pandiõigus asjale lõpeb, kui üürnik annab üürileandjale selle asja väärtuse ulatuses muu tagatise.
(4) Kui üürileandja saab üürilepingu kehtivusajal teada, et üürniku poolt ruumi toodud asjad ei kuulu üürnikule, ja ei ütle üürilepingut esimesel võimalusel üles, lõpeb pandiõigus neile asjadele.

§ 307. Pandiõiguse teostamine

(1) Kui üürnik tahab ära kolida või ruumides leiduvaid asju ära viia, võib üürileandja asju kinni pidada ulatuses, mis on vajalik tema nõuete täitmise tagamiseks. Üürileandja võib oma pandiõiguse teostamiseks kasutada omaabi.
(2) Kui asjad eemaldatakse kinnisasjalt üürileandja teadmata või hoolimata sellest, et üürileandja vaidles sellele eelnevalt vastu, võib üürileandja nõuda asjade väljaandmist ruumi tagasi toimetamiseks. Kui üürnik on ära kolinud, võib üürileandja nõuda eemaldatud asjade valduse endale üleandmist.
(3) Pandiõigus lõpeb ühe kuu möödumisel asja eemaldamisest teada saamisest üürileandja poolt, kui üürileandja ei ole enne seda esitanud asja väljanõudmiseks hagi kohtusse.

§ 308. Tagatisraha

(1) Eluruumi üürilepinguga võib ette näha, et üürnik maksab lepingust tulenevate nõuete tagamiseks üürileandjale tagatisraha kuni kolme kuu üüri ulatuses. Üürnik võib tagatisraha maksta kolme kuu jooksul võrdsetes osades. Esimene osa tuleb maksta pärast üürilepingu sõlmimist.
(2) Tagatisraha peab üürileandja hoiustama krediidiasutuses oma varast eraldi vähemalt kohaliku keskmise intressiga. Intress kuulub üürnikule ja suurendab tagatisraha.
(3) Üürnik võib nõuda tagatisraha tagastamist, kui üürileandja ei ole kahe kuu jooksul pärast üürilepingu lõppemist teatanud oma nõudest üürniku vastu.

5. jagu

Üürilepingu kestus ja lõppemine

§ 309. Üürilepingu kestus

(1) Tähtajaline üürileping lõpeb tähtaja möödumisega, kui lepingut ei ole varem erakorraliselt üles öeldud. Tähtajatu üürilepingu võivad nii üürnik kui üürileandja käesolevas peatükis sätestatut järgides üles öelda.

Leht 80 / 237 Võlaõigusseadus

(2) Üürilepingust taganemine on lubatud ainult käesolevas peatükis sätestatud juhtudel.
(3) Kokkulepe, mille kohaselt eluruumi üürileandjal on õigus tähtajatu üürileping üles öelda muul kui käesolevas seaduses nimetatud alusel, on tühine.
(4) Kui eluruumi üürileping on sõlmitud äramuutva tingimusega, loetakse, et tingimuse saabumisega muutub üürileping tähtajatuks. Tingimuse saabumisel võib üürileandja lepingu käesoleva seaduse §-s 312 sätestatud tähtaega järgides üles öelda.

§ 310. Tähtajalise üürilepingu pikenemine

(1) Kui pärast üürilepingu tähtaja möödumist jätkab üürnik asja kasutamist, loetakse, et üürileping on muutunud tähtajatuks, kui üürileandja või üürnik ei avalda teisele lepingupoolele kahe nädala jooksul teistsugust tahet. Avaldamise tähtaeg hakkab üürniku jaoks kulgema üürilepingu tähtaja möödumisest, üürileandja jaoks aga ajast, mil ta sai teada, et üürnik jätkab asja kasutamist.
(2) Kui vähemalt kaheks aastaks sõlmitud eluruumi üürilepingu puhul kumbki lepingupool ei teata vähemalt kaks kuud enne tähtaja möödumist, et ta ei soovi lepingu pikenemist, muutub üürileping tähtaja möödumisel tähtajatuks.

§ 311. Tähtajatu üürilepingu korraline ülesütlemine

(1) Lepingupooled võivad tähtajatu üürilepingu käesoleva seaduse §-s 312 sätestatud tähtaegadest kinni pidades üles öelda. Kui lepingupooled on kokku leppinud pikemas ülesütlemistähtajas, tuleb järgida seda tähtaega.
(2) Kui lepingupool ei järgi ülesütlemisel ülesütlemiseks ettenähtud tähtaega, loetakse leping ülesöelduks ettenähtud tähtaja möödumisest.

§ 312. Tähtajatu üürilepingu korralise ülesütlemise tähtajad

(1) Kinnisasja, elu- või äriruumi, laevakinnistusraamatusse kantud laeva ja Eesti õhusõidukite registrisse
kantud õhusõiduki üürimise puhul võib kumbki lepingupool tähtajatu üürilepingu üles öelda, teatades sellest ette
vähemalt kolm kuud.
(2) Möbleeritud tubade ja eraldi üüritud parkimisplatside, garaažikohtade ja muu taolise üürimise korral võib tähtajatu üürilepingu üles öelda, teatades sellest ette vähemalt üks kuu.
(3) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetamata vallasasjade üürimise puhul võib kumbki lepingupool tähtajatu üürilepingu üles öelda, teatades sellest ette vähemalt kolm päeva.

§ 313. Üürilepingu erakorraline ülesütlemine

(1) Mõjuval põhjusel võib kumbki lepingupool nii tähtajatu kui tähtajalise üürilepingu üles öelda. Põhjus on mõjuv, kui selle esinemisel ei saa ülesütlemist soovivalt lepingupoolelt kõiki asjaolusid arvestades ja mõlemapoolseid huvisid kaaludes eeldada, et ta lepingu täitmist jätkab.
(2) Erakorraline ülesütlemine on lubatud eelkõige käesoleva seaduse §-des 314–319 nimetatud asjaoludel. (3) Üürilepingu erakorralisest ülesütlemisest ei pea ette teatama, kui seadusest ei tulene teisiti.

§ 314. Üürilepingu erakorraline ülesütlemine, kui üürnik ei saa üüritud asja kasutada

(1) Kui üürnikul ei ole üürileandjast tuleneval põhjusel võimalik üüritud asja kasutada, võib ta üürilepingu üles öelda, kui ta on üürileandjale andnud eelnevalt mõistliku tähtaja asja kasutamise võimaldamiseks ning üürileandja ei ole selle tähtaja jooksul võimaldanud üürnikul asja kasutada. Üürnik ei pea lepingu ülesütlemiseks eelnevalt üürileandjale tähtaega andma, kui lepingu täitmine ei paku üürnikule ülesütlemist põhjustanud asjaolu tõttu enam huvi.
(2) Kui üürniku võimalus üüritud asja kasutada on piiratud üksnes mitteolulisel määral, võib ta lepingu sel põhjusel üles öelda üksnes juhul, kui lepingu ülesütlemiseks on eriline põhjus.

§ 315. Üürilepingu erakorraline ülesütlemine asja lepinguvastase kasutamise puhul

(1) Üürileandja võib üürilepingu üles öelda, kui:
1) üürnik või asja allkasutaja rikub üürileandja eelnevast hoiatusest hoolimata jätkuvalt käesoleva seaduse §
276 lõikes 2 või 3 sätestatud kohustusi;
2) üürnik või asja allkasutaja rikub käesoleva seaduse § 276 lõikes 2 või 3 nimetatud kohustusi olulisel määral
või tahtlikult;

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 81 / 237

3) üürnik annab asja õigustamatult kolmanda isiku kasutusse, mille tõttu üürileandja või naabrid on niivõrd häiritud, et üürileandjalt ei saa oodata üürilepingu jätkamist.
(2) Elu- või äriruumide üürileandja võib üürilepingu käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud juhtudel üles öelda, teatades sellest ette vähemalt 30 päeva. Kui üürnik või allkasutaja kahjustab elu- või äriruumi tahtlikult, ei pea seda ülesütlemistähtaega järgima.

§ 316. Üürilepingu erakorraline ülesütlemine tasumisega viivitamise tõttu

(1) Üürileandja võib üürilepingu üles öelda, kui:
1) üürnik on viivituses kolmel üksteisele järgneval maksetähtpäeval tasumisele kuuluva üüri, kõrvalkulude või
nende olulise osa maksmisega;
2) võlgnetava üüri summa ületab kolme kuu eest maksmisele kuuluva üüri summa;
3) võlgnetavate kõrvalkulude summa ületab kolme kuu eest maksmisele kuuluvate kõrvalkulude summa.
(2) Üürileandjal ei ole käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud ülesütlemise õigust, kui üürnik täidab oma kohustused enne ülesütlemist. Ülesütlemine on tühine, kui üürnikul oli õigus üürinõue tasaarvestada ja ta teeb tasaarvestuse avalduse viivitamata pärast ülesütlemisavalduse saamist.

§ 317. Üürilepingu erakorraline ülesütlemine eluruumi terviseohtlikkuse tõttu

Kumbki lepingupool võib eluruumi üürilepingu üles öelda, kui eluruum on sellises seisukorras, et selle kasutamine on seotud olulise ohuga inimeste tervisele.

§ 318. Pikaajalise üürilepingu ülesütlemine

(1) Kumbki lepingupool võib pikemaks kui 30 aastaks sõlmitud üürilepingu pärast 30 aasta möödumist käesoleva seaduse §-s 312 sätestatud tähtaega järgides üles öelda.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatut ei kohaldata, kui üürileping on sõlmitud üürileandja või üürniku eluajaks.

§ 319. Üürilepingu erakorraline ülesütlemine üürniku pankroti korral

(1) Kui kuulutatakse välja üürniku pankrot, võib üürileandja nõuda tulevase üüri ja kõrvalkulude maksmise tagatist. Üürileandja peab andma tagatise andmiseks mõistliku tähtaja. Tähtaja andmise teade peab olema kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis.
(2) Kui üürileandjale ei anta käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud tähtaja jooksul tagatist, võib ta lepingu üles öelda ülesütlemistähtaega järgimata.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336- jõust. 01.07.2002]

§ 320. Üürilepingu kehtivus lepingupoole surma puhul

Üürileping ei lõpe ühe lepingupoole surmaga, kui pooled ei ole kokku leppinud teisiti.

§ 321. Eluruumi üürilepingusse astumine üürniku surma puhul

(1) Eluruumi üürniku surma puhul on selles eluruumis üürnikuga koos elanud abikaasal õigus üürniku asemel üürilepingusse astuda. Kui üürnikul ei olnud abikaasat, kellel on õigus või kes soovib üürilepingusse astuda,
on üürilepingusse astumise õigus teistel üüritud eluruumis üürnikuga koos elanud perekonnaliikmetel vastavalt nendevahelisele kokkuleppele.
(2) Abikaasa või muu perekonnaliige võib üürilepingusse astuda ühe kuu jooksul, alates üürniku surmast, esitades vastava teate üürileandjale.
(3) Kui üürilepingusse astub mitu perekonnaliiget, võivad nad lepingust tulenevaid õigusi teostada üksnes ühiselt ja vastutavad lepingust tulenevate kohustuste täitmise eest solidaarselt. Üürilepingusse astunud abikaasa või perekonnaliige vastutab üürniku pärijaga solidaarselt üürilepingust tulenevate kohustuste eest, mis on tekkinud enne üürniku surma. Abikaasa või perekonnaliikme ja pärija vahelises suhtes vastutab üksnes pärija.
(4) Kui üürnik on teinud üürisumma ettemakse aja eest, mis järgneb tema surmale, ja abikaasa või perekonnaliikmed astuvad üürilepingusse, on nad kohustatud pärijale välja andma selle, mille nad ettemaksega omandasid või kokku hoidsid.
(5) Kui üürniku abikaasa või perekonnaliige ei astu üürilepingusse, lähevad üürilepingust tulenevad õigused
ja kohustused üle üürniku pärijale. Sel juhul võib üürniku pärija või üürileandja üürilepingu kolme kuu jooksul
üürniku surmast üles öelda, teatades sellest vähemalt kolm kuud ette.
(6) Üürnike poolt ühiselt sõlmitud eluruumi üürileping kehtib pärast ühe üürniku surma edasi teise üürniku suhtes. Üleelanud üürnik võib üürilepingu kolme kuu jooksul teise üürniku surmast üles öelda, teatades sellest vähemalt kolm kuud ette.

Leht 82 / 237 Võlaõigusseadus

(7) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1–6 sätestatust kõrvalekalduv kokkulepe on tühine.

§ 322. Vallasasja tähtajalise üürilepingu erakorraline ülesütlemine

(1) Vallasasja üürnik võib tähtajalise üürilepingu üles öelda, teatades sellest 30 päeva ette, kui asi on üüritud muul kui üürniku majandus- või kutsetegevusse kuuluval eesmärgil ja üürileandja on andnud vallasasja üürile oma majandus- või kutsetegevuses. Üürileandjal ei ole õigust nõuda sellise ülesütlemisega tekitatud kahju hüvitamist.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatust üürniku kahjuks kõrvalekalduv kokkulepe on tühine.

§ 323. Üürilepingu ülesütlemine üürileandja õiguste ja kohustuste üleminekul

(1) Üürilepingust tulenevate õiguste ja kohustuste üleminekul uuele üürileandjale üüritud asja võõrandamise või koormamise tõttu (käesoleva seaduse § 291) võib uus üürileandja üürilepingu kolme kuu jooksul käesoleva seaduse §-s 312 sätestatud ülesütlemistähtaega järgides üles öelda, kui lepingut ei või varem lõpetada. Elu- või äriruumi üürilepingu võib omandaja sel põhjusel üles öelda üksnes juhul, kui ta vajab üüritud ruumi tungivalt ise.
(2) Kui uus üürileandja ütleb tähtajalise üürilepingu käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud juhul üles enne lepingu tähtaja möödumist, vastutab eelmine omanik lepingu lõppemisega üürnikule tekkinud kahju eest.
(3) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1 ja 2 sätestatut kohaldatakse ka juhul, kui üüritud asja omandaja võõrandab asja edasi.

§ 324. Märge kinnistusraamatus

(1) Kinnisasja üürnik võib nõuda kinnistusraamatusse üürilepingu kohta märke tegemist.
(2) Kinnistusraamatusse kantud märge tagab, et kinnisasja igakordne omanik või isik, kelle kasuks kinnisasja piiratud asjaõigusega koormatakse, peab lubama üürnikku kinnisasja vastavalt üürilepingule kasutada ja uuel omanikul ei ole õigust üürilepingut vastavalt käesoleva seaduse §-s 323 sätestatule üles öelda.

§ 325. Elu- ja äriruumi üürilepingu ülesütlemise vorm

(1) Üürileandja ja üürnik võivad elu- või äriruumi üürilepingu üles öelda ülesütlemisavaldusega, mis on kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis.
(2) Üürileandja ülesütlemisavalduses peavad sisalduma vähemalt järgmised andmed:
1) üüritud asi;
2) lepingu lõppemise päev;
3) ülesütlemise alus;
4) eluruumi üürilepingu ülesütlemise puhul ülesütlemise vaidlustamise kord ja tähtaeg.
(3) Üürnikul on eluruumi üürilepingu ülesütlemiseks vaja üüritud eluruumis temaga koos elava abikaasa nõusolekut, mis peab olema kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis.
(4) Kui käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 3 nimetatud abikaasa nõusolekut ei ole võimalik saada või kui abikaasa selle andmisest mõjuva põhjuseta keeldub, võib üürnik nõuda abikaasalt nõusoleku andmist kohtus. Sel juhul asendab nõusolekut kohtuotsus, millega hagi rahuldati.
(5) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1–4 sätestatud nõuetele mittevastav ülesütlemine on tühine. [RT I 2003, 78, 523- jõust. 27.12.2003]

§ 326. Eluruumi üürilepingu ülesütlemise vaidlustamine ja üürilepingu pikendamine

(1) Eluruumi üürnik võib üürileandjapoolse üürilepingu ülesütlemise vaidlustada üürikomisjonis või kohtus, kui ülesütlemine on vastuolus hea usu põhimõttega.
(2) Eluruumi üürnik võib üürileandjapoolse üürilepingu ülesütlemise ja tähtajalise üürilepingu tähtaja möödumise korral nõuda üürileandjalt üürilepingu pikendamist kuni kolmeks aastaks, kui lepingu lõppemisega kaasneksid üürniku või tema perekonna jaoks rasked tagajärjed. Kui üürileandja lepingu pikendamisega ei nõustu, võib üürnik nõuda üürilepingu pikendamist üürikomisjonis või kohtus.

§ 327. Eluruumi üürilepingu ülesütlemise vastuolu hea usu põhimõttega

(1) Üürileandjapoolne eluruumi üürilepingu ülesütlemine on vastuolus hea usu põhimõttega eelkõige juhul, kui üürileandja ütles lepingu üles seetõttu, et:

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 83 / 237

1) üürnik esitas heauskselt üürilepingust tuleneva nõude;
2) üürileandja soovis muuta üürilepingut üürniku kahjuks ja üürnik sellega ei nõustunud;
3) üürileandja soovis kallutada üürnikku üüritud eluruumi omandama;
4) üürniku perekonnaseis on muutunud, kuigi sellest ei tulene üürileandjale oluliselt kahjulikke tagajärgi.
(2) Üürileandjapoolne eluruumi üürilepingu ülesütlemine on vastuolus hea usu põhimõttega, kui üürileandja ütles lepingu üles ajal, mil on käimas üürikomisjoni või kohtumenetlus selle üürilepingu üle, samuti enne kolme aasta möödumist selle üürilepinguga seotud üürikomisjoni või kohtumenetluse lõppemisest, kui otsus tehti üürileandja kahjuks.
(3) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 2 nimetatud juhul ei ole üürilepingu üürileandjapoolne ülesütlemine siiski hea usu põhimõttega vastuolus, kui üürileandja ütles lepingu üles mõjuval põhjusel, eelkõige seetõttu, et:
1) üürnik alustas käimasolevat menetlust pahauskselt;
2) eluruum on üürileandjale endale tungivalt vajalik;
3) üürnikul on maksevõlgnevus;
4) üürnik rikkus oluliselt hoolsuse ja arvestamise kohustust (käesoleva seaduse § 276 lõiked 2 ja 3);
5) kuulutati välja üürniku pankrot.

§ 328. Eluruumi üürilepingu pikendamise piirangud

(1) Käesoleva seaduse § 326 lõikes 2 nimetatud eluruumi üürniku taotlust üürilepingu pikendamiseks ei rahuldata, kui üürilepingu pikendamine oleks vastuolus üürileandja õigustatud huvidega, eelkõige kui:
1) üürnikul on võlg üüri või kõrvalkulude eest;
2) üürnik on oluliselt rikkunud käesoleva seaduse § 276 lõikes 2 või 3 nimetatud kohustust;
3) üürileandja ütles üürilepingu üles käesoleva seaduse § 319 lõikes 2 nimetatud alusel;
4) üürileping on sõlmitud tulevasi ümberehitustöid arvestades piiratud ajaks kuni ehituse alguseni või
ehitamiseks vajaliku loa saamiseni;
5) üürileandja pakub üürnikule teise samaväärse eluruumi;
6) üürilepingu võib muul põhjusel ette teatamata üles öelda.
(2) Üürilepingu pikendamise otsustamisel ja lepingupoolte huvide kaalumisel arvestab kohus ja üürikomisjon muu hulgas:
1) üürilepingu sõlmimise asjaolusid ja lepingu sisu;
2) üürilepingu kestust;
3) lepingupoolte isiklikke, perekondlikke ja majanduslikke suhteid;
4) üürileandja vajadust eluruumi ise kasutada;
5) olukorda eluruumide kohalikul turul.
(3) Kui üürnik nõuab üürilepingu pikendamist korduvalt, tuleb arvestada lisaks seda, kas üürnik on teinud kõik võimaliku uue eluaseme leidmiseks.

§ 329. Ülesütlemise vaidlustamise ja lepingu pikendamise kord

(1) Eluruumi üürilepingu ülesütlemise vaidlustamiseks vastavalt käesoleva seaduse §-le 326 peab üürnik 30 päeva jooksul ülesütlemisavalduse saamisest esitama taotluse üürikomisjonile või kohtule.
(2) Üürileandja poolt ülesöeldud tähtajatu eluruumi üürilepingu pikendamiseks peab üürnik esitama üürikomisjonile või kohtule taotluse 30 päeva jooksul lepingu ülesütlemise teate saamisest.
(3) Tähtajalise eluruumi üürilepingu pikendamiseks, samuti üürikomisjoni või kohtu poolt kord juba pikendatud lepingu pikendamiseks peab üürnik esitama taotluse hiljemalt 60 päeva enne lepingu tähtaja möödumist.
(4) Üürikomisjoni või kohtumenetluse ajal kehtib üürileping edasi senistel tingimustel, kui lepingupooled ei lepi kokku teisiti.
(5) Kui üürikomisjon või kohus on tunnistanud, et üürilepingu ülesütlemine on vastuolus hea usu põhimõttega, siis loetakse, et üürilepingut ei ole üles öeldud.
[RT I 2003, 78, 523- jõust. 27.12.2003]

§ 330. Lepingutingimuste muutmine eluruumi üürilepingu pikendamise korral

(1) Kumbki üürilepingu pool võib üürikomisjonis või kohtus nõuda, et koos lepingu pikendamisega muudetaks lepingutingimusi vastavalt muutunud asjaoludele.
(2) Kui lepingutingimusi ei muudeta, kehtib leping pikendatud tähtaja kestel endistel tingimustel edasi. See ei välista muid seadusest tulenevaid võimalusi lepingu muutmiseks.

§ 331. Ülesütlemine eluruumi üürilepingu pikendamise korral

Kui üürikomisjon või kohus pikendab eluruumi üürilepingut, võib üürnik lepingu erakorraliselt üles öelda, teatades sellest ette vähemalt kaks kuud, kui üürikomisjoni või kohtu otsuses ei ole ette nähtud teistsugust ülesütlemistähtaega.

Leht 84 / 237 Võlaõigusseadus

§ 332. Allüürilepingu ülesütlemise vaidlustamine ja lepingu pikendamine

(1) Käesoleva seaduse §-des 326–331 sätestatut kohaldatakse ka allüürilepingu suhtes, kui üürileping ei ole lõppenud.
(2) Allüürilepingut ei saa pikendada kauemaks, kui kestab üürileping.

§ 333. Sätete kohaldamine tööandja eluruumi üürilepingule

Käesoleva seaduse §-des 326–332 sätestatut ei kohaldata eluruumi üürilepingule, mille töö-, teenistus- või käsundiandja kui üürileandja sõlmis töötaja, käsundisaaja või teenistujaga kui üürnikuga, kui:
1) üürnik on lõpetanud töö- või käsunduslepingu või teenistussuhte, ilma et töö-, käsundi- või teenistusandja oleks talle andnud selleks seadusest tulenevat alust;
2) üürnik on andnud oma käitumisega töö-, käsundi- või teenistusandjale seadusest tuleneva aluse töö-, käsunduslepingu või teenistussuhte lõpetamiseks;
3) üürileandjal on eluruumi tungivalt vaja teise töötaja, käsundisaaja või teenistuja jaoks.

6. jagu

Üüritud asja tagastamine lepingu lõppemisel ja nõuete aegumine

§ 334. Üüritud asja tagastamine

(1) Üürnik peab üüritud asja koos päraldistega pärast lepingu lõppemist tagastama seisundis, mis vastab asja lepingujärgsele kasutamisele. Kui üüritud asja üürnikule üleandmisel koostati asja üleandmisakt, eeldatakse, et asi anti üle üleandmisaktis toodud seisundis.
(2) Üürnik vastutab üüritud asja hävimise, kaotsimineku ja kahjustumise eest, mis toimub ajal, kui asi oli üürniku valduses, kui ta ei tõenda, et hävimine, kaotsiminek või kahjustumine toimus asjaoludel, mis ei tulenenud temast või isikust, kellele ta asja kasutamise lepinguga kooskõlas üle andis. Üürnik ei vastuta asja hariliku kulumise, halvenemise ja muutuste eest, mis kaasnevad asja lepingujärgse kasutamisega.
(3) Kui üürnik on teinud vallasasjale kulutusi, mille hüvitamist ta võib nõuda, võib ta asja kuni nende kulutuste hüvitamiseni kinni pidada.
(4) Tühine on kokkulepe, mille kohaselt üürnik enne üürilepingu lõppemist kohustub üürilepingu lõppemisel maksma muud kui võimalikku kahjuhüvitist.
(5) Kui üürnik annab asja kasutamise õiguse edasi kolmandale isikule, võib üürileandja asja pärast lepingu lõppemist ka kolmandalt isikult välja nõuda.
(6) Vallasasi tuleb tagastada kohas, kus see üle anti, kui ei ole kokku lepitud teisiti.

§ 335. Üüritud asja tagastamisega viivitamisest tulenevad nõuded

Kui üürnik ei anna asja pärast lepingu lõppemist tagasi, võib üürileandja viivitatud aja eest kahjuhüvitisena nõuda kas üürilepingus kokkulepitud üüri või üüri, mis on samasuguses asukohas oleva samasuguse asja
puhul tavaline, välja arvatud juhul, kui üürnik peab asja õigustatult kinni tema poolt tehtud kulutuste tasumise tagamiseks. See ei välista üürileandja õigust nõuda asja tagastamise viivitamisega talle tekitatud ja üürisummat ületava kahju hüvitamist.

§ 336. Asja ülevaatamine ja üürnikule puudustest teatamine

(1) Üüritud asja tagastamisel peab üürileandja kontrollima asja seisundit ja viivitamata teatama üürnikule asja puudustest, mille eest üürnik vastutab. Kui üürileandja seda ei tee, kaotab ta õigused, mis kuuluvad talle asja puudusest tulenevalt, välja arvatud juhul, kui tegemist on puudusega, mida ei saa tavalise ülevaatusega avastada.
(2) Kui üürileandja avastab hiljem asja puuduse, mida ta tavalise ülevaatamisega ei saanud avastada, peab ta sellest üürnikule viivitamata teatama. Asja puudusest teatamata jätmisel kaotab ta puudusest tulenevad õigused.

§ 337. Ettemakstud üüri ja kõrvalkulude tagastamine

Kui üürnik on üüri või kõrvalkulud üürilepingu lõppemisele järgneva aja eest ette maksnud, peab üürileandja ettemaksu koos käesoleva seaduse §-s 94 sätestatud intressiga üürnikule tagastama.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 85 / 237

§ 338. Nõuete aegumine

(1) Üürileandja poolt üüritud asja muutmise või halvendamise eest hüvitise saamise nõude ning üürniku poolt asjale tehtud kulutuste hüvitamise või muudatuse äravõtmise nõude aegumistähtaeg on kuus kuud.
(2) Üürileandja hüvitusnõude aegumistähtaeg algab asja tagasisaamisest. Üürniku nõuete aegumistähtaeg algab lepingu lõppemisest.
(3) Koos asja tagasisaamise nõudega aegub ka üürileandja nõue üüritud asja muutmise või halvendamise eest hüvitise saamiseks.

16. peatükk

RENDILEPING

1. jagu

Üldsätted

§ 339. Rendilepingu mõiste

Rendilepinguga kohustub üks isik (rendileandja) andma teisele isikule (rentnik) kasutamiseks rendilepingu eseme ning võimaldama talle rendilepingu esemest korrapärase majandamise reeglite järgi saadava vilja. Rentnik on kohustatud maksma selle eest tasu (renti).

§ 340. Põllumajanduslik rendileping

(1) Põllumajandusliku rendilepingu esemeks võib olla peamiselt põllumajanduslikuks tootmiseks määratud ettevõte, sealhulgas põllumajandusliku tootmisega seotud mittepõllumajanduslik ettevõte, põllumajanduslik kinnisasi või selle osa. Põllumajandusliku kinnisasja rentimisel eeldatakse, et rendileping hõlmab ka päraldisi ja kinnisasjaga seotud õigusi.
(2) Põllumajandusliku rendilepingu kohta sätestatut kohaldatakse ka metsamajandusliku kinnisasja rendilepingule, kui kinnisasi kuulub rendile antud põllumajandusliku ettevõtte vara hulka.
(3) Põllumajandusliku rendilepingu kohta sätestatut ei kohaldata rendilepingule, mille esemeks on alla 2 hektari suurune maatükk.
(4) Käesolevas peatükis sätestatust põllumajandusliku kinnisasja või ettevõtte rentniku kahjuks kõrvalekalduv kokkulepe on tühine.

§ 341. Üürilepingu sätete kohaldamine rendilepingu puhul

Rendilepingule kohaldatakse täiendavalt üürilepingu kohta sätestatut, kui käesolevas peatükis sätestatust ei tulene teisiti.

2. jagu

Lepingupoolte õigused ja kohustused

§ 342. Renditud kinnisasja kirjeldus

(1) Kinnisasja rendileandja ja rentnik peavad kinnisasja üleandmisel pärast rendilepingu sõlmimist või lõppemist koostama ühiselt kinnisasja kirjelduse, kus on kirjeldatud kinnisasja osad, päraldised ja seisund üleandmisel. Kirjelduses peab olema märgitud kirjelduse koostamise aeg ning kirjeldus peab olema mõlema lepingupoole poolt allkirjastatud.
(2) Kui üks lepingupool keeldub osalemast kirjelduse koostamisel või kui kirjelduse koostamisel ilmnevad sisulised lahkarvamused, võib kumbki lepingupool nõuda, et kirjelduse koostaks ekspert, välja arvatud juhul, kui kinnisasja üleandmisest on möödunud rohkem kui üheksa kuud või rendilepingu lõppemisest rohkem kui kolm kuud. Eksperdikulud kannavad lepingupooled võrdsetes osades.
(3) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud kirjelduse koostamise korral eeldatakse pooltevahelises suhtes, et kirjeldus on õige. Kui kirjeldust ei koostatud, eeldatakse, et kinnisasi anti üle heas seisukorras.

§ 343. Rendileandja kontrolliõigus

Rendileandjal on õigus kontrollida rendilepingu eseme majandamist ja selle korrashoiu tagamist.

Leht 86 / 237 Võlaõigusseadus

§ 344. Sihtotstarbele vastava majandamise kohustus

Rentnik peab rendilepingu eset majandama vastavalt selle sihtotstarbele, eelkõige säilitama rendilepingu eseme majandusliku otstarbe ning kasutama seda korrapäraselt ja heaperemehelikult.

§ 345. Puuduste kõrvaldamine

(1) Rentnik peab oma kulul tagama rendilepingu eseme tavapärase korrashoiu, eelkõige kõrvaldama puudused, mida saab kõrvaldada hariliku säilitamise hulka kuuluva koristamise või parandamisega, samuti tegema tavapäraseid väikseid remonte ning asendama väikese väärtusega seadmeid ja tööriistu, kui need on vanuse või kasutamise tõttu muutunud kasutamiskõlbmatuks.
(2) Põllumajandusliku ettevõtte või kinnisasja rentnik peab muu hulgas tagama hariliku teede, radade, kraavide, tammide, katuste, tarade, veejuhtmete ja muude rendilepingu eseme kasutamiseks ja teenindamiseks vajalike seadmete korrashoiu vastavalt kohalikule tavale.

§ 346. Päraldistega kinnisasja rentimine

(1) Rentnik peab päraldistega kinnisasja rentimisel päraldisi säilitama ning asendama hävinud või kaotsi läinud päraldised, isegi kui hävimine või kaotsiminek toimus tema süüta. Päraldiste hulka kuuluvad loomad peab rentnik nende harilikul väljalangemisel asendama niivõrd, kuivõrd see vastab korrapärasele majandamisele.
(2) Rentnik peab hoidma päraldisi korrapärasele majandamisele vastavas seisundis ning sellises ulatuses ka päraldised jooksvalt asendama. Rentniku poolt asendatud päraldised lähevad rendileandja omandisse.
(3) Lepingutingimus, mis keelab rentnikul päraldiste hulka kuuluvaid esemeid käsutada või lubab seda teha üksnes rendileandja nõusolekul või kohustab võõrandama päraldisi rendileandjale, kehtib üksnes juhul, kui rendileandja kohustub päraldised rendilepingu lõppemisel vähemalt hariliku väärtusega omandama.

§ 347. Renditud loomade hooldamine

(1) Rentnik kannab renditud looma toitmise ja hooldamise kulud.
(2) Rentnik vastutab renditud loomale tekitatud kahju eest, kui ta ei tõenda, et ta ei suutnud kahju ära hoida, hoolimata tavapärasest toitmisest ja hooldamisest.
(3) Looma erakorraliste hoolduskulude eest võib rentnik nõuda rendileandjalt hüvitist, kui need kulud ei tekkinud rentnikust tulenevatel asjaoludel.

§ 348. Põllumajandusliku kinnisasja või ettevõtte rendileandja tehtud muudatused ja parendused

(1) Põllumajandusliku rendilepingu puhul peab rentnik taluma rendileandja abinõusid rendilepingu eseme muutmiseks või parendamiseks. Rentnik ei pea neid abinõusid taluma, kui nendega kaasneksid tagajärjed, mis ei ole rendileandja õigustatud huve arvestades põhjendatud. Rendileandja peab rentnikule mõistlikult hüvitama abinõude rakendamisest tekkinud kulud ja saamata jäänud tulu. Rentniku nõudmisel peab rendileandja hüvitise ette maksma.
(2) Kui rentnik saab käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 1 esimeses lauses nimetatud abinõude tõttu suuremat tulu või võiks seda korrapärase majandamisega saada, võib rendileandja samas ulatuses tõsta renti, välja arvatud juhul, kui asjaoludest tulenevalt ei või rentnikult suurema rendi tasumist oodata. Rendi tõstmine ei jõustu varem, kui tulu suurenemine tegelikult aset leiab.

§ 349. Majandamisviisi muutmine

(1) Rentnik võib rendilepingu eseme tavalist majandamisviisi muuta, samuti teha tavapärast korrashoidu ületavaid muudatusi ja parendusi rendilepingu esemele üksnes rendileandja poolt kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis antud nõusolekul. Kui rendileandja annab muudatusteks või parendusteks nõusoleku, võib ta endise olukorra taastamist nõuda üksnes juhul, kui taastamise kohustus oli kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis kokku lepitud.
(2) Kui rendileandja ei ole tavalise majandamisviisi muutmisega kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis nõustunud ja rentnik ei taasta endist majandamisviisi mõistliku aja jooksul, võib rendileandja rendilepingu ette teatamiseta üles öelda. Äriruumi puhul peab lepingu ülesütlemisest sel põhjusel ette teatama vähemalt 30 päeva.
(3) Kui rendileandja keeldub käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud nõusoleku andmisest, võib rentnik taotleda selle andmist kohtu kaudu, kui muudatus on vajalik ettevõtte tulukuse säilitamiseks või kestvaks parendamiseks ja rendileandjalt võib nõusoleku andmist tema õigustatud huve arvestades oodata. Nõusoleku andmist ei või nõuda, kui rendileping on üles öeldud või leping lõpeb vähem kui kolme aasta pärast.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 87 / 237

(4) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 3 nimetatud juhul asendab nõusolekut kohtuotsus, millega hagi rahuldatakse. [RT I 2002, 53, 336- jõust. 01.07.2002]

§ 350. Põllumajandusliku rendilepingu tingimuste muutmine

(1) Põllumajandusliku rendilepingu muutmist ei või käesoleva seaduse §-s 97 sätestatud alustel ja tingimustel nõuda enne kahe aasta möödumist rendilepingu sõlmimisest või selle viimasest muutmisest. See piirang ei kehti, kui pooltevahelised suhted muutuvad oluliselt ja kestvalt vääramatu jõu tõttu.
(2) Kui põllumajandusliku rendilepingu puhul on rent ebamõistlikult kõrge, arvestades rendilepingu eseme korrapärase majandamise juures saadavat tulu, võib rentnik nõuda rendi muutmise avalduse esitamisele järgnevast rendi maksmise tähtpäevast rendi vähendamist mõistliku summa võrra. Rentnik ei või nõuda rendi vähendamist asja väärtuse muutumise tõttu tema tegevuse tulemusena, kui sellist õigust ei olnud kokku lepitud.
(3) Tühine on kokkulepe, millega rentnik või rendileandja loobub lepingu muutmise taotlemise õigusest.

§ 351. Põllumajandusliku kinnisasja või ettevõtte rendileandja pandiõigus

Põllumajandusliku kinnisasja või ettevõtte rendileandjal on oma rendilepingust tulenevate nõuete tagamiseks pandiõigus rentniku poolt kinnisasjale või ettevõttesse toodud asjadele ning rendilepingu eseme viljadele. Pandiõigus ei taga tulevasi hüvitisnõudeid.

3. jagu

Rendilepingu kestus ja lõppemine

§ 352. Põllumajandusliku rendilepingu pikenemine

Kui vähemalt kolmeks aastaks sõlmitud põllumajandusliku rendilepingu puhul ei teata kumbki lepingupool vähemalt kaks kuud enne lepingu lõppemist, et ta ei soovi lepingu pikenemist, eeldatakse, et leping muutub tähtaja möödumisel tähtajatuks. Sellest rentniku kahjuks kõrvalekalduv kokkulepe on tühine.

§ 353. Tähtajatu rendilepingu korraline ülesütlemine

(1) Lepingupooled võivad tähtajatu rendilepingu üles öelda, teatades sellest ette vähemalt kuus kuud.
(2) Tähtajatu põllumajandusliku rendilepingu võivad lepingupooled üles öelda, teatades sellest ette vähemalt üks aasta. Lepingu võib üles öelda üksnes selliselt, et leping lõpeb 1. aprillil või 1. oktoobril.
(3) Põllumajandusliku rendilepinguga mitteseotud tähtajatu loomarendilepingu võib kumbki lepingupool igal ajal üles öelda. Ülesütlemine peab siiski toimuma heas usus ja mitte teisele lepingupoolele ebasobival ajal.

§ 354. Ülesütlemise vorm

Põllumajandusliku rendilepingu, samuti ruumide rendilepingu ülesütlemine kehtib üksnes juhul, kui see on tehtud kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336- jõust. 01.07.2002]

§ 355. Ülesütlemine põllumajandusliku kinnisasja rentniku töövõimetuse puhul

Kui põllumajandusliku rendilepingu puhul on rentnik muutunud kestvalt töövõimetuks, võib ta rendilepingu üles öelda, teatades sellest ette vähemalt üks kuu.

§ 356. Rentniku surm põllumajandusliku rendilepingu puhul

(1) Kui põllumajandusliku rendilepingu puhul rentnik sureb, võib tema asemele põllumajanduslikku rendilepingusse astuda rentnikuga koos elanud abikaasa. Kui rentnikul ei olnud temaga koos elanud abikaasat või kui abikaasa ei soovi põllumajanduslikku rendilepingusse astuda, on põllumajanduslikku rendilepingusse astumise õigus teistel pärijatel vastavalt nendevahelisele kokkuleppele.
(2) Rentniku abikaasa või teised pärijad võivad põllumajanduslikku rendilepingusse astuda ühe kuu jooksul rentniku surmast, esitades vastava teate rendileandjale.
(3) Kui põllumajanduslikku rendilepingusse lepingupooleks astunud isik ei ole ilmselt võimeline rendilepingu eset korrapäraselt majandama või kui rendileandjalt ei saa rendilepingu jätkamist muul põhjusel oodata, võib rendileandja 30 päeva jooksul lepingusse astumise teate kättesaamisest lepingu üles öelda.
(4) Kui rentniku abikaasa või muu õigustatud isik lepingusse ei astu, võivad rentniku pärijad või rendileandja rendilepingu üles öelda, teatades sellest kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis ette vähemalt kuus kuud. [RT I 2002, 53, 336- jõust. 01.07.2002]

Leht 88 / 237 Võlaõigusseadus

§ 357. Põllumajandusliku rendilepingu pikendamine rentniku nõudmisel

(1) Põllumajandusliku rendilepingu ülesütlemise korral rendileandja poolt võib rentnik kolme kuu jooksul ülesütlemise teate kättesaamisest nõuda kohtus lepingu pikendamist, kui pikendamist võib rendileandjalt oodata. Tähtajalise rendilepingu pikendamise taotluse peab rentnik kohtule esitama üheksa kuud enne lepingu lõppemist.
(2) Rendileandja peab tõendama, et temalt ei saa lepingu pikendamist oodata. Rendilepingu pikendamist ei saa rendileandjalt oodata eelkõige, kui:
1) rentnik on oluliselt rikkunud oma seadusest või lepingust tulenevaid kohustusi;
2) rentnik on maksevõimetu;
3) rendileandja, tema abikaasa, lähisugulane või -hõimlane soovib rendilepingu eset ise majandada;
4) põllumajanduslik ettevõte ei vääri säilitamist;
5) planeering näeb ette kinnisasja teistsuguse kasutamise.
(3) Kohus otsustab rendilepingu pikendamise mitte kauemaks kui kuueks aastaks. Pikendamise tähtaja määramisel tuleb arvestada lepingupoolte isiklikku olukorda, rendieseme liiki ja muid olulisi asjaolusid.
(4) Kohus võib kummagi lepingupoole nõudmisel rendilepingu pikendamise otsustamise korral muuta rendilepingut, et viia see vastavusse muutunud asjaoludega.

§ 358. Rendilepingu eseme tagastamine

(1) Pärast rendilepingu lõppemist peab rentnik tagastama rendilepingu eseme koos päraldistega. Rendilepingu ese ja päraldised tuleb tagastada seisundis, mis vastab rendilepingu eseme tagastamiseni jätkatud korrapärasele majandamisele.
(2) Rentnik peab maksma rendileandjale mõistliku hüvitise rendieseme halvenemise eest, mille rentnik korrapärase majandamise korral oleks võinud ära hoida.

§ 359. Kulutuste hüvitamine rentnikule

(1) Kui rendilepingu lõppemisel ilmneb, et rendilepingu eseme väärtus on rendileandja nõusolekul tehtud parenduste või muudatuste tõttu kestvalt oluliselt suurenenud, võib rentnik nõuda selle eest mõistlikku hüvitist.
(2) Rentnik võib nõuda päraldiste väärtuse suurenemise hüvitamist, mis saavutati tema töö või kulutustega. Rendileandja võib keelduda rentniku loodud selliste päraldiste vastuvõtmisest, mis korrapärase majandamise reeglite järgi on kinnisasjale kasutud või liiga väärtuslikud.
(3) Muud kui käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1 ja 2 nimetatud kulutused peab rendileandja hüvitama üksnes juhul, kui ta on selleks kohustatud käsundita asjaajamise sätete kohaselt.
[RT I 2003, 78, 523- jõust. 27.12.2003]

§ 360. Põllumajandusliku kinnisasja viljad

(1) Põllumajandusliku kinnisasja rentnikul ei ole õigust rendilepingu lõppemise ajaks eraldamata jäänud viljadele, kuid ta võib nõuda nende saamiseks tehtud kulutuste hüvitamist.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatut kohaldatakse vastavalt ka raieks määratud, aga veel raiumata puude kohta. Kui rentnik on raiunud rohkem puid, kui oli vajalik korrapäraseks majandamiseks, peab ta hüvitama rendileandjale korrapärast majandamist ületavas ulatuses raiutud puidu maksumuse.

17. peatükk

LIISINGULEPING

§ 361. Liisingulepingu mõiste

Liisingulepinguga kohustub liisinguandja omandama liisinguvõtja poolt määratud müüjalt teatud eseme (liisinguese) ja andma selle liisinguvõtja kasutusse, liisinguvõtja kohustub aga maksma liisingueseme kasutamise eest tasu.

§ 362. Liisinguandja kohustused

(1) Liisinguandja on kohustatud tagama liisinguvõtjale liisingueseme valduse üleandmise ja mitte takistama liisinguvõtjat liisingueseme valdamisel ja kasutamisel.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 89 / 237

(2) Liisinguvõtja võib lepingust taganeda, kui liisingueset ei antud talle üle lepingus ettenähtud tähtaja jooksul, kokkuleppe puudumisel aga mõistliku aja jooksul, ja kui viivitus tekkis liisinguandjast tulenevatel asjaoludel.
(3) Liisinguandja ei vastuta liisinguvõtja ees liisingueseme lepingutingimustele mittevastavuse eest, välja arvatud juhul, kui:
1) liisingueseme või selle müüja valis liisinguandja;
2) füüsilisest isikust liisinguvõtjale tekkis kahju tulenevalt mõistlikust uskumisest liisinguandja
professionaalsusesse, eelkõige kui liisinguandja on spetsialiseerunud teatud esemete liisimisele.

§ 363. Liisinguvõtja kohustused

Liisinguvõtja on kohustatud:
1) kasutama liisingueset hoolikalt ja vastavalt sihtotstarbele, millest lähtuti liisingulepingu sõlmimisel,
kokkuleppe puudumisel aga tavalisel otstarbel;
2) säilitama liisingueset sellisena, nagu see temale üle anti, välja arvatud muutused, mis tekivad liisingueseme
sihtotstarbelise kasutamise tulemusena;
3) lepingu lõppemisel tagastama liisingueseme liisinguandjale käesoleva paragrahvi punktis 2 nimetatud
seisundis, välja arvatud juhul, kui ta kasutab talle lepingu järgi kuuluvat liisingueseme omandamise õigust.

§ 364. Juhusliku hävimise ja kahjustumise riisiko üleminek

Liisingueseme juhusliku hävimise ja kahjustumise riisiko läheb liisinguvõtjale üle talle liisingueseme üleandmisega.

§ 365. Müüja vastutus

(1) Liisinguvõtja võib esitada otse müüja vastu liisinguandja kui ostja nõude, mis tekib sellest, et müüja rikub liisinguandjaga sõlmitud müügilepingut. Sellist nõuet esitades on liisinguvõtjal kõik ostja õigused ja kohustused, välja arvatud eseme eest maksmise kohustus ja õigus nõuda eseme omandi üleandmist.
(2) Liisinguandja õigust müüjaga sõlmitud müügilepingust taganeda on liisinguvõtjal õigus teostada üksnes liisinguandja nõusolekul.

§ 366. Ülesütlemine liisingueseme puuduste või hävimise korral

Liisingueseme hävimise või kasutuskõlbmatuks muutumise korral, samuti juhul, kui liisinguvõtja teostab liisinguandja asemel müüjaga sõlmitud müügilepingust tulenevat õigust lepingust taganeda, võib nii liisinguandja kui liisinguvõtja liisingulepingu ilma etteteatamiseta üles öelda.

§ 367. Ülesütlemise tagajärjed

(1) Liisingulepingu ülesütlemise korral peab liisinguvõtja hüvitama liisinguandjale kõik kulud, mida liisinguandja kandis seoses liisinguesemega, eelkõige liisingueseme ostuhinna ja ostuhinna finantseerimise kulud selles ulatuses, milles need ei ole kaetud juba tasutud liisingumaksetega.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud kulude kindlakstegemisel lähtutakse liisinguvõtja poolt pärast ülesütlemist tasuda jäänud liisingumaksete summast, millest arvatakse maha lepingust tulenev intress ja muud summad, mis ei seondu liisingueseme omandamiseks tehtud kulutustega.
(3) Kui liisinguese jääb pärast liisingulepingu ülesütlemist liisinguandja omandisse, tuleb käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud kulutuste hüvitamise nõude suuruse määramisel arvestada liisingueseme väärtust selle liisinguandjale tagastamise hetkel.
(4) Liisinguvõtja peab hüvitama liisinguandjale ülesütlemisest tekkinud lisakulud, välja arvatud juhul, kui ülesütlemise põhjustasid liisinguandjast tulenevad asjaolud.
[RT I 2003, 78, 523- jõust. 27.12.2003]

18. peatükk

LITSENTSILEPING

§ 368. Litsentsilepingu mõiste

Litsentsilepinguga annab üks isik (litsentsiandja) teisele isikule (litsentsisaaja) õiguse teostada intellektuaalsest varast tulenevaid õigusi kokkulepitud ulatuses ja kokkulepitud territooriumil, litsentsisaaja aga kohustub maksma selle eest tasu (litsentsitasu).

§ 369. Kasutusõiguse kehtivuse eeldused

(1) Seaduses sätestatud juhtudel on litsentsilepingust tuleneva kasutusõiguse tekkimiseks vajalik kande tegemine registrisse, kuhu on kantud vara, mille kohta leping sõlmitakse.

Leht 90 / 237 Võlaõigusseadus

(2) Litsentsisaaja peab litsentsilepingust tulenevaid õigusi kasutama, kui litsentsiandjal on õigustatud huvi, et litsentsilepingust tulenevaid õigusi kasutatakse, eelkõige kui litsentsilepingust tuleneva õiguse olemasolu sõltub selle kasutamisest.

§ 370. Liht- ja ainulitsentsileping

(1) Lihtlitsentsilepingu puhul võib litsentsiandja ka ise lepingu esemeks olevat õigust kasutada või anda kasutusõiguse teistele isikutele peale litsentsisaaja.
(2) Ainulitsentsileping annab litsentsisaajale õiguse kasutada intellektuaalsest varast tulenevaid õigusi kokkulepitud ulatuses ja välistada teiste isikute ja litsentsiandja kasutusõiguse selles ulatuses.
(3) Kui kasutusõigus, millele litsentsileping laieneb, ei ole lepingus täpselt määratletud, määratakse kasutusõiguse ulatus vastavalt lepingu eesmärgile.
(4) Lihtlitsentsilepingust tulenev kasutusõigus, mis on tekkinud enne ainulitsentsilepingust tulenevat kasutusõigust, jääb ainulitsentsilepingu alusel kasutusõiguse saanud isiku suhtes kehtima.

§ 371. Litsentsilepingust tuleneva kasutusõiguse üleandmine

(1) Eeldatakse, et litsentsilepingust tuleneva kasutusõiguse võib üle anda üksnes litsentsiandja nõusolekul. Litsentsiandja peab nõusoleku andma, kui seda võib temalt vastavalt hea usu põhimõttele oodata.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatut ei kohaldata ettevõtte ülemineku korral, kui kasutusõigus kuulub ettevõttesse.

§ 372. Teabe üleandmine

(1) Litsentsiandja peab mõistliku aja jooksul pärast lepingu sõlmimist andma litsentsisaajale üle dokumendid ja teabe, mis on vajalikud õiguse kasutamiseks lepingu alusel.
(2) Litsentsisaaja peab hoidma saladuses talle lepingu alusel üleantud dokumente ja teavet, välja arvatud juhul, kui:
1) ta edastab teavet isikutele, keda ta kasutab oma ettevõttes ja kes on kohustatud hoidma teavet saladuses;
2) lepingust või üleantud dokumentide ja teabe olemusest tulenevalt ei saa eeldada litsentsiandja tahet niisuguse
teabe saladuses hoidmiseks.
(3) Pärast lepingu lõppemist peab litsentsisaaja tagastama talle antud dokumendid litsentsiandjale ja hoidma saadud teavet saladuses.

§ 373. Õiguste kaitse

Kui kolmas isik takistab litsentsisaajat tema litsentsilepingust tulenevate õiguste kasutamisel või rikub neid õigusi, peab litsentsisaaja sellest viivitamata teatama litsentsiandjale, kes peab viivitamata võtma tarvitusele kõik vajalikud abinõud, et võimaldada litsentsilepingust tulenevate õiguste kasutamist ja lõpetada litsentsisaaja õiguste rikkumine. Kui litsentsiandja võtab sellised abinõud tarvitusele, peab litsentsisaaja temaga vajalikul määral koostööd tegema.

§ 374. Tähtajatu lepingu ülesütlemine

Tähtajatu litsentsilepingu võib kumbki lepingupool üles öelda, teatades sellest ette vähemalt üks aasta.

19. peatükk

FRANTSIISILEPING

§ 375. Frantsiisilepingu mõiste

Frantsiisilepinguga kohustub üks isik (frantsiisiandja) andma teisele isikule (frantsiisivõtja) õiguse kasutada frantsiisivõtja majandus- või kutsetegevuses frantsiisiandjale kuuluvat õiguste ja teabe kogumit, muu hulgas õigust frantsiisiandja kaubamärgile, ärilisele tähistusele ja oskusteabele.

§ 376. Frantsiisiandja kohustused

Frantsiisiandja on kohustatud andma frantsiisivõtjale juhiseid õiguste teostamiseks ning osutama talle püsivalt sellega seotud kaasabi.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 91 / 237

§ 377. Frantsiisivõtja kohustused

Frantsiisivõtja on kohustatud:
1) kasutama oma tegevuses frantsiisiandja ärilist tähistust;
2) tagama tema poolt lepingu alusel toodetavate kaupade või osutatavate teenuste kvaliteedi samal tasemel
frantsiisiandjaga;
3) järgima frantsiisiandja juhiseid, mis on suunatud õiguste kasutamisele frantsiisiandjaga samal alusel ja viisil;
4) osutama klientidele kõiki täiendavaid teenuseid, millega need võiksid arvestada kauba omandamisel või
teenuse tellimisel frantsiisiandjalt.

§ 378. Frantsiisiandja kontrolliõigus

Frantsiisiandjal on õigus kontrollida frantsiisivõtja poolt frantsiisilepingu alusel toodetavate kaupade või osutatavate teenuste kvaliteeti.

20. peatükk

EHITISE AJUTISE KASUTAMISE LEPING,

PIKAAJALISE PUHKUSETOOTE LEPING,

VAHENDUSLEPING JA VAHETUSSÜSTEEMILEPING

[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014, 20. peatükis asendatud läbivalt sõna „pakkuja” sõnaga „ettevõtja” vastavas käändes]

§ 379. Ehitise ajutise kasutamise lepingu mõiste

(1) Kinnisasja, ehitise või selle osa või majutamise eesmärgil kasutatava vallasasja (ehitis) ajutise kasutamise lepinguga kohustub kutse- või majandustegevuses tegutsev isik (ettevõtja) andma tarbijale õiguse kasutada ehitist majutamise eesmärgil rohkem kui ühe aasta jooksul kindlaksmääratud või kindlaksmäärataval ajavahemikul mitme kasutusperioodi vältel. Tarbija kohustub maksma selle eest tasu.
(11) Lepingu kestuse arvutamisel võetakse arvesse lepingus sisalduvaid kokkuleppeid lepingu pikenemise kohta.
[RT I, 04.02.2011, 2- jõust. 23.02.2011]
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud õiguseks võib olla asjaõigus või muu kasutusõigus ühe või mitme ehitise suhtes, samuti kasutusõigust andev liikmesus isikute ühenduses või osalus äriühingus.

§ 3791. Pikaajalise puhkusetoote lepingu mõiste

Pikaajalise puhkusetoote lepinguga kohustub ettevõtja rohkem kui ühe aasta jooksul andma tarbijale õiguse saada soodustusi ehitise kasutamisel ja tarbija kohustub maksma selle eest tasu. Lepingu kestuse arvestamisel lähtutakse käesoleva seaduse § 379 lõikes 11sätestatust.

§ 3792. Vahenduslepingu ja vahetussüsteemilepingu mõiste

(1) Vahenduslepinguga kohustub ettevõtja vahendama tarbijale lepingu sõlmimist kolmanda isikuga või osutama kolmanda isikuga lepingu sõlmimise võimalusele, tarbija aga kohustub maksma talle selle eest tasu. Ettevõtja vahendatava lepingu eesmärk on ehitise ajutise kasutamise lepingust või pikaajalise puhkusetoote lepingust tulenevate õiguste üleandmine, omandamine või võõrandamine.
(2) Vahenduslepingule kohaldatakse maaklerilepingu kohta sätestatut, kui käesolevas peatükis sätestatust ei tulene teisiti.
[RT I, 04.02.2011, 2- jõust. 23.02.2011]
(3) Vahetussüsteemilepinguga kohustub ettevõtja tarbijale tasu eest võimaldama osaleda süsteemis, mille eesmärk on anda tarbijate vahel tasu eest või tasuta ajutiselt kasutamiseks ehitise ajutise kasutamise lepingust tulenevaid õigusi.

§ 380. Lepingueelne teave ja reklaam

(1) Ettevõtja esitab tarbijale mõistliku aja jooksul enne, kui tarbija sõlmib ehitise ajutise kasutamise lepingu või teeb siduva tahteavalduse, püsival andmekandjal, mis on tarbijale hõlpsasti kättesaadav, selgel ja arusaadaval viisil ning tasuta lepingueelse teabe järgmiste andmetega:
1) lepingupooleks oleva ettevõtja nimi, aadress ja õiguslik seisund;
2) ehitise ajutise kasutuse lühikirjeldus, näiteks ehitise kirjeldus;
3) õiguse täpne olemus ja sisu;
4) lepingu esemeks oleva õiguse kasutamise täpne ajavahemik ja vajaduse korral selle kestus;
5) kuupäev, millal tarbija võib lepingust tulenevat õigust kasutama hakata;

Leht 92 / 237 Võlaõigusseadus

6) kuupäev, millal ehitis ja rajatised või teenused valmivad või saavad kättesaadavaks, kui lepingu esemeks on konkreetne ehitusjärgus ehitis;
7) tasu, mida tarbija maksab õiguse omandamise eest;
8) ülevaade lepingust tulenevatest täiendavatest kohustuslikest kuludest, nagu aastatasud, muud korduvad tasud,
lõivud, kohalikud maksud, sealhulgas kulude liik ja suurus;
9) loetelu peamistest kommunaalteenustest, nagu elekter, vesi, hooldus, prügivedu, mis on tarbija käsutuses, ja
summa, mida tarbijal tuleb nende eest maksta;
10) loetelu rajatistest, nagu ujumisbassein ja saun, mida tarbijal on õigus kasutada;
11) teave selle kohta, kas kommunaalteenuste ja rajatiste kasutamise kulud sisalduvad käesoleva lõike punktis 8
nimetatud kuludes;
12) täpsustus, mida sisaldavad käesoleva lõike punktis 8 nimetatud kulud ja mille eest tuleb maksta eraldi, kui
kommunaalteenuste ja rajatiste kasutamise kulud ei sisaldu käesoleva lõike punktis 8 nimetatud kuludes;
13) teave selle kohta, kas tarbijal on võimalik liituda vahetussüsteemiga;
14) vahetussüsteemi nimetus, kui tarbijal on võimalik liituda vahetussüsteemiga;
15) vahetussüsteemi liikmesusega ja vahetusega seotud kulude suurus, kui tarbijal on võimalik liituda
vahetussüsteemiga;
16) teave selle kohta, kas ettevõtja on allkirjastanud käitumiskoodeksi, ja kui on, siis koht, kust seda leida;
17) tarbija õigus taganeda lepingust 14 kalendripäeva jooksul alates lepingu või eellepingu sõlmimisest või
nende lepingute kättesaamisest, kui see toimub hiljem;
18) ettemakse keeld taganemistähtaja jooksul, mille kohaselt selgitatakse, et keeld hõlmab mis tahes makseid,
tagatise andmist, võla sõnaselget tunnistamist ja muu sellise tehingu või toimingu tegemist, kusjuures keelatud
ei ole mitte üksnes makse tarbijalt ettevõtjale, vaid ka kolmandale isikule;
19) teave selle kohta, et tarbijal ei tule kanda muid kulusid ega täita muid kohustusi peale lepingus nimetatute;
20) teave selle kohta, et vastavalt rahvusvahelisele eraõigusele võidakse lepingu suhtes kohaldada muud kui
selle Euroopa Liidu liikmesriigi õigust, kus on tarbija alaline elukoht või harilik viibimiskoht, ning võimalikud
vaidlused võidakse suunata muudesse kui selle Euroopa Liidu liikmesriigi kohtutesse, kus on tarbija alaline
elukoht või harilik viibimiskoht.
(11) Ettevõtja esitab tarbijale lisaks käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud andmetele ka järgmised andmed:
1) lepingu esemeks oleva õiguse kasutamise tingimused selle Euroopa Liidu liikmesriigi territooriumil, kus
ehitis asub, ning andmed selle kohta, kas need tingimused on täidetud, või kui ei ole täidetud, siis millised
tingimused tuleb veel täita;
2) kui leping annab õiguse kasutada ehitist, mis valitakse ehitiste kogumist, siis teave piirangute kohta, mis
puudutavad tarbija võimalust kasutada igal ajal mis tahes ehitist kogumist;
3) kinnisasja täpne ja üksikasjalik kirjeldus ning asukoht või ehitiste piisav kirjeldus ja asukoht, kui lepingu
esemeks on mitu ehitist (eri puhkekohad), või ehitise ja selle juurde kuuluvate rajatiste piisav kirjeldus, kui
lepingu esemeks ei ole kinnisasi;
4) kommunaalteenused, nagu elekter, vesi, hooldus, prügivedu, mis on tarbijale kättesaadavad või tehakse talle
kättesaadavaks, ja nende kasutamise tingimused;
5) üldkasutatavad rajatised, nagu ujumisbassein ja saun, ning nende kasutamise tingimused, kui tarbijal on või
võib olla nende suhtes kasutusõigus;
6) täpne ja asjakohane teave ehitise ajutise kasutamise lepinguga seotud kõigi kulude ja selle kohta, kuidas need
kulud tarbijate vahel jagatakse ning kuidas ja millal need kulud võivad suureneda, samuti ehitise kasutamise,
seadusega sätestatud rahaliste kohustuste, nagu maksude ja lõivude, samuti üldiste haldamiskulude, nagu
haldamise, hoolduse ja remondiga seotud tasude arvutamise meetod;
7) teave ehitise suhtes registrisse kantud tasude, koormatiste, hüpoteekide või muude pandiõiguste kohta;
8) teave seotud lepingute lõpetamise korra ja tagajärgede kohta, kui tarbijale pakutakse seotud lepingu
sõlmimist;
9) lepingu lõpetamise tingimused, lõpetamise tagajärjed ja teave tarbija vastutuse kohta seoses sellisest lepingu
lõpetamisest tuleneda võivate mis tahes kuludega;
10) teave selle kohta, kuidas on korraldatud ehitise hooldus ja remont ning selle haldamine ja juhtimine, kaasa
arvatud teave selle kohta, kas ja kuidas on tarbijal võimalik mõjutada nimetatud küsimuste otsustamist ja selles
osaleda;
11) teave selle kohta, kas on võimalik liituda lepinguliste õiguste vahendussüsteemiga, teave süsteemi kohta
ning andmed süsteemi kaudu toimuva vahendusega seotud kulude kohta;
12) teave selle kohta, millises keeles saab ettevõtjaga vahetada lepinguga seotud teavet, näiteks seoses juhatuse
otsuste, kulude suurenemise ning järelepärimiste ja kaebuste käsitlemise kohta;
13) vaidluste kohtuvälise lahendamise võimalus, kui selline võimalus on olemas.
(2) Kui kasutusõigus puudutab projekteeritavat või ehitatavat ehitist, esitab ettevõtja lisaks käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1 ja 11nimetatud andmetele ka järgmised andmed:
1) ehitise ning ehitise kasutamiseks vajalike kommunaalteenuste, nagu gaasi-, elektri-, vee- ja telefoniühenduse,
samuti mis tahes sellise rajatise valmimisjärk, mida tarbijal on või võib olla õigus kasutada;
2) ehitise ning ehitise kasutamiseks vajalike kommunaalteenuste, nagu gaasi-, elektri-, vee- ja telefoniühenduse
valmimise tähtpäev ning mis tahes sellise rajatise, mida tarbijal on õigus kasutada, mõistlikult eeldatav
valmimise tähtpäev;
3) ehitusloa number ning ehituse üle järelevalvet teostava ametiasutuse nimetus ja aadress;

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 93 / 237

4) ehitise valmimise tagatis või kõigi tehtud maksete tagasimaksmise tagatis juhul, kui ehitis ei saa valmis, ja vajaduse korral nende tagatiste kohaldamist reguleerivad tingimused.
(21) Ettevõtja esitab tarbijale mõistliku aja jooksul enne, kui tarbija sõlmib pikaajalise puhkusetoote lepingu või teeb siduva tahteavalduse, püsival andmekandjal, mis on tarbijale hõlpsasti kättesaadav, selgel ja arusaadaval viisil ning tasuta järgmised andmed:
1) lepingupooleks oleva ettevõtja nimi, aadress ja õiguslik seisund;
2) pikaajalise puhkusetoote lühikirjeldus;
3) õiguse täpne olemus ja sisu;
4) lepingu esemeks oleva õiguse kasutamise täpne ajavahemik ja vajaduse korral selle kestus;
5) kuupäev, millal tarbija võib lepingust tulenevat õigust kasutama hakata;
6) tasu, mida tarbija maksab õiguse omandamise eest, sealhulgas korduvad kulud, mida tarbija võib eeldada
tulenevalt tema õigusest kasutada ehitist, reisiteenuseid ja muid lepingus täpsustatud sidustooteid või -teenuseid;
7) makstava tasu võrdse suurusega osamaksed lepingu kestuse iga aasta kohta ja nende tasumise tähtpäevad;
8) teave selle kohta, et esimese aasta järel võib poolte kokkuleppel järgnevaid osamakseid kohandada, et tagada
osamaksete reaalväärtuse säilimine, võttes arvesse näiteks inflatsiooni;
9) ülevaade lepingust tulenevatest täiendavatest kohustuslikest kuludest, nagu iga-aastased liikmemaksud,
sealhulgas kulude liik ja suurus;
10) tarbijale kättesaadavate peamiste teenuste, nagu hotellimajutuselt ja lennureisidelt saadava soodustuse ja
muu sellise loetelu;
11) teave selle kohta, kas peamiste teenuste kasutamise kulud sisalduvad käesoleva lõike punktis 6 nimetatud
kuludes;
12) täpsustus, mida sisaldavad käesoleva lõike punktis 6 nimetatud kulud ja mille eest tuleb maksta eraldi, kui
peamiste teenuste kasutamise kulud ei sisaldu käesoleva lõike punktis 6;
13) käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 1 punktides 16–20 nimetatud andmed.
(22) Ettevõtja esitab tarbijale lisaks käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 21nimetatud andmetele ka järgmised andmed:
1) tulevastelt broneeringutelt saadava soodustuse asjakohane ja täpne kirjeldus koos näidetega hiljutiste
pakkumiste kohta;
2) teave piirangute kohta tarbija võimalusele oma õigusi kasutada, näiteks piiratud kättesaadavus või
pakkumised ajalise järjestuse põhimõttel, samuti konkreetsete soodustustega seotud ajalised piirangud;
3) käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 11punktides 8, 9 ja 13 nimetatud andmed;
4) andmed selle kohta, mis keeles saab ettevõtjaga vahetada lepinguga seotud teavet, näiteks järelepärimiste ja
kaebuste käsitlemise kohta.
(23) Ettevõtja esitab tarbijale mõistliku aja jooksul enne, kui tarbija sõlmib vahenduslepingu või teeb siduva tahteavalduse, püsival andmekandjal, mis on tarbijale hõlpsasti kättesaadav, selgel ja arusaadaval viisil ning tasuta järgmised andmed:
1) lepingupooleks oleva ettevõtja nimi, aadress ja õiguslik seisund;
2) teenuste lühikirjeldus, näiteks turunduse kohta;
3) lepingu kestus;
4) tasu, mida tarbija maksab teenuste kasutamise eest;
5) ülevaade lepingust tulenevatest täiendavatest kohustuslikest kuludest, nagu kohalikud maksud, notaritasud,
reklaamikulud, sealhulgas kulude liik ja suurus;
6) käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 1 punktides 16, 17, 19 ja 20 nimetatud andmed;
7) ettemakse keeld kuni vahendatava lepingu sõlmimiseni või vahenduslepingu muul viisil lõppemiseni, mille
kohaselt selgitatakse, et keeld hõlmab mis tahes makseid, tagatise andmist, võla sõnaselget tunnistamist ja
muu sellise tehingu või toimingu tegemist, kusjuures keelatud ei ole mitte üksnes makse vahendajale, vaid ka
kolmandale isikule.
(24) Vahendaja esitab tarbijale lisaks käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 23nimetatud andmetele ka käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 11punktides 9 ja 13 ning lõike 22punktis 4 nimetatud andmed.
(25) Ettevõtja esitab tarbijale mõistliku aja jooksul enne, kui tarbija sõlmib vahetussüsteemilepingu või teeb siduva tahteavalduse, püsival andmekandjal, mis on tarbijale hõlpsasti kättesaadav, selgel ja arusaadaval viisil ning tasuta järgmised andmed:
1) lepingupooleks oleva ettevõtja nimi, aadress ja õiguslik seisund;
2) õiguse lühikirjeldus;
3) õiguse täpne olemus ja sisu;
4) lepingu esemeks oleva õiguse kasutamise täpne ajavahemik ja vajaduse korral selle kestus;
5) kuupäev, millal tarbija võib lepingust tulenevat õigust kasutama hakata;
6) tasu, mida tarbija maksab vahetussüsteemis osalemise eest;
7) ülevaade lepingust tulenevatest täiendavatest kohustuslikest kuludest, nagu uuendustasud, muud korduvad
tasud, lõivud, kohalikud maksud, sealhulgas kulude liik ja suurus;
8) tarbijale kättesaadavate peamiste teenuste loetelu;
9) teave selle kohta, kas teenuste kasutamise kulud sisalduvad käesoleva lõike punktis 7 nimetatud kuludes;
10) täpsustus, mida sisaldavad käesoleva lõike punktis 7 nimetatud kulud ja mille eest tuleb maksta
eraldi, sealhulgas kulude liik ja suurus, näiteks hinnanguline summa, mis tarbijal tuleb maksta üksikute
vahetustehingute eest, samuti kõik lisatasud;

Leht 94 / 237 Võlaõigusseadus

11) käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 1 punktis 17 nimetatud teave ja andmed selle kohta, et juhul, kui vahetussüsteemilepingu sõlmimist pakutakse ehitise ajutise kasutamise lepingu sõlmimisega samal ajal, siis kohaldatakse mõlemale lepingule vaid üht taganemistähtaega;
12) käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 1 punktides 16, 18, 19 ja 20 nimetatud andmed.
(26) Ettevõtja esitab tarbijale lisaks käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 25nimetatud andmetele ka järgmised andmed:
1) selgitus vahetussüsteemi toimimise kohta, sealhulgas ajutiselt kasutada andmise võimalused ja viisid, samuti
tarbija ehitise ajutise kasutamise õigusele vahetussüsteemis antud väärtus ja näited konkreetsete kasutada
andmise võimaluste kohta;
2) andmed olemasolevate puhkekohtade arvu ja vahetussüsteemi liikmete arvu kohta, sealhulgas kõik piirangud
tarbija valitud ehitise kättesaadavuse kohta, näiteks nõudluse kõrghooaja tõttu, võimalik varase broneerimise
vajadus ning andmed kõigi valiku tegemisel kohaldatavate piirangute kohta, mis tulenevad tarbija poolt
vahetussüsteemi antud ehitise ajutise kasutamise õigusest;
3) kinnisasjade lühike ja piisav kirjeldus ja asukoht või ehitise ja selle juurde kuuluvate rajatiste piisav
kirjeldus, kui lepingu esemeks ei ole kinnisasi, samuti kirjeldus selle kohta, kust tarbija võib saada lisateavet;
4) teave ettevõtja kohustuse kohta esitada enne kasutada andmise korraldamist üksikasjad kasutusse andmise
kohta ning kõigi lisatasude kohta, mis tarbijal tuleb seoses vahetusega maksta;
5) käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 11punktides 8 ja 9 nimetatud teave;
6) käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 22punktis 4 nimetatud teave.
(27) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1, 21, 23ja 25nimetatud andmed esitatakse tarbijale vastavalt Euroopa Parlamendi ja nõukogu direktiivi 2008/122/EÜ tarbijate kaitse kohta seoses osaajalise kasutamise õiguse, pikaajalise puhkusetoote, edasimüügi ja vahetuslepingute teatavate aspektidega (ELT L 33, 3.02.2009, lk 10–30) I, II, III ja IV lisas sätestatud standardinfo teabelehel. Käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 11, 2, 22, 24ja 26nimetatud andmete esitamiseks võib ettevõtja kasutada sobivat standardinfo teabelehte. Kui käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes
11, 2, 22, 24ja 26nimetatud andmeid ei esitata tarbijale standardinfo teabelehel, siis tuleb standardinfo teabelehel viidata kohale, kus on võimalik vastava teabega tutvuda.
(3) Ettevõtja võib muuta lepingueelses teabes sisalduvaid andmeid enne lepingu sõlmimist üksnes juhul, kui see on vajalik vääramatu jõu tõttu. Lepingueelses teabes sisalduvaid andmeid võib muuta ka poolte kokkuleppel. Muudatused edastatakse tarbijale enne lepingu sõlmimist püsival andmekandjal, mis on tarbijale hõlpsasti kättesaadav.
(4) Ehitise ajutise kasutusõiguse, pikaajalise puhkusetoote, vahetussüsteemi ja nende vahendamise reklaamimisel tuleb alati viidata käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1–26nimetatud lepingueelse teabega tutvumise võimalusele ning märkida koht, kus saab lepingueelse teabega tutvuda.
(41) Kui müügiedendus- või müügiüritusel on kavas pakkuda tarbijale ehitise ajutise kasutamise lepingut, pikaajalise puhkusetoote lepingut, vahetussüsteemilepingut või vahenduslepingut, viitab ettevõtja osalemiskutses selgelt ürituse kaubanduslikule eesmärgile ja laadile. Käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1–
26nimetatud teave peab olema tarbijale vastavalt pakutava lepingu liigile kättesaadav kogu müügiedendus- või müügiürituse vältel.
(42) Ehitise ajutist kasutusõigust ja pikaajalist puhkusetoodet ei tohi reklaamis ega pakkumises määratleda investeerimistoote või -teenusena.
(5) Enne lepingu sõlmimist juhib ettevõtja sõnaselgelt tarbija tähelepanu taganemisõigusele, käesoleva seaduse
§-s 383 osutatud taganemistähtaja pikkusele ja §-s 385 osutatud ettemakse keelule taganemistähtaja jooksul.
(6) Käitumiskoodeks on teatud majandus- või kutsetegevuses ettevõtja tegevust kirjeldav õigusaktiga kehtestamata reeglistik või kokkulepe, mida sellega liitunud ettevõtja kohustub järgima.
[RT I, 04.02.2011, 2- jõust. 23.02.2011]
(7) Ehitise ajutise kasutamise lepingu, pikaajalise puhkusetoote lepingu vahetussüsteemilepingu või vahenduslepingu sõlmimise ettevalmistamisele ei kohaldata käesoleva seaduse § 14 lõikes 2 ja §-s 141sätestatud lepingueelse teabe andmise kohustuse kohta sätestatut.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

§ 381. Nõuded lepingule

(1) Ehitise ajutise kasutamise leping, pikaajalise puhkusetoote leping, vahetussüsteemileping ja vahendusleping peavad olema sõlmitud kirjalikus vormis, kui seadusest ei tulene rangemaid vorminõudeid. Tarbijale antakse viivitamata pärast lepingu sõlmimist lepingudokument või selle koopia.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 95 / 237

(2) Käesoleva seaduse §-s 380 nimetatud lepingueelses teabes sisalduvad andmed muutuvad lepingu osaks. Leping peab lisaks käesoleva seaduse § 380 lõigetes 1 ja 2 nimetatud andmetele, kui tegemist on ehitise ajutise kasutamise lepinguga, käesoleva seaduse § 380 lõigetes 21ja 22nimetatud andmetele, kui tegemist
on pikaajalise puhkusetoote lepinguga, käesoleva seaduse § 380 lõigetes 23ja 24nimetatud andmetele, kui tegemist on vahenduslepinguga, käesoleva seaduse § 380 lõigetes 25ja 26nimetatud andmetele, kui tegemist on vahetussüsteemilepinguga, sisaldama ka järgmisi andmeid:
1) lepingupoolte nimi, aadress ja allkirjad;
2) lepingu sõlmimise kuupäev ja koht.
(3) Kui poolte kokkuleppel või tulenevalt vääramatu jõu esinemisest käesoleva seaduse § 380 lõike 3 tähenduses on lepingueelses teabes sisalduvaid andmeid enne lepingu sõlmimist muudetud, viidatakse lepingus sõnaselgelt muudatustele.
(4) Tarbija allkirjastab eraldi lepingutingimused, mis sisaldavad käesoleva seaduse § 380 lõikes 5 sätestatut. Leping sisaldab taganemisõiguse tüüpvormi, mis on mõeldud taganemisõiguse kasutamise hõlbustamiseks.
(5) Taganemisõiguse tüüpvormi kehtestab valdkonna eest vastutav ministermäärusega. [RT I, 04.02.2011, 2- jõust. 23.02.2011]

§ 382. Lepingueelse teabe ja lepingu keel

(1) Käesoleva seaduse §-s 380 sätestatud lepingueelne teave ja §-s 381 sätestatud lepingud peavad olema koostatud tarbija valikul kas:
1) eesti keeles;
2) tarbija elukohariigiks oleva muu Euroopa Liidu liikmesriigi keeles;
3) Euroopa Liidu selle liikmesriigi keeles, mille kodanik tarbija on.
[RT I, 04.02.2011, 2- jõust. 23.02.2011]
(2) Kui tegemist on ehitise ajutise kasutamise lepinguga, mille esemeks on üks konkreetne kinnisasi ja leping on koostatud ehitise asukohariigi keelest erinevas keeles, peab ettevõtja väljastama tarbijale lepingu tõestatud tõlke ehitise asukohariigi keeles.
(3) Kui tarbija elukohariigiks on Eesti, peab ettevõtja väljastama tarbijale lepingu tõlke eesti keeles.

§ 383. Tarbija taganemisõigus

(1) Tarbija võib lepingust põhjust avaldamata taganeda 14 päeva jooksul alates lepingu sõlmimise päevast.
Kui tarbija saab lepingudokumendi või selle koopia kätte hiljem kui käesoleva lõike esimeses lauses nimetatud,
algab taganemistähtaeg selle kättesaamise päevast. Käesolevas lõikes lepingu kohta sätestatut kohaldatakse ka
eellepingule.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(2) Kui tarbijale esitatakse käesoleva seaduse § 381 lõike 4 teises lauses nimetatud taganemisõiguse tüüpvorm täidetuna püsival andmekandjal ühe aasta jooksul alates käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud taganemistähtaja kulgemise päevast, loetakse taganemistähtaja kulgemise alguseks päev, millal tarbija saab kätte nimetatud tüüpvormi.
[RT I, 04.02.2011, 2- jõust. 23.02.2011]
(21) Tarbija võib lepingust taganeda ühe aasta ja neljateistkümne päeva jooksul alates käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud taganemistähtaja kulgemise päevast, kui ettevõtja ei ole tarbijale esitanud püsival andmekandjal täidetuna käesoleva seaduse § 381 lõikes 5 nimetatud taganemisõiguse tüüpvormi.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(3) Kui tarbijale esitatakse käesoleva seaduse § 380 lõigetes 1–26osutatud teave püsival andmekandjal kolme kuu jooksul alates käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud taganemistähtaja kulgemise päevast, loetakse taganemistähtaja kulgemise alguseks päev, millal see teave tarbijale esitatakse.
[RT I, 04.02.2011, 2- jõust. 23.02.2011]
(31) Tarbija võib lepingust taganeda kolme kuu ja neljateistkümne päeva jooksul alates käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud taganemistähtaja kulgemise päevast, kui ettevõtja ei ole tarbijale esitanud püsival andmekandjal käesoleva seaduse § 380 lõigetes 1–26osutatud teavet.
[RT I, 04.02.2011, 2- jõust. 23.02.2011]
(32) Lepingutingimus, mis raskendab taganemisõiguse kasutamist, eelkõige kokkulepe, millega taganemine seotakse käsiraha või leppetrahvi maksmisega, on tühine.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(4) Ettevõtja ei või tarbija lepingust taganemise korral nõuda tasu osutatud teenuste, ehitise kasutamise ega muude lepinguga seotud mis tahes kulude eest.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

Leht 96 / 237 Võlaõigusseadus

(5) Tarbija taganemisavaldus peab olema kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis. Tarbija võib taganemisavalduse esitamisel kasutada käesoleva seaduse § 381 lõikes 5 nimetatud taganemisõiguse tüüpvormi. [RT I, 04.02.2011, 2- jõust. 23.02.2011]
(6) Tarbija loetakse lepingust tähtaegselt taganenuks, kui ta on pakkujale selle kohta teate ära saatnud taganemistähtaja jooksul.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

§ 384. Taganemise mõju tarbijakrediidilepingule

[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(1) Kui lepingu alusel tasumisele kuuluv summa makstakse täielikult või osaliselt ettevõtja või kolmanda isiku poolt kolmanda isiku ja ettevõtja vahelise kokkuleppe alusel antud krediidi arvel ning leping kujutab endast tarbijakrediidilepinguga majanduslikult seotud lepingut käesoleva seaduse § 414 tähenduses,
loetakse tarbija käesoleva seaduse §-s 383 sätestatud tingimustel lepingust taganemise korral taganenuks ka tarbijakrediidilepingust ja sellega seotud kõrvallepingust.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud juhul ei või tarbijalt tarbijakrediidilepingust taganemise korral nõuda intressi ega muude kulude tasumist.
[RT I, 04.02.2011, 2- jõust. 23.02.2011]
(3) Kui krediiti on andnud kolmas isik ja krediidisumma on juba makstud ettevõtjale, lähevad ettevõtja õigused ja kohustused tarbija suhtes tarbija taganemise korral lepingust üle krediidiandjale.

§ 3841. Taganemise mõju seotud lepingule

[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(1) Kui tarbija kasutab ehitise ajutise kasutamise lepingu või pikaajalise puhkusetoote lepingu suhtes käesoleva seaduse §-s 383 sätestatud taganemisõigust, loetakse tarbija taganenuks ka ehitise ajutise kasutamise lepingu
või pikaajalise puhkusetoote lepinguga seotud lepingust, mille ta on sõlminud ettevõtja või kolmanda isikuga kolmanda isiku ja ettevõtja vahelise kokkuleppe alusel.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud juhul ei või ettevõtja ega kolmas isik tarbijalt ehitise ajutise kasutamise lepingu või pikaajalise puhkusetoote lepinguga seotud lepingust taganemise korral nõuda mingite kulude tasumist.

§ 385. Ettemaksu nõudmise ja vastuvõtmise keeld

(1) Ehitise ajutise kasutamise lepingu, pikaajalise puhkusetoote lepingu ja vahetussüsteemilepingu puhul on ettevõtjal või kolmandal isikul keelatud tarbijalt nõuda ja vastu võtta mis tahes makse tegemist, tagatise andmist, võla sõnaselget tunnistamist või muu sellise tehingu või toimingu tegemist enne käesoleva seaduse §-s 383 sätestatud taganemistähtaja möödumist.
(2) Vahenduslepingu puhul on ettevõtjal või kolmandal isikul keelatud tarbijalt nõuda ja vastu võtta mis tahes makse tegemist, tagatise andmist, võla sõnaselget tunnistamist või muu sellise tehingu või toimingu tegemist enne vahendatava lepingu tegelikku sõlmimist või vahenduslepingu lõppemist.

§ 3851. Pikaajalise puhkusetoote lepingu erisused

(1) Pikaajalise puhkusetoote lepingu puhul toimub tasumine osamaksetena, mis on jagatud võrdse suurusega makseteks lepingu kestuse iga aasta kohta. Ettevõtja saadab tarbijale püsival andmekandjal vähemalt 14 päeva enne osamakse tasumise tähtpäeva sellekohase teatise.
(2) Alates teise osamakse tasumisest on tarbijal õigus leping üles öelda mingeid kulusid kandmata, teatades sellest ettevõtjale neljateistkümne päeva jooksul alates käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud viimase teatise kättesaamisest.

§ 386. Sätete kohaldamine

Käesolevas peatükis sätestatut kohaldatakse lepingutele Eestis või muus Euroopa Liidu liikmesriigis elukohta omava tarbijaga, kui lepingu esemeks olev kinnisasi, ehitis või selle osa asub Eestis või kui ettevõtja tegeleb Eestis kutse- või majandustegevusega või kui leping sõlmiti Eestis toimunud avaliku pakkumise, reklaami või muu sellesarnase majandustegevuse tulemusena või kui leping on muul põhjusel Eesti territooriumiga oluliselt seotud, sõltumata sellest, millise riigi õigust lepingule kohaldatakse.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 97 / 237

§ 387. Sätete rikkumise keelamine

Seaduses sätestatud isik või asutus võib seadusega sätestatud korras nõuda käesolevas peatükis sätestatut rikkunud pakkujalt rikkumise lõpetamist ja rikkumisest hoidumist.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

§ 388. Sätete kohustuslikkus

Käesolevas peatükis sätestatust tarbija kahjuks kõrvalekalduv kokkulepe on tühine.

21. peatükk

TASUTA KASUTAMISE LEPING

§ 389. Tasuta kasutamise lepingu mõiste

Tasuta kasutamise lepinguga kohustub üks isik (kasutusse andja) andma teisele isikule (kasutaja) üle eseme tasuta kasutamiseks.

§ 390. Kasutusse andja vastutus

(1) Kasutusse andja vastutab kasutajale tasuta kasutamise lepingu rikkumisega tekitatud kahju eest üksnes oma tahtluse või raske hooletuse puhul.
(2) Kui kasutusse andja ei teata kasutajale tahtlikult kolmanda isiku õigusest esemele või eseme puudusest, peab ta hüvitama kasutajale sellest tekkinud kahju.

§ 391. Eseme säilitamise kulud

(1) Kasutaja peab kandma kasutamiseks antud eseme säilitamiseks vajalikud kulud.
(2) Muude kui käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud kulude hüvitamist võib kasutaja nõuda üksnes vastavalt käsundita asjaajamise sätetele. Kasutajal on õigus võtta ära enda poolt asjale tehtud parendused, kui see on asja kahjustamata võimalik.

§ 392. Eseme kasutamine

(1) Kasutaja võib eset kasutada üksnes lepingus ettenähtud viisil, kokkuleppe puudumisel aga eseme olemusest või kasutamise eesmärgist tuleneval viisil.
(2) Kasutaja ei või anda eseme kasutamist üle kolmandale isikule ilma kasutusse andja nõusolekuta.
(3) Kasutaja ei vastuta kasutusse antud eseme lepingulisest kasutamisest tingitud muutumise või halvenemise eest.

§ 393. Tagastamiskohustus

(1) Kasutaja peab kasutusse antud eseme kasutustähtaja lõppemisel tagastama.
(2) Kui eseme kasutustähtaega ei ole määratud, tuleb ese tagastada pärast lepingust tuleneva eseme kasutamise eesmärgi saavutamist. Kasutusse andja võib nõuda eseme tagastamist ka varem, kui on möödunud aeg, mille jooksul kasutaja oleks saanud kasutuseesmärgi saavutada.
(3) Kui eseme kasutustähtaega ei ole määratud ja see ei tulene eseme kasutamise eesmärgist, võib kasutusse andja lepingu üles öelda ja nõuda eseme tagastamist igal ajal pärast lepingu sõlmimist.
(4) Kui kasutaja annab eseme kasutamise üle kolmandale isikule, võib kasutusse andja selle pärast lepingu lõppemist ka kolmandalt isikult tagasi nõuda.

§ 394. Lepingu erakorraline ülesütlemine kasutusse andja poolt

Kasutusse andja võib tasuta kasutamise lepingu, sõltumata käesoleva seaduse §-s 393 sätestatust, üles öelda ja kasutusse antud eseme tagasi nõuda, kui:
1) ta vajab eset ettenägematu asjaolu tõttu;
2) kasutaja kasutab eset vastuolus käesoleva seaduse §-s 392 sätestatuga, eelkõige kui ta annab eseme
kasutamise õigustamatult üle kolmandale isikule või kui ese on tõsiselt ohustatud kasutaja kohustuste rikkumise
tõttu;
3) füüsilisest isikust kasutaja sureb või juriidilisest isikust kasutaja lõpeb.

Leht 98 / 237 Võlaõigusseadus

§ 395. Nõuete aegumine

(1) Kasutusse andja kahju hüvitamise nõuded kasutusse antud eseme muutusest või rikkumisest tuleneva kahju hüvitamiseks aeguvad kuue kuu jooksul eseme tagastamisest.
(2) Kasutaja nõuded kulude hüvitamiseks või parenduse äravõtmiseks aeguvad kuue kuu jooksul lepingu lõppemisest.
(3) Kasutusse antud asja tagastamise nõude aegumistähtaeg hakkab kulgema lepingu lõppemisega.

22. peatükk

LAENULEPING JA KREDIIDILEPINGUD

1. jagu

Üldsätted

§ 396. Laenulepingu mõiste

(1) Laenulepinguga kohustub üks isik (laenuandja) andma teisele isikule (laenusaaja) rahasumma või asendatava asja (laen), laenusaaja aga kohustub tagasi maksma sama rahasumma või tagastama sama liiki asja samas koguses ja sama kvaliteediga.
(2) Isik, kes võlgneb rahasumma või asendatava asja muul õiguslikul alusel, võib võlausaldajaga kokku leppida, et rahasumma või asi võlgnetakse laenuna.
(3) Käesolevas peatükis sätestatut kohaldatakse ka juhul, kui laenulepingu esemeks on liigitunnustega piiritletud esemed, eelkõige väärtpaberid, kui lepingupooled ei ole kokku leppinud teisiti.

§ 397. Laenuintress

(1) Majandus- või kutsetegevuses antud laenult tuleb maksta intressi. Muu laenulepingu korral tuleb intressi maksta üksnes juhul, kui see on kokku lepitud.
(2) Kui intressimäär ei ole lepingus kokku lepitud, eeldatakse, et selleks on harilik määr, mis on tavaline sama liiki laenude puhul ajal ja kohas, millal ja kus laen saadi, hariliku määra puudumisel aga käesoleva seaduse §-s
94 sätestatud määr.
(3) Intress arvestatakse ja tuleb tasuda iga kalendriaasta lõpul. Kui laen tuleb tagastada enne aasta lõppu, tuleb intress tasuda laenu tagasimaksmise ajal.
(4) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1–3 sätestatu ei välista ega piira lepingupoolte õigusi viivise osas.

§ 398. Tähtajatu laenulepingu korraline ülesütlemine

(1) Kui laenu tagastamise aega ei ole kokku lepitud, võib laenuandja nõuda laenu tagastamist pärast laenulepingu ülesütlemist. Nii laenuandja kui laenusaaja võivad tähtajatu laenulepingu üles öelda, teatades sellest ette vähemalt kaks kuud.
(2) Intressita laenulepingu võib laenusaaja üles öelda ja laenu tagastada ilma ette teatamata.

§ 399. Laenulepingu erakorraline ülesütlemine laenuandja poolt

(1) Laenuandja võib laenulepingu üles öelda ja nõuda laenu kohest tagastamist, kui:
1) laenu tagastamine on kokku lepitud osade kaupa ja laenusaaja on viivituses enam kui kahe osa tagastamisega
või ühe osa tagastamisega kauem kui kolm kuud;
2) laenusaaja ei täida kohustust maksta intressi;
3) laenusaaja rikub kohustust kasutada laenu üksnes teatud kindlal eesmärgil.
(2) Laenuandja võib öelda laenulepingu üles enne laenu üleandmist ja keelduda laenu üleandmisest, kui laenusaaja majanduslik olukord on selliselt halvenenud, et laenu tagastamine on ohustatud või kui laenusaaja on esitanud teadvalt valesid andmeid eesmärgiga saada laenu. See õigus kuulub laenuandjale ka juhul, kui
laenusaaja on muutunud maksejõuetuks enne lepingu sõlmimist, kuid laenuandjale sai see teatavaks alles pärast lepingu sõlmimist.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 99 / 237

§ 400. Fikseerimata intressimääraga laenulepingu erakorraline ülesütlemine laenusaaja poolt

[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(1) Fikseerimata intressimääraga laenulepingu võib laenusaaja igal ajal üles öelda, teatades sellest ette vähemalt kolm kuud.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(2) Laenusaaja ülesütlemist vastavalt käesoleva paragrahvi lõikele 1 ei loeta toimunuks, kui ta ei tagasta laenu kahe nädala jooksul pärast ülesütlemise jõustumist.
(3) Kokkulepe tarbijast laenusaajale käesoleva paragrahvi lõigete 1 ja 2 järgi kuuluva ülesütlemisõiguse välistamise või selle teostamise raskendamise kohta on tühine.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(4) Käesolevas paragrahvis sätestatut ei kohaldata tarbijakrediidilepingule, millest tulenevad kohustused võib tarbija ennetähtaegselt täita käesoleva seaduse § 411 alusel.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]

§ 401. Krediidileping

(1) Krediidileping on leping, millega üks isik (krediidiandja) kohustub andma teise isiku (krediidisaaja) käsutusse rahasumma (krediit), krediidisaaja aga kohustub krediidi kasutamise eest maksma tasu ja lepingu lõppemisel krediidi tagasi maksma.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(2) Krediidilepingu esemeks võib olla ka tasuline maksetähtpäeva edasilükkamine, liising või muu abi finantseerimisel.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(3) Krediidilepingule kohaldatakse laenulepingu kohta sätestatut, kui seadusest ei tulene teisiti.

§ 4011. Krediidivahendusleping

Krediidivahendusleping on leping, millega üks isik (krediidivahendaja) kohustub oma majandus- ja kutsetegevuses vahendama teisele isikule tasu eest krediiti või osutama krediidilepingu sõlmimise võimalusele või kohustub krediidiandja jaoks ja tema huvides iseseisvalt ja püsivalt lepinguid vahendama või neid krediidiandja nimel ja arvel sõlmima.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]

§ 4012. Krediidilepinguga koos sõlmitava kindlustuslepingu sõlmimise vabadus

(1) Kui krediidilepingu tingimustes on ette nähtud krediidisaaja kindlustuslepingu sõlmimise kohustus, ei või krediidilepingu tingimused, mis puudutavad lepingu põhilist eset, sõltuda sellest, millise Eestis kindlustustegevusega tegelemise õigust omava kindlustusandja krediidisaaja valib või millise Eestis vahendusega tegelemise õigust omava kindlustusvahendaja teenuseid kindlustuslepingu sõlmimisel kasutab, kui sõlmitav kindlustusleping tagab samaväärse kindlustuskaitse nagu krediidiandja eelistatud kindlustusandja pakutav või kindlustusvahendaja vahendatav kindlustusleping.
(2) Krediidiandja on kohustatud käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatud valikuvabadusest krediidisaajat enne krediidilepingu sõlmimist teavitama.
(3) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatud keelu rikkumisel on kindlustusvõtjal õigus kindlustusleping, mille sõlmimisest on krediidilepingu sõlmimine sõltuvaks tehtud, üles öelda. Krediidileping kehtib edasi endistel tingimustel.
[RT I, 07.07.2015, 1- jõust. 01.01.2016]

2. jagu

Tarbijakrediidileping ja sellega seotud lepingud

§ 402. Tarbijakrediidilepingu ja elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidilepingu mõiste

[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1- jõust. 21.03.2016]
(1) Tarbijakrediidileping on krediidileping, millega oma majandus- või kutsetegevuses tegutsev krediidiandja annab või kohustub andma tarbijale krediiti või laenu.
(2) Elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidileping on tarbijakrediidileping, mis on tagatud hüpoteegiga või muu võrreldava tagatisega, või tarbijakrediidileping, mille eesmärk on kinnistu, hooneühistu liikmesuse või olemasoleva või kavandatava ehitise omandamine või nimetatud õiguste säilitamine.

Leht 100 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

(3) Elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidilepingule kohaldatakse tarbijakrediidilepingu kohta sätestatut, kui käesolevas jaos sätestatust ei tulene teisiti.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1- jõust. 21.03.2016]

§ 403. Sätete kohaldamine

(1) Kui krediidivahendusega tegeldakse kõrvaltegevusena, ei pea krediidivahendaja täitma käesoleva seaduse
§ 541lõigetes 6 ja 7, § 551lõikes 3, §-des 4031ja 4034ning § 407 lõigetes 21–23nimetatud kohustusi. Käesolevas lõikes sätestatut ei kohaldata elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidilepingu korral.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1- jõust. 21.03.2016]
(2) Käesolevas jaos sätestatut kohaldatakse ka füüsilise isiku poolt sõlmitud lepingule krediidi võtmiseks iseseisva majandus- või kutsetegevuse alustamiseks, mille puhul kasutusse võetav krediit või krediidi eest omandatava asja või teenuse netohind ei ületa 50 000 eurole vastavat summat.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(21) Käesolevas jaos sätestatut kohaldatakse ka varem sõlmitud tarbijakrediidilepingu muutmise kokkuleppele, millega kaasneb maksetähtaja tasuline edasilükkamine või täiendavate tasude maksmine.
[RT I, 11.03.2015, 1- jõust. 01.10.2015]
(22) Käesolevas jaos krediidivahendaja kohta sätestatut kohaldatakse ka sellise majandus- või kutsetegevuses tegutseva isiku suhtes, kes vahendab tarbijale krediiti, mida annab isik, kes ei tegutse oma majandus- või kutsetegevuses. Eelmises lauses nimetatud viisil sõlmitud krediidilepingule kohaldatakse käesolevas jaos sätestatut.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1- jõust. 21.03.2016]
(3) Käesolevas jaos sätestatut ei kohaldata krediidilepingule ja krediidivahenduslepingule:
1) [kehtetu -RT I 2009, 18, 108- jõust. 01.05.2009]
2) [kehtetu -RT I 2009, 18, 108- jõust. 01.05.2009]
3) mille tööandja sõlmib kõrvaltegevusena töötajaga, intressivabalt või turu keskmisest madalama krediidi
kulukuse määraga ja kui sellise lepingu sõlmimist ei pakuta kolmandatele isikutele;
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
4) mille puhul tarbija vastutus tarbijakrediidilepingust tuleneva kohustuse eest piirdub üksnes krediidiandja
valduses oleva panditud asja väärtusega;
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
5) mille tarbija sõlmib investeerimisühingu või krediidiasutusega väärtpaberituru seaduse § 44 punktis 2
nimetatud investeerimiskõrvalteenuse osutamise käigus;
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
6) mis on tähtajatu või mille alusel saadud krediit tuleb tagastada 12 kuu jooksul ja mida tarbija kasutab ajutise
rahastamisvahendina kinnisasja muul viisil rahastamisele eelneval üleminekuajal.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1- jõust. 21.03.2016]
(31) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 3 punktides 4 ja 5 sätestatud välistusi ei kohaldata elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidilepingute korral.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1- jõust. 21.03.2016]
(4) Käesoleva seaduse § 407 lõigetes 21–25, 32, 4 ja 41ning §-des 414 ja 417 sätestatut ei kohaldata elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidilepingule.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1- jõust. 21.03.2016]
(41) Käesoleva seaduse §-s 411 sätestatut ei kohaldata liisingulepingule, millega ei kaasne tarbija kohustust lepingueset välja osta.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(5) Käesoleva seaduse §-des 409 ja 410 ning § 414 lõikes 2 sätestatut ei kohaldata kohtuliku kompromissina sõlmitud krediidilepingule.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1- jõust. 21.03.2016]
(51) Käesoleva seaduse § 407 lõikes 21nimetatud arvelduskrediidilepingutele ei kohaldata käesoleva seaduse
§ 541lõikes 6, § 551lõikes 3, §-des 4031ja 4035, § 404 lõigetes 2–22, § 407 lõigetes 4 ja 41, §-s 409, § 410 lõikes 2 ning §-des 411, 4141ja 4142sätestatut. Käesolevas lõikes sätestatut ei kohaldata elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidilepingu korral.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1- jõust. 21.03.2016]

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 101 /

237

(52) Käesoleva seaduse § 407 lõikes 4 nimetatud arvelduskrediidilepingutele kohaldatakse vaid käesoleva seaduse § 407 lõigetes 4 ja 41ning §-s 415 sätestatut. Käesolevas lõikes sätestatut ei kohaldata elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidilepingu korral.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1- jõust. 21.03.2016]
(53) Tarbijakrediidilepingutele, mille kohaselt tuleb krediit tagasi maksta kolme kuu jooksul ning mille puhul tuleb maksta väheolulisi tasusid, kohaldatakse käesoleva seaduse § 407 lõikes 21nimetatud lepingute kohta sätestatut.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(54) Käesolevas jaos elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidilepingute kohta sätestatut ei kohaldata tarbijakrediidilepingutele, mis sõlmitakse piiratud hulga tarbijatega seadusjärgselt ja avalikes huvides ning tingimustel, mis on tarbijale soodsamad turul kehtivatest tingimustest.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1- jõust. 21.03.2016]
(6) Käesolevas jaos sätestatut kohaldatakse tarbijakrediidilepingule tarbijaga, kelle elukoht on Eestis või Euroopa Liidu liikmesriigis, ka siis, kui leping sõlmiti Eestis toimunud avaliku pakkumise, reklaami või muu seesuguse majandustegevuse tulemusena või kui leping on muul põhjusel Eesti territooriumiga oluliselt seotud, sõltumata sellest, millise riigi õigust lepingule kohaldatakse.
[RT I 2003, 78, 523- jõust. 27.12.2003]

§ 4031. Lepingueelne teave

(1) Tarbijale tuleb anda võimalus võrrelda erinevaid pakkumisi, et ta saaks kõiki asjaolusid arvesse võttes teha otsuse sõlmida tarbijakrediidileping. Selleks esitab krediidiandja või krediidivahendaja tarbijale mõistliku aja jooksul, enne kui tarbija on sõlminud lepingu või seotud oma pakkumusega, püsival andmekandjal Euroopa tarbijakrediidi standardinfo teabelehel krediidiandja poolt pakutavatele lepingutingimustele ning vajaduse korral tarbija eelistustele ja tema poolt esitatud teabele tuginedes järgmised andmed:
1) krediidiandja nimi ja aadress;
2) krediidi liik;
3) kasutusse võetav krediidisumma või krediidi ülempiir;
4) krediidi kasutusse võtmise tingimused;
5) tarbijakrediidilepingu kestus;
6) põhisumma, intressi ja mis tahes muude tasude summa (edaspidi tagasimakse), tagasimaksete arv ja sagedus
teabe esitamise aja seisuga ning vajaduse korral erineva intressimääraga laenujääkide puhul see, milliste
tarbijakrediidilepingust tulenevate maksete katteks tarbija tehtud tagasimakset arvestatakse;
[RT I, 03.12.2012, 1- jõust. 01.05.2013]
7) kõigi tarbija poolt krediidi tagasimaksmiseks ja krediidi kogukulu kandmiseks tehtavate maksete
kogusumma;
8) intressimäär aasta kohta ja selle kohaldamise tingimused. Kui tegemist on fikseerimata intressimääraga,
esitab krediidiandja selle muutumise ajavahemikud, tingimused ja korra. Kui intressimäär sõltub
alusintressimäärast, esitatakse esialgse intressi suhtes kohaldatav alusintressimäär. Kui eri juhtudel kohaldatakse
erinevaid intressimäärasid, esitatakse eespool nimetatud teave kõigi kohaldatavate intressimäärade kohta;
[RT I, 04.02.2011, 2- jõust. 01.07.2011]
9) krediidi kulukuse määr aasta kohta;
10) hoiatus tasumata maksetest tulenevate tagajärgede kohta;
11) kohaldatav viivise aasta- ja päevamäär maksetega viivitamise korral ja selle kohandamise kord ning
vajadusel viivituse korral hüvitamisele kuuluvad kulud;
[RT I, 11.03.2015, 1- jõust. 01.10.2015]
12) taganemisõiguse olemasolu või puudumine;
13) krediidi ennetähtaegse tagastamise õigus ja vajaduse korral teave, mis käsitleb krediidiandja õigust saada
hüvitist ning hüvitise arvutamise viisi;
14) tarbija õigus saada viivitamata ja tasuta teavet vastavalt käesoleva seaduse § 4034lõikele 10 tema krediidivõimelisuse hindamiseks kasutatud andmete kohta;
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1- jõust. 21.03.2016]
15) tarbija õigus saada nõudmise korral krediidiandjalt tasuta tarbijakrediidilepingu projekti koopia vastavalt
käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 6 sätestatule.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(2) Krediidiandja või krediidivahendaja esitab tarbijale lisaks käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud andmetele Euroopa tarbijakrediidi standardinfo teabelehel ka järgmise teabe:
1) krediidivahendaja nimi ja aadress, kui tarbijakrediidilepingu sõlmimist pakub krediidivahendaja;
2) tarbijakrediidilepingust tulenevad tasud ning selliste tasude muutmise tingimused, kui tarbijalt tasusid
nõutakse. Sellisteks tasudeks on näiteks tasud konto pidamise eest, et kajastada maksetehinguid ja krediidi
kasutusse võtmise kandeid, välja arvatud juhul, kui konto avamine ei ole kohustuslik, ja maksevahendi
kasutamise tasud nii maksetehingute tegemise kui ka krediidi kasutusse võtmise kannete eest;
3) tagatised, kui neid tarbijalt nõutakse;
4) lepingu sõlmimise kohustus, kui krediidi saamiseks või pakutavatel tingimustel krediidi saamiseks on
kohustuslik sõlmida kõrvalleping, eelkõige kindlustusleping;
5) notaritasude maksmise kohustus, kui need jäävad tarbijakrediidilepingu sõlmimisel tarbija kanda;

Leht 102 /

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6) selge ja kokkuvõtlik kinnitus, et tarbijakrediidilepinguga ei tagata tarbijakrediidilepingu alusel kasutusse võetud krediidi tagasimaksmist, kui tarbija tehtud maksete tagajärjel ei vähene vahetult tarbija kohustused krediidiandja ees, vaid makseid kasutatakse krediidi- või kõrvallepingus sätestatud aja jooksul ja tingimustel muu kapitali moodustamisel. Kinnitust ei esitata, kui tarbijakrediidilepingu alusel kasutusse võetud krediidi tagasimaksmine on tagatud;
7) tähtaeg, mille jooksul krediidiandja on lepingueelse teabega seotud, kui ta on vastavalt käesoleva paragrahvi lõikele 7 määranud sellise tähtaja;
8) tarbijakrediidilepingu puhul, mille esemeks on asja omandamise, teenuse osutamise või muu lepingueseme finantseerimine ning majanduslikult seotud tarbijakrediidilepingute puhul lepingu esemeks olev asi või teenus ja selle hind kohe tasudes (netohind). Liisingulepingu puhul loetakse netohinnaks hind, millega liisinguandja liisingueseme ostab.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(3) Krediidi kogukulu tarbijale on kõik kulud, kaasa arvatud intress, lepingutasud, maksud ja muud tasud, mida tarbija on kohustatud seoses tarbijakrediidilepinguga maksma ja mis on krediidiandjale teada või peavad teada olema. Krediidi kogukulu arvutamisel ei võeta arvesse notaritasusid. Kui krediidi saamiseks või krediidi saamiseks pakutavatel tingimustel on vaja sõlmida kõrvalleping, eelkõige kindlustusleping, võetakse krediidi kogukulu arvutamisel arvesse ka nimetatud lepingust tulenevad kulud, eelkõige kindlustusmaksed.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(4) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 1 punktides 7 ja 9 nimetatud kõigi tarbija poolt krediidi tagasimaksmiseks ja krediidi kogukulu kandmiseks tehtavate maksete kogusumma ja krediidi kulukuse määr esitatakse tüüpilise näite kujul. Krediidiandja märgib seejuures ära kõik krediidi kulukuse määra arvutamiseks kasutatud
andmed ja eeldused. Kui tarbija on teavitanud krediidiandjat tema eelistatavatest lepingutingimustest, nagu tarbijakrediidilepingu kestus, krediidisumma või krediidi ülempiir, arvestab krediidiandja tüüpilise näite esitamisel tarbijalt saadud teavet.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(5) Kui tarbijakrediidileping võimaldab krediiti kasutusse võtta mitmel viisil ning seejuures on tarbijakrediidilepinguga seotud tasud ja intressimäär erinevad ja krediidiandja kasutab käesoleva seaduse
§ 4061 lõikes 2 sätestatud eeldust, näitab krediidiandja, et muud seda tüüpi tarbijakrediidilepingu krediidi kasutusse võtmise viisid võivad tuua kaasa kõrgemad krediidi kulukuse määrad.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(6) Tarbija nõudmisel esitab krediidiandja tarbijale lisaks Euroopa tarbijakrediidi standardinfo teabelehele ka tasuta tarbijakrediidilepingu projekti koopia, välja arvatud juhul, kui krediidiandja ei soovi tarbijaga lepingueelseid läbirääkimisi jätkata.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(7) Krediidiandja võib määrata tähtaja, mille jooksul on tarbijale esitatud lepingueelne teave krediidiandja jaoks siduv.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(8) Euroopa tarbijakrediidi standardinfo teabelehe vormid sätestab valdkonna eest vastutav ministermäärusega. Euroopa tarbijakrediidi standardinfo teabelehte ei tohi muuta ega täiendada. Teave, mida krediidiandja soovib lisaks käesolevas paragrahvis sätestatule tarbijale teatavaks teha, esitatakse eraldi dokumendis, mis võidakse lisada Euroopa tarbijakrediidi standardinfo teabelehele.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(9) Sidevahendi abil sõlmitava tarbijakrediidilepingu puhul loetakse krediidiandja käesoleva seaduse
§ 541lõigetes 1 ja 3 sätestatud teabele esitatavad nõuded täitnuks, kui ta on esitanud tarbijale Euroopa tarbijakrediidi standardinfo teabelehe käesolevas paragrahvis nimetatud teabega ja lisateabega finantsteenuste kaugturustuse kohta.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(10) Sellistele tarbijakrediidilepingutele, mis sõlmitakse piiratud hulga tarbijatega seadusjärgselt ja avalikes huvides ning tingimustel, mis on tarbijale soodsamad turul kehtivatest tingimustest ja turu keskmisest madalama intressimääraga, ei kohaldata käesoleva paragrahvi lõikest 1 tulenevat kohustust esitada lepingueelne teave Euroopa tarbijakrediidi standardinfo teabelehel.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(11) Käesolevas paragrahvis sätestatud lepingueelse teabe andmise kohustusele ei kohaldata käesoleva seaduse
§ 14 lõikes 2 ja §-s 141sätestatud lepingueelse teabe andmise kohustuse kohta sätestatut. [RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

§ 4032. Vastutustundliku laenamise põhimõtte rakendamine

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 103 /

237

[Kehtetu -RT I, 11.03.2016, 1- jõust. 21.03.2016]

§ 4033. Lepingueelne teave elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidilepingu korral

(1) Krediidiandja või krediidivahendaja annab tarbijale isikupärastatud lepingueelset teavet, et tarbija saaks võrrelda turul pakutavaid elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidilepinguid, hinnata lepinguga kaasnevaid tagajärgi ja teha lepingu sõlmimise kohta teadliku otsuse. Krediidiandja või krediidivahendaja esitab tarbijale lepingueelse teabe, arvestades tarbijalt saadud teavet tema vajaduste, finantsolukorra ja eelistuste kohta
vastavalt käesoleva seaduse § 4034 lõike 1 punktis 1 ning lõigetes 2, 3 ja 4 sätestatule. Teave esitatakse tarbijale viivitamata pärast tarbijalt eelmises lauses nimetatud teabe saamist ning ühtlasi mõistliku aja jooksul enne seda, kui tarbija sõlmib elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidilepingu või teeb siduva pakkumise.
(2) Krediidiandja või krediidivahendaja esitab tarbijale käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 viidatud teabe püsival andmekandjal Euroopa standardinfo teabelehel.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1- jõust. 01.07.2016]
(3) Euroopa standardinfo teabelehe vormi kehtestab valdkonna eest vastutav ministermäärusega.
(4) Euroopa standardinfo teabelehte ei tohi muuta ega täiendada, välja arvatud Euroopa standardinfo teabelehel või selle täitmise juhendis nimetatud juhtudel. Teave, mida krediidiandja soovib tarbijale esitada lisaks teabelehel sisalduvale või peab seadusest tulenevalt esitama, esitatakse eraldi dokumendis, mis võidakse lisada Euroopa standardinfo teabelehe juurde.
(5) Kui tarbijale tehakse pakkumus, mis on krediidiandja jaoks siduv, esitatakse see püsival andmekandjal koos Euroopa standardinfo teabelehega, kui Euroopa standardinfo teabelehte ei ole tarbijale juba varem esitatud või kui pakkumuse tingimused erinevad varem esitatud Euroopa standardinfo teabelehel märgitust.
(6) Kui tarbijale tehakse pakkumus, mis on krediidiandja jaoks siduv, pakub krediidiandja või krediidivahendaja tarbijale lisaks Euroopa standardinfo teabelehele ka tarbijakrediidilepingu projekti koopiat.
(7) Sidevahendi abil sõlmitava elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidilepingu puhul loetakse, et krediidiandja on täitnud käesoleva seaduse § 541lõikes 1 sätestatud teabele esitatud nõuded, kui tarbijale on enne lepingu sõlmimist esitatud Euroopa standardinfo teabeleht vastavalt käesolevale paragrahvile.
(8) Käesolevas paragrahvis sätestatud lepingueelse teabe andmise kohustusele ei kohaldata käesoleva seaduse
§ 14 lõikes 2 ja §-s 141sätestatud lepingueelse teabe andmise kohustuse kohta sätestatut. [RT I, 11.03.2016, 1- jõust. 21.03.2016]

§ 4034. Vastutustundliku laenamise põhimõtte rakendamine

(1) Krediidiandja on kohustatud seoses tarbijakrediidiga järgima vastutustundliku laenamise põhimõtet. Vastutustundliku laenamise põhimõtte järgimiseks on krediidiandja enne tarbijakrediidilepingu sõlmimist kohustatud:
1) omandama teabe, mis võimaldab hinnata, kas tarbija on võimeline krediidi lepingus kokkulepitud tingimustel tagasi maksma (edaspidi krediidivõimelisus) ja
2) hindama tarbija krediidivõimelisust.
(2) Krediidiandja peab toimima tarbija krediidivõimelisuse hindamisel nõuetekohase hoolsusega. Tarbija krediidivõimelisuse hindamisel peab krediidiandja arvesse võtma kõik talle teadaolevad asjaolud, mis võivad mõjutada tarbija võimet krediit tagasi maksta lepingus kokkulepitud tingimustel, sealhulgas tarbija varalise seisundi, regulaarse sissetuleku, teised varalised kohustused, varasemate maksekohustuste täitmise ja tarbijakrediidilepingust tulenevate rahaliste kohustuste võimaliku suurenemise mõju, määrates vajalike hindamistoimingute ulatuse vastavalt tarbijakrediidilepingu tingimustele, tarbija kohta olemasolevatele andmetele ja võetava rahalise kohustuse suurusele. Eelmises lauses sätestatud kohustuse täitmisel peab krediidiandja lähtuma ka krediidiandjate ja -vahendajate seaduse § 49 lõike 1 punktides 1–7, lõike 2 punktides 1–3, lõike 3 punktides 1–3 ja lõikes 7 sätestatust.
(3) Krediidivõimelisuse hindamiseks vajaliku teabe omandamiseks küsib krediidiandja vajaduse korral tarbijalt teavet ja kasutab asjakohaseid andmekogusid. Tarbija peab esitama krediidiandjale õige ja täieliku teabe, mis on vajalik tema krediidivõimelisuse hindamiseks.
(4) Tarbija krediidivõimelisuse hindamist võimaldava teabe omandamiseks teavitab krediidiandja tarbijat, missuguse käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 2 viidatud teabe, missugused tõendid selle kohta ja missuguse
tähtaja jooksul peab tarbija krediidiandjale esitama. Krediidiandja kontrollib tarbija esitatud teavet vastavalt krediidiandjate ja -vahendajate seaduse § 50 lõigetele 3 ja 4.
(5) Krediidiandja ei või soodustada ega julgustada tarbijat tema krediidivõimelisuse hindamiseks vajalikku teavet esitamata jätma. Krediidiandja hoiatab tarbijat, et kui tarbija ei esita krediidivõimelisuse hindamiseks vajalikku teavet või tõendeid ja seetõttu ei saa krediidiandja tarbija krediidivõimelisust hinnata, siis ei saa tarbijaga tarbijakrediidilepingut sõlmida.

Leht 104 /

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Võlaõigusseadus

(6) Krediidiandja võib tarbijaga tarbijakrediidilepingu sõlmida üksnes juhul, kui ta on krediidivõimelisuse hindamise aluseks olevate andmete kogumis analüüsimise tulemusena veendunud, et tarbija on krediidivõimeline.
(7) Kui krediidiandja rikub käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 6 sätestatut, loetakse tarbijakrediidilepingu intressimääraks käesoleva seaduse §-s 94 sätestatud intressimäär, kui see ei ole suurem varem kokkulepitud intressimäärast. Muid tasusid tarbija krediidiandjale sellisel juhul ei võlgne. Krediidiandja peab tagasimaksed uuesti määrama, arvestades intressimäära ja muude kulude vähendamist, ning need tarbijale teatavaks tegema. Käesolevas lõikes sätestatut ei kohaldata, kui tarbija on tahtlikult jätnud esitamata teabe vastavalt käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetele 3 ja 4 või võltsinud krediidiandjale esitatud teavet ja selle tagajärjel on krediidiandja hinnanud tarbija krediidivõimelisust valesti.
(8) Lisaks käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 7 sätestatule on tarbijal õigus kasutada muid asjakohaseid õiguskaitsevahendeid, välja arvatud kahju hüvitamist osas, mis on kaetud intressimäära alanemisega.
(9) Kui krediidiandja ja tarbija lepivad kokku tarbija kasutusse võetava krediidisumma või krediidi ülempiiri muutmises pärast tarbijakrediidilepingu sõlmimist, ajakohastab krediidiandja tema käsutuses oleva teabe tarbija krediidivõimelisuse kohta ning hindab tarbija krediidivõimelisust iga kord enne krediidisumma või krediidi ülempiiri muutmist.
(10) Kui otsus tarbijaga tarbijakrediidilepingut mitte sõlmida põhineb andmekogudest saadud teabel, teavitab krediidiandja tarbijat viivitamata ja tasuta sellise andmekogus sooritatud päringu tulemustest ja kasutatud andmekogu üksikasjadest. Andmekogudest saadud teavet ei edastata, kui sellise teabe edastamine on keelatud õigusaktidega või see on vastuolus avaliku korra või julgeoleku eesmärkidega.
(11) Kui krediidiandja otsustab tarbijaga elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidilepingut mitte sõlmida, teavitab ta tarbijat oma otsusest viivitamata, ja kui otsus põhineb automatiseeritud andmetöötlusel, siis ka sellest asjaolust.
(12) Krediidiandja ei ole kohustatud tarbija krediidivõimelisust hindama, kui sõlmitavaks tarbijakrediidilepinguks on leping, mis sõlmitakse piiratud hulga tarbijatega seadusjärgselt ja avalikes huvides ning tingimustel, mis on tarbijale soodsamad turul kehtivatest tingimustest, ja turu keskmisest madalama intressimääraga.
(13) Vastutustundliku laenamise põhimõtte järgimiseks vajalike kohustuste täitmist tõendab vaidluse korral krediidiandja.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1- jõust. 21.03.2016]

§ 4035. Tarbijale selgituste andmine

(1) Krediidiandja või krediidivahendaja on enne tarbijakrediidilepingu sõlmimist kohustatud andma tarbijale piisavaid selgitusi, et tarbija saaks hinnata, kas pakutav tarbijakrediidileping vastab tema
vajadustele ja finantsolukorrale. Elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidilepingu korral on krediidiandja või krediidivahendaja kohustatud lisaks eelmise lause kohaselt antavatele selgitustele andma tarbijale ka selgitusi tarbijale pakutava kõrvallepingu kohta, et tarbija saaks hinnata, kas talle pakutav kõrvalleping vastab tema vajadustele ja finantsolukorrale.
(2) Kui võib eeldada, et tarbija vajab või soovib täiendavaid selgitusi käesoleva seaduse § 4031kohaselt antava lepingueelse teabe, tarbijale pakutud lepingute põhiomaduste või mõju kohta, mida need võivad tarbijale avaldada, sealhulgas tarbija maksetega viivitamisest tulenevate tagajärgede kohta, siis on krediidiandja või krediidivahendaja kohustatud andma tarbijale täiendavaid selgitusi ja hoiatama teda võimalikest ohtudest tarbijakrediidi võtmisel.
(3) Elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidilepingu korral hõlmavad selgitused eelkõige:
1) käesoleva seaduse § 4033 kohaselt tarbijale antavat lepingueelset teavet, kui selgitusi annab krediidiandja, ning käesoleva seaduse §-de 4033ja 4171kohaselt tarbijale antavat lepingueelset teavet, kui selgitusi annab krediidivahendaja;
2) pakutavate lepingute põhitunnuseid;
3) konkreetset mõju, mida pakutavad lepingud võivad tarbijale avaldada, sealhulgas makseviivituse tagajärgi, ja
4) teavet selle kohta, kas iga lepingut saab eraldi lõpetada ja mida see tarbijale kaasa toob, kui
tarbijakrediidilepinguga üheskoos pakutakse kõrvallepinguid.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1- jõust. 21.03.2016]

§ 404. Tarbija avaldus lepingu sõlmimiseks

(1) Tarbijakrediidilepingu puhul peab tarbija avaldus kohustuste võtmiseks olema kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis. Tarbijale tuleb viivitamata anda lepingudokument või selle koopia püsival andmekandjal.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 105 /

237

[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(2) Tarbija tahteavalduses peab olema selgelt ja kokkuvõtlikult märgitud järgmine teave:
1) tarbija nimi ja aadress;
2) käesoleva seaduse § 4031lõike 1 punktides 1–11 nimetatud andmed;
3) tarbija õigus nõuda krediidiandjalt tasuta mis tahes ajal kogu tarbijakrediidilepingu kestuse jooksul
tarbijakrediidilepingu kohta tagasimaksetabelit, milles on põhisumma tagasimakse tähtaeg kindlaks määratud;
4) loetelu, milles on märgitud intressi ning sellega seotud korduvate ja ühekordsete tasude maksmise tähtajad ja
tingimused, kui tasusid ja intressi tuleb maksta krediidi põhisummat tagasi maksmata;
5) taganemisõiguse olemasolu või puudumine ja ajavahemik, mille vältel taganemisõigust saab kasutada, ja
muud taganemisõiguse kasutamise tingimused, sealhulgas teave tarbija käesoleva seaduse § 409 lõike 3 kohase
kohustuse kohta maksta tagasi krediidi põhisumma ning põhisumma suhtes alates selle kasutamise kuupäevast
kuni selle krediidiandjale maksmise kuupäevani kogunenud intress ja intress ühe päeva kohta;
[RT I, 04.02.2011, 2- jõust. 01.07.2011]
6) majanduslikult seotud tarbijakrediidilepingu puhul käesoleva seaduse §-st 414 tulenevad õigused ja nende
kasutamise kord;
7) tarbijakrediidilepingu ülesütlemise kord;
8) krediidi ennetähtaegse tagastamise õigus, krediidi ennetähtaegse tagastamise kord ja vajaduse korral teave,
mis käsitleb krediidiandja õigust saada hüvitist ning selle hüvitise arvutamise viisi;
9) pädeva järelevalveasutuse nimetus ja aadress;
10) teave tarbijakrediidilepingust tulenevate vaidluste kohtuvälise lahendamise võimaluste kohta;
11) tarbijalt nõutavad tagatised ja kindlustus, kui neid nõutakse;
12) käesoleva seaduse § 4031 lõike 2 punktides 2, 5 ja 6 nimetatud teave;
13) vajaduse korral muud lepingutingimused.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(21) Käesoleva seaduse § 4031lõike 1 punktides 7 ja 9 nimetatud krediidi kulukuse määr ja kõigi tarbija
poolt krediidi tagasimaksmiseks ja krediidi kogukulu kandmiseks tehtavate maksete kogusumma arvutatakse
tarbijakrediidilepingu sõlmimise aja seisuga ning lepingusse märgitakse kõik krediidi kulukuse määra
arvutamiseks kasutatavad andmed ja eeldused.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(22) Tarbija nõudmisel teeb krediidiandja tarbijale tasuta mis tahes ajal kogu tarbijakrediidilepingu kestuse jooksul kättesaadavaks käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 2 punktis 3 nimetatud tagasimaksetabeli. Tagasimaksetabelis märgitakse võlgnetavad summad ning selliste summade tagasimaksetähtajad ja -tingimused. Tabelis esitatakse iga üksiku tagasimakse jaotus, näidates krediidi põhisumma tagasimakse, aastase intressimäära alusel
arvutatud intressisumma ja lisakulud, kui tarbijalt lisakulude maksmist nõutakse. Fikseerimata intressimääraga tarbijakrediidilepingu puhul või juhul, kui tarbijakrediidilepingu alusel võib lisakulusid muuta, sisaldab tagasimaksetabel selgel ja kokkuvõtlikul viisil viidet asjaolule, et tabelis sisalduvad andmed kehtivad ainult seni, kuni intressimäära või lisakulusid tarbijakrediidilepingu kohaselt muudetakse.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(23) Elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidilepingu sõlmimisel peab lisaks käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 2 sätestatud teabele olema tarbija tahteavalduses selgelt ja kokkuvõtlikult märgitud järgmine teave:
1) krediidivahendaja nimi ja aadress, kui elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidilepingu sõlmimist pakub krediidivahendaja;
2) krediidi vääring;
3) teave selle kohta, et tegemist on välisriigi vääringus tarbijakrediidilepinguga, kui tegemist on sellise
lepinguga;
4) krediidi maksimumsumma tarbija omavääringus, kui tegemist on välisriigi vääringus tarbijakrediidilepinguga
ja pooled lepivad sellises maksimumsummas kokku;
5) tarbijakrediidilepingu tarbija omavääringusse ümberarvestamise tingimused või tarbijakrediidilepingu
alusel tarbijale tekkiva vahetuskursiriski piiramiseks kehtiv muu kord, kui tegemist on välisriigi vääringus
tarbijakrediidilepinguga;
6) kohaldataval juhul teave selle kohta, et tarbijakrediidilepingu kestel maksab tarbija ainult intressi
(intressimaksetel põhinev tarbijakrediidileping);
7) tarbija võlgnetav summa pärast tarbijakrediidilepingu lõppemist, kui tegemist on intressimaksetel põhineva
tarbijakrediidilepinguga;
8) selle kinnistu eeldatav väärtus lepingu sõlmimise ajal, millele tagatis seatakse, kui tarbijalt sellist tagatist
nõutakse;
9) teave tarbijakrediidilepingu suhtes kohaldatava õiguse kohta, kui tegemist on sidevahendi abil sõlmitava
lepinguga.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1- jõust. 21.03.2016]
(3) [Kehtetu -RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011] (4) [Kehtetu -RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]

Leht 106 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

§ 4041. Teave intressimäära kohta

(1) Intressimäära muudatus jõustub tarbijakrediidilepingu puhul, kui krediidiandja on tarbijat eelnevalt püsival andmekandjal intressimäära muutusest teavitanud. Teave sisaldab võlgnetavate maksete suurust pärast uue intressimäära jõustumist ning maksete arvu ja sageduse muutumise korral vastavaid üksikasju.
(2) Lepingupooled võivad tarbijakrediidilepingus kokku leppida, et lõikes 1 nimetatud teavet antakse tarbijale perioodiliselt, kui intressimäära muutuse on põhjustanud alusintressimäära muutumine ja uus alusintressimäär on üldsusele asjakohaste vahendite abil kättesaadavaks tehtud ning teave uue alusintressimäära kohta on
kättesaadav krediidiandja ruumides. Elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidilepingu korral esitab krediidiandja lisaks käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatud teabele tarbijale ka teabe alusintressimäära suuruse kohta.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1- jõust. 21.03.2016]
(3) Kui elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidilepingu intressimäära muutumine määratakse kindlaks kapitaliturgudel toimuva enampakkumise teel ning seetõttu ei ole krediidiandjal võimalik tarbijat muudatusest enne muudatuse jõustumist teavitada, teavitab krediidiandja tarbijat püsival andmekandjal mõistliku aja jooksul enne enampakkumist selle toimumisest ja annab teada, kuidas enampakkumine võib intressimäära mõjutada. [RT I, 11.03.2016, 1- jõust. 21.03.2016]

§ 405. Lepingud asja omandamise või teenuse osutamise finantseerimiseks

(1) Tarbijakrediidilepingu, mille esemeks on asja omandamise, teenuse osutamise või muu lepingueseme finantseerimine, ning majanduslikult seotud tarbijakrediidilepingu puhul tuleb lepingus märkida:
1) lepingu esemeks oleva asja, teenuse või muu soorituse kirjeldus;
2) krediidi eest omandatava asja või teenuse hind, kui tasumine toimuks kohe (netohind);
21) käesoleva seaduse § 404 lõigetes 2 ja 21sätestatud andmed. [RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(2) [Kehtetu -RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(3) Liisingulepingu puhul loetakse netohinnaks hind, millega liisinguandja liisingueseme ostab. (4) [Kehtetu -RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]

§ 406. Krediidi kulukuse määr

(1) Krediidi kulukuse määr on krediidi kogukulu tarbijale, mis on väljendatud aastase protsendimäärana kasutusse võetud krediidisummast või krediidi ülempiirist, eeldusel et tarbijakrediidileping kehtib kokkulepitud tähtaja jooksul ning et krediidiandja ja tarbija täidavad oma kohustusi tarbijakrediidilepingus kokkulepitud tingimustel ja tähtaegadel.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(2) Krediidi kulukuse määra arvutamisel kindlaks määratav krediidi kogukulu tarbijale ei sisalda kulusid, mida tarbija peab tasuma lepingust tulenevate kohustuse rikkumisel, ega kulusid, mida tarbija peab kandma seoses asja ostmisega või teenuse kasutamisega. Krediidi kulukuse määra arvutamisel võetakse arvesse asja hind või tasu teenuse kasutamise eest sõltumata sellest, kas asja või teenuse osutamise eest tasutakse krediiti kasutades või mitte.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(3) Maksetehingute tegemist ja krediidi kasutusse võtmist võimaldava maksevahendi kasutamise kulusid,
samuti tasusid sellise konto pidamise eest, millele tehakse krediidi kasutusse võtmise ja maksetehingute kandeid
ja muid maksetehingutega seotud kulusid, tuleb krediidi kogukulu arvutamisel arvesse võtta, välja arvatud juhul,
kui konto avamine on vabatahtlik ning konto pidamise kulud on selgelt ja eraldi märgitud tarbijakrediidilepingus
või mõnes muus tarbijaga sõlmitud lepingus.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(4) [Kehtetu -RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(5) Kui kokku on lepitud intressimäära muutumine või tasud, mis ei ole arvutamise ajal määratavad, märgitakse tarbijakrediidilepingus krediidi kulukuse määra asemel krediidi kulukuse esialgne määr, lähtudes esialgsest intressimäärast ja muudest tingimustest lepingu sõlmimise ajal, nagu need kehtiksid kogu lepingu kestuse ajal. [RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(51) Kui krediidilepingu jõustumise ajal on teada, et mingi kulu kindla ajavahemiku möödudes muutub, tuleb seda määra arvutamisel arvesse võtta.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 107 /

237

(52) Elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidilepingu korral, mille suhtes on lepitud kokku fikseeritud intressimäär esialgu vähemalt viieks aastaks, mille möödumisel toimuvad läbirääkimised uue olulise pikkusega perioodi kohta fikseeritud intressimäära kehtestamiseks, võetakse Euroopa standardinfo teabelehel täiendava näitlikustava krediidi kulukuse määra arvutamisel arvesse üksnes esialgset fikseeritud intressimääraga
perioodi ning arvutus lähtub eeldusest, et fikseeritud intressimääraga perioodi lõppemisel makstakse võlgnetav põhisumma tagasi.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1- jõust. 21.03.2016]
(53) Elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidilepingu korral, mille intressimäär võib tarbijakrediidilepingu kohaselt muutuda, teavitatakse tarbijat intressimäära muutuste võimalikust mõjust makstavatele summadele ja krediidi kulukuse määrale vähemalt Euroopa standardinfo teabelehel. Selleks näidatakse tarbijale ka teist
krediidi kulukuse määra, mis illustreerib võimalikku riski, mis on seotud intressimäära märkimisväärse tõusuga. Kui intressimäärale ei ole seatud ülempiiri, lisatakse sellele teabele hoiatus, milles rõhutatakse, et krediidi kulukuse määras kajastuv krediidi kogukulu tarbijale võib muutuda. Käesolevas lõikes sätestatut ei kohaldata
käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 52sätestatud juhul. [RT I, 11.03.2016, 1- jõust. 21.03.2016]
(6) Krediidi kulukuse määra arvutamise täpsema korra kehtestab valdkonna eest vastutav minister Euroopa
Liidu nõuetest lähtudes.

§ 4061. Täiendavad eeldused krediidi kulukuse määra arvutamisel

(1) Kui tarbijakrediidileping võimaldab tarbijal valida, millal ta krediidi kasutusse võtab, loetakse krediidi kulukuse määra arvutamisel, et kogu krediit võetakse kasutusse viivitamata ja täies mahus.
(2) Kui tarbijakrediidileping võimaldab krediiti kasutusse võtta mitmel viisil ning seejuures on krediidiga
seotud tasud ja intressimäär erinevad, loetakse krediidi kulukuse määra arvutamisel, et kogu krediit on kasutusse
võetud kõige kõrgemate tasude ja intressimääraga, mida rakendatakse seda liiki tarbijakrediidilepingu puhul
kõige levinuma krediidi kasutusse võtmise viisi suhtes.
(3) Kui tarbijakrediidileping võimaldab tarbijal krediiti vabalt kasutusse võtta, kuid tarbijakrediidilepingus on kokku lepitud seoses krediidi kasutusse võtmise erinevate viisidega piirangud summa või ajavahemiku kohta, loetakse krediidi kulukuse määra arvutamisel, et kogu krediit võetakse kasutusse varaseimal lepinguga ettenähtud tähtpäeval, järgides krediidi kasutusse võtmisega seotud piiranguid.
[RT I, 03.12.2012, 1- jõust. 01.05.2013]
(4) Kui tegemist ei ole arvelduskrediidiga, loetakse tähtajatu tarbijakrediidilepingu korral ja tarbijakrediidilepingu korral, mille kohaselt tuleb krediit tagasi maksta teatud tähtaja jooksul või pärast teatud tähtaja möödumist, mille järel võib krediidi taas kasutusse võtta, krediidi kulukuse määra arvutamisel, et:
1) krediit on antud üheks aastaks alates krediidi esimesest kasutusse võtmisest ning viimase maksega tasub tarbija kogu järelejäänud põhisumma, intressi ja muud tasud, kui neid on;
2) kasutusse võetud krediit makstakse tagasi kaheteistkümne võrdse tagasimaksena võrdsete ajavahemike järel alates kuu aja möödumisest esimesest krediidi kasutusse võtmisest. Kui põhisumma tuleb igal maksetähtajal tagasi maksta täies ulatuses ühe maksena, loetakse krediidi kulukuse määra arvutamisel, et edaspidi võetakse krediiti kasutusse ja tagasimaksed tehakse ühe aasta jooksul;
3) intressi ja muid tasusid arvestatakse tarbijakrediidilepingu kohaselt kasutusse võetud krediidilt ning intressi ja muid tasusid makstakse koos põhisumma tagasimaksetega.
[RT I, 03.12.2012, 1- jõust. 01.05.2013]
(41) Kui tegemist ei ole arvelduskrediidiga, loetakse tähtajatu elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidilepingu korral ja elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidilepingu korral, mille kohaselt tuleb krediit tagasi maksta
teatud tähtaja jooksul või pärast teatud tähtaja möödumist, mille järel võib krediidi taas kasutusse võtta, krediidi kulukuse määra arvutamisel, et:
1) krediit on antud 20 aastaks alates krediidi esimesest kasutusse võtmisest ning viimase maksega tasub tarbija kogu järelejäänud põhisumma, intressi ja muud tasud, kui neid on, kui tarbijakrediidilepingu eesmärk on kinnisasjaga seotud õiguse omandamine või säilitamine;
2) krediit on antud üheks aastaks alates krediidi esimesest kasutusse võtmisest ning viimase maksega tasub tarbija kogu järelejäänud põhisumma, intressi ja muud tasud, kui neid on, kui tarbijakrediidilepingu eesmärk ei ole kinnisasjaga seotud õiguse omandamine või säilitamine või kui tarbijakrediidilepingu korral võetakse krediit kasutusse määratud tagasimaksetega deebetkaardi või krediitkaardiga;
3) kasutusse võetud krediit makstakse tagasi võrdsete kuumaksetena võrdsete ajavahemike järel alates ühe kuu möödumisest esimesest krediidi kasutusse võtmisest. Kui krediidi põhisumma tuleb igal maksetähtajal tagasi maksta täies ulatuses ühe maksena, loetakse krediidi kulukuse määra arvutamisel, et edaspidi võetakse krediit kasutusse ja tagasimaksed tehakse ühe aasta jooksul;
4) intressi ja muid tasusid arvestatakse tarbijakrediidilepingu kohaselt kasutusse võetud krediidilt ning neid makstakse koos põhisumma tagasimaksetega.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1- jõust. 21.03.2016]
(5) Kui tegemist ei ole arvelduskrediidiga ega käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 4, 41, 11 ja 12 nimetatud lepinguga ja kui tagasimaksete summa ei ole kindlaks määratud, loetakse krediidi kulukuse määra arvutamisel iga tagasimakse summa madalaimaks lepinguga ettenähtud summaks.

Leht 108 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1- jõust. 21.03.2016]
(6) Kui tegemist ei ole arvelduskrediidiga ega käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 4, 41, 11 ja 12 nimetatud lepinguga ja kui tagasimaksete tegemise aeg ei ole kindlaks määratud, loetakse krediidi kulukuse määra arvutamisel, et tagasimakse tehakse varaseimal lepinguga ettenähtud tähtpäeval.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1- jõust. 21.03.2016]
(61) Kui tegemist ei ole arvelduskrediidiga ega käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 4, 41, 11 ja 12 nimetatud lepinguga ja kui tarbijakrediidilepingu sõlmimise tähtpäev ei ole veel teada, loetakse krediidi kulukuse määra arvutamisel, et esimest korda võetakse krediit kasutusse tähtpäeval, mis toob kaasa kõige lühema ajavahemiku krediidi kasutusse võtmise tähtpäeva ja esimese tagasimakse tähtpäeva vahel.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1- jõust. 21.03.2016]
(7) Kui krediidi ülempiiri ei ole tarbijakrediidilepinguga kokku lepitud, loetakse krediidi kulukuse määra arvutamisel, et krediidi ülempiir on 1500 eurot.
(71) Kui krediidi ülempiiri ei ole elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidilepinguga kokku lepitud, loetakse krediidi kulukuse määra arvutamisel, et krediidi ülempiir on 170 000 eurot. Elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidilepingu korral, mille eesmärk ei ole kinnisasjaga seotud õiguse või maa omandamine või säilitamine, välja arvatud käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 11 nimetatud krediidilepingud, või mille puhul võetakse krediit kasutusse arvelduskrediidina või määratud tagasimaksetega deebetkaardi või krediitkaardiga, loetakse krediidi kulukuse määra arvutamisel, et krediidi ülempiir on 1500 eurot.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1- jõust. 21.03.2016]
(8) Arvelduskrediidi korral loetakse, et kogu krediit võetakse kasutusse kogu arvelduskrediidilepingu kehtivusajaks. Kui arvelduskrediidilepingu kehtivusaeg ei ole teada, arvutatakse krediidi kulukuse määr, eeldades, et arvelduskrediidilepingu kestus on kolm kuud.
(81) Kui tagasimakse tegemise aega või tagasimakse summat ei ole tarbijakrediidilepingu ega käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 4, 41, 5, 6, 61, 8, 11 või 12 sätestatud tingimuste põhjal võimalik kindlaks määrata, loetakse krediidi kulukuse määra arvutamisel, et tagasimakse tehakse krediidiandja esitatud tähtpäeval ja tingimustel. [RT I, 11.03.2016, 1- jõust. 21.03.2016]
(82) Kui käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 81nimetatud tingimused ei ole teada, loetakse krediidi kulukuse määra arvutamisel, et:
1) intressi makstakse koos krediidi põhisumma tagasimaksetega;
2) ühekordne muu tasu, mis ei ole intress, makstakse tarbijakrediidilepingu sõlmimise päeval;
3) mitmekordseid muid tasusid, mis ei ole intress, makstakse korrapäraste ajavahemike järel alates esimesest
põhisumma tagasimakse tähtpäevast ning kui nende suurus ei ole teada, loetakse, et need on ühesuurused
summad;
4) viimase maksega tasutakse kogu järelejäänud põhisumma, intress ja muud tasud, kui neid on.
[RT I, 03.12.2012, 1- jõust. 01.05.2013]
(9) Kui kindla ajavahemiku jooksul pakutakse tarbijale erinevaid intressimäärasid ja tasusid, loetakse krediidi kulukuse määra arvutamisel kogu tarbijakrediidilepingu kestuse jooksul intressimääraks ja tasudeks kokkulepitud kõrgeim intressimäär ja kõrgeimad tasud.
(10) Tarbijakrediidilepingute puhul, mille suhtes lepitakse kokku fikseeritud intressimäär esialgseks ajavahemikuks, mida seejärel kohandatakse korrapäraselt kokkulepitud näitaja alusel, loetakse krediidi kulukuse määra arvutamisel, et fikseeritud intressimääraga ajavahemiku lõpust alates on intressimääraks krediidi kulukuse määra arvutamise ajal kehtinud kokkulepitud näitaja väärtusest tulenev intressimäär.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(11) Elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidilepingu korral, mis toimib eraldiseisva kõrvaltehingu tagatisena ja mille puhul kinnisasjaga tagatud krediidi põhisumma võetakse kasutusse üksnes juhul, kui esineb lepingus kindlaksmääratud sündmus, loetakse krediidi kulukuse määra arvutamisel, et kogu krediit võetakse täies mahus kasutusse olenevalt sellest, kumb on varasem, kas:
1) kõige viimasel krediidi kasutusele võtmise päeval, mis on potentsiaalseks kohustuse või tagatise allikaks oleva krediidilepinguga lubatud, või
2) pikeneva krediidilepingu korral esialgse perioodi lõpus enne lepingu pikenemist. [RT I, 11.03.2016, 1- jõust. 21.03.2016]
(12) Elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidilepingu korral, mille puhul tagasimaksmisele kuuluva krediidi põhisumma suurus põhineb lepinguliselt kehtestatud osakaalul kinnisasja väärtusest tagasimakse või tagasimaksete tegemise ajal, loetakse krediidi kulukuse määra arvutamisel, et:
1) tarbija teeb tagasimakse viimasel tarbijakrediidilepinguga lubatud päeval või viimastel päevadel;

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 109 /

237

2) tarbijakrediidilepingu tagatiseks oleva kinnisasja väärtuse protsentuaalne tõus ja lepingus osutatud inflatsiooniindeks on protsendimäär, mis on võrdne Eesti Panga kehtiva inflatsiooniprognoosiga või inflatsioonimääraga liikmesriigis, kus kinnisasi asub krediidilepingu sõlmimise ajal, olenevalt sellest, kumb neist kahest on kõrgem, või null, kui need protsendimäärad on negatiivsed.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1- jõust. 21.03.2016]

§ 4062. Krediidi kulukuse määra ülempiir

(1) Tarbijakrediidileping on tühine, kui tarbija poolt tasumisele kuuluva krediidi kulukuse määr aastas ületab krediidi andmise ajal Eesti Panga viimati avaldatud viimase kuue kuu keskmist krediidiasutuste poolt eraisikutele antud tarbimislaenude kulukuse määra enam kui kolm korda. Käesolevas lõikes nimetatud keskmise krediidiasutuste poolt eraisikutele antud tarbimislaenude krediidi kulukuse määra arvutamisel ei võeta arvesse hüpoteegiga tagatud tarbimislaene. Keskmise krediidi kulukuse määra avaldamise iga aasta 1. jaanuariks ja 1. juuliks korraldab Eesti Pank oma veebilehel.
(2) Tarbija poolt tasumisele kuuluva krediidi kulukuse määra vastavuse hindamisel käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes
1 sätestatud krediidi kulukuse määra ülempiirile ei võeta liisingulepingu korral tarbija poolt tasumisele kuuluva
krediidi kulukuse määra arvutamisel arvesse liisingueseme kindlustamisega seotud kulusid.
(3) Kui tarbijakrediidileping on käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatu kohaselt tühine, siis maksab
tarbija tühise tarbijakrediidilepingu järgi saadu tagasi selleks tähtpäevaks, milleks ta pidi krediidi tervikuna
tagasi maksma tühise tarbijakrediidilepingu järgi. Sellisel juhul tuleb krediidi kasutamise aja eest maksta
intressi käesoleva seaduse § 94 lõikes 1 sätestatud suuruses. Tähtajatu tarbijakrediidilepingu alusel saadu
tagasimaksmise tingimuste määratlemisel kohaldatakse käesoleva seaduse §-s 4061sätestatud eeldusi. Krediidiandja peab tagasimaksed ja tagasimaksete tegemise tähtaja uuesti määrama, arvestades intressimäära ja muude kulude vähendamist, ning need tarbijale teatavaks tegema.
[RT I, 12.03.2015, 5- jõust. 01.07.2015]

§ 407. Arvelduskrediidileping

[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(1) Arvelduskrediidileping on tarbijakrediidileping, millega krediidiandja lubab tarbijal maksekonto jääki teatud suuruses ületada. Arvelduskrediidilepingutele kohaldatakse tarbijakrediidilepingu kohta sätestatut käesolevas paragrahvis sätestatud erisustega.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(2) [Kehtetu -RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(21) Tarbijale tuleb anda võimalus võrrelda erinevaid pakkumisi, et ta saaks kõiki asjaolusid arvesse võttes teha otsuse sõlmida arvelduskrediidileping, mille kohaselt tuleb krediit krediidiandja nõudmisel või kolme kuu jooksul tagasi maksta. Selleks esitab krediidiandja või krediidivahendaja tarbijale mõistliku aja jooksul,
enne kui tarbija on sõlminud lepingu või seotud oma pakkumusega, püsival andmekandjal krediidiandja poolt pakutavatele lepingutingimustele ning vajaduse korral tarbija eelistustele ja tema poolt esitatud teabele tuginedes järgmised andmed:
1) käesoleva seaduse § 4031 lõike 1 punktides 1, 2, 3, 5, 11, 14 ja 15 nimetatud teave;
2) käesoleva seaduse § 4031 lõike 2 punktis 1 nimetatud teave, kui tegemist on krediidivahendusega;
3) teave selle kohta, kui tarbijalt võidakse igal ajal nõuda krediidisumma tagasimaksmist täies ulatuses;
4) intressimäär aasta kohta ja selle kohaldamise tingimused. Kui intressimäär sõltub alusintressimäärast,
esitatakse esialgse intressi suhtes kohaldatav alusintressimäär;
5) krediidi kulukuse määr tüüpnäite kujul, milles märgitakse kõik krediidi kulukuse määra arvutamiseks
kasutatud andmed ja eeldused;
6) lepingu sõlmimisest alates tasumisele kuuluvad tasud ja vajaduse korral tasude muutmise tingimused;
7) tähtaeg, mille jooksul krediidiandja on lepingueelse teabega seotud, kui ta on vastavalt käesoleva seaduse §
4031 lõikele 7 määranud sellise tähtaja. [RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(22) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 21 nimetatud teave tuleb esitada selgelt ja arusaadavalt. Krediidiandja või krediidivahendaja võib käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 21 nimetatud teabe esitamiseks kasutada valdkonna eest vastutava ministri määrusega kehtestatud Euroopa tarbijakrediidi standardinfo teabelehte arvelduskrediidi jaoks. [RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(23) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 21 nimetatud lepingu puhul, mis sõlmitakse sidevahendi abil, loetakse, et krediidiandja on täitnud käesoleva seaduse § 54 lõigetes 11 ja 2 teabele esitatavad nõuded, kui ta on esitanud tarbijale Euroopa tarbijakrediidi standardinfo teabelehe arvelduskrediidi jaoks käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes
21 nimetatud teabega ja lisateabega finantsteenuste kaugturustuse kohta. [RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(24) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 21 nimetatud lepingus esitatakse selgelt ja kokkuvõtlikult järgmine teave:
1) käesoleva seaduse § 4031 lõike 1 punkides 1–5 ja 8 nimetatud teave;

Leht 110 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

2) käesoleva seaduse § 4031lõike 2 punktis 1 nimetatud teave;
3) käesoleva seaduse § 404 lõike 2 punktis 1 nimetatud teave;
4) krediidi kulukuse määr ja krediidi kogukulu tarbijale;
5) käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 21 punktides 3 ja 6 nimetatud teave. [RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(25) Krediidi kulukuse määr ja krediidi kogukulu tarbijale arvutatakse arvelduskrediidilepingu sõlmimise aja seisuga ning lepingusse märgitakse kõik krediidi kulukuse määra arvutamiseks kasutatavad andmed ja eeldused. [RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(3) [Kehtetu -RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(31) Krediidiandja teavitab tarbijat regulaarselt, esitades talle püsival andmekandjal konto väljavõtte. Konto väljavõte sisaldab järgmist teavet:
1) täpne periood, mida konto väljavõte kajastab;
2) tarbija poolt kasutusse võetud summad ja kasutusse võtmise kuupäevad;
3) eelmisel konto väljavõttel kajastunud kontojääk ja selle kuupäev;
4) uus kontojääk;
5) tarbija tehtud maksete suurus ja maksekuupäevad;
6) kohaldatav intressimäär;
7) kohaldatavad tasud;
8) minimaalne tasumisele kuuluv summa, kui see on kokku lepitud.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(32) Intressimäära muudatus jõustub fikseerimata intressimääraga arvelduskrediidilepingu puhul, kui krediidiandja on tarbijat eelnevalt püsival andmekandjal intressimäära muudatusest teavitanud. Lepingupooled võivad arvelduskrediidilepingus kokku leppida, et teave intressimäära muutuse kohta esitatakse käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 31 ettenähtud viisil, kui intressimäära muutuse on põhjustanud alusintressimäära muutumine ja uus alusintressimäär on üldsusele asjakohaste vahendite abil kättesaadavaks tehtud ning teave uue alusintressimäära kohta on kättesaadav krediidiandja ruumides.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(4) Kui puudub arvelduskrediidi andmise kokkulepe ja krediidiandja lubab tarbijal maksekonto jääki ületada või kui krediidiandja lubab tarbijal ületada arvelduskrediidilepingus kokkulepitud arvelduskrediidi ülempiiri, tuleb tarbijat teavitada käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 21punktides 4 ja 6 nimetatud asjaoludest. Krediidiandja esitab kõnealuse teabe püsival andmekandjal regulaarselt.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(41) Kui tegemist on käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 4 nimetatud tarbijakrediidilepinguga, teatab krediidiandja tarbijale maksekonto jäägi märkimisväärse ületamise korral, mis vältab kauem kui üks kuu, viivitamata püsival andmekandjal:
1) maksekonto jäägi ületamisest;
2) summa, mille võrra on maksekonto jääki ületatud;
3) intressimäära;
4) kohaldatavad leppetrahvid, tasud või viivise.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(5) [Kehtetu -RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(6) Käesolevas paragrahvis sätestatud lepingueelse teabe andmise kohustusele ei kohaldata käesoleva seaduse §
14 lõikes 2 ja §-s 141sätestatud lepingueelse teabe andmise kohustuse kohta sätestatut. [RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

§ 408. Lepinguvormi järgimata jätmise tagajärjed

(1) Tarbijakrediidileping on tühine, kui järgimata on jäetud käesoleva seaduse § 404 lõikes 1 sätestatud vorminõue või kui lepingus puudub mõni käesoleva seaduse §-s 404 või 405 sätestatud andmetest.
(2) Käesoleva seaduse § 404 lõikes 2 või 23sätestatud andmete puudumisel muutub krediidileping siiski kehtivaks, kui tarbija saab laenu kätte või hakkab krediiti kasutama.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1- jõust. 21.03.2016]
(3) Käesoleva seaduse §-s 405 sätestatud andmete puudumisel muutub krediidileping siiski kehtivaks, kui tarbijale antakse üle asi, talle osutatakse teenus või täidetakse muu kohustus.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 111 /

237

(4) Kui käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 2 nimetatud juhul puuduvad andmed intressimäära, krediidi kulukuse määra või krediidi kulukuse esialgse määra või kõigi tarbija poolt krediidi tagasimaksmiseks ja krediidi kogukulu kandmiseks tehtavate maksete kogusumma kohta, loetakse intressimääraks käesoleva seaduse §-s 94 sätestatud intressimäär, kui see ei ole suurem varem kokkulepitud intressimäärast. Kui käesoleva paragrahvi
lõikes 2 nimetatud juhul puuduvad andmed tarbija poolt võlgnetavate muude kulude kohta, ei võlgne tarbija talle avaldamata kulusid. Krediidiandja peab tagasimaksed intressimäära ja muude kulude vähendamist arvestades uuesti määrama ja tarbijale teatavaks tegema.
[RT I, 03.12.2012, 1- jõust. 01.05.2013]
(5) Kui käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 3 nimetatud juhul puuduvad andmed kõigi tarbija poolt krediidi tagasimaksmiseks ja krediidi kogukulu kandmiseks tehtavate maksete kogusumma, krediidi kulukuse määra või krediidi kulukuse esialgse määra kohta, ei või intressi nõuda rohkem käesoleva seaduse §-s 94 sätestatud intressimäärast, kui see ei ole suurem varem kokkulepitud intressimäärast. Kui käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes
3 nimetatud juhul puuduvad andmed tarbija poolt võlgnetavate muude kulude kohta, ei võlgne tarbija talle avaldamata kulusid. Krediidiandja peab tagasimaksed intressimäära ja muude kulude vähendamist arvestades uuesti määrama ja tarbijale teatavaks tegema.
[RT I, 03.12.2012, 1- jõust. 01.05.2013]
(6) Kui käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 2 nimetatud juhul ei ole tarbijale avaldatud krediidi kulude suurust mõjutavate tingimuste muutmise eeldusi, ei või krediidi kulude suurust tarbija kahjuks muuta.
(7) Kui käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 3 nimetatud juhul ei ole tarbijale avaldatud netohinda, eeldatakse, et netohinnaks on turuhind.
(8) Kui krediidiandja ei ole tarbijale tarbijakrediidilepingu sõlmimisel avaldanud, milliseid tagatisi tarbijalt nõutakse, võib tagatisi hiljem nõuda üksnes juhul, kui krediidi netosumma ületab 50 000 eurole vastava summa.
(9) Kui krediidi kulukuse määr on tarbijakrediidilepingus märgitud tegelikust madalamana, alaneb tarbijakrediidilepingus kokkulepitud intressimäär protsendimäära võrra, mille võrra krediidi kulukuse määr on avaldatud tegelikust madalamana.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(10) Kui viivis ei ole väljendatud aasta- ja päevamäärana, on krediidiandjal õigus nõuda tarbijalt viivist üksnes käesoleva seaduse § 113 lõike 1 teises lauses sätestatud viivise määras.
[RT I, 11.03.2015, 1- jõust. 01.10.2015]

§ 409. Tarbija taganemisõigus

(1) Tarbija võib tarbijakrediidilepingust taganeda põhjust avaldamata 14 päeva jooksul. Elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidilepingu korral võib tarbija tarbijakrediidilepingust taganeda seitsme päeva jooksul. Kui tarbija taganeb tarbijakrediidilepingust, võib seda teha ka isik, kes ühines tarbijakrediidilepingust tuleneva kohustusega.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1- jõust. 21.03.2016]
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud tähtaeg hakkab kulgema tarbijakrediidilepingu sõlmimise päevast või päevast, kui tarbija sai kätte käesoleva seaduse §-s 404 nimetatud lepingutingimused ja teabe, kui see päev on hilisem lepingu sõlmimise päevast.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(21) Kui tarbija kasutab käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud lepingust taganemise õigust, peab taganemisavaldus olema tehtud enne lõikes 1 nimetatud tähtaja möödumist.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(3) Tarbija maksab krediidiandjale viivitamata, kuid mitte hiljem kui 30 päeva möödumisel taganemisavalduse tegemisest arvates tagasi krediidi põhisumma ja põhisummalt alates krediidi kasutusse võtmisest kuni põhisumma tagasimaksmiseni kokkulepitud intressi. Taganemise korral ei ole krediidiandjal õigust nõuda tarbijalt muid hüvitisi kui krediidiandja poolt avalik-õigusliku suhte alusel krediidisuhte raames makstud tagastamatuid tasusid. Muus osas kohaldatakse taganemise tagajärgedele käesoleva seaduse §-des 188–192 sätestatut.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(31) Kui tarbija ei maksa krediiti tagasi käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 3 esimeses lauses nimetatud tähtaja jooksul, loetakse, et tarbija ei ole lepingust taganenud.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(32) Kui tarbija kasutab tarbijakrediidilepingu suhtes käesolevas paragrahvis sätestatud taganemisõigust, loetakse tarbija taganenuks ka tarbijakrediidilepinguga seotud kõrvallepingust, mille eesmärgiks on pakkuda teenust või muud hüve ja mida pakub krediidiandja või kolmas isik kolmanda isiku ja krediidiandja vahelise kokkuleppe alusel.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]

Leht 112 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

(4) Kui tarbija taganeb tarbijakrediidilepingust, millega on majanduslikult seotud müügileping käesoleva seaduse § 414 tähenduses, kohaldatakse müügilepingust taganemisele käesoleva seaduse §-s 414 sätestatut. [RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(41) Liisingulepingust taganemise korral kannab asja tagastamise või teenuse hüvitamisega seotud kulud ja sellega seotud riisiko krediidiandja. Pooled võivad kokku leppida, et tarbija kannab tagastamise tavalised kulud kuni 10 euro ulatuses, välja arvatud juhul, kui üleantud asi või osutatud teenus ei vasta tellitule. Kui tarbijat
ei teavitatud taganemisõigusest, vastutab ta taganemise puhul asja kahjustamise eest üksnes tahtluse või raske hooletuse korral. Muus osas kohaldatakse taganemise tagajärgedele käesoleva seaduse §-des 188–192 sätestatut. [RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(5) [Kehtetu -RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011] (6) [Kehtetu -RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011] (7) [Kehtetu -RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(8) Lepingutingimus, mis raskendab taganemisõiguse kasutamist, eelkõige kokkulepe, millega taganemine seotakse käsiraha või leppetrahvi maksmisega, on tühine.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

§ 410. Väljaspool äriruume sõlmitava lepinguna ja sidevahendi abil sõlmitud lepinguna tarbijakrediidileping

[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(1) Käesoleva seaduse § 404 lõikes 1 nimetatud vorminõue ei välista tarbijakrediidilepingu sõlmimist sidevahendi abil. Sidevahendi abil tarbijakrediidilepingu sõlminud tarbijale tuleb viivitamata anda lepingudokument või selle koopia püsival andmekandjal.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(2) Väljaspool äriruume sõlmitava lepinguna või sidevahendi abil sõlmitud lepinguna tarbijakrediidilepingust võib tarbija põhjust avaldamata taganeda üksnes käesoleva seaduse §-s 409 sätestatud korras ja viisil.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(3) [Kehtetu -RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]

§ 411. Tarbija õigus ennetähtaegsele tagasimaksmisele

(1) Tarbija võib tarbijakrediidilepingust tulenevad kohustused osaliselt või täielikult täita ennetähtaegselt. Sellisel juhul ei võlgne tarbija krediidi kasutamata jätmise ajale langevat intressi ja muid kulusid.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(11) Kui krediidi ennetähtaegne tagasimaksmine toimub fikseeritud intressimääraga perioodil, on krediidiandjal õigus tarbijalt nõuda üksnes mõistlikku hüvitist kahju eest, mis on otseselt seotud krediidi ennetähtaegse tagasimaksmisega. Eelkõige võetakse kahju määramisel arvesse krediidiandja võimalust tagasimakstud krediiti laenuturul ennetähtaegse tagasimaksmise tõttu uuesti välja laenata, arvestades seejuures krediidiandja kulude kokkuhoidu ennetähtaegse tagasimaksmise tõttu.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(12) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 11 nimetatud hüvitise suurus ei või ületada üht protsenti ennetähtaegselt tagasimakstud krediidi summast, kui krediidi ennetähtaegse tagasimaksmise ja tarbijakrediidilepingus kokkulepitud tarbijakrediidilepingu lõppemise vaheline periood on pikem kui üks aasta, ja 0,5 protsenti ennetähtaegselt tagasimakstud krediidi summast, kui see periood ei ületa üht aastat.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(13) Krediidiandja ei või nõuda tarbijalt käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 11nimetatud hüvitist, kui krediit makstakse tagasi krediidi tagasimakse kindlustamiseks sõlmitud kindlustuslepingu alusel, arvelduskrediidi raames või fikseerimata intressimääraga perioodil.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(14) Kui käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 11nimetatud krediidiks on elamukinnisvaraga seotud krediit, ei välista käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 12nimetatud piirmäärad krediidiandja õigust nõuda tarbijalt täiendavat kahjuhüvitist, kui krediidiandja on krediidi ennetähtaegse tagasimaksmise tõttu kandnud suuremat kahju.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1- jõust. 21.03.2016]
(2) [Kehtetu -RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 113 /

237

(3) [Kehtetu -RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(4) Kui elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidilepingu puhul toimub ennetähtaegne tagasimaksmine fikseerimata intressimääraga perioodil, võib krediidiandja erinevalt käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 1 teises lauses sätestatust nõuda tarbijalt saamata jäänud intressi kolme järgneva kuu eest.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1- jõust. 21.03.2016]
(5) Tarbijalt käesoleva paragrahvi alusel nõutav hüvitis ei või olla suurem summast, mida tarbija oleks maksnud intressideks ennetähtaegse tagasimaksmise ja tarbijakrediidilepingu lõppemise tähtpäeva vahelisel perioodil.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(6) Krediidiandjal ei ole õigust nõuda käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 11, 14või 4 alusel tarbijalt hüvitist, kui krediidiandja ei ole järginud käesoleva seaduse § 4034lõikes 6 sätestatut. Käesolevas lõikes sätestatut ei kohaldata, kui tarbija on tahtlikult jätnud esitamata teabe vastavalt käesoleva seaduse § 4034lõigetele 3
ja 4 või võltsinud krediidiandjale esitatud teavet ning selle tagajärjel on krediidiandja hinnanud tarbija
krediidivõimelisust valesti.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1- jõust. 21.03.2016]
(7) Kui tarbija teavitab krediidiandjat soovist elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidilepingust tulenevad kohustused ennetähtaegselt täita, esitab krediidiandja tarbijale viivitamata püsival andmekandjal ennetähtaegse tagasimaksmise võimaluse kaalumiseks vajaliku teabe. Tarbijale esitatav teave peab sisaldama vähemalt järgmisi andmeid:
1) ennetähtaegselt tagastatav summa;
2) tarbijalt nõutava hüvitise suurus vastavalt käesoleva paragrahvi lõikele 11, 14 või 4;
3) kasutatud eeldused, mis peavad olema mõistlikud ja põhjendatud.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1- jõust. 21.03.2016]

§ 412. Tarbijakrediidilepingust tulenevate krediidiandja nõuete loovutamine

[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(1) Kui krediidiandja loovutab tarbijakrediidilepingust tuleneva nõude, tuleb tarbijat nõude loovutamisest teavitada, välja arvatud juhul, kui krediidiandja jääb kokkuleppel uue võlausaldajaga tarbija suhtes edasi võlausaldajaks.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(2) Kokkulepe, millega välistatakse või piiratakse tarbija õigust esitada lepingust tulenevaid vastuväiteid kolmanda isiku vastu, kellele krediidiandja loovutab talle tarbijakrediidilepingust tulenevad nõuded, või tarbija õigust oma nõudeid tasaarvestada, on tühine.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]

§ 413. Veksli ja tšeki kasutamine

(1) Tarbijat ei või kohustada võtma tarbijakrediidilepingust tuleneva nõude tagamiseks vekslikohustust ega välja andma tšekki, krediidiandja aga ei või neid vastu võtta.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(2) Kui käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud veksel või tšekk on siiski vastu võetud, võib tarbija selle igal ajal krediidiandjalt tagasi nõuda. Krediidiandja peab tarbijale hüvitama veksli või tšeki väljaandmisest tekkinud kulud ja kahju.

§ 414. Taganemise mõju majanduslikult seotud müügilepingule

[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(1) Müügileping moodustab tarbijakrediidilepinguga seotud lepingu, kui krediidilepingu eesmärk on ostuhinna tasumise finantseerimine ning mõlemaid lepinguid vaadeldakse majanduslikult ühtsena. Lepinguid vaadeldakse majanduslikult ühtsena, kui müüja annab ostuhinna finantseerimiseks krediiti ise, krediidiandja on tarbijakrediidilepingu ettevalmistamisel või sõlmimisel kasutanud müüja kaasabi või kui müügilepingu ese on tarbijakrediidilepingus sõnaselgelt kindlaks määratud.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(2) Kui tarbija taganeb tarbijakrediidilepingust vastavalt käesoleva seaduse §-s 409 sätestatule, võib ta käesoleva seaduse §-s 409 sätestatud tähtaja jooksul taganeda ka tarbijakrediidilepinguga majanduslikult
seotud müügilepingust. Tarbija loetakse majanduslikult seotud müügilepingust tähtaegselt taganenuks, kui ta on taganemisavalduse teinud enne tähtaja möödumist.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(21) Kui krediidisumma on müüjale laekunud, lähevad müügilepingust taganemise korral tekkivad müüja õigused ja kohustused üle krediidiandjale.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

Leht 114 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

(22) Müügilepingust taganemisel kannab asja tagastamisega seotud kulud ja sellega seotud riisiko müüja. Pooled võivad kokku leppida, et tarbija kannab tagastamise tavalised kulud kuni 10 euro ulatuses, välja arvatud juhul, kui üleantud asi ei vasta tellitule.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(23) Kui tarbijat ei teavitatud taganemisõigusest, vastutab ta taganemise puhul asja kahjustamise eest üksnes tahtluse või raske hooletuse korral. Muus osas kohaldatakse taganemise tagajärgedele käesoleva seaduse §-des
188–192 sätestatut.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(24) Lepingutingimus, mis raskendab tarbijakrediidilepinguga majanduslikult seotud müügilepingust taganemise õiguse kasutamist, eelkõige kokkulepe, millega taganemine seotakse käsiraha või leppetrahvi maksmisega, on tühine.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(25) Kui müügileping sõlmiti sidevahendi abil või väljaspool äriruume, kohaldatakse vastavalt käesoleva seaduse §-des 492, 493, 561ja 562sätestatut.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(3) Kui müüja ei täida tarbijakrediidilepinguga seotud müügilepingust tulenevat asja üleandmise kohustust või kui asi ei vasta lepingutingimustele ning müüja on õigustamatult keeldunud tarbija õiguskaitsevahendite rahuldamisest, võib tarbija müügilepingu alusel krediidiandja suhtes keelduda omapoolse kohustuse täitmisest. Kui tarbija on taganenud müügilepingust, võib ta taganeda ka müügilepinguga seotud krediidilepingust.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(4) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1–3 sätestatut kohaldatakse ka tarbijakrediidilepingule, millega finantseeritakse muu kohustuse täitmist kui asja üleandmist.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(5) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1–3 sätestatut ei kohaldata tarbijakrediidilepingule, mille eesmärk on väärtpaberite, välisvääringu või väärismetallide omandamise finantseerimine.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]

§ 4141. Korralise ülesütlemise erisused tähtajatu tarbijakrediidilepingu puhul

(1) Kui tähtajatu tarbijakrediidilepingu korraliseks ülesütlemiseks ei ole etteteatamistähtaega kokku lepitud, võib tarbija lepingu üles öelda igal ajal etteteatamistähtaega järgimata. Etteteatamistähtaja kokkuleppimisel ei või selle kestus ületada ühte kuud.
(2) Krediidiandja võib tähtajatu tarbijakrediidilepingu korraliselt üles öelda, kui selline võimalus on lepinguga ette nähtud. Krediidiandja ülesütlemisavaldus peab olema kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis ja tarbijale teatavaks tehtud vähemalt kaks kuud enne ülesütlemise jõustumist, kui lepingus ei ole kokku lepitud pikemat etteteatamistähtaega. Vorminõuet rikkuv ülesütlemisavaldus on tühine.
(3) Kui isiku suhtes kasutatakse lepingu ülesütlemise õigust, loetakse kokkulepitud tähtaega tema kahjuks mittejärgiv ülesütlemine jõustunuks kokkulepitud tähtaja möödumisel ülesütlemise avalduse esitamisest. Kui krediidiandjal on õigus tarbijakrediidileping korraliselt üles öelda, kuid puudub kokkulepe ülesütlemise tähtaja pikkuse kohta, loetakse pooled kokku leppinuks käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 2 nimetatud tähtajas. Ülesütlemise tähtaja järgimata jätmine ei too kaasa ülesütlemise tühisust.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]

§ 4142. Krediidiandja õigus keelduda krediidi kasutada andmisest

(1) Tähtajatu tarbijakrediidilepingu puhul võib krediidiandja mõjuval põhjusel keelduda tarbijale krediidi kasutada andmisest, kui see on lepingus kokku lepitud. Eelkõige võib keelduda juhul, kui on oluliselt
suurenenud risk, et tarbija ei suuda täita oma kohustust krediiti tagasi maksta või esinevad asjaolud, mis annavad alust arvata, et krediiti kasutatakse kuritegelikul eesmärgil.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud juhul teavitab krediidiandja tarbijat krediidi kasutada andmisest keeldumisest ja selle põhjustest püsival andmekandjal, välja arvatud juhul, kui sellise teabe esitamine on keelatud või on vastuolus avaliku korra või avaliku julgeoleku eesmärkidega. Tarbijat tuleb teavitada võimaluse korral enne, kuid hiljemalt viivitamatult pärast krediidi kasutada andmisest keeldumist.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 115 /

237

§ 415. Viivis ja ebapiisavate maksete tegemine

(1) Tarbijalt ei või võlgnetavate maksete tasumisega viivitamisel nõuda käesoleva seaduse § 113 lõikes 1 sätestatud viivise määrast kõrgemat viivist. See ei välista ega piira krediidiandja õigust nõuda tarbijalt viivist ületava kahju hüvitamist. Kokkulepe, millega võimaldatakse tarbijalt nõuda maksetega viivitamisel eelkõige käsiraha või leppetrahvi, on tühine.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(2) Kui tarbija on teinud tarbijakrediidilepingu alusel makse, millest ei piisa kõigi sissenõutavaks muutunud kohustuste täitmiseks, arvestatakse makse:
1) esimeses järjekorras võla sissenõudmiseks tehtud kulude katteks;
2) teises järjekorras võlgnetava põhisumma katteks;
3) kolmandas järjekorras intressi katteks;
4) neljandas järjekorras muude kohustuste katteks.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(3) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 2 sätestatut ei kohaldata, kui tarbija teeb makse täitedokumendi alusel, mis on koostatud põhinõudena intressi väljanõudmiseks.
(4) Krediidiandja ei või keelduda ebapiisavate maksete vastuvõtmisest. [RT I 2003, 78, 523- jõust. 27.12.2003]

§ 416. Tarbijakrediidilepingu ülesütlemise piirangud

(1) Krediidiandja võib osadena tagastatava krediidi puhul tarbijakrediidilepingu tarbija makseviivituse tõttu üles öelda üksnes juhul, kui tarbija on täielikult või osaliselt viivituses vähemalt kolme üksteisele järgneva tagasimaksega ja krediidiandja on andnud tarbijale edutult vähemalt kahenädalase täiendava tähtaja puudujääva summa tasumiseks koos avaldusega, et ta ütleb selle tähtaja jooksul tagasimaksete tasumata jätmise korral lepingu üles ja nõuab kogu võla tasumist. Krediidiandja ülesütlemisavaldus peab olema kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis, mille järgimata jätmisel loetakse ülesütlemine tühiseks.
(2) Krediidiandja peab tarbijale hiljemalt koos käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud tähtaja andmisega pakkuma võimalust läbirääkimisteks, et jõuda kokkuleppele.
(3) Kui krediidiandja ütleb lepingu üles, vähendatakse vastavalt kõigi tarbija poolt krediidi tagasimaksmiseks ja krediidi kogukulu kandmiseks tehtavate maksete tasumata kogusummat krediidi kasutamata jätmise ajale langeva intressi ja tarbijale langevate kulude võrra.
[RT I, 03.12.2012, 1- jõust. 01.05.2013]
(4) Krediidiandja võib lepingu üles öelda juhul, kui krediidiandja ei saanud tarbija krediidivõimelisust õigesti hinnata, sest tarbija jättis teadlikult esitamata käesoleva seaduse §-s 4034nimetatud teabe või võltsis krediidiandjale esitatud teavet. Käesoleva lõike kohasele tarbijakrediidilepingu ülesütlemisele ei kohaldata käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 1 esimeses lauses ja lõikes 2 sätestatut.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1- jõust. 21.03.2016]

§ 417. Krediidiandja taganemine tarbijakrediidilepingust

[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(1) Kui tarbija on viivituses krediidi tagasimaksmisega, võib krediidiandja tarbijakrediidilepingust, mille esemeks on tagasimaksete tasumise vastu asja üleandmine või kohustuse täitmine, taganeda üksnes käesoleva seaduse § 416 lõikes 1 sätestatud tingimustel.
[RT I, 03.12.2012, 1- jõust. 01.05.2013]
(2) [Kehtetu -RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]

§ 4171. Krediidivahendaja täiendav teavitamiskohustus

(1) Krediidivahendaja annab tarbijale enne krediidivahenduslepingu sõlmimist teada:
1) krediidivahendaja volituste ulatuse, eelkõige, kas krediidivahendaja teeb koostööd ühe või mitme
krediidiandjaga või tegutseb iseseisvalt;
2) krediidivahenduse eest makstava tasu suuruse, kui see tuleb tasuda tarbijal.
(11) Elamukinnisvaraga seotud krediidi vahendamise korral esitab krediidivahendaja tarbijale mõistliku aja jooksul enne käesoleva seaduse §-s 4011sätestatud toimingute tegemist püsival andmekandjal vähemalt järgmise teabe:
1) krediidivahendaja nimi ja aadress;
2) selle registri nimetus, millesse krediidivahendaja on kantud, asjakohasel juhul registreerimisnumber ja
võimalused registreerimise kontrollimiseks;
3) teave selle kohta, kas krediidivahendaja on seotud ühe krediidiandjaga (krediidiagent) või mitme
krediidiandjaga või kas krediidivahendaja tegutseb ainult ühe või mitme krediidiandja heaks ning sellisel juhul
selle krediidiandja nimi, kelle vahendajana ta tegutseb;

Leht 116 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

4) teave selle kohta, kas krediidivahendaja osutab nõustamisteenust;
5) käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 1 punktis 2 nimetatud teabe või krediidivahenduse eest tarbija poolt makstava
tasu arvutamise meetod, kui tasu suurust ei ole võimalik välja tuua;
6) krediidivahendaja kohta kaebuste esitamise sisemine kord, mida võivad kasutada tarbija ja muud huvitatud
isikud, ning asjakohasel juhul võimalused vaidluste kohtuvälise lahendamise menetluse kasutamiseks;
7) krediidiandja või kolmandate isikute poolt krediidivahendajale tarbijakrediidilepinguga seotud teenuste eest
makstavate vahendustasude või muude hüvede olemasolu ja nende suurus, kui see on teada.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1- jõust. 21.03.2016]
(12) Krediidivahendaja, kes ei ole krediidiagent krediidiandjate ja -vahendajate seaduse § 21 tähenduses, kuid kes saab vahendustasu ühelt või mitmelt krediidiandjalt, esitab elamukinnisvaraga seotud krediidi vahendamise korral tarbija nõudmisel teabe selliste vahendustasude suuruse kohta, mida maksavad eri krediidiandjad, kellega krediidilepingu sõlmimist tarbijale pakutakse. Tarbijat teavitatakse sellest, et tal on õigus sellist teavet nõuda. [RT I, 11.03.2016, 1- jõust. 21.03.2016]
(13) Kui krediidivahendaja küsib tarbijalt tasu ja saab samal ajal krediidiandjalt või kolmandalt isikult vahendustasu, selgitab krediidivahendaja elamukinnisvaraga seotud krediidi vahendamise korral tarbijale, kas vahendustasu võetakse tarbijalt küsitava tasu suuruse määramisel osaliselt või täielikult arvesse.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1- jõust. 21.03.2016]
(14) Krediidivahendaja võib teha teatavaks, et ta on sõltumatu, kui ta täidab krediidiandjate ja -vahendajate seaduse § 51 lõigetes 2 ja 4 sätestatud nõudeid.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1- jõust. 21.03.2016]
(15) Kui käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 11punktis 7 nimetatud kulude suurus ei ole teabe esitamise ajal teada, teatab krediidivahendaja tarbijale, et tasude tegelik suurus tehakse teatavaks hiljem Euroopa standardinfo teabelehel. [RT I, 11.03.2016, 1- jõust. 21.03.2016]
(2) Krediidivahendaja teavitab krediidiandjat tarbija poolt krediidivahendajale makstavast tasust selliselt, et krediidiandja saaks seda krediidi kulukuse määra arvutamisel arvesse võtta.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]

§ 418. Nõuded krediidivahenduslepingule

[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(1) Krediidivahendusleping tuleb sõlmida kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis enne, kui tarbija esitab avalduse tarbijakrediidilepingust tulenevate kohustuste võtmiseks käesoleva seaduse § 404 lõike 1 tähenduses. [RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(11) Krediidivahenduslepingus tuleb märkida:
1) krediidivahendaja volituste ulatus, eelkõige, kas krediidivahendaja teeb koostööd ühe või mitme
krediidiandjaga või tegutseb iseseisvalt;
2) tarbija poolt krediidivahendajale makstava tasu suurus;
3) asjaolu, kas krediidivahendaja on tasu kokku leppinud ka krediidiandjaga ja selle tasu suurus.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(12) Elamukinnisvaraga seotud krediidi vahendamise lepingus tuleb märkida käesoleva seaduse
§ 4171lõikes 12nimetatud teave.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1- jõust. 21.03.2016]
(2) Krediidivahendusleping ja taotlus krediidi saamiseks ei või sisalduda ühes dokumendis. (3) Krediidivahendaja peab tarbijale väljastama lepingudokumendi koopia.
(4) Krediidivahendusleping, mis ei vasta käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1, lõike 11punktis 2 või 3, lõikes 12või lõikes 2 sätestatud nõuetele, on tühine.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1- jõust. 21.03.2016]

§ 419. Krediidivahendajale makstav tasu

(1) Tarbija peab maksma krediidivahendajale tasu üksnes juhul, kui tarbijale antakse krediiti vahendaja tegevuse tulemusena ja tarbija ei saa tarbijakrediidilepingust enam vastavalt käesoleva seaduse §-le 409 taganeda.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 117 /

237

(2) Kui krediit võetakse krediidivahendaja teadmisel mõne teise krediidi ennetähtaegseks tagasimaksmiseks, on krediidivahendajal õigus tasule üksnes juhul, kui krediidi kulukuse määr või krediidi kulukuse esialgne määr ei suurene. Tagasimakstava krediidi puhul krediidi kulukuse määra või krediidi kulukuse esialgse määra arvutamisel ei võeta arvesse tagasimakstava krediidi võimalikke vahenduskulusid.
(3) Krediidivahendaja ei tohi krediidi vahendamise või tarbijakrediidilepingu sõlmimise võimalusele osutamisega seotud teenuste eest nõuda muud kui käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 või 2 nimetatud tasu ning kokkuleppel tarbijaga vahendaja poolt kantud vajalike kulude hüvitamist.
[RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]

§ 4191. Nõustamisteenuse osutamine elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidilepingu korral

(1) Nõustamisteenus on tarbijale elamukinnisvaraga seotud krediidi pakkumisel sõltumatu ja isikustatud soovituse andmine ühe või enama elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidi saamiseks sõlmitava lepingu kohta.
(2) Nõustamisteenus on krediidi andmisest ja vahendamisest eraldiseisev teenus. Nõustamisena ei käsitata käesoleva seaduse § 4033 tähenduses tarbijale lepingueelse teabe esitamist ega § 4035tähenduses tarbijakrediidilepingu kohta selgituste andmist.
(3) Käesolevas paragrahvis reguleerimata juhul kohaldatakse nõustamisteenuse osutamisele krediidiandjate ja - vahendajate seaduse §-s 51 ja käesolevas seaduses käsunduslepingu kohta sätestatut.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1- jõust. 21.03.2016]

§ 4192. Välisriigi vääringus elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidileping

(1) Kui elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidileping ei ole sõlmitud selle Euroopa Liidu liikmesriigi vääringus (välisriigi vääring), kus oli tarbija alaline elukoht lepingu sõlmimise ajal (tarbija omavääring), võib tarbija nõuda tarbijakrediidilepingu ümberarvestamist tarbija omavääringusse või selle Euroopa Liidu liikmesriigi vääringusse, kus on tarbija alaline elukoht praegu, kui tarbija makstava kogusumma jäägi või
perioodiliste maksete suurus tõuseb vahetuskursi muutuse tõttu üle 20 protsendi võrreldes sellega, mis see oleks olnud tarbijakrediidilepingu sõlmimise ajal kehtinud vahetuskursi järgi.
(2) Pooled võivad elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidilepingus kokku leppida, et tarbija omavääring
on lisaks käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatule või selle asemel vääring, milles tarbija saab oma peamise
sissetuleku või omab varasid, millest krediit tagasi makstakse, ja mis on kindlaks määratud ajal, kui toimus
viimane tarbija krediidivõimelisuse hindamine. Eelmises lauses nimetatud juhul on tarbijal õigus nõuda lepingu
ümberarvestamist tarbija omavääringusse käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud tingimustel.
(3) Ümberarvestamisel kasutatav vahetuskurss on ümberarvestamise päeval kehtiv Eesti Panga avaldatud vahetuskurss, kui elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidilepingus ei ole sätestatud teisiti.
(4) Pooled võivad elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidilepingus kokku leppida, et lisaks käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1 ja 2 sätestatud ümberarvestamise õigusele või selle asemel kehtib tarbijakrediidilepingu alusel tarbijale tekkiva vahetuskursiriski piiramiseks mõni muu kord.
(5) Välisriigi vääringus sõlmitud elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidilepingu korral hoiatab krediidiandja iga kuu tarbijat püsival andmekandjal, kui tarbija makstava kogusumma jäägi või perioodiliste maksete suurus tõuseb rohkem kui 20 protsenti võrreldes sellega, mis oleks tarbija kogusumma jääk või perioodiliste maksete suurus tarbija omavääringus tarbijakrediidilepingu sõlmimise ajal kehtinud vahetuskursi järgi. Hoiatuses teavitatakse tarbijat tema poolt tasumisele kuuluva kogusumma jäägi tõusust, asjakohasel juhul lepingu ümberarvestamise õigusest ja ümberarvestamise tingimustest ning selgitatakse mis tahes muud kohaldatavat mehhanismi, mille eesmärk on piirata tarbijat mõjutavat vahetuskursiriski.
(6) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1, 2 ja 4 sätestatud võimalusest teavitatakse tarbijat käesoleva seaduse § 4033lõike 3 alusel kehtestatud Euroopa standardinfo teabelehel ja elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidilepingus.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1- jõust. 21.03.2016]

§ 4193. Elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidilepingu sõlmimise sidumine teiste finantsteenustega

(1) Krediidiandja ei tohi teha elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidilepingu sõlmimist sõltuvaks teise finantsteenuse osutamise lepingu sõlmimisest selliselt, et elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidilepingu sõlmimine eraldiseisvalt ei ole võimalik. Eelmises lauses sätestatu ei hõlma elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidilepingu pakkumist üheskoos teiste finantsteenuse osutamise lepingutega, kui elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidilepingu saab sõlmida ka eraldiseisvalt, kuid mitte samadel tingimustel nagu koos mõne teise lepingu sõlmimisega.
(2) Hoolimata käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatust, võib krediidiandja teha elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidilepingu sõlmimise sõltuvaks tarbija kohustusest:
1) sõlmida leping makse- või hoiusekonto avamiseks, kui selle lepingu alusel peetava konto ainus eesmärk on kapitali kogumine elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidilepingust tulenevate kohustuste täitmiseks või

Leht 118 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

vahendite koondamine krediidi saamiseks või krediidiandjale täiendava tagatise andmine tarbija makseviivituse korral, või
2) sõlmida investeerimisteenuse osutamise leping või juhul, kui selline leping on juba sõlmitud, siis jätkata selle täitmist, kui see on makseviivituse korral täiendavaks tagatiseks krediidiandjale või kui selle eesmärk on samuti elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidilepingust tulenevate kohustuste täitmiseks kapitali kogumine või vahendite koondamine krediidi saamiseks.
(3) Kui elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidilepingu sõlmimine tehakse sõltuvaks kindlustuslepingu sõlmimisest, kohaldatakse käesoleva seaduse §-s 4012sätestatut.
(4) Krediidiandja võib teha elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidilepingu sõlmimise sõltuvaks mõne teise lepingu sõlmimisest, kui krediidiandja suudab pädevale asutusele tõendada, et ühesugustel tingimustel pakutavad seotud lepingud või lepingute kategooriad, mis ei ole kättesaadavad eraldiseisvana, toovad tarbijale selgelt kasu, võttes nõuetekohaselt arvesse kõnealuste lepingute turul kättesaadavust ja nende alusel makstavat tasu.
(5) Leping, mille sõlmimisest on elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidilepingu sõlmimine sõltuvaks tehtud, on käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatud keelu rikkumise korral tühine. Elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidileping kehtib edasi endistel tingimustel.
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1- jõust. 21.03.2016]

§ 420. Sätete rikkumise keelamine

Seaduses sätestatud isik või asutus võib seadusega sätestatud korras nõuda käesolevas jaos sätestatut rikkunud krediidiandjalt ja -vahendajalt rikkumise lõpetamist ja rikkumisest hoidumist.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

§ 421. Sätete kohustuslikkus

Käesolevas jaos sätestatust tarbija kahjuks kõrvalekalduv kokkulepe on tühine. Käesolevas jaos sätestatut kohaldatakse ka juhul, kui sätete kohaldamist püütakse vältida kokkulepete teistsuguse sõnastamisega, eelkõige krediidisumma jagamisega mitme lepingu vahel.

4. osa

KINDLUSTUSLEPING

23. peatükk

ÜLDOSA

1. jagu

Üldsätted

§ 422. Kindlustuslepingu mõiste

(1) Kindlustuslepinguga kohustub üks isik (kindlustusandja) kindlustusjuhtumi toimumisel hüvitama kindlustusjuhtumi tõttu tekkinud kahju või maksma kokkulepitud rahasumma ühekordselt või osadena või täitma lepingu muul kokkulepitud viisil (kindlustusandja täitmise kohustus). Teine isik (kindlustusvõtja) kohustub tasuma kindlustusandjale kindlustusmakseid.
(2) [Kehtetu -RT I, 07.07.2015, 1- jõust. 01.01.2016]

§ 4221. Kohustuslik kindlustus ja sundkindlustus

(1) Seaduses sätestatud juhul on kindlustusvõtja kohustatud kindlustuslepingu sõlmima (kohustuslik kindlustus). Kohustusliku kindlustuse kindlustuslepingu suhtes kohaldatakse käesolevat seadust kohustuslikku kindlustust kehtestavast seadusest tulenevate erisustega.
(2) Seaduses sätestatud juhul on kindlustusvõtja kohustatud tasuma kindlustusmakset või -maksu ja hüvitamise kohustus on avalik-õiguslikul juriidilisel isikul või avalikku ülesannet täitval eraõiguslikul juriidilisel isikul (sundkindlustus). Käesolevat seadust kohaldatakse sundkindlustusele juhul, kui nii on sätestatud seaduses, millega sundkindlustus kehtestatakse.
[RT I, 07.07.2015, 1- jõust. 01.01.2016]

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 119 /

237

§ 423. Kindlustusjuhtum ja kindlustusrisk

(1) Kindlustusjuhtum on eelnevalt kokkulepitud sündmus, mille toimumise korral peab kindlustusandja täitma oma lepingust tuleneva täitmise kohustuse.
(2) Kindlustusrisk on oht, mille vastu kindlustatakse.

§ 424. Kindlustatud isik ja kindlustatud ese

(1) Kindlustatud isik on kindlustusvõtja või nimeliselt määratletud või määratlemata kolmas isik, kellega seotud kindlustusriski on kindlustatud. Eeldatakse, et kindlustatud on kindlustusvõtjaga seotud kindlustusriski.
(2) Kindlustatud ese on ese, millega seotud kindlustusriski on kindlustatud.

§ 425. Soodustatud isik

(1) Soodustatud isik on isik, kellel on kindlustusjuhtumi toimumise korral õigus saada kindlustushüvitis, kokkulepitud rahasumma või muu kindlustusandja kohustuse täitmine vastavalt lepingule.
(2) Pärast kindlustusvõtja surma ei või tema pärijad soodustatud isikut asendada.

§ 426. Kindlustussumma

(1) Kindlustusandja peab kahjukindlustuse puhul kindlustusjuhtumi toimumisel tekkinud kahju hüvitama üksnes kokkulepitud rahasumma ulatuses, mis on kindlustusandjapoolseks maksimaalseks väljamaksusummaks (kindlustussumma). See ei mõjuta käesoleva seaduse §-s 477 sätestatut.
(2) Kindlustussumma võib olla määratletud muul kujul kui maksimaalse väljamaksusummana.

§ 427. Lepinguvabaduse piirangud

(1) Kindlustusvõtja kahjuks käesoleva seaduse §-des 428, 432, 433, 435, § 436 lõikes 2, § 438 lõikes 3, §-s
439, § 441 lõigetes 2 ja 3, §-s 442, § 445 lõikes 3, §-des 449 ja 450, § 452 lõikes 2, § 454 lõikes 2, §-des 457–
459, 461, 462, 468–472, 474, 475, 487, 491, § 492 lõikes 3, §-des 515, 519–531, 535–537, 542–547, 557–567
sätestatust kõrvalekalduv kokkulepe on tühine.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatut ei kohaldata:
1) edasikindlustuslepingutele;
2) raudtee veerevkoosseisu, õhusõidukite ja laevade kindlustuslepingutele;
3) veosekindlustuslepingutele;
4) õhusõiduki ja veesõiduki valdaja vastutuskindlustuslepingutele;
5) krediidi- ja garantiikindlustuslepingutele, kui kindlustatakse majandus- või kutsetegevusest tulenevaid
kindlustusriske.
(3) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatut ei kohaldata ka maismaasõidukite, tule ja loodusjõudude või finantskahju vastu kindlustamise lepingutele, samuti tsiviilvastutuskindlustuslepingutele, kui kindlustusvõtja vastab vähemalt kahele järgmistest tingimustest:
1) bilansimaht ületab summa, mis vastab 6 200 000 eurole;
2) majandusaasta netokäive ületab summa, mis vastab 12 800 000 eurole;
3) majandusaasta keskmine töötajate arv on vähemalt 250.
(4) Samasse konsolideerimisgruppi, raamatupidamise seaduse tähenduses, kuuluvate äriühingute puhul võetakse käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 3 sätestatu arvutamisel aluseks äriühingu andmed konsolideeritud aruandes.
[RT I 2005, 39, 308- jõust. 01.01.2006]

2. jagu

Lepingu sõlmimine

§ 428. Kindlustuslepingut sõlmida soovivale isikule avaldatav teave

(1) Kindlustusandja peab tagama, et füüsilist isikut, kes soovib sõlmida kindlustuslepingut, teavitatakse enne lepingu sõlmimist vähemalt järgmistest andmetest:
1) kindlustusandja nimi ja õiguslik vorm;
2) kindlustusandja aadress, samuti kontori aadress, mille vahendusel leping sõlmitakse, kui seda ei tehta
kindlustusandja asukoha järgi;
3) kindlustuslepingu suhtes kehtivad tüüptingimused ja õigus, mida lepingule kohaldatakse;
[RT I, 07.07.2015, 1- jõust. 01.01.2016]
4) kindlustusandja kohustused, kui need erinevad tüüptingimustes ettenähtust;
[RT I, 07.07.2015, 1- jõust. 01.01.2016]

Leht 120 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

5) kindlustuslepingu kehtivusaeg ning selle lõpetamise tingimused;
6) kindlustusmaksete suurus ja tasumise kord, sealhulgas eraldi kindlustusmaksete suurused erinevate
kindlustuskaitsete eest, kui kindlustussuhe hõlmab mitut kindlustuskaitset;
[RT I, 07.07.2015, 1- jõust. 01.01.2016]
7) kindlustusvõtja poolt koos kindlustusmaksetega maksmisele kuuluvate tasude ja kõigi teiste kindlustusandja
poolt väljamaksmisele kuuluvaid summasid mõjutavate tasude liigid ning nende suurused;
[RT I, 07.07.2015, 1- jõust. 01.01.2016]
8) tähtaeg, mille jooksul on kindlustuslepingu sõlmimist taotlev isik oma lepingu sõlmimise avaldusega seotud;
9) pädeva kindlustusjärelevalve aadress, millel kindlustusvõtja võib esitada kaebuse kindlustusandja tegevuse
peale;
10) kaebuse lahendamise kord ja kindlustusvaidlusi lahendava organi aadress, kuhu kindlustusvõtja võib
pöörduda kindlustuslepingut puudutava kaebuse lahendamiseks.
[RT I, 11.04.2014, 1- jõust. 01.10.2014]
(2) Enne elukindlustuslepingu sõlmimist peab kindlustusandja tagama füüsilisest isikust kindlustusvõtja teavitamise lisaks käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatule järgmistest andmetest:
[RT I, 07.07.2015, 1- jõust. 01.01.2016]
1) kindlustushüvitiste liigid ja maksmise tingimused;
[RT I, 07.07.2015, 1- jõust. 01.01.2016]
11) kasumiosalusega kindlustuslepingu korral kasumi määramise ja jaotamise põhimõtted; [RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]
2) kindlustuslepingu tagastusväärtus, kui tagastusväärtust on võimalik sellisele kindlustuslepingule arvutada; [RT I, 07.07.2015, 1- jõust. 01.01.2016]
3) paragrahvi 543 lõikes 2 nimetatud minimaalne summa kindlustuse kindlustusmaksevabaks muutmiseks ja kindlustusmaksevabast kindlustusest tulenevad kindlustusandja kohustused;
[RT I, 07.07.2015, 1- jõust. 01.01.2016]
4) investeerimisriskiga elukindlustuse korral andmed kindlustuslepingu aluseks oleva alusvara olemuse ja
sellega seotud riskide kohta, mis võimaldavad kindlustusvõtjal teha igakülgselt kaalutud investeerimisotsuse,
seejuures ei ole lubatud rõhutada investeerimisriskiga elukindlustuslepingu sõlmimisest saadavat võimalikku
kasu, kui samal ajal ei viidata selgelt selle lepingu sõlmimisega seotud riskidele;
[RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]
5) üldine teave kindlustuslepingu maksustamispõhimõtete kohta;
[RT I, 07.07.2015, 1- jõust. 01.01.2016]
6) teave selle kohta, kust on kättesaadav kindlustustegevuse seaduse § 125 lõike 1 kohaselt avalikustatud
kindlustusandja solventsuse ja finantsseisundi aruanne.
[RT I, 07.07.2015, 1- jõust. 01.01.2016]
(21) Kui elukindlustuslepingu alusel makstava hüvitise suurus võib kujuneda suuremaks kindlustuslepinguga garanteeritud hüvitise suurusest ja kindlustusandja esitab kindlustusvõtjale selle suuruse kujunemise kohta näitlikke arvutusi, peab ta neis kasutama vähemalt kolme erinevat intressimäära.
[RT I, 07.07.2015, 1- jõust. 01.01.2016]
(22) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 21sätestatud hüvitise suuruse näitlikud arvutused peavad sisaldama märget selle kohta, et need põhinevad üksnes arvutustes tehtud eeldustel ning sellises suuruses hüvitised ei ole kindlustusvõtjale garanteeritud.
[RT I, 07.07.2015, 1- jõust. 01.01.2016]
(23) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 21sätestatut ei kohaldata surmajuhtumikindlustuse lepingute suhtes. [RT I, 07.07.2015, 1- jõust. 01.01.2016]
(3) Kindlustuslepingu sõlmimise ettevalmistamisele ei kohaldata käesoleva seaduse §-s 141sätestatud lepingueelse teabe andmise kohustuse kohta sätestatut.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(4) Kindlustuslepingu sõlmimisel esindaja kaudu või kindlustusmaakleri vahendusel loetakse käesolevas paragrahvis sätestatud teavitamiskohustus täidetuks, kui kindlustusandja on edastanud vastava teabe esindajale või kindlustusmaaklerile.
[RT I, 07.07.2015, 1- jõust. 01.01.2016]

§ 429. Andmetest teavitamine lepingu kehtivuse ajal

(1) Kindlustuslepingu kehtivuse ajal peab kindlustusandja tagama füüsilisest isikust kindlustusvõtjale teabe edastamise käesoleva seaduse §-s 428 sätestatud andmete muutumise kohta.
[RT I, 07.07.2015, 1- jõust. 01.01.2016]
(2) Kasumiosalusega elukindlustuslepingu korral tuleb füüsilisest isikust kindlustusvõtjat kord aastas teavitada sellest, kui palju on talle aasta jooksul määratud lisakasumit ja kui palju on sellest tingituna

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 121 /

237

suurenenud elukindlustuslepingu alusel väljamaksmisele kuuluvad summad. Kui kindlustusandja on esitanud kindlustusvõtjale kasumiosaluse prognoosid, tuleb kindlustusvõtjat teavitada ka tegeliku kasumiosaluse ja prognoositud kasumiosaluse vahest.
[RT I, 07.07.2015, 1- jõust. 01.01.2016; § 429 lõike 2 teist lauset kohaldatakse kindlustuslepingutele, mis on sõlmitud alates 2016. aasta 1. jaanuarist.]

§ 430. Teavitamise vorm

Käesoleva seaduse §-des 428 ja 429 sätestatud teave tuleb kindlustusvõtjale edastada kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis ning see peab olema selgelt sõnastatud, ülevaatlikult liigendatud ja koostatud eesti keeles või kokkuleppel muus keeles.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336- jõust. 01.07.2002]

§ 431. Kindlustuslepingu sõlmimise avaldus

(1) Kindlustuslepingu sõlmimise avalduse blanketid võivad sisaldada üksnes nii palju ettepanekuid eri kindlustuslepingute sõlmimiseks, et see ei piiraks ülevaatlikkust, loetavust ega arusaadavust.
(2) Kindlustusandja peab kindluslepingu suhtes kehtivad tüüptingimused märkima tema poolt väljaantud avalduse blanketile või andma need avalduse esitajale üle enne blanketi esitamist või sellega samaaegselt.

§ 432. Teavitamise kohustuse rikkumise tagajärjed

(1) Kui kindlustusandja ei täitnud käesoleva seaduse §-s 428 sätestatud kohustusi, muu hulgas ei andnud kindlustusvõtjale üle kindlustuslepingu suhtes kehtivaid tüüptingimusi, ei loeta lepingut sõlmituks, kui kindlustusvõtja vaidleb lepingule kirjalikult taasesitatavas vormis vastu 14 päeva jooksul, alates talle teabe ja tüüptingimuste edastamisest.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatud tähtaeg hakkab kulgema üksnes juhul, kui lisaks käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatule on kindlustusvõtjat kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis ning trükitehniliselt selgelt loetavalt teavitatud vastuvaidlemisõigusest, tähtaja algusest ja selle kestusest. Dokumentide kättesaamist peab tõendama kindlustusandja. Tähtaja järgimiseks piisab vastuväite ärasaatmisest tähtaja jooksul.
(3) Vaatamata käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 2 sätestatule, lõpeb kindlustusvõtja vastuvaidlemisõigus ühe aasta jooksul pärast esimese kindlustusmakse tasumist.
(4) Kindlustusvõtjal ei ole käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud õigust, kui kindlustusandja annab kindlustusvõtjale kohese kindlustuskaitse ning lepingupooled on kokku leppinud kindlustustingimuste ja käesoleva seaduse §-s 428 nimetatud teabe üleandmisest loobumises. Kindlustusvõtja nõudel tuleb teave ja kindlustustingimused talle siiski üle anda hiljemalt koos poliisiga.
[RT I 2003, 78, 523- jõust. 27.12.2003]

§ 433. Kindlustusvõtja taganemine lepingust

(1) Kindlustuslepingu sõlmimisel enam kui üheks aastaks, samuti elukindlustuslepingu sõlmimisel võib kindlustusvõtja 14 päeva jooksul lepingu sõlmimisest lepingust põhjust avaldamata taganeda. Tähtaja järgimiseks piisab taganemisavalduse ärasaatmisest tähtaja jooksul. Sidevahendi abil sõlmitud elu- ja pensionikindlustuslepingutele kohaldatakse käesoleva seaduse §-s 56 sätestatut.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud tähtaeg ei hakka kulgema enne, kui kindlustusandja on kindlustusvõtjale taganemisõigusest teatanud ja kindlustusvõtja on teatamist allkirjaga kinnitanud. Kui kindlustusvõtjale ei teatata taganemisõigusest, lõpeb taganemisõigus ühe kuu möödumisel esimese kindlustusmakse tasumisest.
(21) Kui kindlustusvõtjaks on tarbija, on ta kohustatud taganemisel hüvitama üksnes kindlustuskaitse väärtuse lepingust taganemiseni. Hüvitamisega seotud kulud ning riisiko kannab kindlustusandja. Pooled võivad siiski kokku leppida, et kindlustusvõtja kannab kulud kuni 10 euro ulatuses, välja arvatud juhul, kui taganemine tuleneb kindlustusteenuse mittevastavusest. Muid nõudeid, kui käesolevas lõikes nimetatud, kindlustusandja kindlustusvõtja vastu esitada ei saa.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(3) Kindlustusvõtjal ei ole taganemisõigust, kui kindlustusandja on andnud talle kohese kindlustuskaitse või kui kindlustusleping sõlmitakse kindlustusvõtja majandus- või kutsetegevuse jaoks.
(4) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 3 sätestatut ei kohaldata elukindlustuslepingule. [RT I 2004, 75, 522- jõust. 10.11.2004]
(5) Lepingutingimus, mis raskendab tarbijast kindlustusvõtjal taganemisõiguse kasutamist, eelkõige kokkulepe, millega taganemine seotakse käsiraha või leppetrahvi maksmisega, on tühine.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

Leht 122 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

§ 434. Poliis

(1) Kindlustusandja peab kindlustusvõtjale väljastama kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis dokumendi kindlustuslepingu sõlmimise kohta (poliis). Kindlustusvõtja nõudel peab poliisi väljastama kirjalikult.
[RT I, 07.07.2015, 1- jõust. 01.01.2016]
(2) Poliisil peavad olema märgitud vähemalt käesoleva seaduse §-s 428 sätestatud andmed, samuti:
1) kindlustusvõtja ning kindlustatud isiku nimi ja aadress, kui tegemist ei ole esitajapoliisiga;
2) kindlustusliik, kindlustuslepingu eseme määratlus, kindlustusriskide loetelu ja kindlustusjuhtumist teatamise
tähtaeg;
3) kindlustussumma või selle arvutamise alused;
4) lepingu jõustumise ja lepingu võimaliku pikenemise aeg ning kindlustuskaitse aeg;
5) kohustusliku kindlustuse korral õigusakt, millest kindlustuslepingu sõlmimise kohustus tuleneb.
(3) Poliisil ei pea olema märgitud käesoleva seaduse §-s 428 sätestatud andmed, kui nendest andmetest on kindlustusvõtjat teavitatud juba enne lepingu sõlmimist ja sellele on poliisil viidatud.
[RT I, 07.07.2015, 1- jõust. 01.01.2016]

§ 435. Poliisi asendamine ja avalduste ärakirjad

(1) Poliisi kadumise või hävimise korral võib kindlustusvõtja nõuda kindlustusandjalt asenduspoliisi väljastamist.
(2) Kindlustusvõtja võib nõuda ärakirja mis tahes enda poolt lepingu suhtes kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis tehtud tahteavaldusest. Kindlustusandja peab sellest õigusest kindlustusvõtjale poliisi väljastamisel teatama.
(3) Kui kindlustusvõtja vajab ärakirja kindlustusandja suhtes õigustoimingu tegemiseks, mis tuleb teha teatud aja jooksul, ja kindlustusandja ei ole ärakirja kindlustusvõtjale varem üle andnud, peatub tähtaja kulgemine ärakirja väljastamise nõudmise esitamisest kuni ärakirja saamiseni.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336- jõust. 01.07.2002]

§ 436. Poliisi erinevus kindlustusvõtja avaldusest

(1) Kui poliisi sisu kaldub kõrvale kindlustusvõtja avaldusest, loetakse see kõrvalekalle kindlustusvõtja poolt heakskiidetuks, kui kindlustusvõtja ei vaidle sellele kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis vastu 14 päeva jooksul poliisi saamisest.
(2) Kõrvalekalle loetakse heakskiidetuks üksnes siis, kui kindlustusandja on poliisi väljastamisel juhtinud kindlustusvõtja tähelepanu käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatule eraldi kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis teatega. Teate võib asendada poliisi sisust eraldi esiletõstetud märkega poliisil. Iga kõrvalekaldumine tuleb eraldi ära näidata.
(3) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 2 sätestatu täitmata jätmise korral ei ole kõrvalekalle kindlustusvõtjale siduv ja lepingutingimustena vaadeldakse kindlustusvõtja avalduses sisaldunud tingimusi.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336- jõust. 01.07.2002]

§ 437. Kindlustuskaitse algus

Kui kindlustusandja kohustuste (kindlustuskaitse) tähtaeg on määratud päevade või pikema ajavahemikuga, eeldatakse, et kindlustuskaitse algab lepingu sõlmimisele järgneval päeval kell 00.00 ning lõpeb tähtaja viimasel päeval kell 24.00.

§ 438. Tagasiulatuv kindlustuskaitse

(1) Lepinguga võib ette näha, et kindlustuskaitse algab tagasiulatuvalt enne lepingu sõlmimist.
(2) Kindlustusandja ei või nõuda tagasiulatuva kindlustuskaitse eest kindlustusmakse tasumist, kui ta teadis või pidi lepingu sõlmimise ajal teadma, et kindlusjuhtum ei ole toimunud.
(3) Kindlustusandjal ei ole tagasiulatuva kindlustuskaitse andmisel täitmise kohustust, kui kindlustusvõtja teadis või pidi lepingu sõlmimise ajal teadma, et kindlusjuhtum on juba toimunud. Sellisel juhul võib kindlustusandja nõuda kindlustusmaksete tasumist selle kindlustusperioodi lõpuni, mil kindlustusandja sai teada kindlustusjuhtumi toimumisest, välja arvatud juhul, kui ta teadis kindlustusjuhtumi toimumisest juba lepingu sõlmimisel või pidi seda teadma.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 123 /

237

§ 439. Kohene kindlustuskaitse

(1) Kindlustusvõtja võib juba enne lepingu sõlmimist oma kindlustuslepingu sõlmimise avaldusega taotleda kindlustusandjalt lepinguga ettenähtud kindlustuskaitset tähtaja jooksul, mille kestel kindlustusvõtja on seotud lepingu sõlmimise avaldusega (kohene kindlustuskaitse).
(2) Kohese kindlustuskaitse taotluse esitamise korral peab kindlustusandja teatama, kas ta võimaldab kindlustusvõtjale kohest kindlustuskaitset või keeldub sellest.

§ 440. Kindlustusvõtja kohustus teatada olulistest asjaoludest

(1) Kindlustusvõtja peab lepingu sõlmimisel teatama kindlustusandjale kõigist talle teada olevatest asjaoludest, millel on nende olemusest tulenevalt mõju kindlustusandja otsusele leping sõlmida või teha seda kokkulepitud tingimustel (olulised asjaolud). Eeldatakse, et oluline on asjaolu, mille kohta kindlustusandja on otseselt kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis teavet nõudnud.
(2) Kindlustusvõtja ei pea kindlustusandjale teatama asjaolust, mis on kindlustusandjale juba teada või mille suhtes kindlustusvõtja võib mõistlikult eeldada, et see on kindlustusandjale teada.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336- jõust. 01.07.2002]

§ 441. Kindlustusandja taganemine lepingust teatamiskohustuse rikkumise korral

(1) Kui kindlustusvõtja ei teatanud käesoleva seaduse §-s 440 sätestatut rikkudes olulisest asjaolust, samuti kui kindlustusvõtja vältis tahtlikult olulise asjaolu teadasaamist või andis olulise asjaolu kohta ebaõiget teavet, võib kindlustusandja lepingust taganeda.
(2) Kindlustusandja ei või käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatud juhul lepingust taganeda, kui:
1) kindlustusandja teadis teabe ebaõigsust või asjaolu, mida talle ei teatatud;
2) teatamata jätmine või ebaõige teabe andmine ei toimunud kindlustusvõtja süü tõttu;
3) asjaolu, millest ei teatatud või mille kohta anti ebaõiget teavet, langes enne kindlustusjuhtumi toimumist ära;
4) kindlustusandja on taganemise õigusest loobunud.
(3) Kui kindlustusvõtja peab teatama kindlustusandjale olulistest asjaoludest kindlustusandja poolt kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis esitatud küsimuste põhjal, võib kindlustusandja lepingust taganeda otseselt asjaolust, mille kohta pole küsitud, teatamata jätmise tõttu üksnes siis, kui tegemist on asjaolu tahtliku varjamisega.
(4) Kui kindlustusandja ei või kindlustuslepingust käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 2 sätestatud alusel taganeda,
võib ta nõuda kindlustusvõtjalt kindlustusmaksete suurendamist vastavalt käesoleva seaduse §-s 460 sätestatule.
(5) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1–4 sätestatu ei välista kindlustusandja õigust tühistada leping pettuse tõttu. [RT I 2002, 53, 336- jõust. 01.07.2002]

§ 442. Kindlustusandja lepingust taganemise tähtaeg

(1) Kindlustusandja võib lepingust käesoleva seaduse §-s 441 sätestatud alusel taganeda üksnes ühe kuu jooksul, arvates ajast, mil ta sai teada või pidi teada saama käesoleva seaduse §-s 440 sätestatud teatamiskohustuse rikkumisest. Lepingust ei või taganeda, kui lepingu sõlmimisest on möödunud kolm aastat.
(2) Kui kindlustusandja taganeb lepingust käesoleva seaduse §-s 441 sätestatud alusel pärast kindlustusjuhtumi toimumist, peab ta lepingust tulenevad kohustused siiski täitma, kui asjaolu, millest ei teatatud, ei omanud
mõju kindlustusjuhtumi toimumisele ja ei välista ega piira kindlustusandja täitmise kohustuse kehtivust. Kindlustusandja täitmise kohustuse olemasolu hindamisel tuleb arvestada ka tasutud kindlustusmaksete suhet kindlustusmaksetega, mida oleks tulnud maksta, kui asjaolust oleks teatatud.

3. jagu

Kindlustusriski võimalikkuse suurenemine

§ 443. Kindlustusriski võimalikkuse suurenemisest teatamine

Kindlustusvõtja peab kindlustusriski võimalikkuse suurenemisest viivitamata kindlustusandjale teatama, välja arvatud juhul, kui kindlustusriski võimalikkuse suurenemise põhjustas üldiselt teadaolev asjaolu, mis ei mõjuta üksnes selle kindlustusvõtja kindlustusriski.

§ 444. Kindlustusriski võimalikkuse suurendamise keeld

Kindlustusvõtja ei või pärast lepingu sõlmimist ilma kindlustusandja nõusolekuta suurendada kindlustusriski võimalikkust ega lubada selle suurendamist isikute poolt, kelle eest ta vastutab.

Leht 124 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

§ 445. Kindlustusandja vabanemine kindlustuslepingu täitmise kohustusest kindlustusriski võimalikkuse suurenemise korral

(1) Kui kindlustusvõtja rikub käesoleva seaduse §-s 443 sätestatud kohustust, vabaneb kindlustusandja kindlustuslepingu täitmise kohustusest, kui kindlustusjuhtum toimub pärast ühe kuu möödumist ajast, mil kindlustusandja oleks pidanud teate kätte saama, välja arvatud juhul, kui ta teadis ajal, mil ta oleks pidanud teate kätte saama, kindlustusriski võimalikkuse suurenemisest või pidi seda teadma.
(2) Kui kindlustusvõtja rikub käesoleva seaduse §-s 444 sätestatud kohustust, vabaneb kindlustusandja kindlustuslepingu täitmise kohustusest kindlustusvõtjast tuleneva asjaolu tõttu kindlustusriski võimalikkuse suurenemise ulatuses, kui kindlustusjuhtum toimub pärast kindlustusriski suurenemist.
(3) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1 ja 2 sätestatut ei kohaldata, kui:
1) kindlustusjuhtumi toimumise ajaks oli möödunud tähtaeg, mille jooksul võis kindlustusandja lepingu
kindlustusriski võimalikkuse suurenemise tõttu üles öelda või nõuda selle muutmist, ilma et kindlustusandja
oleks lepingut üles öelnud või selle muutmist nõudnud;
2) kindlustusriski võimalikkuse suurenemisel ei olnud mõju kindlustusjuhtumi toimumisele;
3) suurem kindlustusrisk ei oleks mõjutanud kindlustusandja täitmise kohustuse kehtivust ega ulatust;
4) kindlustusriski võimalikkus suurenes kindlustusandja süü tõttu.
(4) Kui kindlustusandja vabaneb käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 või 2 sätestatu kohaselt oma täitmise kohustusest üksnes mõne kindlustatud eseme või isiku suhtes, vabaneb ta kogu täitmise kohustusest, kui vastavalt asjaoludele võib eeldada, et ta ei oleks lepingut samadel tingimustel üksnes selle osa suhtes sõlminud.

§ 446. Lepingu muutmine ja ülesütlemine kindlustusriski võimalikkuse suurenemise korral

(1) Kui kindlustusvõtja rikub käesoleva seaduse §-s 444 sätestatud kohustust, võib kindlustusandja kindlustuslepingu ette teatamata üles öelda. Kui rikkumine ei toimunud kindlustusvõtja süü tõttu, võib kindlustusandja lepingu üles öelda, teatades sellest ette üks kuu.
(2) Kui kindlustusriski võimalikkus suurenes kindlustusvõtja poolt ilma kindlustusandja nõusolekuta tehtud muudatuse tõttu ja kindlustusvõtja ei teatanud õigeaegselt kindlustusriski võimalikkuse suurenemisest, võib kindlustusandja kindlustuslepingu ette teatamata üles öelda. Kui kindlustusriski võimalikkuse suurendamise keelu rikkumine ei toimunud kindlustusvõtja süü tõttu, võib kindlustusandja lepingu üles öelda, teatades sellest ette üks kuu.
(3) Kui kindlustusrisk suureneb pärast lepingu sõlmimist kindlustusvõtjast sõltumata, võib kindlustusandja nõuda lepingu muutmist tagasiulatuvalt, alates kindlustusriski suurenemisest. Kui kindlustusvõtja ei nõustu lepingu muutmisega või kui suurenenud kindlustusriski korral kindlustusandja ei oleks lepingut sõlminud, võib kindlustusandja lepingu üles öelda, teatades sellest ette üks kuu.
(4) Kindlustusandja õigus nõuda käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1–3 nimetatud juhul lepingu muutmist või öelda leping üles lõpeb, kui ta ei kasuta seda õigust ühe kuu jooksul, arvates ajast, mil ta sai teada kindlustusriski suurenemisest. Kindlustusandjal on õigus leping käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1–3 nimetatud juhul üles öelda
ka juhul, kui taastub kindlustusriski suurenemise eelne olukord.
(5) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1–4 sätestatut ei kohaldata, kui kindlustusrisk suurenes kindlustusandjast tuleneva asjaolu tõttu.

§ 447. Sätete kohaldamine

(1) Käesolevas jaos sätestatut kohaldatakse ka kindlustusriski suurenemisele, mis toimus kindlustusvõtja poolt lepingu sõlmimise avalduse esitamise ja lepingu sõlmimise vahelisel ajal, kui kindlustusandja kindlustusriski suurenemisest lepingu sõlmimise ajal ei teadnud.
(2) Käesolevas jaos sätestatut ei kohaldata, kui kindlustusriski suurenemine ei ole oluline või kui lepingupooled leppisid kokku, et kindlustusriski suurenemine ei mõjuta kindlustuslepingut.
(3) Käesolevas jaos sätestatu ei mõjuta kokkulepet, millega kindlustusvõtja võtab kohustuse vähendada kindlustusriski või vältida selle suurenemist.

4. jagu

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 125 /

237

Kindlustusjuhtumi toimumine

§ 448. Kindlustusjuhtumist teatamine

(1) Kindlustusvõtja peab kindlustusjuhtumi toimumisest viivitamata kindlustusandjale teatama.
(2) Kindlustusandja võib pärast kindlustusjuhtumi toimumist nõuda kindlustusvõtjalt lepingu täitmise kohustuse kindlakstegemiseks vajalikku teavet. Tõendite esitamist võib kindlustusandja nõuda niivõrd, kuivõrd kindlustusvõtjalt võib mõistlikult oodata nende esitamist.

§ 449. Kindlustusjuhtumist teatamata jätmise tagajärjed

(1) Kui kindlustusandjal tekib kindlustusvõtja käesoleva seaduse §-s 448 sätestatud kohustuse rikkumise tagajärjel kahju, võib kindlustusandja selle ulatuses täitmise kohustust vähendada.
(2) Kui kindlustusvõtja rikub käesoleva seaduse §-s 448 sätestatud kohustust tahtlikult, vabaneb kindlustusandja täitmise kohustusest.

§ 450. Kindlustusandja täitmise kohustus kindlustusjuhtumi toimumisel

(1) Kindlustusandja lepingu täitmise kohustus muutub sissenõutavaks kindlustusjuhtumi toimumise ja kindlustusandja täitmise ulatuse kindlaks- määramiseks vajalike toimingute lõpetamisega.
(2) Kindlustusandja lepingu täitmise kohustus muutub sissenõutavaks, sõltumata käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatust, kui kindlustusvõtja nõuab kahe kuu möödumisel kindlustusandjale kindlustusjuhtumist teatamisest kindlustusandjalt selgitust, mis põhjusel täitmise ulatuse kindlaksmääramiseks vajalikud toimingud veel lõpetatud ei ole, ja kindlustusandja sellele järelepärimisele ühe kuu jooksul ei vasta.
(3) Kui kindlustusandja täitmise ulatuse kindlaksmääramiseks vajalikke toiminguid ei ole lõpetatud ühe kuu jooksul pärast kindlustusjuhtumist teatamist, võib kindlustusvõtja kindlustusjuhtumi kindlakstegemise korral nõuda kindlustusandja täitmise kohustuse arvel raha maksmist ulatuses, mida kindlustusandja vastavalt asjaoludele peaks minimaalselt maksma. Tähtaja kulgemine peatub ajaks, mil toimingute lõpetamine on takistatud kindlustusvõtjast tuleneva asjaolu tõttu.

§ 451. Kindlustusvõtja viivise maksmise nõue

Kokkulepe, mille kohaselt kindlustusandja ei pea maksma viivist oma täitmise kohustusega viivitamise korral, on tühine.

§ 452. Kindlustusandja vabanemine täitmise kohustusest kindlustusvõtja kohustuste rikkumise korral

(1) Kindlustusandja vabaneb täitmise kohustusest, kui kindlustusvõtja, kindlustatud või soodustatud isik põhjustas kindlustusjuhtumi toimumise tahtlikult. Sellest kõrvalekalduv kokkulepe on tühine.
(2) Kindlustusandja ei või tugineda kokkuleppele, mille kohaselt ta vabaneb kindlustusjuhtumi toimumise puhul täitmise kohustusest kindlustusvõtja kohustuse rikkumise tõttu, kui:
1) kindlustusvõtja on rikkunud muud kui kindlustusmakse tasumise kohustust, mis tuleb kindlustusandja suhtes täita enne kindlustusjuhtumi toimumist ja rikkumine toimub muul põhjusel kui kindlustusvõtja süü tõttu või kui rikkumine ei mõjutanud kahju tekkimist või kahju suurust;
2) kindlustusvõtja rikub kohustust, mida ta pidi täitma kindlustusandja suhtes eesmärgiga vähendada kindlustusriski või vältida selle suurenemist ja rikkumisel ei olnud mõju kindlustusjuhtumi toimumisele ega kindlustusandja täitmise kohustusele;
3) kohustus tuli kindlustusandja suhtes täita pärast kindlustusjuhtumi toimumist ja kindlustusvõtja ei rikkunud kohustust tahtlikult;
4) kohustus tuli kindlustusandja suhtes täita pärast kindlustusjuhtumi toimumist ja kindlustusvõtja rikkus kohustust raske hooletuse tõttu, kuid rikkumisel ei olnud mõju ei kindlustusjuhtumi kindlakstegemisele ega kindlustusandja täitmise kohustusele.

5. jagu

Kindlustusmakse

§ 453. Kindlustusperiood

Kindlustusperiood on ajavahemik, mille alusel arvutatakse kindlustusmakseid. Eeldatakse, et kindlustusperiood on üks aasta.

Leht 126 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

§ 454. Kindlustusmakse tasumine

(1) Kindlustusvõtja peab tasuma kindlustusmakse või perioodiliste kindlustusmaksete tasumise kokkuleppe korral esimese kindlustusmakse kohe pärast lepingu sõlmimist.
(2) Kui kindlustusvõtjale tuleb väljastada poliis, võib ta keelduda kindlustusmakse tasumisest, kuni talle ei ole poliisi väljastatud.
(3) Eeldatakse, et järgnevate kindlustusperioodide kindlustusmaksete tasumise tähtpäevaks on iga uue kindlustusperioodi algus.

§ 455. Kindlustusmakse tasumine kolmanda isiku poolt

(1) Kindlustusvõtja asemel võib sissenõutavaks muutunud kindlustusmakse või muu kindlustuslepingu järgi tasumisele kuuluva makse tasuda ka kindlustatud või soodustatud isik, samuti pandipidaja, kellele kindlustusvõtja kindlustuslepingust tulenev nõue kindlustusandja vastu on panditud. Kindlustusandja ei või eelnimetatud isikult makse vastuvõtmisest keelduda, isegi kui ta võiks makse vastuvõtmisest keelduda vastavalt käesoleva seaduse üldosa sätetele.
(2) Kui kindlustusmakse tasub kindlustatud või soodustatud isik või pandipidaja, läheb kindlustusandja kindlustusmakse tasumise nõue kindlustusvõtja vastu tasutud ulatuses makse tasunud isikule üle. Kui kindlustuslepingujärgse makse tasub pandipidaja, tagab ka pandipidaja nõuet kindlustusvõtja vastu pant kindlustusvõtja nõudele kindlustusandja vastu.

§ 456. Kindlustusmakse tasaarvestamise õigus

Kindlustusandja võib oma täitmise kohustusega tasaarvestada sissenõutavaks muutunud kindlustusmakse või muu lepingu kohaselt talle kuuluva nõude ka juhul, kui ta võlgneb lepingust tuleneva kohustuse täitmise kolmandale isikule, mitte kindlustusvõtjale. Kindlustusandjal ei ole seda õigust kahjustatud isiku suhtes kohustusliku vastutuskindlustuse puhul.

§ 457. Esimese kindlustusmakse tasumisega hilinemine

(1) Kui kindlustusvõtja ei ole 14 päeva jooksul pärast kindlustuslepingu sõlmimist tasunud kindlustusmakset või esimest kindlustusmakset, võib kindlustusandja kuni makse tasumiseni lepingust taganeda. Eeldatakse, et kindlustusandja on lepingust taganenud, kui ta ei esita kindlustusmakse sissenõudmiseks hagi kolme kuu jooksul makse sissenõutavaks muutumisest.
(2) Kui sissenõutavaks muutunud kindlustusmakse või esimene kindlustusmakse ei ole tasutud kindlustusjuhtumi toimumise ajaks, vabaneb kindlustusandja oma täitmise kohustusest.
(3) Kindlustusandja ei või tugineda käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1 ja 2 sätestatule, kui ta ei teavitanud kindlustusvõtjat sellistest tagajärgedest enne lepingu sõlmimist.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336- jõust. 01.07.2002]

§ 458. Järgmiste kindlustusmaksete tasumisega hilinemine

(1) Kui kindlustusvõtja ei tasu teist või järgnevat kindlustusmakset tähtaegselt, võib kindlustusandja kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis määrata kindlustusvõtjale maksmiseks vähemalt kahenädalase tähtaja, ehitise kindlustamise korral vähemalt ühekuulise tähtaja. Teates tuleb märkida tähtaja möödumise õiguslikud tagajärjed.
(2) Kui kindlustusandja on määranud kindlustusmakse tasumiseks täiendava tähtaja ning kindlustusjuhtum toimub pärast selle tähtaja möödumist, ilma et kindlustusvõtja oleks kindlustusjuhtumi toimumise ajaks kindlustusmakset tasunud, vabaneb kindlustusandja oma täitmise kohustusest, välja arvatud juhul, kui kindlustusmakse tasumata jätmine toimus kindlustusvõtjast mittetuleneva asjaolu tõttu.
(3) Kui kindlustusandja on määranud tasumiseks käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud tähtaja ning kindlustusvõtja ei ole selle tähtaja jooksul kindlustusmakset tasunud, võib kindlustusandja kindlustuslepingu ette teatamata üles öelda. Kindlustusandja võib juba käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud teates avaldada, et loeb lepingu tähtaja möödumisel üles öelduks, kui kindlustusvõtja tähtaja jooksul ei ole makseid tasunud.
(4) Kui kindlustusvõtja tasub kindlustusmakse ühe kuu jooksul lepingu ülesütlemisest või maksmiseks määratud tähtaja möödumisest ja kindlustusjuhtumit ei ole enne tasumist toimunud, ei loeta lepingut käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 3 sätestatud juhul üles öelduks.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336- jõust. 01.07.2002]

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 127 /

237

§ 459. Kindlustusmakse tasumine lepingu lõppemisel

Kui kindlustusleping lõpeb kindlustusperioodi jooksul ülesütlemisega, taganemisega või muul põhjusel ennetähtaegselt, on kindlustusandjal õigus kindlustusmaksele üksnes kuni lepingu lõppemiseni kulgenud aja eest.

§ 460. Kindlustusandja õigus nõuda kindlustusmakse suurendamist

(1) Kui kindlustusvõtja on lepingu sõlmimisel rikkunud käesoleva seaduse §-s 440 sätestatud teatamiskohustust, võib kindlustusandja nõuda kindlustusvõtjalt mõistlikult suurema kindlustusmakse maksmist alates jooksva kindlustusperioodi algusest, kui kindlustusandjal ei ole õigust lepingust taganeda, kuna kindlustusvõtja rikkus teatamiskohustust muu kui oma süü tõttu ja suurem kindlustusmakse on suurema kindlustusriski võimalikkust arvestades mõistlik.
(2) Kindlustusandja ei või käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatud asjaoludel kindlustusmakse suurendamist nõuda, kui ta ei tee seda ühe kuu jooksul, arvates ajast, mil ta sai teada asjaolu, millest kindlustusvõtja talle ei teatanud.

§ 461. Kindlustusvõtja lepingu ülesütlemise õigus kindlustusmakse suurendamise korral

Kui kindlustusandja suurendab vastavalt kindlustuslepingu tingimustele kindlustusmakset, ilma et seejuures muutuks kindlustuskaitse, võib kindlustusvõtja ühe kuu jooksul pärast kindlustusandjalt vastava teate saamist kindlustuslepingu kindlustusmakse suurendamise jõustumise ajaks üles öelda.

§ 462. Kindlustusvõtja õigus nõuda kindlustusmakse vähendamist

(1) Kindlustusvõtja võib nõuda kindlustusmakse vähendamist järgmisteks kindlustusperioodideks, kui suurem kindlustusmakse lepiti kokku kindlustusriski suurendava asjaolu tõttu ja see asjaolu on lepingu sõlmimise avalduse tegemise ja lepingu sõlmimise vahelisel ajal või pärast lepingu sõlmimist ära langenud või tähtsuse kaotanud või kui kindlustusrisk on sel ajal püsivalt vähenenud.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatut kohaldatakse ka juhul, kui suurem kindlustusmakse lepiti kokku seepärast, et kindlustusvõtja esitas kindlustusriski suurendavate asjaolude kohta ekslikke andmeid.

6. jagu

Kolmanda isiku kindlustusriski kindlustamine

§ 463. Kolmanda isiku ja kindlustusvõtja õigused kindlustusandja suhtes

(1) Kui kindlustatud on kolmanda isikuga seotud kindlustusriski, on kolmandal isikul õigus nõuda kindlustusandjalt täitmist ja kõiki sellega seotud õigusi. Kolmas isik ei või neid õigusi käsutada ilma kindlustusvõtja nõusolekuta.
(2) Kindlustusvõtja võib kolmandale isikule kindlustuslepingust tulenevaid õigusi oma nimel käsutada, muu hulgas kindlustatud isiku nõude kindlustusandja vastu sisse nõuda, nõudest loobuda või sellega tehinguid teha.
(3) Kindlustusandja peab oma kohustuse kindlustusvõtjale täitma üksnes juhul, kui viimane tõendab, et kolmas isik andis kindlustuslepingu sõlmimiseks nõusoleku.

§ 464. Kindlustusvõtja eelisõigus oma nõuete rahuldamiseks

Kindlustusvõtjal on eelisõigus rahuldada oma kolmanda isiku vastu suunatud ja kindlustatud esemega seotud nõue kindlustusandja vastu suunatud kindlustuslepingu täitmise nõude arvel enne kolmandat isikut ja tema võlausaldajaid.

§ 465. Kindlustatud isiku teadmise ja käitumise võrdsustamine kindlustusvõtja omaga

(1) Kui kindlustusvõtja teadmine ja käitumine omavad käesoleva seaduse kohaselt õiguslikku tähendust, loetakse kolmanda isikuga seotud kindlustusriski kindlustamisel kolmanda isiku teadmine ja käitumine võrdseks kindlustusvõtja teadmise ja käitumisega.
(2) Kolmanda isiku teadmist mingist asjaolust ei loeta kindlustusvõtja teadmisega võrdseks, kui leping sõlmiti kolmanda isiku teadmata või tema tahte vastaselt.

7. jagu

Leht 128 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

Kindlustuslepingu lõppemine ja nõuete aegumine

§ 466. Kindlustuslepingust taganemine

Kindlustuslepingust taganemine on lubatud üksnes seadusega sätestatud juhtudel.

§ 467. Kindlustuslepingu pikenemise kokkuleppe tühisus

Tühine on kokkulepe, mille kohaselt kindlustusleping, mida ei öelda üles enne lepingutähtaja möödumist, loetakse pikenenuks rohkem kui üheks aastaks.

§ 468. Tähtajatu kindlustuslepingu korraline ülesütlemine

(1) Tähtajatu kindlustuslepingu võib kumbki lepingupool üles öelda jooksva kindlustusperioodi lõpuks.
(2) Ülesütlemisest etteteatamise tähtaeg peab olema mõlemale lepingupoolele ühesugune ning ei või olla lühem kui üks kuu ega pikem kui kolm kuud.
(3) Lepingupooled võivad kokkuleppel loobuda tähtajatu lepingu ülesütlemise õigusest kuni kaheks aastaks.

§ 469. Pikaajalise kindlustuslepingu ülesütlemine

Kindlustusvõtja võib enam kui viieks aastaks sõlmitud kindlustuslepingu viienda või iga sellele järgneva aasta lõpuks üles öelda, teatades sellest ette vähemalt kolm kuud, kui seaduses ei ole sätestatud teisiti.

§ 470. Lepingu ülesütlemine kindlustusvõtja kohustuste rikkumise tõttu

(1) Kui kindlustusvõtja rikub temast tuleneva asjaolu tõttu oluliselt lepinguga ettenähtud kohustust, võib kindlustusandja lepingu ette teatamata üles öelda ühe kuu jooksul rikkumisest teada saamisest, kui seaduses ei ole sätestatud teisiti.
(2) Kui kindlustusandja lepingut käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatud tähtaja jooksul üles ei ütle, ei või ta hiljem tugineda täitmise kohustusest vabanemise kokkuleppele kindlustusvõtja kohustuse rikkumise juhuks.

§ 471. Lepingu ülesütlemine kindlustusandjalt tegevusloa äravõtmise korral

Kindlustusvõtja võib kindlustuslepingu üles öelda kindlustusandjalt tegevusloa äravõtmise või selle peatamise korral, kui seadusega ei ole sätestatud teisiti.

§ 472. Lepingu lõppemine kindlustusandja pankroti tõttu

Kindlustusleping lõpeb kindlustusandja pankroti väljakuulutamisega või pankrotimenetluse raugemisel pankrotti välja kuulutamata.
[RT I, 07.07.2015, 1- jõust. 01.01.2016]

§ 473. Lepingu ülesütlemine kindlustusvõtja maksejõuetuse tõttu

Kindlustusvõtja pankroti väljakuulutamise või kindlustatud kinnisasja sundvalitsemisele määramise korral võib kindlustusandja kindlustuslepingu üles öelda, teatades sellest ette vähemalt üks kuu.

§ 474. Osaline lepingu lõpetamine

(1) Kui kindlustusandjal on õigus lepingust taganeda või see üles öelda üksnes mõne kindlustatud eseme või isiku suhtes, võib ta seda teha ülejäänud esemete või isikute suhtes üksnes juhul, kui vastavalt asjaoludele võib eeldada, et ta ei oleks lepingut samadel tingimustel üksnes selle osa suhtes sõlminud.
(2) Kindlustusandja taganemisel lepingust või selle ülesütlemisel üksnes mõne eseme või isiku suhtes võib kindlustusvõtja lepingu tervikuna üles öelda hiljemalt kindlustusperioodi lõpuks, mil kindlustusandja taganemine või ülesütlemine jõustub.

§ 475. Kindlustuslepingust tulenevate nõuete aegumine

(1) Kindlustuslepingust tulenevate nõuete aegumistähtaeg on kolm aastat. Aegumistähtaeg hakkab kulgema kalendriaasta, mil nõue muutub sissenõutavaks, lõpust.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 129 /

237

(2) Kui kindlustuslepingust tulenevast nõudest on kindlustusandjale teatatud, peatub aegumistähtaja kulgemine kindlustusandja poolt selle nõude kohta tehtud otsuse kättesaamiseni kindlustusvõtja poolt. Sel juhul aegub nõue siiski kümne aasta möödumisel kalendriaasta, mil nõue muutub sissenõutavaks, lõpust.
(3) Kui kindlustusvõtja on esitanud kindlustusandjale taotluse kindlustusandja kindlustuslepingust tuleneva kohustuse täitmiseks ja kindlustusandja teatab kindlustusvõtjale kirjalikult taotluse rahuldamata jätmisest, vabaneb kindlustusandja täitmise kohustusest, kui kindlustusvõtja ei esita hagi kohustuse täitmisele sundimiseks ühe aasta jooksul taotluse rahuldamata jätmise vastuse saamisest. Kindlustusandja ei vabane täitmise kohustusest, kui ta ei teata oma vastuses kindlustusvõtjale üheaastase tähtaja möödumise õiguslikust tagajärjest.

24. peatükk

KAHJUKINDLUSTUS

1. jagu

Üldsätted

1. jaotis

Lepingu sisu

§ 476. Kindlustusandja hüvitamiskohustus

(1) Kahjukindlustuse puhul peab kindlustusandja kindlustusjuhtumi toimumisel vastavalt lepingule hüvitama kindlustatud isikule kindlustusjuhtumi tõttu tekkinud kahju. Asja kindlustamise korral peab kindlustusandja muu hulgas hüvitama kahju, mis tekkis kindlustusjuhtumi tagajärgede likvideerimise tulemusena, samuti kahju, mis tekkis kindlustatud asjade kaotsimineku tõttu kindlustusjuhtumi toimumisel.
(2) Asjade kogumi kindlustamise korral hõlmab kindlustus kõiki asju, mis kindlustusjuhtumi toimumisel kogumi moodustavad.
(3) Kindlustusandja peab hüvitama kahju rahas, kui lepinguga ei ole ette nähtud kahju hüvitamine muul viisil. (4) Kahjukindlustus hõlmab kindlustusjuhtumi toimumise tõttu saamata jäänud tulu üksnes siis, kui selles on
eraldi kokku lepitud.

§ 477. Kindlustusandja vastutuse piirang

Kindlustusandja ei ole kohustatud täitma kindlustusvõtjale rohkem, kui on kahju tegelik suurus, isegi kui kindlustussumma on kindlustusjuhtumi toimumise ajal kindlustusväärtusest suurem.

§ 478. Kindlustushuvi puudumine

(1) Kindlustushuvi on kindlustusvõtja huvi kindlustada ennast kindla kindlustusriski vastu.
(2) Kui kindlustushuvi ei ole kindlustuskaitse algul olemas või kui tulevase kindlustusriski kindlustamisel kindlustushuvi ei teki, vabaneb kindlustusvõtja kindlustusmakse tasumise kohustusest. Kindlustusandja võib sel juhul nõuda kindlustusvõtjalt mõistlike asjaajamiskulude hüvitamist.
(3) Kui kindlustushuvi lõpeb pärast kindlustuskaitse algust, on kindlustusandjal õigus kindlustusmaksele, mida ta oleks saanud nõuda, kui kindlustus oleks võetud üksnes selle ajani, mil kindlustusandja sai teada kindlustushuvi lõppemisest.
(4) Kui kindlustushuvi lõpeb kindlustusjuhtumi toimumise tõttu, on kindlustusandjal õigus kindlustusmaksele jooksva kindlustusperioodi eest.

2. jaotis

Kindlustusväärtus

§ 479. Kindlustusväärtus

(1) Kindlustusväärtus on kindlustushuvi väärtus kindlustusjuhtumi toimumise ajal.
(2) Asendatava vallasasja kindlustusväärtuseks loetakse summat, mis on vajalik samasuguse asja soetamiseks, võttes mõistlikult arvesse amortisatsioonist tulenevat asja väärtuse vähenemist.

Leht 130 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

(3) Ehitise kindlustusväärtuseks loetakse selle tavalist kohalikku ehitusväärtust, millest on maha arvatud ehitise seisundit, eelkõige selle vanust ja amortisatsiooni väljendav mõistlik summa.

§ 480. Kokkuleppeline kindlustusväärtus

(1) Kindlustusväärtuse võib kokkuleppel määrata eelnevalt kindla summana (kokkuleppeline kindlustusväärtus).
(2) Kokkuleppelist kindlustusväärtust ei või määrata kindlustusjuhtumi toimumise tõttu saamata jäänud tulu kindlustamisel.
(3) Kokkuleppelist kindlustusväärtust ei loeta kindlustusväärtuseks, kui see erineb oluliselt tegelikust kindlustusväärtusest kindlustusjuhtumi toimumise ajal. Sel juhul lähtutakse tegelikust kindlustusväärtusest.
(4) Ehitise kindlustamise korral võivad lepingupooled ehitise kindlustusväärtusena kokku leppida kindlustatud ehitise taastamise maksumuse.

§ 481. Ülekindlustus

Kui ilmneb, et kindlustussumma ületab oluliselt kindlustusväärtust (ülekindlustus), võib nii kindlustusandja
kui kindlustusvõtja ülekindlustuse kõrvaldamiseks vähendada kindlustussummat koos kindlustusmakse vastava
vähendamisega. Kindlustussumma ja kindlustusmakse vähendamine toimub vastava tahteavalduse tegemisega
teisele lepingupoolele.

§ 482. Alakindlustus

Kui kindlustussumma on väiksem kui kindlustusväärtus kindlustusjuhtumi toimumise ajal (alakindlustus), vastutab kindlustusandja kahju eest võrdeliselt kindlustussumma suhtega kindlustusväärtusesse kindlustusjuhtumi toimumise ajal.

3. jaotis

Kindlustusandjate paljusus

§ 483. Uue kindlustuslepingu sõlmimisest teatamine

Kindlustusvõtja peab kindlustusandjale viivitamata teatama sama kindlustusriski kindlustamisest teise kindlustusandja juures, muu hulgas ühe kindlustusandja juures saamata jäänud tulu ja teise juures muu kahju kindlustamisel. Teates tuleb märkida teise kindlustusandja nimi ja kindlustussumma.

§ 484. Kaaskindlustus

Kui sama kindlustus või sama varaga seotud kindlustusriskide kindlustus jagatakse mitme kindlustusandja vahel määratud osades (kaaskindlustus), on iga kindlustusandja kohustatud maksma hüvitist üksnes võrdeliselt tema osaga.

§ 485. Kaaskindlustuse juhtiv kindlustusandja

(1) Kaaskindlustuse puhul tuleb lepinguga kindlaks määrata juhtiv kindlustusandja, keda loetakse teiste kindlustusandjate esindajaks.
(2) Juhtiv kindlustusandja edastab ja kindlustusvõtja peab juhtivale kindlustusandjale edastama lepinguga ettenähtud tahteavaldused. Juhtiv kindlustusandja korraldab samuti kindlustuslepingust tulenevate nõuete rahuldamist.
(3) Kui juhtivat kindlustusandjat ei ole lepinguga määratud, võib kindlustusvõtja oma valikul lugeda ühte kaaskindlustusandjatest juhtivaks kindlustusandjaks. Valik loetakse tehtuks sellest valitud kindlustusandjale teatamisega.

§ 486. Mitmekordne kindlustus

(1) Kui kindlustusvõtja kindlustab sama kindlustusriski mitme kindlustusandja juures ja kindlustusandjate
poolt maksmisele kuuluvate hüvitiste kogusumma ületaks kahju suuruse või kindlustussummad kokku ületaksid
kindlustusväärtuse (mitmekordne kindlustus), vastutavad kindlustusandjad solidaarvõlgnikena.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 131 /

237

(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatud juhul vastutab iga kindlustusandja kindlustusvõtja ees tema poolt lepingu järgi maksmisele kuuluva kindlustussumma ulatuses, kuid kindlustusvõtja ei või kokku nõuda rohkem, kui on kahju suurus.
(3) Omavahel vastutavad kindlustusandjad käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud juhul võrdeliselt sellega, mida igaüks neist peab maksma kindlustusvõtjale vastavalt kindlustuslepingule.
(4) Kui kindlustusvõtja on võtnud mitmekordse kindlustuse kavatsusega saada endale õigusvastane varaline eelis, on niisuguse kavatsusega sõlmitud lepingud tühised. Kui kindlustusandja ei teadnud tühisusest lepingu sõlmimise ajal, on tal õigus kindlustusmaksele kuni selle kindlustusperioodi lõpuni, mil ta sai lepingu tühisusest teada või pidi teada saama.
(5) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1–4 sätestatust kõrvalekalduv kokkulepe on tühine.

§ 487. Mitmekordse kindlustuse kõrvaldamine

(1) Kui kindlustusvõtja sõlmis lepingu, millega tekkis mitmekordne kindlustus, ilma et kindlustusvõtja oleks seda teadnud, või kui mitmekordne kindlustus tekkis hiljem kindlustusväärtuse vähenemise tõttu, võib ta hiljem sõlmitud lepingu üles öelda või vähendada kindlustussummat suuruseni, mis ei ole kaetud varasema kindlustusega. Koos kindlustussumma vähendamisega võib kindlustusvõtja vähendada ka kindlustusmakset.
(2) Kindlustusvõtja võib käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatud juhul lepingu üles öelda või kindlustussummat vähendada üksnes viivitamata pärast mitmekordsest kindlustusest teadasaamist.
(3) Kindlustusleping loetakse käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatud asjaoludel ülesöelduks või kindlustussumma ja kindlustusmakse vähendatuks selle kindlustusperioodi lõpuks, millal kindlustusvõtja lepingu üles ütles või kindlustussumma ja kindlustusmakse vähenemisest kindlustusandjale teatas.

4. jaotis

Kindlustusjuhtum

§ 488. Kahju ärahoidmise ja vähendamise ning kahju kindlakstegemise võimalikkuse tagamise kohustus

(1) Kindlustusjuhtumi toimumisel peab kindlustusvõtja niivõrd, kuivõrd see on võimalik, püüdma kahju ära hoida ja seda vähendada, järgides seejuures kindlustusandja juhiseid. Kui asjaolud seda võimaldavad, peab kindlustusvõtja kindlustusandjalt selliseid juhiseid küsima.
(2) Kindlustusvõtja ei või enne kahju kindlakstegemist teha ilma kindlustusandja nõusolekuta kahjustatud asja suhtes mingeid muudatusi, mis raskendavad kahju tekkimise põhjuse või kahju suuruse kindlakstegemist või muudavad selle võimatuks, välja arvatud juhul, kui muudatus osutub vajalikuks kahju vähendamise eesmärgil või avalikes huvides.
(3) Kui kindlustusvõtja rikub käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 või 2 nimetatud kohustust ja kindlustusandjal tekib seetõttu kahju, on viimasel õigus vähendada hüvitist tekitatud kahju võrra.

§ 489. Kahju kindlakstegemine

(1) Kindlustusandja peab viivitamata tegema kindlaks hüvitamisele kuuluva kahju suuruse.
(2) Kui üks lepingupool keeldub osalemast kahju suuruse kindlakstegemises või kui lepingupooled ei suuda tekkinud kahju suuruses kokku leppida, võib nõuda kahju suuruse määramist kohtu poolt.
(3) Kindlustusandja ei kaota kahju kindlakstegemises osalemise tõttu kindlustusvõtja hüvitamise nõude vaidlustamise õigust.
(4) Kokkulepe, mis piirab kindlustusvõtja õigust kasutada kahju kindlakstegemisel esindaja abi, on tühine.

§ 490. Eksperdihinnang

(1) Kindlustusandja ja kindlustusvõtja kokkulepe kindlustusandja hüvitise maksmise kohustuse või kahju suuruse määramise kohta eksperdi poolt kehtib üksnes juhul, kui eksperdi nimetab asjas mitteosalev kolmas isik või eksperdid nimetavad võrdsel arvul kindlustusandja ja kindlustusvõtja.
(2) Kindlustusandja ega kindlustusvõtja ei või tugineda kindlustusandja hüvitise maksmise kohustusele või kahju suuruse kindlaksmääramisele eksperdi poolt, kui see erineb ilmselt oluliselt tegelikest asjaoludest. Sellest kõrvalekalduv kokkulepe on tühine.
(3) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 2 sätestatud juhul, samuti kui ekspert ei saa või ei taha kahju suurust kindlaks määrata või viivitab sellega, võib nõuda, et kahju suuruse määraks kohus.

Leht 132 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

§ 491. Kulude hüvitamine kindlustusvõtjale

(1) Kui kindlustusandja peab hüvitama tekkinud kahju, peab ta hüvitama sealhulgas kindlustusvõtja poolt kahju kindlakstegemise ja selle suuruse määramisega seoses kantud vajalikud kulud. Kindlustusandja ei pea kindlustusvõtjale hüvitama eksperdi või nõuandja palkamise kulusid, kui kindlustusvõtja ei olnud lepingu järgi eksperdi või nõuandja palkamiseks kohustatud.
(2) Kindlustusandja peab lisaks käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatule hüvitama kindlustusvõtjale viimase poolt vastavalt käesoleva seaduse § 488 lõikes 1 sätestatule kantud kahju ärahoidmise või vähendamisega seotud kulud, mida kindlustusvõtja pidas vastavalt asjaoludele vajalikuks, isegi kui nende kandmine ei andnud soovitud tulemust. Kindlustusandja peab vastavalt tema juhistele kantud kulud hüvitama ka juhul, kui need ületavad
koos muu hüvitisega kindlustussumma. Kindlustusvõtja nõudmisel peab kindlustusandja tema juhiste kohaselt tegemisele kuuluvate kulude tegemiseks vajaliku summa ette tasuma.
(3) Alakindlustuse korral peab kindlustusandja hüvitama kulud üksnes käesoleva seaduse §-s 482 sätestatud suhtes.

§ 492. Nõude üleminek

(1) Kindlustusandjale läheb tema poolt hüvitatava kahju ulatuses üle kindlustusvõtjale või kindlustatud isikule kolmanda isiku vastu kuuluv kahju hüvitamise nõue.
(2) Kui kindlustusvõtja loobub oma nõudest kolmanda isiku vastu või õigusest, mis seda nõuet tagab, vabaneb kindlustusandja oma täitmise kohustusest kindlustusvõtja ees niivõrd, kuivõrd ta oleks saanud nõuda hüvitist selle nõude või õiguse alusel.
(3) Kui kindlustusvõtjal on nõue oma üleneja või alaneja sugulase või abikaasa vastu, samuti muu temaga koos elava perekonnaliikme vastu, on kindlustusandjal käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1 ja 2 sätestatud õigused üksnes niivõrd, kuivõrd vastava isiku selline vastutus on kindlustatud, või kui vastav isik tekitas kahju tahtlikult.

§ 493. Lepingu täitmine pärast kindlustusjuhtumi toimumist

(1) Pärast kindlustusjuhtumi toimumist vastutab kindlustusandja hilisema kindlustusjuhtumi tõttu
tekkinud kahju eest üksnes varasema kahju hüvitamisest ülejääva kindlustussumma osa ulatuses. Tulevaste
kindlustusperioodide eest on kindlustusandjal õigus kindlustusmaksele, mis on varasemast kindlustusmaksest
väiksem samas suhtes, kuivõrd kindlustussumma jääk on väiksem esialgsest kindlustussummast.
(2) Pärast kindlustusjuhtumi toimumist võib kumbki lepingupool lepingu üles öelda ühe kuu jooksul kahju kindlakstegemise toimingute lõppemisest. Kindlustusandja peab lepingu ülesütlemisest üks kuu ette teatama. Kindlustusvõtja võib sel põhjusel lepingu üles öelda selliselt, et see lõpeb hiljemalt jooksva kindlustusperioodi lõpuks.
(3) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 2 sätestatust erinev kokkulepe kehtib üksnes juhul, kui ülesütlemisõigus on mõlema lepingupoole jaoks ühesugune.

5. jaotis

Kindlustatud asja võõrandamine

§ 494. Kindlustuse jätkumine asja võõrandamise puhul

(1) Kui kindlustusvõtja võõrandab kindlustatud asja, lähevad asja omandajale üle kõik kindlustusvõtja kindlustuslepingust tulenevad õigused ja kohustused.
(2) Asja võõrandaja ja omandaja vastutavad võõrandamise aja jooksva kindlustusperioodi kindlustusmakse tasumise eest kindlustusandja ees solidaarselt.
(3) Kindlustusandja suhtes ei loeta kindlustusvõtja kindlustuslepingust tulenevaid õigusi ja kohustusi üle läinuks enne kindlustatud asja võõrandamisest teadasaamist.

§ 495. Kindlustuslepingu ülesütlemine asja võõrandamisel

(1) Kindlustusandja võib kindlustatud asja võõrandamise korral öelda kindlustuslepingu asja omandaja suhtes üles ühe kuu jooksul asja võõrandamisest teadasaamisest, kui ta teatab ülesütlemisest ette vähemalt üks kuu.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 133 /

237

(2) Kindlustatud asja omandaja võib kindlustuslepingu üles öelda jooksva kindlustusperioodi lõpuks ühe kuu jooksul asja omandamisest. Kui omandaja ei teadnud, et asi on kindlustatud, lõpeb tema ülesütlemisõigus ühe kuu möödumisel ajast, mil ta sai kindlustuse olemasolust teada.
(3) Kindlustuslepingu ülesütlemisel käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 või 2 sätestatud alusel peab asja võõrandaja tasuma kindlustusandjale kindlustusmakseid, kuid mitte rohkem kui kindlustuslepingu lõppemise aja jooksva kindlustusperioodi eest. Sel juhul ei vastuta omandaja kindlustusmaksete tasumise eest.

§ 496. Võõrandamisest teatamine

(1) Kindlustatud asja võõrandamisest peab asja võõrandaja või omandaja kindlustusandjale viivitamata teatama. (2) Kui kindlustusandjale asja võõrandamisest õigeaegselt ei teatata, vabaneb kindlustusandja oma täitmise
kohustusest, kui kindlustusjuhtum toimub hiljem kui ühe kuu möödumisel ajast, mil kindlustusandja oleks
pidanud vastava teate saama.
(3) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 2 sätestatut ei kohaldata, kui:
1) kindlustusandja teadis võõrandamisest ajal, mil ta oleks pidanud teate saama;
2) kindlustusjuhtumi toimumise ajal on kindlustusandja õigus leping üles öelda lõppenud ja ta ei ole seda õigust
kasutanud.

§ 497. Omandaja kahjuks kõrvalekalduv kokkulepe

(1) Käesoleva seaduse §-des 494–496 sätestatust asja omandaja kahjuks kõrvalekalduv kokkulepe on tühine. (2) Lepinguga võib siiski ette näha, et teade asja võõrandamise kohta ja lepingu ülesütlemine sel põhjusel
peavad olema teatud vormis.

§ 498. Sätete kohaldamine

Käesoleva seaduse §-des 494–497 sätestatut kohaldatakse ka kindlustatud asja võõrandamisel täitemenetluses ja pankrotimenetluses.

6. jaotis

Kindlustusandja vastutus hüpoteegipidaja

ees ehitise kindlustamise puhul

§ 499. Kindlustusandja ja kindlustusvõtja teatamiskohustus

(1) Kindlustusvõtja peab ehitise kindlustanud kindlustusandjale viivitamata teatama ehitise aluse kinnistu hüpoteegiga koormamisest.
(2) Kui ehitise kindlustamise puhul on kinnisasi, kus ehitis asub, koormatud hüpoteegiga, peab kindlustusandja viivitamata talle teada olevale hüpoteegipidajale kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis teatama tähtaja määramisest kindlustusvõtjale kindlustusmakse tasumiseks, kui kindlustusvõtja ei ole makset tasunud, samuti kindlustuslepingu ülesütlemisest.
(3) Kindlustusandja peab kindlustusjuhtumi toimumisest teatama talle teada olevale hüpoteegipidajale ühe nädala jooksul kindlustusjuhtumi toimumisest teadasaamisest, välja arvatud juhul, kui kahju ei ole hüpoteegipidajale oluline.
(4) Kindlustusandja peab hüpoteegipidaja nõudmisel teatama hüpoteegipidajale viivitamata kindlustuskaitse olemasolust ning kindlustussumma suurusest.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336- jõust. 01.07.2002]

§ 500. Hüvitise maksmise kehtivus hüpoteegipidaja suhtes

(1) Kui ehitise kindlustuslepingus on kokku lepitud, et kindlustusvõtja kohustub kasutama kindlustushüvitist ehitise taastamiseks, siis kindlustushüvitise maksmine muul eesmärgil või ehitise taastamist tagamata ei kehti hüpoteegipidaja suhtes ja hüpoteegipidaja võib nõuda kindlustusandjalt uut maksmist, välja arvatud juhul, kui hüpoteegipidaja annab kindlustushüvitise maksmiseks sellisel viisil oma nõusoleku.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatud nõusolek loetakse hüpoteegipidaja poolt antuks, kui hüpoteegipidajale on hüvitise maksmise kavatsusest kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis teatatud ja hüpoteegipidaja ei ole sellele ühe kuu jooksul vastanud.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336- jõust. 01.07.2002]

Leht 134 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

§ 501. Hüpoteegipidaja õigused kohustuste rikkumise puhul kindlustusvõtja poolt

Kui kindlustusvõtja rikub kindlustuslepingust tulenevat kohustust ja kindlustusandja vabaneb seetõttu oma täitmise kohustustusest kindlustusvõtja ees, peab kindlustusandja siiski täitma kohustuse hüpoteegipidajale, välja arvatud juhul, kui kindlustusandja vabaneb oma täitmise kohustusest kindlustusvõtja ees, kuna kindlustusvõtja ei ole tasunud kindlustusmakseid või põhjustas kindlustusjuhtumi tahtlikult.

§ 502. Hüpoteegi üleminek

Kui kindlustusandja rahuldas käesoleva seaduse §-st 501 tulenevalt nõude kindlustusvõtja hüpoteegipidajale, läheb hüpoteek ulatuses, milles kindlustusandja nõude rahuldas, üle kindlustusandjale. Kindlustusandja ei või teostada hüpoteegist tulenevaid õigusi samal või tagumisel järjekohal oleva hüpoteegipidaja kahjuks, kelle suhtes kindlustusandja täitmise kohustus jäi püsima.

§ 503. Sätete kohaldamine reaalkoormatisele

Käesoleva seaduse §-des 500–502 sätestatut kohaldatakse vastavalt, kui kinnisasi on koormatud reaalkoormatisega.

§ 504. Hüpoteegipidaja õiguste kohaldamatus kindlustusvõtjale

Käesoleva seaduse §-des 500–503 sätestatud hüpoteegipidaja õigusi ei või teostada tulenevalt hüpoteekidest, mille puhul on hüpoteegipidajaks kindlustusvõtja.

2. jagu

Veosekindlustus

§ 505. Kindlustusriskid

Veose maismaal või siseveekogul vedamise riski kindlustamisel eeldatakse, et kindlustus katab kõiki veosega seonduvaid riske.

§ 506. Kindlustusandja vastutuse piiramine

(1) Kindlustusandja ei hüvita kahju, mis:
1) tekitati kindlustusvõtja, veose saatja või saaja poolt;
2) tekkis veose olemuse või veose puuduliku pakkimise tõttu;
3) tekitati kahjurite poolt.
(2) Kui käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud asjaolu on kahju suurendanud, peab kindlustusandja kahju hüvitama üksnes ulatuses, milles ta oleks vastutanud, kui asjaolu ei oleks olnud.

§ 507. Kindlustuse kestus

Kindlustus algab veose vedaja poolt vedamiseks vastuvõtmisest ja kestab, kuni veos on vedaja hoole all.

§ 508. Veose kindlustusväärtus

(1) Veose kindlustusväärtus on selle harilik väärtus saatmiskohas kindlustuse alguse ajal. Seda loetakse kindlustusväärtuseks ka kindlustusjuhtumi toimumise ajal.
(2) Veose kahjustumise korral arvatakse väärtusest, mis veosel oleks üleandmiskohas olnud kahjustamata seisundis, maha selle tegelik väärtus üleandmiskohas. Kahju suuruseks loetakse veose väärtuse vähenemisele vastavat kindlustusväärtuse osa.

§ 509. Lepingu ülesütlemise piirang

Veose kindlustamise puhul ei või kindlustusandja kindlustuslepingut vedamise ajal üles öelda kindlustusvõtja tahtest sõltumata toimunud kindlustusriski võimalikkuse suurenemise või kindlustatud veose võõrandamise tõttu.

3. jagu

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 135 /

237

Vastutuskindlustus

1. jaotis

Üldsätted

§ 510. Vastutuskindlustuse mõiste

Vastutuskindlustuse puhul peab kindlustusandja täitma kindlustusvõtja asemel kohustuse hüvitada kahju, mille kindlustusvõtja on tekitanud kolmandale isikule (kahjustatud isik) kindlustuse kehtivuse ajal toimunud kindlustusjuhtumi tagajärjel, ja kandma õigusabile tehtud kulud.

§ 511. Õigusabikulude kandmine

(1) Kindlustus katab kindlustusvõtja, kelle vastu on esitatud nõue, kulud õigusabile ulatuses, milles kindlustusvõtja võis selliseid kulusid pidada vajalikuks oma õiguste kaitseks kohtus ja kohtuväliselt, isegi juhul, kui esitatud nõue osutub alusetuks.
(2) Kindlustus katab ka kriminaalmenetluses ja halduskohtumenetluses kindlustusvõtja huvide kaitseks kantud kulud, kui menetluses tuvastatavad asjaolud võivad saada aluseks kindlustusvõtja tsiviilõiguslikule vastutusele kahjustatud isiku ees, niivõrd, kuivõrd need kulud kantakse vastavalt kindlustusandja juhistele. Kindlustusandja peab kindlustusvõtja nõudmisel kulud ette tasuma.
(3) Kui kindlustussumma on kokku lepitud, peab kindlustusandja hüvitama kulud, mis kanti seoses kohtuvaidlusega, mille pidamist kindlustusandja kindlustusvõtjalt nõudis või talle soovitas, samuti käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 2 nimetatud kulud kaitsele isegi siis, kui need koos muu hüvitisega ületavad kindlustussumma. Sama kehtib kindlustusvõtja poolt kahjustatud isiku nõude rahuldamiseks kindlustusandja ajendatud viivituse eest makstava intressi kohta.
(4) Kui kindlustusvõtjal on õigus vältida kohtulahendi sundtäitmist tagatise andmise või raha hoiustamisega, peab kindlustusandja kindlustusvõtja taotlusel andma sundtäitmise tagatise või raha hoiustama kuni kindlustussumma ulatuses, käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 3 nimetatud juhul lisaks ka kohtuvaidluse kulude ulatuses. Kindlustusandja vabaneb tagatise andmise või hoiustamise kohustusest, kui ta tunnistab kahjustatud isiku nõude kindlustusvõtja suhtes põhjendatuks.
[RT I 2008, 59, 330- jõust. 01.01.2009]

§ 512. Majandustegevusest tuleneva vastutuse kindlustus

(1) Kindlustusvõtja majandustegevusest tuleneva vastutuse kindlustus hõlmab ka kindlustusvõtja esindajate ja tema poolt ettevõtte või selle osa juhtimiseks või selle üle järelevalve teostamiseks teenistusse või tööle võetud isikute vastutust.
(2) Kui ettevõte võõrandatakse või antakse teise isiku kasutusse, lähevad lepingust tulenevad kindlustusvõtja õigused ja kohustused üle ettevõtte omandajale, välja arvatud juhul, kui need seonduvad võõrandamisele või kasutusse andmisele eelneva ajavahemikuga. Vastavalt kohaldatakse käesoleva seaduse § 494 lõigetes 2 ja 3 ning käesoleva seaduse §-des 495–497 sätestatut.

§ 513. Kindlustusandja vabanemine täitmise kohustusest

Kindlustusandja vabaneb täitmise kohustusest, kui kindlusvõtja põhjustas tahtlikult ja õigusvastaselt sündmuse toimumise, millest tulenevalt kindlustusvõtja kahjustatud isiku ees vastutab.

§ 514. Asjaoludest teatamine

(1) Kindlustusvõtja peab kindlustusandjale teatama asjaoludest, mille tagajärjeks võib olla kindlustusjuhtumi toimumine, samuti kahjustatud isiku poolt tema vastu nõude esitamisest, ühe nädala jooksul, arvates ajast, mil kindlustusvõtja sai asjaolust või nõude esitamisest teada.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud tähtaeg loetakse järgituks, kui teade saadetakse ära tähtaja jooksul. (3) Kindlustusvõtja peab kindlustusandjale viivitamata teatama tema suhtes kindlustusandja vastutust
põhjustada võiva kohtu- või muu menetluse algatamisest või asjaolust, mis võib olla aluseks kindlustusvõtja
vastu nõude esitamisele.

§ 515. Hüvitise maksmine

(1) Kindlustusandja peab maksma hüvitise viivitamata, kuid mitte hiljem kui kahe nädala jooksul ajast, mil kahjustatud isiku nõue kindlustusvõtja poolt rahuldati, või ajast, mil kahjustatud isiku nõue on tuvastatud kohtulahendi, nõude tunnustamise või kompromissilepinguga. Kui vastavalt käesoleva seaduse §-le 511 tuleb hüvitada kulud, peab kindlustusandja seda tegema kahe nädala jooksul talle kulutuste kogusuuruse teatamisest.

Leht 136 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

[RT I 2008, 59, 330- jõust. 01.01.2009]
(2) Tühine on kindlustusandja ja kindlustusvõtja vaheline kokkulepe, mille kohaselt kindlustusandja vabaneb täitmise kohustusest, kui kindlustusvõtja rahuldab kahjustatud isiku nõude või tunnustab seda ilma kindlustusandja nõusolekuta, kui selle nõude rahuldamata või tunnustamata jätmine on kahjustatud isiku huvisid arvestades ilmselt vastuolus hea usu põhimõttega.

§ 516. Perioodilised maksed

Kui kindlustusvõtja peab kahjustatud isikule tasuma perioodilisi makseid ja kui kindlustussumma on väiksem kui perioodiliste maksete eeldatav kogusuurus, võib kindlustusvõtja nõuda kindlustusandjalt üksnes vastavat osa perioodilistest maksetest.

§ 517. Kahjustatud isiku õigused

(1) Kindlustusandjal on õigus maksta hüvitis otse kahjustatud isikule, kui:
1) kindlustusvõtja poolt kahjustatud isikule tasumisele kuuluva raha suurus on kindlaks määratud kohtulahendi
või kompromissilepinguga ja
[RT I 2008, 59, 330- jõust. 01.01.2009]
2) kindlustusandja teatab oma kavatsusest eelnevalt kindlustusvõtjale.
(2) Kindlustusandja on kohustatud maksma hüvitise kahjustatud isikule otse, kui seda nõuab kindlustusvõtja. (3) Kahjustatud isiku suhtes on tühine sellise nõude käsutamine, mis on kindlustusvõtjal kindlustusandja vastu.
Sama kehtib nõude käsutamise puhul täitemenetluses või kui seda nõuet on käsutatud hagi tagamise korras.
(4) Kui kindlustusvõtja vastutust põhjustanud asjaolust tuleneb mitme kahjustatud isiku nõue ja nende nõuete kogusuurus ületab kindlustussumma, rahuldab kindlustusandja nõuded võrdeliselt nõuete suurusega.

§ 518. Kahjustatud isiku õigused kindlustusvõtja pankroti korral

Kindlustusvõtja pankroti korral on kahjustatud isikul õigus rahuldada oma kindlustusvõtja vastu suunatud nõue kindlustusandja vastu suunatud hüvitamise nõude arvel enne teisi kindlustusvõtja võlausaldajaid.

§ 519. Lepingu ülesütlemine pärast kindlustusjuhtumi toimumist

(1) Kumbki lepingupool võib vastutuskindlustuslepingu üles öelda, kui kindlustusandja on pärast kindlustusjuhtumi toimumist tunnistanud oma hüvitamise kohustust kindlustusvõtja suhtes või keeldunud hüvitamisest pärast hüvitise sissenõutavaks muutumist.
(2) Lepingu võib üles öelda ühe kuu jooksul pärast hüvitamise kohustuse tunnistamist või hüvitamisest keeldumist. Täiendavalt kohaldatakse käesoleva seaduse §-s 493 sätestatut.

2. jaotis

Kohustuslik vastutuskindlustus

§ 520. Lepingu sõlmimise kohustus

Kindlustusandja on kohustatud seaduse alusel nõutavat vastutuskindlustuse (kohustuslik vastutuskindlustus)
lepingut sõlmima, kui kindlustusvõtja vastab tüüptingimustes ettenähtud tingimustele.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336- jõust. 01.07.2002]

§ 521. Kahjustatud isiku kahju hüvitamise nõue

(1) Kahjustatud isik võib nõuda kindlustusvõtja poolt talle tekitatud kahju hüvitamist nii kindlustusvõtjalt kui kindlustusandjalt. Kindlustusandjalt võib nõuda kahju hüvitamist üksnes rahalise hüvitise maksmise vormis.
(2) Kui kahju hüvitamise nõue on esitatud nii kindlustusvõtja kui kindlustusandja vastu, vastutavad nad solidaarvõlgnikena. Kindlustusandja ja kindlustusvõtja omavahelises suhtes vastutab ainult kindlustusandja. Kui kindlustusandja vabaneb täitmise kohustusest, vastutab kohustuse täitmise eest kindlustusandja ja kindlustusvõtja vahelises suhtes üksnes kindlustusvõtja.
(3) Kindlustusandja võib kahjustatud isiku nõudele esitada samu vastuväiteid nagu kindlustusvõtja.
(4) Kahjustatud isiku nõue kindlustusandja vastu aegub sama tähtaja jooksul nagu nõue kindlustusvõtja vastu. Aegumise peatumine või katkemine kindlustusvõtja suhtes kehtib ka kindlustusandja suhtes ja vastupidi.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 137 /

237

(5) Kindlustusandja ei või keelduda kahjustatud isiku nõude täitmisest põhjusel, et ta on vabanenud täielikult või osaliselt vastutusest kindlustusvõtja ees.
(6) [Kehtetu -RT I 2008, 59, 330- jõust. 01.01.2009] (7) [Kehtetu -RT I 2003, 78, 523- jõust. 27.12.2003]
(8) Kindlustuslepingus kindlustusvõtja omavastutuse kohaldamise korral hüvitab kindlustusandja kahjustatud isikule kahju täies ulatuses ning kindlustusvõtja tasub kindlustusandjale omavastutuse summa.
[RT I, 07.07.2015, 1- jõust. 01.01.2016]

§ 522. Kahjustatud isiku teatamiskohustus

(1) Kahjustatud isik peab teatama kindlustusandjale kahe nädala jooksul kindlustusandjast teadasaamisel kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis kindlustusjuhtumist ning kindlustusvõtja vastu nõude esitamisest ja viivitamata kindlustusvõtja vastu hagi esitamisest.
(2) Kindlustusandja võib nõuda kahjustatud isikult kahju põhjuse ja suuruse kindlakstegemiseks vajalikku teavet. Kahjustatud isik peab esitama teavet üksnes niivõrd, kuivõrd selle muretsemist võib temalt mõistlikult oodata.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336- jõust. 01.07.2002]

§ 523. Kohustuse rikkumine kahjustatud isiku poolt

(1) Kui kahjustatud isik ei teata õigeaegselt kindlustusjuhtumist või hagi esitamisest kindlustusvõtja vastu või rikub käesoleva seaduse § 522 lõikes 2 sätestatud kohustust, ei vastuta kindlustusandja kahju hüvitamise eest suuremas ulatuses, kui ta oleks pidanud täitma kindlustusjuhtumist või hagi esitamisest õigeaegse teatamise puhul.
(2) Käesoleva seaduse § 522 lõikes 2 sätestatud kohustuse rikkumise korral võib kindlustusandja käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatule tugineda siiski üksnes juhul, kui rikkumise tagajärgedest on kahjustatud isikule eelnevalt otseselt ja kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis teatatud.
(3) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatud kindlustusandja vastutuse piirangut kohaldatakse vastavalt, kui kindlustusvõtja sõlmib ilma kindlustusandja nõusolekuta kahjustatud isikuga kompromissilepingu või tunnustab tema nõuet. Kindlustusandja vastutuse piirang ei kehti, kui kompromissilepingu sõlmimine või nõude tunnustamata jätmine oleks kahjustatud isiku huvisid arvestades ilmselt vastuolus hea usu põhimõttega.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336- jõust. 01.07.2002]

§ 524. Kindlustuslepingu üleminek

(1) Asjast tuleneda võiva vastutuse kohustusliku kindlustamise korral lähevad asja omandiõiguse üleminekul kindlustuslepingust tulenevad kindlustusvõtja õigused ja kohustused üle asja omandajale. Vastavalt kohaldatakse käesoleva seaduse §-des 494–498 sätestatut.
(2) Kui asja omandaja sõlmib käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud juhul uue kohustusliku vastutuskindlustuse lepingu, lõpeb omandajale üleläinud kindlustusleping.

§ 525. Täitmisest vabanemise piirang

(1) Kui kindlustusandja vabaneb kolmanda isikuga seotud kindlustusriski kindlustamise puhul oma täitmise kohustusest kindlustusvõtja suhtes, vabaneb ta täitmise kohustusest kolmanda isiku suhtes üksnes juhul, kui täitmisest vabanemise aluseks olevad asjaolud tulenevad kolmandast isikust või kui kolmas isik neist asjaoludest teadis või pidi teadma.
(2) Kui kindlustusandja peab käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud asjaoludel täitma kohustuse kolmanda isiku suhtes, võib kindlustusandja nõuda kohustuse kolmandale isikule täitmisel kohustuse täitmiseks tehtud kulutuste hüvitamist kindlustusvõtjalt.

4. jagu

Õigusabikulude kindlustus

§ 526. Kindlustusandja kohustused

(1) Õigusabikulude kindlustuse puhul kohustub kindlustusandja kindlustusjuhtumi toimumisel kaitsma kindlustusvõtja õiguslikke huve lepinguga ettenähtud ulatuses ja kandma seetõttu tekkivad õigusabi-, menetlus- ja muud seesugused kulud. Eeldatakse, et kindlustus katab õigusabi nii kohtus kui haldusmenetluses, samuti väljaspool ametiasutusi.

Leht 138 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

(2) Käesolevas jaos kindlustusvõtja kohta sätestatut kohaldatakse ka kindlustatud isiku suhtes, kes ei ole kindlustusvõtja.

§ 527. Andmed kindlustuslepingus

Kui õigusabikulude kindlustuse valdkonna kindlustusriske on kindlustatud kõrvuti muude kindlustusriskidega, peab kindlustuslepingus olema eraldi märgitud kindlustuskaitse ulatus õigusabikulude kindlustuses ja selle eest maksmisele kuuluvad kindlustusmaksed. Kui kindlustusandja teeb kindlustuslepingust tulenevate kohustuste täitmisega tegelemise ülesandeks iseseisvale kahjukäsitlejale, tuleb ka see lepingus märkida.

§ 528. Advokaadi valik

(1) Kindlustusvõtja võib enda esindamiseks ja oma huvide kaitseks kohtu- või haldusmenetluses või oma õiguslike huvide kaitseks muul viisil, sealhulgas suhetes kindlustusandjaga, ise valida advokaadi.
(2) Kui kindlustusvõtja taotleb kindlustusandjalt advokaadi nimetamist, peab kindlustusandja kindlustusvõtjat käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud õigusest eraldi teavitama.
(3) Muud isikut kui advokaati võib kindlustusvõtja esindajaks kohtu- või haldusmenetluses või kindlustusvõtja õiguslike huvide kaitseks muul viisil määrata üksnes kokkuleppel kindlustusandjaga.

§ 529. Eksperdihinnangu andmine

(1) Kindlustuslepinguga tuleb ette näha käesoleva seaduse §-s 490 sätestatud tingimustele vastava eksperdihinnangu andmine õigusabi tulemuslikkuse väljavaadete või pahatahtlikkuse hindamiseks, mida kindlustusvõtja võib kasutada, juhul kui kindlustusandja keeldub kohustuse täitmisest, kuna tema arvates ei ole õigusabil piisavalt väljavaateid tulemuslikkusele, või kui õigusabi oleks pahatahtlik.
(2) Kindlustusandja peab oma kohustuse täitmisest keeldumise korral teavitama kindlustusvõtjat eksperdihinnangu saamise õigusest.
(3) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 või 2 sätestatu järgimata jätmisel loetakse kindlustusvõtja õigusabi vajadus konkreetsel juhul kindlustusandja poolt tunnustatuks.
(4) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatud eksperdihinnangu andmise ajaks peatub kindlustusvõtja nõude aegumine, kuid mitte kauemaks kui kolmeks kuuks.

§ 530. Kindlustusandja kohustus teatada kindlustusvõtjale kindlustuskaitsest

(1) Kui kindlustusvõtja esitab kindlustusandjale käesoleva seaduse § 526 lõikest 1 tuleneva nõude, peab kindlustusandja kahe nädala jooksul kindlustusvõtjale kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis teatama, kas ta täidab lepingust tuleneva kohustuse. Kohustuse täitmisest keeldumist tuleb põhjendada keeldumise aluseks oleva asjaolu ja seaduse või lepingu sätte äranäitamisega.
(2) Kui kindlustusvõtja ei ole kindlustusandjale edastanud kõiki käesoleva seaduse § 526 lõikest 1 tuleneva nõude kontrollimiseks vajalikke andmeid, võib kindlustusandja nõuda käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatud tähtaja jooksul täiendavate dokumentide esitamist. Sellisel juhul hakkab käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatud tähtaeg dokumentide esitamisest arvates uuesti kulgema.
(3) Kui kindlustusandja ei tõenda, et ta täitis käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatud kohustuse, peab ta hüvitama kõik kindlustuskaitsega hõlmatud õigusabikulud, mis on tekkinud ajavahemikul käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatud tähtaja lõppemisest kuni kindlustusandja seisukoha kindlustusvõtjale edastamiseni.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336- jõust. 01.07.2002]

§ 531. Kindlustuslepingu üleminek

Kui on kindlustatud kindlustusvõtja ettevõttega seotud õigusabikulusid, lähevad kindlustuslepingust tulenevad kindlustusvõtja õigused ja kohustused ettevõtte võõrandamise või teise isiku kasutusse andmise korral üle ettevõtte omandajale või kasutusse võtjale. Vastavalt kohaldatakse käesoleva seaduse §-des 494–498 sätestatut.

25. peatükk

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 139 /

237

ELUKINDLUSTUS

§ 532. Kindlustusandja täitmise kohustus

Elukindlustuse korral peab kindlustusandja kindlustatud isiku teatud eluea saabumise, tema abiellumise või surma või lapse sünni puhul vastavalt lepingule maksma soodustatud isikule kokkulepitud summa kas ühekordse väljamaksena või perioodiliste väljamaksetena.

§ 533. Kolmanda isiku elu kindlustamise piirangud

(1) Elukindlustusleping kolmanda isiku surma puhuks kehtib üksnes siis, kui kolmas isik lepinguga kirjalikult nõustub.
(2) Kui kolmas isik on piiratud teovõimega ja kui kindlustusvõtja on tema seaduslikuks esindajaks, võib kindlustusvõtja esindada kolmandat isikut nõusoleku andmisel üksnes kolmanda isiku elukohajärgse kohtu nõusolekul.
[RT I 2009, 60, 395- jõust. 01.07.2010]

§ 534. Vanuse ebaõige avaldamise tagajärjed

Kui kindlustatud isiku vanus on avaldatud ebaõigesti ning selle tõttu määrati liiga väike kindlustusmakse, vähendatakse kindlustusandja vastutust võrdeliselt tegelikule vanusele vastava kindlustusmakse suhtega kokkulepitud kindlustusmaksesse.

§ 535. Kindlustusriski võimalikkuse suurenemine

(1) Kindlustusriski võimalikkuse suurenemiseks loetakse üksnes sellist kindlustusriskiga seotud asjaolude muutumist, mida selgesõnalise kirjaliku kokkuleppe kohaselt loetakse kindlustusriski suurenemiseks.
(2) Kindlustusandja ei või tugineda kindlustusriski võimalikkuse suurenemisele, kui riski suurenemisest on möödunud kolm aastat, välja arvatud juhul, kui kindlustusvõtja rikkus tahtlikult kindlustusandja nõusoleku taotlemise või talle teatamise kohustust.

§ 536. Lepingu ülesütlemise erisused

Kindlustusvõtja võib elukindlustuslepingu igal ajal jooksva kindlustusperioodi lõpuks üles öelda.

§ 537. Soodustatud isiku määramine ja muutmine

(1) Kindlustusvõtjal on õigus määrata kindlustusandja nõusolekuta soodustatud isikuks kolmas isik ja seda isikut muuta, isegi juhul, kui soodustatud isik oli lepingus nimetatud.
(2) Soodustatud isik saab õiguse nõuda kindlustusandjalt täitmist alles kindlustusjuhtumi toimumisel.
(3) Kui soodustatud isik sureb enne kindlustusjuhtumi toimumist, peab kindlustusandja kohustuse täitma kindlustusvõtjale või tema pärijatele, kui kindlustusvõtja ei määra teisiti.

§ 538. Mitu soodustatud isikut

Kui soodustatud isikuks on määratud mitu isikut ilma nende osasid täpsustamata, loetakse, et nad on soodustatud võrdsetes osades. Osa, mida mõni soodustatud isik keeldub vastu võtmast või ei saa vastu võtta, lisandub teiste soodustatud isikute osadele.

§ 539. Kindlustusandja vabanemine täitmise kohustusest

Kindlustuse korral surma puhuks vabaneb kindlustusandja täitmise kohustusest, kui kindlustatud isik sooritab kahe aasta jooksul lepingu sõlmimisest enesetapu. Kindlustusandja kohustus jääb kehtima, kui enesetapp sooritatakse vaimutegevuse patoloogilise kõrvalekalde seisundis, mis välistab vaba tahte.

§ 540. Kindlustusvõtja või soodustatud isiku poolt põhjustatud kindlustatud isiku surm

(1) Kolmanda isiku surma puhuks sõlmitud elukindlustuslepingu puhul vabaneb kindlustusandja täitmise kohustusest, kui kolmanda isiku surma põhjustas tahtliku õigusvastase teoga kindlustusvõtja.
(2) Kui surma puhuks sõlmitud elukindlustuslepingu puhul on määratud soodustatud isik ja see soodustatud isik põhjustas tahtliku õigusvastase teoga kindlustatud isiku surma, loetakse, et selle soodustatud isiku määramist ei ole toimunud.

Leht 140 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

§ 541. Kindlustusjuhtumist teatamine

(1) Kindlustusandjale ei tule kindlustusjuhtumist teatada, kui kindlustusjuhtumina on kokku lepitud kindlustatud isiku teatud eluea saabumine.
(2) Kui kolmandal isikul on õigus kindlustusandja täitmisele, peab see kolmas isik kindlustusjuhtumist teatama ning andma selle kohta teavet ja esitama tõendeid.
[RT I 2003, 78, 523- jõust. 27.12.2003]

§ 542. Kindlustusmakse suuruse muutmine

(1) Kindlustusandjal on õigus suurendada kindlustusmakset, kui see on vajalik selleks, et tagada tema kindlustuslepingutest tulenevate kohustuste püsiv täitmine.
(2) Kindlustusandja ei või lepingut muuta üksnes põhjusel, et kindlustatud isik vananeb või tema tervislik seisund halveneb. Lepingupooled võivad siiski kokku leppida, et algset kindlustusmakset suurendatakse kindlustatud isiku teatud vanusest alates sellise summani, mida vastav kindlustusmaksemäär näeb ette kindlustatud isikule, kes selles vanuses kindlustuslepingu sõlmib.
(3) Kindlustusandja tehtud kindlustusmakse tagasiulatuvalt suurendamise avaldus on tühine.
(4) Kindlustusmakse suurendamine jõustub mitte varem kui ühe kuu möödumisel kindlustusvõtja teavitamisest suurendamisest.

§ 543. Kindlustuse muutmine kindlustusmaksevabaks

(1) Kindlustusvõtja võib taotleda kindlustuse muutmist jooksva kindlustusperioodi lõpust selliselt, et ta ei pea lepingu kehtivuse ajal enam kindlustusmakseid tasuma, kuid kindlustusandja täidab kindlustuslepingust tuleneva kohustuse juba tasutud kindlustusmaksete arvel (kindlustusmaksevaba kindlustus).
(2) Kindlustusvõtja võib nõuda kindlustuse muutmist kindlustusmaksevabaks, kui tasutud kindlustusmaksete arvel on saavutatud kindlustusandja ja kindlustusvõtja vahel kokkulepitud minimaalne summa. Kui kindlustusmaksete kokkulepitud minimaalset summat ei ole saavutatud, on kindlustusvõtjal õigus saada kindlustusandjalt kindlustuse tagastusväärtus.

§ 544. Kindlustusandja täitmise kohustus kindlustusmaksevaba kindlustuse puhul

(1) Kui kindlustus muutub kindlustusmaksevabaks, arvutatakse kindlustusandja täitmise kohustuse suurus jooksva kindlustusperioodi lõpuseisuga kindlustusmatemaatika tunnustatud reeglite järgi.
(2) Kindlustusandja võib kindlustuse muutmisel kindlustusmaksevabaks teha oma täitmise kohustusest mahaarvamisi üksnes lepingupoolte poolt kokkulepitud ulatuses ja tingimusel, et see on mõistlik.

§ 545. Kindlustuse muutumine kindlustusmaksevabaks, kui kindlustusandja ütleb lepingu üles

(1) Kui kindlustusandja ütleb kindlustuslepingu üles teise või järgneva kindlustusmakse tasumata jätmise tõttu, muutub kindlustus kindlustusmaksevabaks.
(2) Käesoleva seaduse § 458 lõikes 2 sätestatud juhul on kindlustusandja kohustatud täitmiseks sellises ulatuses, milleks ta oleks kohustatud, kui kindlustus oleks kindlustusjuhtumi toimumise ajaks muutunud kindlustusmaksevabaks.
(3) Teade, millega vastavalt käesoleva seaduse §-s 458 sätestatule määratakse tähtaeg kindlustusmakse tasumiseks, peab sisaldama teavet, et võlgnetava kindlustusmakse õigeaegselt tasumata jätmise korral muutub kindlustus kindlustusmaksevabaks.

§ 546. Tagastusväärtus

(1) Kui elukindlustusleping lõpeb taganemise või ülesütlemisega või kui tunnustatakse selle tühisust või üks lepingupool tühistab lepingu tsiviilseadustiku üldosa seaduses sätestatud alustel, peab kindlustusandja kindlustusvõtjale välja maksma kindlustuse tagastusväärtuse. See ei kehti, kui lepingupooled lepivad kokku lepingu muutmise kindlustusmaksevabaks.
(2) Kindlustusandja on kohustatud tagastusväärtuse välja maksma ka juhul, kui ta vabaneb pärast kindlustusjuhtumi toimumist oma täitmise kohustusest. Kindlustusandja ei pea tagastusväärtust maksma käesoleva seaduse § 540 lõikes 1 nimetatud juhul.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 141 /

237

(3) Kindlustuse tagastusväärtust arvutatakse kindlustusmatemaatika tunnustatud reeglite järgi jooksva kindlustusperioodi lõpuks.
(4) Tagastusväärtuse väljamaksmisel arvestatakse sellest maha kindlustusmaksete võlgnevused. Kindlustusandja võib teha tagastusväärtusest muid mahaarvamisi üksnes lepingupoolte poolt kokkulepitud ulatuses ja tingimusel, et see on mõistlik.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336- jõust. 01.07.2002]

§ 547. Soodustatud isiku muutumine kindlustusvõtjaks

(1) Soodustatud isik võib kindlustusvõtja nõusolekul astuda kindlustusvõtja asemele kindlustuslepingusse, kui arestitakse kindlustusvõtja nõue kindlustusandja vastu, mis on suunatud kindlustusandja kohustuse täitmisele või kui selle nõude suhtes algatatakse täitemenetlus, samuti kui kuulutatakse välja kindlustusvõtja pankrot.
(2) Lepingusse astumisel peab soodustatud isik käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatud juhul rahuldama kindlustusvõtja võlausaldajate nõuded ulatuses, milles kindlustusvõtja oleks saanud kindlustusandjalt kindlustuse tagastusväärtuse kindlustuslepingu ülesütlemise korral arestimise, täitemenetluse algatamise või pankroti väljakuulutamise ajal.
(3) Kui soodustatud isikut ei ole nimeliselt määratud, on käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1 ja 2 sätestatud õigused ja kohustused kindlustusvõtja abikaasal ja lastel.
(4) Lepingusse astumine jõustub sellest kindlustusandjale teatamisega. Teatada võib ühe kuu jooksul ajast, mil lepingusse astumiseks õigustatud isik sai teada arestimisest, täitemenetluse algatamisest või pankroti väljakuulutamisest.
(5) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1–4 sätestatust soodustatud isiku kahjuks kõrvalekalduv kokkulepe on tühine.

26. peatükk

ÕNNETUSJUHTUMIKINDLUSTUS

§ 548. Kindlustusandja hüvitamise kohustus

Õnnetusjuhtumikindlustuse korral peab kindlustusandja õnnetusjuhtumi toimumisel tasuma lepingus kokkulepitud summa kas ühekordse maksena või perioodiliste maksetena, hüvitama kindlustusjuhtumi toimumisel tekkinud varalise kahju või täitma lepingu muul kokkulepitud viisil.

§ 549. Elu- ja kahjukindlustuse sätete kohaldamine

(1) Kui kindlustusandjapoolse täitmise kohustusena on ette nähtud kokkulepitud rahasumma maksmine, mitte kahju hüvitamine, on kindlustusvõtjal õigus määrata soodustatud isik vastavalt käesoleva seaduse §-des 537 ja
538 sätestatule.
(2) Lepingupooled võivad kokku leppida kahjukindlustuse sätete vastava kohaldamise niivõrd, kuivõrd see ei lähe vastuollu õnnetusjuhtumikindlustuse olemusega.

§ 550. Õnnetusjuhtumikindlustusega kaetavad isikud

(1) Kui on kindlustatud kolmanda isikuga toimuva õnnetusjuhtumi vastu, eeldatakse, et kindlustatud isik on see kolmas isik.
(2) Kui kindlustus kolmanda isikuga toimuva õnnetusjuhtumi vastu on võetud kindlustusvõtja poolt kindlustusvõtja enda kindlustusriski kindlustamiseks, on lepingu kehtivuseks vajalik kolmanda isiku kirjalik nõusolek. Kui kolmas isik on piiratud teovõimega ja kui kindlustusvõtja on tema seaduslikuks esindajaks, võib kindlustusvõtja esindada kolmandat isikut nõusoleku andmisel üksnes kolmanda isiku elukohajärgse kohtu nõusolekul.
[RT I 2009, 60, 395- jõust. 01.07.2010]

§ 551. Õnnetusjuhtumi tahtlik põhjustamine

(1) Kui kindlustusvõtja võttis kindlustuse kolmanda isikuga toimuva õnnetusjuhtumi vastu kindlustusvõtja enda kindlustusriski kindlustamiseks, vabaneb kindlustusandja oma täitmise kohustusest, kui kindlustusvõtja põhjustas õnnetusjuhtumi tahtliku õigusvastase teoga.
(2) Kui soodustatud isik põhjustas tahtliku õigusvastase teoga õnnetusjuhtumi, loetakse, et selle soodustatud isiku määramist ei ole toimunud.

§ 552. Kindlustatud isiku tervise kahjustumine

Eeldatakse, et kindlustatud isiku tervise kahjustumine toimus temast mittetuleneva asjaolu tõttu.

Leht 142 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

§ 553. Soodustatud isiku teatamiskohustus

Kui soodustatud isikul on õigus kindlustusandja täitmisele, peab ta kindlustusjuhtumist teatama ning andma selle kohta teavet ja esitama tõendeid.

27. peatükk

RAVIKINDLUSTUS

§ 554. Ravikindlustuse liigid

Ravikindlustuse võib anda:
1) ravikulukindlustusena;
2) haiglakindlustusena;
3) töövõimetuskindlustusena;
4) hoolduskindlustusena;
5) muud liiki kindlustusena.

§ 555. Kindlustusandja kohustused

(1) Ravikulukindlustuse puhul peab kindlustusandja hüvitama kindlustatud isikule kindlustussumma ulatuses haiguse või õnnetuse tagajärjel tekkinud ja meditsiiniliselt vajalikud ravikulud ning muud kokkulepitud sooritused. Samuti tuleb hüvitada ambulatoorsete uuringute kulud, mida tehakse haiguste tuvastamiseks ja ennetamiseks.
(2) Haiglakindlustuse puhul peab kindlustusandja maksma kindlustatud isikule meditsiiniliselt vajaliku statsionaarse ravi puhul kokkulepitud haigla päevaraha.
(3) Töövõimetuskindlustuse puhul peab kindlustusandja hüvitama kindlustatud isikule haiguse või õnnetuse tagajärjena tekkinud töövõimetusest põhjustatud sissetulekust ilmajäämise või selle vähenemise, makstes kindlustatud isikule kokkulepitud päevaraha, perioodilisi väljamakseid või ühekordse summa.
(4) Hoolduskindlustuse puhul peab kindlustusandja hooldamise vajaduse korral hüvitama kokkulepitud ulatuses kindlustatud isiku hooldamisest tekkinud kulud (hoolduskulukindlustus) või maksma hooldamise eest kokkulepitud päevaraha (hoolduspäevarahakindlustus).

§ 556. Kahjukindlustuse sätete kohaldamine

Kui ravikindlustuskaitse antakse vastavalt kahjukindlustuse põhimõtetele, kohaldatakse ravikindlustusele vastavalt kahjukindlustuse kohta sätestatut. Ravikindlustusele ei kohaldata käesoleva seaduse §-des 443–447 ja
460 sätestatut.

§ 557. Ravikindlustuslepingu kestus

(1) Ravikindlustusleping sõlmitakse tähtajatult.
(2) Töövõimetuskindlustuslepingu võib sõlmida tähtajalisena, kuid mitte tähtajaga alla kolme aasta.
(3) Ravikindlustuslepingu võib sõlmida tähtajaliselt, kui see on seotud väljaõppe, välisriigis viibimise, reisimise või tähtajalise töö või toimingu tegemisega.

§ 558. Ooteajad

(1) Kui lepingupooled lepivad kokku, et kindlustusandja kohustused algavad pärast teatud aja möödumist kindlustuslepingu sõlmimisest (ooteaeg), ei või ooteaeg ravikulu-, haigla- ja töövõimetuskindlustuse puhul olla pikem kui viis kuud ning sünnitamise ja sellega seotud raviteenuste puhul pikem kui üheksa kuud. Hoolduskindlustuse puhul ei või ooteaeg olla pikem kui kolm aastat.
(2) Kui kindlustusjuhtum toimub enne ooteaja möödumist, on kindlustusandja kohustatud täitmiseks üksnes juhul, kui kindlustusvõtja tõendab, et haigus ilmnes alles pärast lepingu sõlmimist või et rasedus algas alles pärast seda aega.

§ 559. Sündinud lapse kindlustamine

Kui lapse sünni ajal on vähemalt ühel vanemal ravikindlustus, peab kindlustusandja sõlmima kindlustuslepingu lapse kindlustamiseks alates lapse sünnist, ilma täiendava kindlustusmakseta ja ooteaegasid arvestamata, kui avaldus lapse kindlustamiseks esitatakse hiljemalt kaks kuud pärast lapse sünni päeva. Kindlustusandjal on lapse

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 143 /

237

kindlustamise kohustus siiski üksnes ulatuses, milles lapsele taotletav kindlustuskaitse ei ole ulatuslikum kui kindlustatud vanemal.

§ 560. Kindlustusmakse suuruse muutmine

(1) Kokkulepe, mille kohaselt kindlustusandja võib pärast ravikindlustuslepingu sõlmimist kindlustusmakset ühepoolselt suurendada või kindlustuskaitse ulatust ühepoolselt muuta, muu hulgas kindlustusvõtja omavastutust kehtestada, kehtib üksnes juhul, kui kindlustusmakse või kindlustuskaitse ulatuse muutmine lepitakse kokku järgmiste asjaolude muutumise juhuks:
1) kindlustuslepingus kindlustusmakse arvutamise alusena nimetatud pooltest sõltumatu asjaolu;
2) kindlustatud isikute keskmine eluiga;
3) kindlustusandja täitmise kohustuse kasutamise sagedus selle kindlustusmaksemäära järgi kindlustatud isiku
poolt;
4) ravikindlustusteenuste riikliku hüvitamise ulatus;
5) tervishoiuteenuse osutaja tasud tervishoiuteenuse osutaja teenuste kasutamise eest;
6) tervishoiukorraldust muutvad õigusaktid.
(2) Kokku ei või leppida kindlustusmakse ühepoolse suurendamise või kindlustuskaitse ulatuse ühepoolse muutmise õigust üksnes põhjusel, et kindlustatud isik vananeb või tema tervislik seisund halveneb. Lepingupooled võivad siiski kokku leppida, et algset kindlustusmakset suurendatakse kindlustatud isiku teatud vanusest alates sellise summani, mida vastav kindlustusmaksemäär näeb ette kindlustatud isikule, kes vastavas vanuses kindlustuslepingu sõlmib.
(3) Kindlustusandja tehtud kindlustusmakse suuruse või kindlustuskaitse ulatuse tagasiulatuva muutmise avaldus on tühine.
(4) Kindlustusmakse muutmine ja kindlustuskaitse ulatuse muutmine jõustub mitte varem kui ühe kuu möödumisel kindlustusvõtja teavitamisest muudatusest.

§ 561. Kindlustusvõtja ülesütlemisõigus

(1) Kindlustusvõtja võib ravikindlustuslepingu üles öelda, teatades ülesütlemisest ette vähemalt kolm kuud selliselt, et leping lõpeb aasta lõppedes. Lühemaks kui aastaks sõlmitud ravikindlustuslepingu võib kindlustusvõtja üles öelda, teatades ülesütlemisest ette vähemalt kolm päeva.
(2) Kui kindlustusandja suurendab kindlustusmakset või vähendab oma kohustusi, võib kindlustusvõtja
lepingu üles öelda ühe kuu jooksul pärast muutmise teate kättesaamist. Leping lõpeb sel juhul kindlustusmakse
suurendamise või kohustuste vähendamise jõustumise ajal.
[RT I 2003, 78, 523- jõust. 27.12.2003]

§ 562. Kindlustusandja korralise ülesütlemise piirang

Haiglakindlustuse või ravikulukindlustuse lepingu võib kindlustusandja korraliselt üles öelda üksnes esimese kolme aasta jooksul lepingu sõlmimisest, teatades sellest ette vähemalt kolm kuud.

§ 563. Lepingust taganemise piirang

Kui ravikindlustuslepingu sõlmimisest on möödas rohkem kui kolm aastat, ei või kindlustusandja kindlustuslepingust enam taganeda põhjusel, et kindlustusvõtja on rikkunud oma teatamiskohustust lepingu sõlmimisel.

§ 564. Kindlustusandja vabanemine täitmise kohustusest

(1) Kindlustusandja vabaneb täitmise kohustusest, kui kindlustusvõtja või kindlustatud isik põhjustas oma haiguse või õnnetuse tahtlikult.
(2) Kui kindlustusvõtja on kindlustatud isiku haiguse või õnnetuse põhjustanud tahtlikult, jääb kindlustusandja kindlustatud isiku suhtes täitmiseks kohustatuks. Kohustuse täitmisel läheb kindlustusandjale üle kindlustatud isiku kahju hüvitamise nõue kindlustusvõtja vastu.

§ 565. Kindlustusandja teabe andmise kohustus

Kindlustusandja peab kindlustatud isiku nõudmisel võimaldama selle teabega tutvumist, mida kindlustusandja on muretsenud kindlustuslepingu sõlmimisel või kindlustuslepingu kestel kindlustatud isiku tervisliku seisundi kohta.

§ 566. Kindlustusvõtja surm või lõppemine

(1) Kui kindlustusleping lõpeb kindlustusvõtja surmaga või juriidilisest isikust kindlustusvõtja lõppemisega, on kindlustatud isikul õigus kahe kuu jooksul pärast kindlustusvõtja surma või lõppemist pikendada kindlustuslepingut, kui ta teatab uue kindlustusvõtja nime.

Leht 144 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatut kohaldatakse vastavalt, kui kindlustusvõtja ütleb kindlustuslepingu üles. Ülesütlemine kehtib üksnes juhul, kui kindlustusvõtja tõendab, et kindlustatud isik on ülesütlemise avaldusest teada saanud.

§ 567. Kollektiivne ravikindlustus

(1) Isiku kollektiivselt kindlustatud isikute ringist väljalangemisel, muu hulgas kindlustatud isiku pensionile mineku või kindlustusvõtja ja kindlustatud isiku vahel sõlmitud lepingu lõppemise tõttu, võib kollektiivselt kindlustatud isik teha kindlustusandjale avalduse tema jaoks eraldi samaliigilise kindlustuse jätkamiseks eraldi kindlustusele kehtivate kindlustusmaksemäärade järgi, ilma et talle kohaldataks ooteaegasid või arvestataks täiendavat tasu lisaks kindlustusmaksele.
(2) Kindlustatud isiku käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatud õigus lõpeb, kui ta ei tee käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud avaldust ühe kuu jooksul, alates kindlustatud isikute ringist väljalangemisest või kollektiivse ravikindlustuse lõpetamisest ja kindlustusandjapoolse teatamiskohustuse täitmisest.
(3) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud avalduse tegemise puhul määratakse kindlustusmakse vanuse järgi, mis isikul oli kollektiivse ravikindlustuse lepingusse astudes.
(4) Kindlustatud isikul ei ole käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatud õigust, kui ta langeb kindlustatud isikute ringist välja seetõttu, et kindlustusandja ütles kindlustuslepingu erakorraliselt üles kindlustuslepingu rikkumise tõttu kindlustatud isiku poolt.
(5) Kindlustusandja peab igale kollektiivselt kindlustatud isikule kollektiivse ravikindlustuslepingu sõlmimisel või tema suhtes kindlustuskaitse tekkimisel teatama, millistel tingimustel tema kindlustus lõpeb ja millised tagajärjed tuleneksid kindlustusmakse suurusele eraldi kindlustusena jätkamisel.
(6) Kollektiivse ravikindlustuslepingu võib kindlustusandja korraliselt üles öelda üksnes juhul, kui kindlustatud isikud võivad kindlustussuhet jätkata eraldi kindlustatutena.

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TOETAMISLEPINGUD

28. peatükk

ELURENDIS

§ 568. Elurendiselepingu mõiste

(1) Elurendiselepinguga kohustub üks isik (elurendise andja) maksma teisele lepingupoolele või kolmandale isikule (elurendise saaja) elurendise andja, elurendise saaja või muu isiku eluaja jooksul perioodiliselt teatud rahasumma või andma üle muid liigitunnustega piiritletud esemeid (elurendis). Eeldatakse, et elurendise maksmine on tasuta.
(2) Käesolevas peatükis sätestatut kohaldatakse vastavalt ka seaduse või kohtuotsusega seatud elurendisele, kui seaduse või kohtuotsusega ei ole ette nähtud teisiti.

§ 569. Tähtaeg

(1) Eeldatakse, et elurendise leping on sõlmitud elurendise saaja eluajaks.
(2) Elurendise andja või kolmanda isiku eluajaks seatud elurendis läheb elurendise saaja surma korral üle elurendise saaja pärijatele.

§ 570. Vorm

Elurendise leping peab olema sõlmitud kirjalikus vormis.

§ 571. Rendise maksmine

(1) Rahaline elurendis tuleb maksta kolme kuu eest ette. Muud liiki kui rahaliselt elurendiselt tuleb tasuda mõistlikus ulatuses ette, kui seda võib elurendise olemusest tulenevalt mõistlikult eeldada.
(2) Kui isik, kelle eluajaks elurendis on seatud, sureb enne selle ajavahemiku lõppu, mille eest elurendis ette maksti, ei saa makstud elurendist tagasi nõuda.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 145 /

237

(3) Kui käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 2 nimetatud juhul ei ole elurendis veel makstud, tuleb elurendis maksta selle ajavahemiku eest elurendise saaja pärijatele.

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ÜLALPIDAMISLEPING

§ 572. Ülalpidamislepingu mõiste

(1) Ülalpidamislepinguga kohustub üks isik (ülalpeetav) andma teise isiku (ülalpidaja) omandisse või kasutusse vara või teatud esemed ja ülalpidaja kohustub ülalpeetavat viimase eluaja või muu kokkulepitud aja jooksul ülal pidama ja hooldama.
(2) Kui vara või esemed peavad üle minema pärast ülalpeetava surma, kohaldatakse ülalpidamislepingule vastavalt pärimislepingu kohta sätestatut.

§ 573. Ülalpidamislepingu vorm

Ülalpidamisleping peab olema notariaalselt tõestatud.

§ 574. Ülalpidaja kohustused

Ülalpidaja peab ülalpeetavat ülal pidama ja hooldama viisil, mida ülalpeetav võib mõistlikult oodata tema poolt üleantu väärtuse ning tema senise elukorralduse põhjal. Ülalpidaja peab ülalpeetavale tagama mõistliku eluaseme ning tema haiguse korral vajaliku hoolitsuse ja tervishoiuteenuse osutamise.

§ 575. Lepingust taganemine

Ülalpeetav võib ülalpidamislepingust taganeda samadel alustel ja korras nagu kinkija kinkelepingust.

§ 576. Ülalpidaja surm

Eeldatakse, et ülalpidamisleping ei lõpe ülalpidaja surmaga.

§ 577. Nõuete loovutamise piirang

Ülalpidamislepingust tulenevat ülalpeetava ülalpidamise nõuet ei saa loovutada ega ülalpeetava ülalpidamise nõudele sissenõuet pöörata.

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KOMPROMISSILEPING

§ 578. Kompromissilepingu mõiste

(1) Kompromissileping on leping õiguslikult vaieldava või ebaselge õigussuhte muutmise kohta vaieldamatuks poolte vastastikuste järeleandmiste teel. Ebaselguseks loetakse muu hulgas ka ebakindlust nõude sissenõutavuse suhtes.
(2) Eeldatakse, et kompromissilepingu tagajärjel loobuvad lepingupooled oma nõuetest ning omandavad kompromissilepingu alusel uued õigused.

§ 579. Kolmanda isiku õiguste kehtivus

Kompromissileping ei mõjuta vaieldavast või ebaselgest õigussuhtest tulenevaid kolmanda isiku õigusi.

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SELTSINGULEPING

30. peatükk

ÜLDSÄTTED

§ 580. Seltsingulepingu mõiste

(1) Seltsingulepinguga kohustuvad kaks või enam isikut (seltsinglased) tegutsema ühise eesmärgi saavutamiseks, aidates sellele kaasa lepinguga määratud viisil, eelkõige panuste tegemisega.

Leht 146 /

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Võlaõigusseadus

(2) Seltsinglased on kohustatud seltsingut kaitsma kahju tekkimise eest ja arvestama teiste seltsinglaste huvidega.

§ 581. Panused

(1) Seltsinglase panuseks võib olla igasugune ühise eesmärgi edendamine, sealhulgas vara võõrandamine seltsingule, vara seltsingu kasutusse andmine või seltsingule teenuse osutamine.
(2) Eeldatakse, et seltsinglaste panused on võrdsed.
(3) Panuste tegemisel kohaldatakse eseme juhusliku hävimise ja kahjustumise riisiko üleminekule ja vastutusele eseme puuduste eest vastavalt üürilepingu kohta sätestatut, kui seltsinglane annab eseme seltsingu kasutusse, ja müügilepingu kohta sätestatut, kui ta võõrandab eseme seltsingule.
(4) Seltsinglane ei ole kohustatud suurendama kokkulepitud panust ega tegema täiendavaid panuseid.

31. peatükk

SELTSINGLASTEVAHELISED SUHTED

§ 582. Seltsingu juhtimine

(1) Igal seltsinglasel on õigus ja kohustus osaleda seltsingu juhtimises.
(2) Seltsinglased juhivad seltsingut ühiselt ning iga tehingu tegemiseks on vajalik kõigi seltsinglaste nõusolek.

§ 583. Juhtimine ühe või mitme seltsinglase poolt

(1) Seltsingulepinguga võib seltsingu juhtimise õiguse anda ühele või mitmele seltsinglasele. Sel juhul ei osale teised seltsinglased seltsingu juhtimises. Kui juhtimine on antud mitmele seltsinglasele, juhivad nad seltsingut ühiselt ning iga tehingu tegemiseks on vajalik kõigi juhtima õigustatud seltsinglaste nõusolek.
(2) Mõjuval põhjusel võib seltsinglasele seltsingulepinguga antud juhtimisõiguse ära võtta teiste seltsinglaste ühehäälse otsusega, kui seltsingulepinguga ei ole ette nähtud seltsinglaste otsuste tegemine häälteenamusega. Mõjuvaks põhjuseks on eelkõige kohustuse oluline rikkumine seltsinglase poolt või seltsinglase võimetus seltsingut juhtida.
(3) Seltsinglane võib mõjuval põhjusel juhtimisest loobuda. Kui seltsinglane loobub juhtimisest ajal, kui seltsingu juhtimise eest ei saa muul viisil hoolitseda, peab ta teistele seltsinglastele hüvitama sellest tekkinud kahju, välja arvatud juhul, kui seltsinglase ja seltsingu huvisid kaaludes ei või oodata, et seltsinglane juhtimist jätkaks.
(4) Seltsingut juhtima õigustatud seltsinglaste õigustele ja kohustustele teiste seltsinglaste suhtes kohaldatakse käsunduslepingu kohta sätestatut, kui käesolevas osas sätestatust ei tulene teisiti.

§ 584. Vastuvaidlemisõigus

Seltsingut juhtima õigustatud seltsinglane ei või teha tegu, kui teine juhtima õigustatud seltsinglane sellele vastu vaidleb.

§ 585. Juhtimisõiguse isiklik teostamine

Eeldatakse, et seltsingut juhtima õigustatud seltsinglane ei tohi juhtimisülesandeid teisele isikule üle anda. Juhtima õigustatud seltsinglane võib juhtimisülesannete täitmisel kasutada teise isiku abi.

§ 586. Aruandlus ja teabe andmine

(1) Seltsingut juhtima õigustatud seltsinglane on seltsingu lõpetamisel kohustatud seltsinglastele oma tegevusest aru andma. Ta peab seda tegema ka seltsingulepingu kehtivuse ajal, kui seltsingu eesmärk või juhtimisülesanded seda nõuavad.
(2) Seltsingut juhtima õigustatud seltsinglane peab teatama teistele seltsinglastele seltsingut puudutavatest olulistest asjaoludest ja andma nende nõudmisel teavet seltsingu tehingute kohta.
(3) Seltsinglasel on õigus tutvuda kõigi seltsingut puudutavate dokumentidega.
(4) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 2 ja 3 sätestatust kõrvalekalduv kokkulepe on tühine.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 147 /

237

§ 587. Otsused

(1) Seltsingu igapäevase tegevuse raamest väljuvate tehingute tegemiseks on vajalik seltsinglaste otsus. Eeldatakse, et otsuse vastuvõtmiseks on vajalik kõigi seltsinglaste nõusolek.
(2) Kui vastavalt seltsingulepingule tehakse otsuseid häälteenamusega, eeldatakse, et enamust arvestatakse seltsinglaste arvu järgi.

§ 588. Seltsinglase õiguste üleandmatus

Seltsinglastele üksteise suhtes kuuluvaid seltsingulepingust tekkinud nõudeid ei saa loovutada, välja arvatud seltsingu juhtimisest tulenevate kulutuste hüvitamise nõue ja nõue kasumile või likvideerimisel saadavale varale.

§ 589. Seltsinguvara

(1) Seltsinglaste tehtavad panused, samuti seltsingu jaoks omandatud vara lähevad seltsinglaste ühisomandisse
(seltsinguvara).
(2) Seltsinguvarasse kuulub ka vara, mis omandatakse seltsinguvarasse kuuluva õiguse alusel või hüvitisena seltsinguvarasse kuuluva eseme hävimise, rikkumise või äravõtmise eest.
(3) Kui seltsingu võlgnik täidab oma kohustuse mõnele seltsinglasele ja ei tea kohustuse täitmisel, et nõue, millest tuleneva kohustuse täitmist temalt nõutakse, kuulub tegelikult seltsinguvarasse, ega peagi seda teadma, ei või seltsinglased nõuda hiljem täitmist endale ühiselt. Sel juhul kohaldatakse vastavalt nõude loovutamise kohta käesoleva seaduse §-des 169 ja 171 sätestatut.

§ 590. Seltsinguvara seotus

(1) Seltsinglane ei või käsutada seltsinguvarasse kuuluvaid esemeid ega nõuda seltsinguvara jagamist. (2) Seltsingu võlgnik ei või seltsinguvarasse kuuluvat nõuet tasaarvestada nõudega seltsinglase vastu.

§ 591. Aruande esitamine ja kasumi jaotamine

Seltsingu lõppemisel peavad seltsingut juhtima õigustatud seltsinglased koostama ja seltsinglastele esitama tegevusaruande ning tegema ettepaneku kasumi jaotamiseks või kahjumi katmiseks. Kui seltsing on loodud pikemaks ajaks kui üks aasta, eeldatakse, et aruanne tuleb koostada ja kasum jaotada pärast iga majandusaasta lõppemist.

§ 592. Osad kasumi jaotamises ja kahjumi katmises

(1) Kui seltsinglaste osad kasumi jaotamises ja kahjumi katmises ei ole määratud, arvestatakse igale seltsinglasele langev osa vastavalt tema panuse suurusele.
(2) Kui määratud on üksnes seltsinglase osa kasumi jaotamises või kahjumi katmises, eeldatakse, et määramine kehtib nii kasumi kui kahjumi suhtes.

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SELTSINGLASTE SUHTED KOLMANDATE ISIKUTEGA

§ 593. Esindamine

Kui seltsinglane on seltsingulepingu järgi õigustatud seltsingut juhtima, eeldatakse, et ta on ka volitatud esindama teisi seltsinglasi suhetes kolmandate isikutega.

§ 594. Esindusõiguse äravõtmine

(1) Mõjuval põhjusel võib seltsinglasele seltsingulepinguga antud esindusõiguse ära võtta teiste seltsinglaste ühehäälse otsusega, kui seltsingulepinguga ei ole ette nähtud seltsinglaste otsuste tegemine häälteenamusega. Mõjuvaks põhjuseks on eelkõige kohustuse oluline rikkumine seltsinglase poolt või võimetus seltsinglasi esindada.
(2) Kui seltsinglane on seltsingulepinguga õigustatud seltsingut juhtima ja teisi seltsinglasi esindama, võib esindusõiguse ära võtta üksnes koos juhtimisõiguse äravõtmisega.

§ 595. Seltsinglaste vastutus

Eeldatakse, et seltsingu poolt kolmanda isiku ees võetud kohustuste eest vastutavad seltsinglased solidaarselt.

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33. peatükk

SELTSINGU LÕPPEMINE NING SELTSINGLASE

LAHKUMINE VÕI VÄLJAARVAMINE

§ 596. Seltsingu lõppemise alused

(1) Seltsing lõpeb:
1) seltsinglaste otsusega;
2) seltsingulepingu ülesütlemisega seltsinglase poolt;
3) seltsingulepingu ülesütlemisega seltsinglase võlausaldaja poolt käesoleva seaduse §-s 599 nimetatud juhul;
4) seltsinglase surmaga;
5) seltsingu eesmärgi saavutamisega või selle saavutamise võimatuse ilmnemisega;
6) tähtaja lõppemisega, kui seltsing on tähtajaline;
7) seltsinglase pankroti väljakuulutamisega.
(2) Seltsingu lõppemine ei lõpeta ega muuda seltsinglaste kohustusi kolmandate isikute suhtes.

§ 597. Ülesütlemine seltsinglase poolt

(1) Tähtajatu seltsingulepingu võib iga seltsinglane igal ajal üles öelda. Tähtajalise seltsingulepingu võib üles öelda üksnes mõjuval põhjusel. Mõjuvaks põhjuseks on eelkõige kohustuse oluline rikkumine teise seltsinglase poolt.
(2) Kui seltsingulepingus on ülesütlemistähtaeg määratud, võib lepingu käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud mõjuval põhjusel üles öelda ka tähtaega järgimata.
(3) Kui seltsinguleping on sõlmitud seltsinglase eluajaks, võib selle üles öelda samal viisil nagu tähtajatu seltsingulepingu. Sama kehtib, kui seltsinglased jätkavad tähtajalise seltsingu tegevust pärast tähtaja lõppemist.
(4) Seltsingulepingut ei või üles öelda ajal, mil seltsingu lõpetamine oleks teiste seltsinglaste õigustatud
huvisid arvestades ebamõistlikult kahjulik. Sellisel ajal lepingu ilma mõjuva põhjuseta ülesütlemise korral peab
ülesütleja hüvitama teistele seltsinglastele sellest tekkinud kahju.
(5) Kokkulepe, millega seltsinglase õigus seltsinguleping mõjuval põhjusel üles öelda välistatakse või seda käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1–4 sätestatuga vastuolus piiratakse, on tühine.

§ 598. Seltsinglase surmast ja pankrotist teatamise kohustus

Seltsinglase pärijad peavad seltsinglase surmast viivitamata teistele seltsinglastele teatama, isegi kui surm ei ole seltsingulepingu kohaselt seltsingu lõppemise aluseks. Sama kohustus on seltsinglase pankroti väljakuulutamisel pankrotihalduril.

§ 599. Ülesütlemine seltsinglase võlausaldaja poolt

(1) Kui seltsinglase võlausaldaja nõude rahuldamiseks on toimunud täitemenetlus seltsinglase varast, ilma et võlausaldaja nõue oleks rahuldatud, võib võlausaldaja seltsingulepingu seltsinglase asemel ülesütlemistähtaega järgimata üles öelda.
(2) Seltsingulepingu kehtivuse ajal ei saa seltsinglase võlausaldaja pöörata sissenõuet seltsingulepingust tulenevatele seltsinglase õigustele, välja arvatud kasumiosa õigusele.

§ 600. Seltsingu likvideerimine

(1) Seltsingu lõppemisel toimub seltsingu likvideerimine ja vara jaotamine seltsinglaste vahel. Likvideerimisele kohaldatakse vastavalt kaasomandi jaotamise sätteid, kui käesolevas peatükis ei ole sätestatud teisiti.
(2) Seltsinguvara tuleb likvideerimisel müüa niivõrd, kuivõrd see on vajalik seltsingu kohustuste täitmiseks ja panuste tagastamiseks.

§ 601. Juhtimisõiguse erisused seltsingu likvideerimise ajal

(1) Seltsingu likvideerimistoiminguid teevad seltsinglased ühiselt, isegi kui varem oli juhtimisõigus antud üksnes osale seltsinglastest. Kui juhtimisõigus oli seltsingulepinguga antud osale seltsinglastest, võivad nad teha juhtimistoiminguid kuni ajani, mil nad saavad või peavad teada saama seltsingu lõppemisest.

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(2) Kui seltsingu lõppemisega kaasnevast ühisest juhtimisõigusest tulenevalt tekib toimingu tegemiseks kõigi seltsinglaste nõusoleku hilinemise tõttu oht seltsingu huvidele, võib ja peab iga seltsinglane talle seltsingulepinguga antud juhtimiskohustusi jätkama, kuni seltsinglased saavad korraldada toimingu tegemise muul viisil. Sama kohustus on seltsinglase surma puhul tema pärijatel.

§ 602. Kohustuste täitmine

(1) Seltsinguvarast tuleb esmajärjekorras täita seltsingu kohustused, mille eest vastutavad seltsinglased ühiselt, sealhulgas kohustused, mis on võlausaldajate suhtes seltsinglaste vahel jagatud või mille eest vastutavad seltsinglase ees võlgnikena teised seltsinglased. Kui kohustus ei ole veel sissenõutavaks muutunud või on vaieldav, tuleb selle täitmiseks vajalik hoiustada.
(2) Kui seltsinguvarast ei piisa ühiste kohustuste täitmiseks, vastutavad seltsinglased puudu oleva summa eest vastavalt nende osadele kahjumi katmises. Kui seltsinglaselt ei saa talle langevat summat, katavad teised seltsinglased puudujäägi vastavalt nende osadele kahjumi katmises, kusjuures neile läheb üle nõue kohustuse täitmata jätnud seltsinglase vastu.

§ 603. Panuste tagastamine

(1) Pärast kohustuste täitmist ülejäänud seltsinguvarast tuleb tagastada seltsinglaste panused. (2) Kui panuse väärtus on vähenenud, tuleb seltsinglasele väärtuse vähenemine hüvitada.
(3) Kui panuse tagastamine ei ole võimalik, tuleb hüvitada panuse tegemise aegne väärtus. Hüvitist ei maksta panuse eest, mis seisnes seltsingule teenuse osutamises või eseme kasutusse andmises.
(4) Kui seltsinguvarast ei piisa panuste tagastamiseks, kohaldatakse käesoleva seaduse § 602 lõikes 2 sätestatut.

§ 604. Ülejäägi jagamine

Pärast ühiste kohustuste täitmist ja panuste tagastamist järelejäänud vara kuulub seltsinglastele vastavalt nende osadele kasumi jaotamises.

§ 605. Seltsingu jätkamine

Kui seltsingulepinguga on lepingu seltsinglasepoolse ülesütlemise, seltsinglase surma või pankroti väljakuulutamise juhuks ette nähtud seltsingu jätkamine teiste seltsinglastega, loetakse see seltsinglane nimetatud sündmuse toimumisel seltsingust lahkunuks.

§ 606. Seltsinglase väljaarvamine

Kui seltsingulepingu ülesütlemise aluseks on kohustuse rikkumine seltsinglase poolt, võib kohustust rikkunud seltsinglase teiste seltsinglaste ühisel otsusel seltsingust välja arvata. Väljaarvamine toimub avalduse tegemisega väljaarvatava seltsinglase suhtes.

§ 607. Lahkunud või väljaarvatud seltsinglasele hüvitise maksmine

Seltsinglase lahkumise korral seltsingust või sealt väljaarvamisel peavad teised seltsinglased lahkunud või väljaarvatud seltsinglasele vastavalt käesoleva seaduse §-s 603 sätestatule tagastama või hüvitama tema panuse osas, mida ta oleks saanud seltsingu likvideerimise korral, kui seltsing oleks tema lahkumise või väljaarvamise ajal lõppenud.

§ 608. Lahkunud või väljaarvatud seltsinglase vastutus

(1) Võlausaldajate suhtes vastutab seltsingust lahkunud või väljaarvatud seltsinglane solidaarselt teiste seltsinglastega seltsingu kohustuse eest, mis on tekkinud enne tema seltsingust lahkumist või väljaarvamist,
kui kohustus on muutunud sissenõutavaks või muutub sissenõutavaks viie aasta jooksul seltsinglase seltsingust lahkumisest või väljaarvamisest.
(2) Kui seltsingu võlausaldaja nõuab käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud kohustuse täitmist seltsingust lahkunud või sealt väljaarvatud seltsinglaselt, on teised seltsinglased seltsingust lahkunud või väljaarvatud seltsinglase suhtes kohustatud seltsingu kohustuse täitma. Kui see kohustus ei ole veel sissenõutavaks muutunud, peavad teised seltsinglased lahkunud või väljaarvatud seltsinglasele viimase nõudmisel andma tagatise.
(3) Kui seltsinguvarast ei piisa ühiste kohustuste ja panuste katteks, vastutab lahkunud või väljaarvatud seltsinglane teiste seltsinglaste ees puudu oleva summa eest vastavalt tema osale kahjumi katmises.

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Võlaõigusseadus

§ 609. Tehingute lõpuleviimine

(1) Seltsingust lahkunud või väljaarvatud seltsinglane osaleb tema lahkumise või väljaarvamise ajaks lõpule viimata tehingutest tulenenud seltsingu kasumi jaotamises ja kahjumi katmises. Teistel seltsinglastel on õigus viia need tehingud lõpule nii, nagu nad leiavad kasulikuma olevat.
(2) Lahkunud või väljaarvatud seltsinglane võib käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud tehingute suhtes iga majandusaasta lõpul nõuda seltsingult aruannet vahepeal lõpuleviidud tehingute kohta, talle kuuluva summa väljamaksmist ja teavet veel lõpuleviimata tehingute seisu kohta.

34. peatükk

VAIKIVA SELTSINGU LEPING

§ 610. Vaikiva seltsingu lepingu mõiste

(1) Vaikiva seltsingu lepinguga kohustub vaikiv seltsinglane tegema teatud panuse ettevõtte või selle osa majandamisse, ettevõtja aga kohustub vaikivale seltsinglasele maksma tema panusele vastava osa kasumist.
(2) Eeldatakse, et vaikiva seltsinglase poolt üleantud vara läheb ettevõtja omandisse.
(3) Ettevõtte majandamisel tehtud tehingutest tekivad õigused ja kohustused üksnes ettevõtjale. Vaikiva seltsinglase suhtes peab ettevõtja ettevõtet hoolikalt majandama ning toimima vaikiva seltsinglase suhtes heas usus.
(4) Vaikiva seltsingu lepingule kohaldatakse seltsingulepingu kohta sätestatut, kui käesolevas peatükis sätestatust ei tulene teisiti.

§ 611. Vaikiva seltsingu lepingust tulenevate õiguste ja kohustuste üleandmine

Vaikiva seltsingu lepingust tulenevaid vaikiva seltsinglase õigusi ja kohustusi saab üle anda üksnes ettevõtja nõusolekul. Nõusoleku võib anda ette juba vaikiva seltsingu lepinguga.

§ 612. Juhtimisõiguse äravõtmine vaikivalt seltsinglaselt

Kui vaikivale seltsinglasele on lepinguga antud õigus osaleda ettevõtte juhtimises, võib ettevõtja temalt selle õiguse ära võtta üksnes lepinguga ettenähtud juhtudel või kohustuse olulise rikkumise korral vaikiva seltsinglase poolt või tema võimetuse korral ettevõtet juhtida.

§ 613. Vaikiva seltsinglase kontrolliõigus

Vaikival seltsinglasel on õigus kontrollida ettevõtja raamatupidamisdokumente, mis puudutavad majandustegevust, milles ta osaleb, ning saada ettevõtja majandusaasta aruande ärakirja.

§ 614. Kasumi jaotamine ja kahjumi katmine

(1) Eeldatakse, et ettevõtja kasum jaotatakse ja kahjum kaetakse vastavalt ettevõtte väärtuse ja vaikiva seltsinglase panuse suhtele vaikiva seltsingu loomise ajal.
(2) Kokkulepe, millega välistatakse vaikiva seltsinglase osalemine kasumi jaotamises, on tühine.
(3) Kui vaikiv seltsinglane osaleb vastavalt vaikiva seltsingu lepingule ettevõtte juhtimises, on tal õigus saada selle eest täiendavalt mõistlik osa kasumist. Ülejäänud kasum tuleb jaotada vastavalt käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatule.

§ 615. Kasumi ja kahjumi arvestamine

(1) Kahe kuu jooksul pärast majandusaasta aruande kinnitamist peab ettevõtja kasumi ja kahjumi välja arvestama ja vaikivale seltsinglasele langeva kasumiosa talle välja maksma.
(2) Vaikiv seltsinglane ei ole kohustatud järgneva kahjumi tõttu tagastama väljamakstud kasumiosa.
(3) Kui vaikiv seltsinglane ei ole panust täielikult tasunud või kui tema panus on kahjumi tõttu vähenenud, kaetakse kasumist esmajoones tema panus.
(4) Eeldatakse, et vaikivale seltsinglasele väljamaksmata kasumiosa ei suurenda tema panust.

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§ 616. Vaikiva seltsinglase surm

Vaikiva seltsinglase surma korral saab vaikiva seltsingu lepingu pooleks seltsinglase pärija. Nii ettevõtja kui ka pärija võib vaikiva seltsingu lepingu kolme kuu jooksul pärast seltsinglase surma jooksva majandusaasta lõpuks üles öelda.

§ 617. Vaikiva seltsingu lepingu lõppemine

(1) Vaikiva seltsingu lepingu lõppemise korral peab ettevõtja tagastama vaikivale seltsinglasele kahe kuu jooksul seltsingu lõppemisest tema kasumi arvel suurenenud või kahjumi tagajärjel vähenenud panuse.
(2) Vaikiv seltsinglane osaleb ka kasumi jaotamises ja kahjumi katmises, mis tuleneb vaikiva seltsingu lepingu lõppemise ajaks lõpule viimata tehingutest.

§ 618. Ettevõtja pankrot

(1) Ettevõtja pankroti väljakuulutamisel vaikiva seltsingu leping lõpeb ja vaikiv seltsinglane võib oma panuse alusel esitada ettevõtja vastu pankrotivõlausaldajana nõude ulatuses, mille võrra tema panus ületab tema osa kahjumi katmises.
(2) Kui vaikiv seltsinglane on oma panuse võlgu, peab ta puuduva osa pankrotivarasse üle andma ulatuses, mis on vajalik, et katta tema osa kahjumi katmises.

8. osa

TEENUSTE OSUTAMISE LEPINGUD

35. peatükk

KÄSUNDUSLEPING

§ 619. Käsunduslepingu mõiste

Käsunduslepinguga kohustub üks isik (käsundisaaja) vastavalt lepingule osutama teisele isikule (käsundiandja)
teenuseid (täitma käsundi), käsundiandja aga maksma talle selle eest tasu, kui selles on kokku lepitud.

§ 620. Käsundisaaja hoolsus käsundi täitmisel

(1) Käsundisaaja peab käsundi täitmisel tegutsema käsundiandjale lojaalselt ja käsundi laadist tuleneva vajaliku hoolsusega.
(2) Käsundisaaja peab täitma käsundi vastavalt oma teadmistele ja võimetele käsundiandja jaoks parima kasuga ning ära hoidma kahju tekkimise käsundiandja varale. Oma majandus- või kutsetegevuses tegutsev käsundisaaja peab lisaks sellele toimima üldiselt tunnustatud kutseoskuste tasemel.

§ 621. Käsundiandja juhised

(1) Käsundisaaja peab käsundi täitmisel järgima käsundiandja juhiseid. Kui käsundisaaja peab käsundi täitma oma erialastele teadmistele või võimetele tuginedes, ei või käsundiandja anda üksikasjalikke juhiseid käsundi täitmise viisi ega tingimuste suhtes.
(2) Kui käsundisaaja soovib käsundiandja juhistest kõrvale kalduda, peab ta sellest käsundiandjale teatama ja tema otsuse ära ootama, välja arvatud juhul, kui viivitusega kaasneks käsundiandjale ilmselt ebasoodus tagajärg ja kui asjaoludest tulenevalt võib eeldada, et käsundiandja kiidab kõrvalekaldumise heaks.
(3) Kui juhistest kinnipidamisega kaasneks käsundiandjale ilmselt ebasoodus tagajärg, võib käsundisaaja järgida juhiseid alles siis, kui ta on juhtinud käsundiandja tähelepanu ebasoodsale tagajärjele ja käsundiandja ei muuda juhiseid.
(4) Käsundisaaja ei vastuta käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1–3 sätestatud kohustuste rikkumise eest, kui käsundiandja kiidab käsundisaaja tegevuse hiljem heaks.

§ 622. Käsundi isiklik täitmine

Eeldatakse, et käsundisaaja peab täitma käsundi isiklikult. Käsundisaaja võib käsundi täitmisel kasutada kolmanda isiku abi.

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Võlaõigusseadus

§ 623. Huvide konflikt

(1) Käsundi puhul, mille esemeks on tehingu tegemine, võib käsundisaaja olla üheaegselt käsundi täitmiseks tehtava tehingu teiseks pooleks või tehingu teise poole käsundisaajaks üksnes juhul, kui huvide konflikt on välistatud.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud käsundi puhul peab käsundisaaja teatama käsundiandjale oma otsesest või kaudsest huvist käsundi esemeks oleva tehingu suhtes.
(3) Käsundisaaja poolt käsundi täitmisel iseendaga tehingu tegemine ei piira käsundisaaja õigust tasule ja kulutuste hüvitamisele, kui on järgitud käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatut.
(4) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1–3 sätestatu ei välista ega piira käsundisaaja esindusõiguse kehtivust.

§ 624. Käsundisaaja teatamiskohustus

(1) Käsundisaaja peab teatama käsundiandjale kõigist käsundi täitmisega seotud olulistest asjaoludest, eelkõige nendest, mis võivad ajendada käsundiandjat juhist muutma, samuti andma käsundiandja nõudmisel talle teavet käsundi täitmise kohta.
(2) Käsundisaaja peab käsundi täitmisel esitama käsundiandjale ka ülevaate käsundi täitmisega seotud kuludest ja tuludest koos selle aluseks olevate tõenditega.
(3) Kokkulepe, millega käsundiandja kahjuks kaldutakse kõrvale käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1 ja 2 sätestatust, peab olema sõlmitud kirjalikus vormis.

§ 625. Saladuse hoidmise kohustus

(1) Käsundisaaja peab käsundi täitmise ajal hoidma saladuses talle seoses käsundiga teatavaks saanud asjaolusid, mille saladuses hoidmiseks on käsundiandjal õigustatud huvi, eelkõige hoidma käsundiandja tootmis- või ärisaladust. Saladuse hoidmise kohustust ei ole, kui käsundisaajal on asjaolude avalikustamiseks käsundiandja luba või kui ta on avalikustamiseks kohustatud seadusest tulenevalt.
(2) Pärast käsunduslepingu lõppemist säilib käsundisaajal käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud kohustus ulatuses, mis on vajalik käsundiandja õigustatud huvide kaitseks.

§ 626. Väljaandmiskohustus

(1) Käsundisaaja peab käsundiandjale välja andma selle, mis ta seoses käsundi täitmisega on saanud või loonud, samuti selle, mis ta käsundi täitmiseks sai ja mida ta käsundi täitmiseks ei kasutanud.
(2) Kui käsundisaaja kasutab enda huvides raha, mida ta peab käsundiandja huvides kasutama või mille ta peab edaspidi käsundiandjale välja andma, peab ta raha kasutamise aja eest maksma intressi seadusega sätestatud suuruses.
(3) Nõuded ja vallasasjad, mille käsundisaaja omandab käsundi täitmisel oma nimel kuid käsundiandja arvel, samuti käsundiandja poolt käsundisaajale käsundi täitmiseks üleantud nõuded ja vallasasjad ei kuulu käsundisaaja pankrotivarasse ja neile ei saa pöörata sissenõuet täitemenetluses käsundisaaja vastu.

§ 627. Käsundisaajale tasu maksmine

(1) Kui käsunduslepinguga ei ole tasus kokku lepitud, kuulub tasu maksmisele, kui käsundi täitmist võib mõistlikult eeldada üksnes tasu eest, eelkõige kui käsundisaaja täitis käsundi oma majandus- või kutsetegevuses.
(2) Kui tasu suurust ei ole kindlaks määratud, tuleb maksta vastavalt asjaoludele mõistlik tasu.

§ 628. Käsundisaajale tasu maksmise ning kulude ja kahju hüvitamise kord

(1) Kui käsundisaajale maksmisele kuuluv tasu on määratud ajavahemike järgi, tuleb tasu maksta vastava ajavahemiku möödumisel. Käsundi puhul, mille esemeks on tehingu tegemine, eeldatakse, et tasu kuulub maksmisele pärast käsundi täitmist.
(2) Käsundiandja peab käsundisaajale hüvitama mõistlikud kulud, mida käsundisaaja on teinud käsundi täitmiseks ja mida ta võis vastavalt asjaoludele vajalikuks pidada, välja arvatud, kui kulud tuleb katta käsundisaaja tasu arvel. Eeldatakse, et tasu arvel kaetakse käsundisaajale käsundist tulenevate ülesannete täitmisel tavaliselt tekkivad kulud ning kulud, mis oleksid käsundisaajale tekkinud ka ilma käsunduslepingut sõlmimata.

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(3) Käsundiandja peab käsundisaaja vabastama tema poolt käsundi täitmiseks kolmandate isikute ees võetud kohustustest.
(4) Käsundisaaja võib enne käsundi täitmisele asumist nõuda käsundiandjalt mõistlikus ulatuses ettemakset tasu ja hüvitamisele kuuluvate kulude eest.
(5) Käsundiandja peab käsundisaajale hüvitama käsundi täitmisel tekkinud kahju, mis tulenes sellise käsundi täitmisega tavaliselt seotud ohust või käsundiandja juhisest, välja arvatud juhul, kui tekkinud kahju tuleb katta tasu arvel või kui kahju põhjustas käsundisaaja käitumine, mida ei võinud vastavalt asjaoludele pidada käsundi täitmiseks vajalikuks.
(6) Eeldatakse, et käsundisaaja tasu katab käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 5 nimetatud kahju.

§ 629. Tasu maksmine käsunduslepingu lõppemise korral

(1) Kui käsundisaajale tuleb tasu maksta pärast käsundi täitmist või käsundi täitmiseks antud tähtaja möödumist ja käsundusleping lõpeb enne käsundi täitmist või selle täitmiseks antud tähtaja möödumist, on käsundisaajal õigus mõistlikule osale tasust. Sel juhul on käsundisaajal õigus saada kogu tasu üksnes juhul, kui leping lõppes käsundiandjast tuleneva asjaolu tõttu ja tasu maksmine on asjaolusid arvestades õiglane.
(2) Tasu suuruse määramisel käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud juhul tuleb arvestada muu hulgas käsundisaaja poolt juba tehtut, käsundiandjale sellest tekkivat kasu ja lepingu lõppemise põhjust. Tasust arvatakse maha summa, mille käsundisaaja lepingu lõppemise tõttu säästab, muul viisil omandab või mille ta oleks võinud mõistlikult omandada.
(3) Kui käsundisaaja ütles käsunduslepingu enne täitmist üles, võib käsundisaaja nõuda osutatud teenustele vastavat osa tasust ja tasuga katmata kulude hüvitamist niivõrd, kuivõrd käsundiandjal on seni osutatud teenuse vastu huvi.

§ 630. Tähtajatu käsunduslepingu korraline ülesütlemine

(1) Kumbki lepingupool võib tähtajatu käsunduslepingu kuni käsundi täitmiseni igal ajal üles öelda.
(2) Käsundisaaja võib tähtajatu käsunduslepingu siiski üles öelda üksnes tingimusel, et käsundiandja võib käsundi esemeks oleva teenuse saada või tehingu teha muul viisil. Kui käsundisaaja ütleb lepingu üles seda arvestamata, peab ta hüvitama käsundiandjale sellest tekkinud kahju.
(3) Kui käsundusleping on sõlmitud lepingupoole eluajaks või pikemaks ajaks kui viieks aastaks, võib käsundisaaja selle üles öelda pärast viie aasta möödumist lepingu sõlmimisest, teatades sellest vähemalt kuus kuud ette.

§ 631. Käsunduslepingu erakorraline ülesütlemine

Kumbki lepingupool võib nii tähtajalise kui tähtajatu käsunduslepingu üles öelda käesoleva seaduse §-s 630 sätestatut järgimata, kui ilmneb, et kõiki asjaolusid arvesse võttes ja mõlema lepingupoole huvisid kaaludes ei või oodata, et lepingut üles öelda sooviv pool jätkaks käsunduslepingu täitmist kuni ülesütlemistähtaja või lepingu tähtaja möödumiseni või käsundi täitmiseni.

§ 632. Käsundiandja surm ja pankrot

(1) Eeldatakse, et käsundusleping ei lõpe käsundiandja surmaga.
(2) Käsundiandja pankroti korral lõpeb käsundusleping pankroti väljakuulutamisega, välja arvatud juhul, kui käsunduslepingul ei ole seost pankrotivaraga.
(3) Kui käsundusleping seoses käsundiandja surmaga või tema pankroti väljakuulutamisega lõpeb, loetakse see siiski kehtivaks kuni käsundisaaja käsundiandja surmast või tema pankroti väljakuulutamisest teada saab või peab teada saama.

§ 633. Käsundisaaja surm ja pankrot

(1) Eeldatakse, et käsundusleping lõpeb käsundisaaja surmaga.
(2) Käsundisaaja pankroti korral lõpeb käsundusleping pankroti väljakuulutamisega, välja arvatud juhul, kui käsunduslepingul ei ole seost pankrotivaraga.

§ 634. Pärijate teatamiskohustus

Käsunduslepingupoole surma korral peavad tema pärijad sellest teisele lepingupoolele viivitamata teatama.

36. peatükk

Leht 154 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

TÖÖVÕTULEPING

§ 635. Töövõtulepingu mõiste

(1) Töövõtulepinguga kohustub üks isik (töövõtja) valmistama või muutma asja või saavutama teenuse osutamisega muu kokkulepitud tulemuse (töö), teine isik (tellija) aga maksma selle eest tasu.
(2) Kui töövõtulepingu esemeks on tehingu tegemine, kohaldatakse lepingule täiendavalt käesoleva seaduse §- des 620–626, § 628 lõigetes 2 ja 3, §-s 629 ja §-des 631–634 sätestatut.
(3) Eeldatakse, et töövõtja ei pea täitma lepingust tulenevaid kohustusi isiklikult.
(4) Tarbijatöövõtuleping on oma majandus- või kutsetegevuses tegutseva töövõtja ja tarbijast tellija vaheline töövõtuleping, mille esemeks on teenuse osutamine tarbija vallasasja suhtes, samuti tarbijale vallasasja valmistamine või tootmine.

§ 636. Üleandmise kohustus

[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(1) Kui töövõtulepingu esemeks on asja valmistamine, muutmine või muu tulemuse saavutamine, mida on võimalik üle anda, tuleb see tellijale üle anda. Lisaks üleandmisele teeb töövõtja võimalikuks esimeses lauses nimetatud töövõtulepingu eseme võõrandamise.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(2) Kui töövõtja on kohustatud asja tellijale üle andma muus kohas kui koht, kus asi töö tegemise ajal asub, kohaldatakse asja üleandmise kohustuse täitmisele täiendavalt käesoleva seaduse § 209 lõikes 4 sätestatut. [RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(3) Kui asja valmistamise puhul on kokku lepitud, et kuni tasu maksmiseni jääb asja omand töövõtjale, kohaldatakse vastavalt käesoleva seaduse §-s 233 sätestatut.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336- jõust. 01.07.2002]
(4) [Kehtetu -RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(5) Kui pooled ei ole tarbijatöövõtulepingu puhul töövõtulepingu eseme üleandmise aega kindlaks määranud, peab töövõtja eseme üleandmise kohustuse täitma viivitamata, kuid mitte hiljem kui 30 päeva möödumisel lepingu sõlmimisest.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

§ 637. Tasu maksmise kohustus

(1) Kui töövõtulepinguga ei ole tasus või selle suuruses kokku lepitud, kuulub maksmisele tavaline tasu, selle puudumisel aga vastavalt asjaoludele mõistlik tasu.
(2) Eeldatakse, et töövõtja ei või nõuda tasu töö eelarve koostamise eest. (3) Töövõtja tasunõue muutub sissenõutavaks töö valmimisest.
(31) Kui töövõtja on kohustatud asja tellijale üle andma muus kohas kui koht, kus asi töö tegemise ajal asub, ei muutu tasunõue sissenõutavaks enne asja üleandmise kohustuse täitmist.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
(4) Kui kokku on lepitud töö vastuvõtmine tellija poolt või kui see on tavaline, muutub töövõtja tasunõue sissenõutavaks, kui töö on vastu võetud või loetakse vastuvõetuks. Kui töö tuleb üle anda ositi ja hind on samuti määratud ositi, tuleb iga osa eest tasuda vastava tööosa vastuvõtmisel.
(5) Tellija ei pea töö eest tasuma enne, kui tal on olnud võimalus asi üle vaadata, välja arvatud juhul, kui kokkulepitud üleandmisviis või maksmise tingimused ei anna talle selleks võimalust.
(6) [Kehtetu -RT I, 04.02.2011, 1- jõust. 05.04.2011]

§ 638. Töö vastuvõtmise kohustus

Tellija on kohustatud valmis töö vastu võtma, kui töö üleandmine oli kokku lepitud või kui see on töö omadustest tulenevalt tavaline. Töö loetakse vastuvõetuks ka juhul, kui tellija alusetult ei võta valmis tööd vastu talle selleks töövõtja poolt antud mõistliku tähtaja jooksul.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 155 /

237

§ 639. Eelarve ületamine

(1) Töövõtulepinguga võib kokku leppida töö eelarves, mis on töövõtjale kas siduv või mittesiduv. Sellise kokkuleppe puudumisel eeldatakse, et eelarve on siduv.
(2) Mittesiduva eelarve olulisel ületamisel võib töövõtja nõuda eelarvet ületava tasu maksmist, kui eelarve ületamist ei olnud võimalik ette näha. Sel juhul peab töövõtja eelarve olulisest ületamisest tellijale viivitamata teatama. Teatamata jätmise korral võib töövõtja eelarvet ületanud summat nõuda üksnes ulatuses, milles tellija on alusetult rikastunud.
(3) Kui tellija ütleb lepingu eelarve ületamise tõttu üles, ei pea ta maksma eelarvet ületavat tasu.

§ 640. Juhusliku hävimise ja kahjustumise riisiko üleminek

(1) Tellija peab töövõtjale töö eest tasuma ka juhul, kui töö hävib või kahjustub pärast asja juhusliku hävimise ja kahjustumise riisiko üleminekut tellijale.
(2) Töövõtja kannab juhusliku hävimise ja kahjustumise riisikot kuni töö valmimiseni. Kui kokku on lepitud töö vastuvõtmine või kui see on tavaline, kannab töövõtja juhusliku hävimise ja kahjustumise riisikot kuni töö vastuvõtmiseni või vastuvõetuks lugemiseni.
(3) Kui töövõtja on kohustatud asja tellijale üle andma muus kohas kui koht, kus asi töö tegemise ajal asub, ei lähe asja juhusliku hävimise või kahjustumise riisiko tellijale üle enne asja üleandmise kohustuse täitmist.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

§ 641. Töö vastavus lepingutingimustele

(1) Töö peab vastama lepingutingimustele. Lepingutingimustele peavad vastama ka töö juurde kuuluvad dokumendid.
(2) Töö ei vasta muu hulgas lepingutingimustele, kui:
1) tööl ei ole kokkulepitud omadusi;
2) kokkuleppe puudumisel töö omaduste kohta ei sobi töö teatud otstarbeks, milleks tellija seda vajab ja mida
töövõtja lepingu sõlmimise ajal teadis või pidi teadma, kui tellija võis mõistlikult tugineda töövõtja erialastele
oskustele või teadmistele, muul juhul aga otstarbeks, milleks seda liiki tööd tavaliselt kasutatakse;
3) töö kasutamist takistavad õigusakti sätted, mida töövõtja lepingu sõlmimisel teadis või pidi teadma;
4) kolmandal isikul on töö suhtes nõue või muu õigus, mida ta võib esitada;
5) tarbijatöövõtulepingu puhul ei ole töö tavaliselt seda liiki tööle omase kvaliteediga, mida tellija võis
mõistlikult eeldada, lähtudes töö olemusest ja arvestades töövõtja poolt töö teatud omaduste suhtes avalikult
tehtud avaldusi, eelkõige töö reklaamimisel või etikettidel, välja arvatud juhul, kui töövõtja tõendab, et avaldust
oli lepingu sõlmimise ajaks muudetud või avaldus ei mõjutanud lepingu sõlmimist.
(3) Töövõtja ei vastuta töö lepingutingimustele mittevastavuse eest, mis tulenes tellija juhistest, tellija poolt muretsetud materjali puudustest või kolmanda isiku eeltöödest, kui töövõtja juhiseid, materjali või eeltöid piisavalt kontrollis.
(4) Tööna tehtud asja ebaõigest paigaldamisest tulenevat lepingutingimustele mittevastavust loetakse võrdseks töö lepingutingimustele mittevastavusega, kui asja paigaldas töövõtja või kui seda tehti tema vastutusel.
Sama kehtib, kui asja paigaldas tellija ja ebaõige paigaldamine tulenes töövõtja antud puudulikust teabest asja paigaldamise kohta.

§ 642. Töövõtja vastutus töö lepingutingimustele mittevastavuse puhul

(1) Töövõtja vastutab töö lepingutingimustele mittevastavuse eest, mis on olemas töö juhusliku hävimise ja kahjustumise riisiko tellijale ülemineku ajal, isegi kui mittevastavus ilmneb alles pärast seda. Tarbijatöövõtu puhul vastutab töövõtja töö lepingutingimustele mittevastavuse eest, mis on olemas töö tarbijale üleandmisel, isegi kui juhusliku hävimise ja kahjustumise riisiko üleminek lepiti kokku varasemaks ajaks.
(2) Tarbijatöövõtu puhul vastutab töövõtja töö lepingutingimustele mittevastavuse eest, mis ilmneb kahe aasta jooksul, alates töö üleandmisest tarbijale. Tarbijatöövõtu puhul eeldatakse, et kuue kuu jooksul töö tarbijale üleandmise päevast ilmnenud lepingutingimustele mittevastavus oli olemas töö üleandmise ajal, kui selline eeldus ei ole vastuolus töö või puuduse olemusega.
(21) Töövõtulepingu puhul, mille esemeks on ehitamine ehitusseadustiku mõistes ja mis on sõlmitud majandus- ja kutsetegevuses tegutseva isiku ja tarbija vahel, eeldatakse, et kahe aasta jooksul töö tarbijale üleandmise päevast arvates ilmnenud lepingutingimustele mittevastavus oli olemas töö üleandmise ajal, kui selline eeldus ei ole vastuolus töö või puuduse olemusega. Käesolevas lõikes sätestatust tarbija kahjuks kõrvalekalduv kokkulepe on tühine.
[RT I, 23.03.2015, 3- jõust. 01.07.2015]
(3) Töövõtja vastutab ka töö lepingutingimustele mittevastavuse eest, mis tekib pärast töö juhusliku hävimise ja kahjustumise riisiko üleminekut tellijale, kui mittevastavus tekkis töövõtja kohustuste rikkumisest tulenevalt.

Leht 156 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

§ 643. Töö ülevaatamise kohustus

Kui tellija on töövõtulepingu sõlminud oma majandus- või kutsetegevuses, peab ta tehtud töö viivitamata üle vaatama või üle vaadata laskma.

§ 644. Töö lepingutingimustele mittevastavusest teatamine

(1) Tellija peab teatama töö lepingutingimustele mittevastavusest töövõtjale mõistliku aja jooksul pärast seda, kui ta töö lepingutingimustele mittevastavusest teada sai või pidi teada saama. Tarbijatöövõtu puhul peab tarbija teatama töö lepingutingimustele mittevastavusest töövõtjale kahe kuu jooksul.
(2) Oma majandus- või kutsetegevuses töövõtulepingu sõlminud tellija peab lepingule mittevastavust sellest teatamisel piisavalt täpselt kirjeldama.
(3) Kui tellija ei teata töövõtjale töö lepingutingimustele mittevastavusest õigeaegselt või ei kirjelda oma majandus- või kutsetegevuses sõlmitud lepingu puhul töö lepingutingimustele mittevastavust piisavalt täpselt, ei või tellija töö lepingutingimustele mittevastavusele tugineda. Kui teatamata jätmine on mõistlikult vabandatav, võib tellija siiski lepingutingimustele mittevastavusele tuginedes alandada makstavat tasu või nõuda, et töövõtja hüvitaks tekitatud kahju, välja arvatud saamata jäänud tulu.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336- jõust. 01.07.2002]

§ 645. Töö lepingutingimustele mittevastavusele tuginemise erisused

(1) Tellija võib lepingutingimustele mittevastavusele tugineda, sõltumata sellest, et ta tööd üle ei vaadanud ja selle lepingutingimustele mittevastavusest õigeaegselt ei teatanud, kui:
1) lepingutingimustele mittevastavus on tekkinud töövõtja tahtluse või raske hooletuse tõttu;
2) töövõtja teadis või pidi teadma lepingutingimustele mittevastavusest või sellega seotud asjaoludest ja ei
teatanud sellest tellijale.
(2) Töö ülevaatamise kohustuse täitmata jätmise korral võib oma majandus- või kutsetegevuses tegutsev tellija tugineda asja lepingutingimustele mittevastavusele, mille ta oleks võinud asja ülevaatamisega avastada, üksnes juhul, kui ta tõendab, et tööl oli niisugune puudus juba töö juhusliku hävimise ja kahjustumise riisiko talle ülemineku ajal.
(3) Töövõtja ei või tugineda kokkuleppele, millega välistatakse või piiratakse tellija õigusi seoses töö lepingutingimustele mittevastavusega, kui töövõtja teadis või pidi teadma, et töö lepingutingimustele ei vasta.

§ 646. Lepingu täitmise nõue õiguskaitsevahendina

(1) Kui töö ei vasta lepingutingimustele, võib tellija nõuda töövõtjalt töö parandamist või uue töö tegemist, kui sellega ei põhjustata töövõtjale ebamõistlikke kulusid või põhjendamatuid ebamugavusi, arvestades muu hulgas asja väärtust ja lepingutingimustele mittevastavuse olulisust. Töövõtja võib töö parandamise asemel teha lepingutingimustele vastava uue töö.
(2) Muu töövõtulepingu kui tarbijatöövõtulepingu puhul võib tellija töö lepingutingimustele mittevastavuse puhul nõuda uue töö tegemist käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 1 esimeses lauses nimetatud juhul üksnes siis, kui töö lepingutingimustele mittevastavuse näol on tegemist olulise lepingurikkumisega.
(3) Kui töövõtja teeb puudustega töö asemel lepingutingimustele vastava töö, võib ta nõuda puudustega töö tagastamist. Sel juhul kohaldatakse käesoleva seaduse §-des 189–191 sätestatut.
(4) Töövõtja kannab töö puuduse kõrvaldamise või uue töö tegemisega seotud kulud, eelkõige veo-, töö-, reisi- ja materjalikulud.
(5) Kui tellija nõuab õigustatult parandamist ja töövõtja ei tee seda mõistliku aja jooksul, võib tellija töö ise parandada või lasta seda teha ja nõuda töövõtjalt selleks tehtud mõistlike kulutuste hüvitamist.
(6) Tellija kaotab õiguse nõuda töövõtjalt töö parandamist või uue töö tegemist, kui ta ei nõua seda töövõtjalt üheaegselt teatega töö lepingutingimustele mittevastavuse kohta või mõistliku aja jooksul pärast teate esitamist, välja arvatud juhul, kui töövõtja käitumine on vastuolus hea usu põhimõttega.
(7) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 6 sätestatut ei kohaldata tarbijatöövõtu suhtes.

§ 647. Töövõtulepingu oluline rikkumine töövõtja poolt

(1) Töövõtja loetakse töövõtulepingut oluliselt rikkunuks muu hulgas siis, kui töö parandamine või uue töö tegemine ei ole võimalik või ebaõnnestub või kui töövõtja õigustamatult keeldub tööd parandamast või uut tööd tegemast või ei tee seda mõistliku aja jooksul pärast talle lepingutingimustele mittevastavusest teatamist.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 157 /

237

(2) Tarbijatöövõtu puhul loetakse töövõtja lepingurikkumiseks ka töö parandamise või uue töö tegemisega tellijale põhjendamatute ebamugavuste tekitamist.
(3) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1 ja 2 nimetatud juhtudel ei pea tellija määrama töövõtjale täitmiseks käesoleva seaduse §-s 114 nimetatud täiendavat tähtaega ning võib muu hulgas lepingust taganeda.

§ 648. Tasu vähendamise piirangud

Tellija ei või vähendada töövõtjale maksmisele kuuluvat tasu, kui:
1) töövõtja viis töö vastavusse lepingutingimustega või tegi uue töö;
2) tellija keeldus õigustamatult vastu võtmast töövõtja ettepanekut töö lepingutingimustega vastavusse
viimiseks või uue töö tegemiseks.

§ 649. Kahju hüvitamise erisused

Tellija võib nõuda töövõtjalt ka sellise kahju hüvitamist, mis tekkis tööna tehtud asja otstarbele mittevastava kasutamise tõttu, kui kahju tulenes tellija ebapiisavast teavitamisest töövõtja poolt, samuti kahju hüvitamist, mis tekkis asjale selle lepingutingimustele mittevastavuse tõttu.

§ 650. Töövõtugarantii ja teenindusest teatamise kohustus

(1) Töövõtja poolt töö suhtes garantiikohustuse (töövõtugarantii) võtmisel eeldatakse, et garantii katab kõiki selle kehtivuse ajal ilmnenud töö lepingutingimustele mittevastavusi. Töövõtugarantiile kohaldatakse vastavalt käesoleva seaduse §-des 230 ja 231 sätestatut.
(2) Kui tarbijatöövõtulepingu puhul võib tellija mõistlikult eeldada tehtud töö kasutamise, korrashoiu või parandamisega seotud teenuste olemasolu ja töövõtja ise neid ei osuta, peab töövõtja töö tellijale üleandmise ajal ja tellija nõudmisel ka pärast seda andma piisavalt teavet teenuste kasutamise võimalustest.

§ 651. Töö lepingutingimustele mittevastavusest tulenevate nõuete aegumistähtaja algus

(1) Töö lepingutingimustele mittevastavusest tuleneva nõude aegumistähtaeg algab töö valmimisest. Kui tellija on kohustatud töö vastu võtma, siis algab nõude aegumistähtaeg töö vastuvõtmisest või vastuvõetuks lugemisest.
(2) Uue töö tegemisel töövõtja poolt algab aegumistähtaeg uue töö valmimisest. Puuduse kõrvaldamisel algab aegumistähtaeg kõrvaldatud puuduse suhtes uuesti, alates puuduse kõrvaldamisest.

§ 652. Tellija viivitus

(1) Kui tellija peab töö tegemiseks tegema mingi teo, muu hulgas muretsema materjali, andma juhise või aitama muul viisil töö tegemisele kaasa, ja ta viivitab selle tegemisega, võib töövõtja nõuda talle viivitusega tekitatud kahju hüvitamist. Hüvitise suuruse määramisel tuleb arvestada viivituse kestust, tasu suurust ning seda, mille töövõtja seetõttu kokku hoidis või mille ta oma tööjõu teistsuguse kasutamisega omandas või oleks võinud mõistlikult omandada.
(2) Kui tellija peab töö tegemiseks tegema mingi teo, muu hulgas muretsema materjali, andma juhise või aitama muul viisil töö tegemisele kaasa, ja ta viivitab selle teo tegemisega ning rikub sellega ühtlasi oluliselt lepingut, võib töövõtja lepingu üles öelda ning nõuda tehtud tööle vastavat osa tasust ja nende kulutuste hüvitamist, mis tasus ei sisaldu.
(3) Kui tellija vastuvõtuviivitus tekkis tellija süü tõttu, võib töövõtja lepingu ülesütlemisel nõuda kogu kokkulepitud tasu, millest on maha arvatud summa, mille ta hoiab lepingu ülesütlemise tõttu kokku kulude osas või omandab oma tööjõu teistsuguse kasutamisega või oleks võinud mõistlikult omandada.

§ 653. Töö hävimine, halvenemine või teostamatuks muutumine tellijast tulenevatel põhjustel

Kui töö on puuduse tõttu tellija muretsetud materjalis või tellija poolt töö tegemiseks antud korralduse tõttu enne valmimist, kui aga töö tuli vastu võtta, siis enne selle vastuvõtmist, hävinud, halvenenud või muutunud teostamatuks, võib töövõtja lepingu üles öelda ja nõuda tehtud tööle vastavat tasu osa ning nende kulude hüvitamist, mis tasus ei sisaldu.

§ 654. Pandiõigus

(1) Töövõtjal on oma töövõtulepingust tulenevate nõuete tagamiseks pandiõigus tellija vallasasjadele, mille töövõtja on valmistanud, parandanud või muutnud, kui need on töövõtu eesmärgil tema valduses.
(2) Ehitise või selle osa ehitamiseks, remondiks või muutmiseks kohustatud töövõtja võib lepingust tulenevate nõuete tagamiseks nõuda hüpoteegi seadmist tellijale kuuluvale kinnisasjale, millel ehitis asub.
(3) Laevakinnistusraamatusse kantud laeva ehitamiseks, remondiks või muutmiseks kohustatud töövõtja võib lepingust tulenevate nõuete tagamiseks nõuda laevahüpoteegi seadmist tellijale kuuluvale laevale.

Leht 158 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

§ 655. Tellija ülesütlemisõigus

(1) Tellija võib töövõtulepingu igal ajal üles öelda. Kui tellija on töövõtulepingu üles öelnud, on töövõtjal õigus nõuda kokkulepitud tasu, millest on maha arvatud see, mille ta lepingu ülesütlemise tõttu kokku hoidis või mille ta oma tööjõu teistsuguse kasutamisega omandas või oleks võinud mõistlikult omandada.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatut ei kohaldata, kui tellija on lepingu üles öelnud seetõttu, et töövõtja rikkus lepingut.

§ 656. Sätete rikkumise keelamine

Tarbijatöövõtu puhul võib seaduses sätestatud isik või asutus seadusega sätestatud korras nõuda käesolevas peatükis ja käesoleva seaduse üldosas töövõtulepingu kohta sätestatut rikkunud töövõtjalt rikkumise lõpetamist ja rikkumisest hoidumist.

§ 657. Sätete kohustuslikkus tarbijatöövõtu puhul

(1) Tarbijatöövõtu puhul on tellija kahjuks käesolevas peatükis sätestatust ja üldosas lepingu rikkumise puhuks kasutatavate õiguskaitsevahendite kohta sätestatust kõrvalekalduv kokkulepe tühine.
[RT I, 04.02.2011, 1- jõust. 05.04.2011]
(2) Kui leping sõlmiti Eestis toimunud avaliku pakkumise, reklaami või muu seesuguse majandustegevuse tulemusena, kohaldatakse Eestis elukohta omava tellijaga sõlmitud tarbijatöövõtulepingule käesolevas peatükis sätestatut, sõltumata sellest, millise riigi õigust lepingule kohaldatakse.

37. peatükk

MAAKLERILEPING

§ 658. Maaklerilepingu mõiste

(1) Maaklerilepinguga kohustub üks isik (maakler) vahendama teisele isikule (käsundiandja) lepingu sõlmimist kolmanda isikuga või osutama kolmanda isikuga lepingu sõlmimise võimalusele, käsundiandja aga kohustub maksma talle selle eest tasu (maakleritasu).
(2) Maaklerilepingule kohaldatakse käsunduslepingu kohta sätestatut, kui käesolevas peatükis sätestatust ei tulene teisiti.

§ 659. Kohustuse täitmise vastuvõtmise piirang

Maakler võib tema poolt vahendatud või osutatud lepingu poolte nimel vastu võtta makseid ja lepingust tuleneva muu kohustuse täitmist, kui ta on selleks eraldi volitatud.

§ 660. Ebaõige soovituse andmise keeld

Maakler ei või teha käsundiandjale ettepanekut sõlmida leping isikuga, kelle kohta ta teab või peab teadma asjaolusid, mis annavad mõistliku aluse kahelda selles, et see isik täidab lepingust tulenevad kohustused kohaselt.

§ 661. Lepingupoole avaldamata jätmine

Maakleri poolt vahendatava lepingupoole nõudmisel võib maakler jätta selle lepingupoole nime lepingu teisele poolele avaldamata.

§ 662. Dokumentide säilitamine

Maakler peab säilitama oma maakleritegevusega seotud dokumente niikaua, kuni nendel dokumentidel on tähtsus käsundiandja huvide kaitsmisel, mitte aga vähem kui kolm aastat. See ei välista ega piira maakleri seadusest tulenevaid kohustusi raamatupidamisdokumentide säilitamisel.

§ 663. Lepingute dokumenteerimise kohustus

(1) Maakler peab ajalises järgnevuses dokumenteerima kõik tema vahendusel või osutamisel sõlmitud lepingud. (2) Kui pooled ei sõlmi lepingut kirjalikult, peab maakler enda poolt vahendatud või osutatud lepingu poole
nõudmisel sellele poolele viivitamata andma enda poolt allkirjastatud väljavõtte vahendatud või osutatud
lepingu tingimustest.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 159 /

237

§ 664. Maakleritasu maksmise kohustus

(1) Maakleril on õigus maakleritasule alates tema vahendamise või osutamise tulemusena lepingu sõlmimisest. (2) Kui maaklerilepingu kohaselt tekib maakleril õigus maakleritasule pärast vahendatud või osutatud lepingust
tuleneva kohustuse täitmist käsundiandja suhtes, on maakleril õigus maakleritasule ka juhul, kui kohustus jäi
täitmata käsundiandjast tuleneva asjaolu tõttu.
(3) Maakleri õigust maakleritasule ei mõjuta asjaolu, et vahendatud või osutatud leping sõlmitakse või sellest tulenev kohustus täidetakse pärast maaklerilepingu lõppemist.
(4) Kui maakleri poolt vahendatud või osutatud leping sõlmitakse edasilükkava tingimusega, võib maakler maakleritasu nõuda alles tingimuse saabumisel. Kui leping on sõlmitud äramuutva tingimusega, ei lõpe õigus maakleritasule tingimuse täitumisega.
(5) Maakleri õigus maakleritasule säilib ka juhul, kui maakleri vahendamisel või osutamisel sõlmitud leping on kehtetu, kui maakler ei teadnud ega pidanudki teadma kehtetuse põhjusest. Kui leping öeldi üles või lepingust taganeti olulise lepingurikkumise tõttu, ei ole maakleril õigust tasule, kui ta teadis või pidi teadma, et lepingu rikkumine on tõenäoline.
(6) Kui maaklerileping on sõlmitud abielu sõlmimise vahendamiseks või abielu sõlmimise võimalusele osutamiseks, on tegemist mittetäieliku kohustusega. Mittetäielik on ka muu kohustus, mille käsundiandja võtab maakleri suhtes, kui selle kohustuse eesmärgiks on tasu maksmine abielu sõlmimise vahendamise või abielu võimalusele osutamise eest.

§ 665. Maakleritasu suurus

Kui maakleritasu suurust ei ole kokku lepitud, loetakse selleks kohalikku tavalist maakleritasu sellise lepingu vahendamise või osutamise eest, selle puudumisel aga mõistlikku tasu.

§ 666. [Kehtetu -RT I 2005, 39, 308- jõust. 01.01.2006]

§ 667. Maakleri kulude hüvitamine

(1) Maakler võib lisaks maakleritasule nõuda maaklerilepingu täitmisel tekkinud kulude hüvitamist vaid juhul, kui selles on eraldi kokku lepitud.
(2) Kui maakleri vahendamisel või osutamisel lepingut ei sõlmita, võib maakler siiski nõuda maaklerilepingu täitmisel tekkinud kulude hüvitamist, kui selles on eraldi kokku lepitud.

§ 668. Maakleri tegevus teise poole kasuks

(1) Kui maakler on vastuolus maaklerilepinguga olnud tegev ka käsundiandjale vahendatud või osutatud lepingu teise poole kasuks, ei või ta käsundiandjalt nõuda ei maakleritasu maksmist ega kulude hüvitamist.
(2) Kui maakler on olnud tegev ka käsundiandjale vahendatud või osutatud lepingu teise poole jaoks, eeldatakse, et maakleritasu tasuvad maakleri vahendatud või osutatud lepingu pooled võrdses ulatuses.

§ 669. Maakleri vastutuse erisused

(1) Maakler ei vastuta tema poolt vahendatud või osutatud lepingu täitmise eest.
(2) Käesoleva seaduse §-s 661 nimetatud juhul vastutab maakler tema poolt vahendatud või osutatud lepingupoole kohustuste täitmise eest, kelle nime ta ei avaldanud.

38. peatükk

AGENDILEPING

§ 670. Agendilepingu mõiste

(1) Agendilepinguga kohustub üks isik (agent) teise isiku (käsundiandja) jaoks ja tema huvides iseseisvalt ja püsivalt lepinguid vahendama või neid käsundiandja nimel ja arvel sõlmima. Käsundiandja kohustub maksma talle selle eest tasu.
(2) Agent tegutseb iseseisvalt, kui tal on õigus kujundada oma tegevust põhiliselt vabalt ja määrata oma tegutsemisaeg.
(3) Agendiks ei ole isik, kes täidab käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud ülesandeid tulenevalt käsundiandjaga sõlmitud töölepingust. Samuti ei ole agendiks juriidilisest isikust käsundiandja juhtorgani liige,

Leht 160 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

osanik või pankrotihaldur, kellel on seadusest, põhikirjast või ühingulepingust tulenevalt õigus võtta juriidilisele isikule kohustusi.
(4) Agendilepingule kohaldatakse käsunduslepingu kohta sätestatut, kui käesolevas peatükis sätestatust ei tulene teisiti.

§ 671. Põhi- või kõrvaltegevus agendina

Agendina tegutsemine võib olla agendi põhi- või kõrvaltegevus. Agendina tegutsemine on kõrvaltegevus, kui isik ei ole agendina põhiliselt tegev või ei saa sellest enamikku oma sissetulekust. Vaidluse korral võib käsundiandja tugineda sellele, et tegemist on agendi kõrvaltegevusega üksnes juhul, kui see tuleneb selgelt agendilepingust.

§ 672. Agendilepingu sisu väljendav dokument

Kumbki lepingupool võib nõuda agendilepingu ja selle muudatuste ning täiendavate kokkulepete sisu väljendamist teise lepingupoole poolt allkirjastatud dokumendis. Seda õigust välistav või piirav kokkulepe on tühine.

§ 673. Agendi kohustused

(1) Agent peab oma kohustusi täitma majandus- või kutsetegevuses tegutsevalt isikult tavaliselt oodatava hoolega, muu hulgas tegema käsundiandja huvides mõistlikke pingutusi lepingute sõlmimiseks või vahendamiseks. Agent peab käsundiandjale viivitamata teatama igast omapoolsest lepingu vahendamisest ja sõlmimisest, samuti muudest käsundiandja huvide järgimiseks olulistest asjaoludest.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 ja käesoleva seaduse § 621 lõikes 1 sätestatust kõrvalekalduv kokkulepe on tühine.
[RT I 2003, 78, 523- jõust. 27.12.2003]

§ 674. Käsundiandja kohustused

(1) Käsundiandja peab tegema kõik, et võimaldada agendi edukat tegutsemist, muu hulgas:
1) andma oma kulul agendi käsutusse tema tegevuseks vajalikud dokumendid, sealhulgas näidised, joonised,
hinnakirjad, reklaamtrükised ja lepingutingimused;
2) teatama agendile tema kohustuste täitmiseks vajalikest asjaoludest ning hoolikalt kontrollima agendi esitatud
teateid;
3) teatama agendile viivitamata agendi vahendatud lepingu sõlmimisest või agendi poolt esindusõiguseta või
esindusõiguse piire ületades sõlmitud lepingu heakskiitmisest, samuti agendi vahendatud või sõlmitud lepingu
täitmata jäämisest;
4) teatama agendile viivitamata sellest, et ta kavatseb lepinguid sõlmida oluliselt väiksemas ulatuses kui agent
tavalistel asjaoludel oodata võib.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatust kõrvalekalduv kokkulepe on tühine.

§ 675. Mitu käsundiandjat või agenti

(1) Agent võib olla tegev ka teiste käsundiandjate jaoks, kui kirjalikult ei ole kokku lepitud teisiti.
(2) Käsundiandja võib käsundada ka teisi isikuid täitma agendiga samu ülesandeid. Kui käsundiandja on agendi määranud teatud piirkonda või on määratlenud klientide ringi, kellega agent lepinguid vahendab või sõlmib, on agendil selles piirkonnas või nende klientide suhtes käsundiandjale lepingute vahendamise või käsundiandja nimel ja arvel lepingute sõlmimise ainuõigus, kui kirjalikult ei ole kokku lepitud teisiti.

§ 676. Agendi volituse erisused

(1) Agendil on õigus võtta vastu teateid asja puuduse kohta, samuti muid avaldusi, millega agendi vahendatud või sõlmitud lepingu teine pool teostab lepingu mittenõuetekohasest täitmisest tulenevaid õigusi. See õigus on agendil ka siis, kui tal ei ole käsundiandja nimel lepingu sõlmimise õigust.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud õiguse piiramine kehtib agendi vahendatud või sõlmitud lepingu teise poole suhtes üksnes juhul, kui see pool teate või muu avalduse edastamisel piirangust teadis või pidi teadma.
(3) Agendi vahendatud või sõlmitud lepingutest tulenevaid rahalisi makseid või muude kohustuste täitmist võib agent vastu võtta, samuti teha tahteavaldusi lepingu muutmiseks, eelkõige maksetähtaegade osas, üksnes juhul, kui see on agendilepingus ette nähtud.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 161 /

237

(4) Kui agent sõlmis käsundiandja nimel lepingu, mille sõlmimiseks tal volitust ei olnud, ja teine lepingupool ei teadnud volituse puudumisest, loetakse leping käsundiandja poolt heakskiidetuks, kui käsundiandja viivitamata pärast seda, kui agent või lepingu teine pool talle lepingu sõlmimisest ja selle sisust teatas, ei avalda lepingu teisele poolele, et ta lepingut heaks ei kiida.

§ 677. Kindlustusagendi volituste erisused

(1) Püsivalt kindlustuslepinguid vahendama või sõlmima volitatud agent (kindlustusagent) loetakse talle määratud kindlustusvaldkonnas ja piirkonnas volitatuks:
1) vastu võtma kindlustuslepingute sõlmimise, pikendamise ja muutmise leppepakkumusi, samuti nende leppepakkumuste tagasivõtmise avaldusi;
2) vastu võtma kindlustusvõtjalt kindlustuslepingu kehtivuse ajal edastatavaid teateid, samuti ülesütlemise ja taganemise avaldusi ning muid kindlustust puudutavaid avaldusi;
3) vastu võtma kindlustusmakseid, intressi ja kulude hüvitisi.
(2) Kindlustusagendil on õigus teha kõiki õigustoiminguid, mis puudutavad tema vahendatud või sõlmitud lepinguid.
(3) Kui kindlustusagendi käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1 ja 2 sätestatud volitusi on piiratud, kehtib piirang kolmanda isiku suhtes üksnes juhul, kui kolmas isik kindlustusagendi suhtes õigustoimingu tegemisel piirangust teadis või pidi teadma. Sellest kõrvalekalduv kokkulepe on tühine.

§ 678. Lepingud, millelt tuleb maksta agenditasu

(1) Agendil on õigus agenditasule kõigi käsundiandja poolt agendilepingu kehtivuse ajal agendi tegevuse tulemusena sõlmitud lepingute eest. Agendil on õigus agenditasule ka lepingute eest, mis sõlmiti isikuga, kellel agendi tegevuse tulemusena tekkis käsundajaga püsiv ärisuhe selliste lepingute sõlmimiseks, mida tavaliselt vahendas või sõlmis agent. Kindlustusagendil on õigus agenditasule üksnes tema poolt vahendatud või tema käsundiandja nimel sõlmitud lepingute eest.
(2) Kui agent on määratud teatud piirkonda või kui tema klientide ring on kindlaks määratud, on tal
lisaks käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatule õigus agenditasule ka lepingute eest, mis on sõlmitud tema
agendilepingu kehtivuse ajal ilma tema osaluseta tema piirkonda või klientide ringi kuuluvate isikutega. Selliste
lepingute eest ei ole õigust saada agenditasu kindlustusagendil.
(3) Agendil on õigus agenditasule ka lepingute eest, mis sõlmiti pärast agendilepingu lõppemist, kui ta on lepingu vahendanud või selle sõlmimise niimoodi ette valmistanud, et lepingu sõlmimist võib suuremas
osas vaadelda tema tegevuse tulemusena ning leping on sõlmitud mõistliku aja jooksul pärast agendilepingu lõppemist, samuti lepingute eest, mille puhul enne agendilepingu lõppemist on agendini või käsundiandjani jõudnud kolmanda isiku leppepakkumus lepingu sõlmimiseks, mille eest on agendil vastavalt käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 või 2 sätestatule õigus agenditasule.
(4) Agendil ei ole õigust saada agenditasu lepingute eest, mille eest makstakse vastavalt käesoleva paragrahvi lõikele 3 agenditasu eelmisele agendile. Kui see on asjaoludest tulenevalt õiglane, jagatakse agenditasu agendi ja eelmise agendi vahel.

§ 679. Agenditasu maksmise eeldused

(1) Agendil tekib õigus agenditasule, kui käsundiandja on oma kohustused, mis tulenevad agendi vahendatud või sõlmitud lepingust, täitnud.
(2) Kui lepingupooled on kokku leppinud, et agenditasu makstakse lõikes 1 sätestatust hiljem, on agendil
õigus mõistlikule ettemaksele. Agendil on siiski õigus agenditasule niipea, kui agendi vahendatud või sõlmitud
lepingu teine pool on oma lepingust tulenevad kohustused täitnud.
(3) Kindlustusagendil tekib õigus agenditasule, kui kindlustusvõtja on tasunud kindlustusmakse, millelt vastavalt agendilepingule agenditasu arvestatakse.
(4) Agendil ei ole õigust agenditasule, kui on ilmne, et leping jääb täitmata käsundiandjast sõltumatu asjaolu tõttu. Sel juhul peab agent saadud tasu tagastama alusetu rikastumise sätete järgi.
(5) Agendil on õigus agenditasule ka juhul, kui käsundiandja lepingut ei täida ja see toimub käsundiandjast tuleneva asjaolu tõttu.
(6) Agendi nõue agenditasule muutub sissenõutavaks selle kuu viimasel päeval, millal vastavalt käesoleva seaduse § 682 lõikes 1 sätestatule tuleb arvutada agenditasu suurus.
(7) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 4–6 sätestatust agendi kahjuks kõrvalekalduv kokkulepe on tühine. [RT I 2003, 78, 523- jõust. 27.12.2003]

Leht 162 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

§ 680. Agenditasu suurus

(1) Kui agenditasu suurust ei ole kokku lepitud, loetakse selleks kohalik tavaline agenditasu, selle puudumisel aga mõistlik tasu.
(2) Agenditasu arvutatakse agendi tegevuse tulemusena sõlmitud lepingu järgi lepingu teise poole või käsundiandja poolt maksmisele kuuluvalt summalt. Sellest summast arvatakse kõrvalkulud, muu hulgas veo- ja pakendikulud, ning muud maksed maha üksnes juhul, kui need on eraldi välja toodud.
(3) Kasutuslepingute puhul arvestatakse agenditasu kasutustasult kogu lepingu kehtivuse aja eest.

§ 681. Täiendav agenditasu vastutuse eest

(1) Kui agent kohustub kokkuleppel käsundiandjaga vastutama tema poolt vahendatavast või sõlmitavast lepingust tulenevate lepingu teise poole kohustuste täitmise eest, peab see kohustus olema väljendatud kirjalikus vormis.
(2) Kui agent kohustub vastutama käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud kohustuse täitmise eest, on tal õigus saada selle eest täiendavat tasu (delkreederetasu). Kokkulepe, millega välistatakse agendi õigus saada delkreederetasu, on tühine.
(3) Agendi õigus delkreederetasule tekib lepingu sõlmimisega, millest tulenevate kohustuste täitmise eest agent vastutab.

§ 682. Agenditasu arvestamine

(1) Käsundiandja peab agendile maksmisele kuuluva agenditasu igakuiselt välja arvestama. Kokkuleppel võib arvestusajavahemikku pikendada kuni kolme kuuni.
(2) Agenditasu arvestus tuleb edastada agendile hiljemalt kuu lõpuks, mis järgneb arvestusajavahemikule. Arvestuses tuleb näidata agenditasu suurus ja selle määramiseks olulised asjaolud.
(3) Agent võib arvestuse kättesaamisel nõuda väljavõtet käsundiandja raamatupidamisdokumentidest kõigi lepingute kohta, mille eest tuleb talle vastavalt käesoleva seaduse §-s 678 sätestatule maksta agenditasu. Tagantjärele võib väljavõtet nõuda üksnes juhul, kui pooled ei ole arvestuse suhtes üksmeelele jõudnud.
(4) Lisaks arvestusele ja raamatupidamisdokumentide väljavõttele võib agent nõuda teavet kõigi asjaolude kohta, mis on olulised agenditasu nõude, selle sissenõutavuse ja arvestamise jaoks.
(5) Kui käsundiandja keeldub andmast arvestust või väljavõtet või agendil on põhjendatud kahtlus arvestuse õigsuses või täielikkuses, võib agent nõuda omal valikul talle või tema määratud audiitorile käsundiandja raamatupidamisdokumentidega tutvumise võimaldamist ulatuses, mis on vajalik arvestuse või väljavõtte õigsuse või täielikkuse kontrollimiseks. Kui käsundiandja võimaldab agendil dokumentidega tutvuda, võib viimane seejuures kasutada audiitori abi.
(6) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1–5 sätestatud agendi õigusi välistav või piirav kokkulepe on tühine.

§ 683. Inkassotasu

Lisaks agenditasule sõlmitud lepingute eest on agendil õigus täiendavale tasule tema poolt vastavalt käsundiandja korraldustele sisse nõutud ja käsundiandjale üleantud summade eest.

§ 684. Agendi kulutuste hüvitamine

(1) Agent võib käsundiandjalt nõuda agendilepingu täitmisel tehtud mõistlike kulutuste hüvitamist, kui need ületavad tavaliselt sellise agendilepingu täitmisel tehtavaid kulutusi. Agendilepingu täitmisel tavaliselt tekkivate kulutuste hüvitamist võib agent nõuda üksnes juhul, kui selles on kokku lepitud või on asjaolude kohaselt tavaline.
(2) Agendi kulutuste hüvitamise nõue ei sõltu sellest, kas agendil on õigus saada agenditasu.

§ 685. Pandiõigus

(1) Agendilepingust tulenevate sissenõutavaks muutunud nõuete tagamiseks on agendil pandiõigus käsundiandja vallasasjadele ja väärtpaberitele, mida ta agendilepingu alusel valdab, samuti tema poolt vastuvõetud kolmandate isikute maksetele, kui tal on õigus selliseid makseid vastu võtta. Dokumentide väljaandmisest võib agent keelduda üksnes juhul, kui see on vajalik sissenõutavaks muutunud agenditasu ja kulude hüvitamise nõuete tagamiseks.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 163 /

237

(2) Kokkulepe pandiõigusest loobumise või selle piiramise kohta on tühine.

§ 686. Agendilepingu korraline ülesütlemine

(1) Tähtajatu agendilepingu võib kumbki lepingupool üles öelda, teatades sellest vähemalt ühe kuu ette. Kui leping on kestnud üle aasta ja agendina tegutsemine on isikule olnud põhitegevuseks, peab käsundiandja agendilepingu ülesütlemisest ette teatama vähemalt kaks kuud. Kui leping on kestnud üle kahe aasta ja agendina tegutsemine on isikule olnud põhitegevuseks, peab käsundiandja agendile lepingu ülesütlemisest ette teatama vähemalt kolm kuud. Lepingu võib üles öelda üksnes kuu lõpuks.
(2) Kokkulepe, millega käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud ülesütlemistähtaegu pikendatakse selliselt, et ülesütlemistähtaeg osutub käsundiandjale lühemaks kui agendile, on tühine.
(3) Kui lepingupooled jätkavad tähtajalise agendilepingu täitmist pärast lepingu tähtaja möödumist, loetakse, et leping muutub tähtaja lõppemisel tähtajatuks.
[RT I 2003, 78, 523- jõust. 27.12.2003]

§ 687. Agendilepingu erakorralise ülesütlemise välistamine

Kokkulepe agendilepingu mõjuval põhjusel ülesütlemise õiguse välistamise või piiramise kohta on tühine.

§ 688. Agendi õigus lahkumishüvitisele ja lepingu lõppemisega tekitatud kahju hüvitamine

(1) Agendilepingu lõppemisel on agendil õigus eraldi hüvitisele (lahkumishüvitis), kui:
1) ta on käsundiandja jaoks loonud ärisuhteid uute klientidega või olemasolevaid ärisuhteid oluliselt laiendanud
ja
2) käsundiandjal on sellistest ärisuhetest ka pärast agendilepingu lõppemist olulist kasu ja
3) agent kaotab agendilepingu lõppemise tõttu õiguse agenditasule, millele tal oleks olnud õigus lepingu
jätkamisel juba sõlmitud või edaspidi sõlmitavatelt lepingutelt isikuga, kellel agendi tegevuse tulemusena tekkis
käsundiandjaga püsiv ärisuhe selliste lepingute sõlmimiseks, mida tavaliselt vahendas või sõlmis agent ja
4) hüvitise maksmine on kõiki asjaolusid arvestades õiglane.
(2) Agent ei või nõuda oma tegevuse viimase viie aasta keskmisest aastatasust, lühema lepingu kestuse korral aga kogu lepingu kestuse aja keskmisest aastatasust suuremat lahkumishüvitist. Kui agendileping kestis vähem kui üks aasta, ei või agent nõuda kogu lepingu kestuse aja vältel teenitud agenditasust suuremat hüvitist.
(3) Lahkumishüvitise maksmine ei välista ega piira agendi õigust nõuda talle agendilepingu lõppemisega tekitatud kahju hüvitamist. Sellise kahju olemasolu eeldatakse, kui lepingu lõppemise tõttu jäi agent ilma agenditasust, mida ta oleks saanud agendilepingu jätkamise korral, võimaldades samal ajal käsundiandjale agendi tegevusest tulenevalt olulist sissetulekut. Kahju olemasolu eeldatakse ka siis, kui lepingu lõppemine ei võimaldanud agendil amortiseerida kulusid, mida ta kandis agendilepingu täitmise tõttu käsundiandja juhiste kohaselt.
(4) Agendil ei ole õigust lahkumishüvitisele ega käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 3 nimetatud kahju hüvitamisele, kui:
1) agendilepingu ütles üles agent, välja arvatud juhul, kui ülesütlemine toimus käsundiandjast tuleneva asjaolu, agendi vanuse või tervisliku seisundi tõttu, mis ei võimaldanud agendi tegevust jätkata;
2) agendilepingu ütles üles käsundiandja agendi süülise käitumise tõttu;
3) käsundiandja ja agendi vahel on pärast lepingu lõppemist sõlmitud kokkuleppe, mille alusel asendab agenti
kolmas isik, kes maksab lahkuvale agendile tasu, mis vastab suuruselt lahkumishüvitisele ja kahjuhüvitisele,
millele agendil oleks õigus;
4) agenditegevus oli agendi kõrvaltegevus.
(5) Enne agendilepingu lõppemist sõlmitud kokkulepe, millega välistatakse või piiratakse agendi õigusi lahkumishüvitisele või kahju hüvitamisele, on tühine.

§ 689. Konkurentsipiirang

(1) Kokkulepe, millega piiratakse agendi majandustegevust pärast agendilepingu lõppemist
(konkurentsipiirang), peab olema sõlmitud kirjalikus vormis.
(2) Konkurentsipiirangu kokkuleppe võib sõlmida kuni kaheks aastaks agendilepingu lõppemisest ning see võib laieneda üksnes agendilepingus määratud piirkonnale või klientide ringile, kellega agent pidi lepinguid vahendama või sõlmima, ja üksnes lepingutele, mida agent pidi vahendama või sõlmima.
(3) Konkurentsipiirangu kestuse aja eest peab käsundiandja maksma agendile mõistliku hüvitise, isegi kui selles ei olnud kokku lepitud.
(4) Käsundiandja võib kuni agendilepingu lõppemiseni konkurentsipiirangu kokkuleppe kirjalikult üles öelda. Kui agendileping lõpeb kuue kuu jooksul alates ajast, mil käsundiandja konkurentsipiirangu üles ütles, peab käsundiandja maksma agendile käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 3 nimetatud hüvitist aja eest, mis jääb agendilepingu lõppemise ja konkurentsipiirangu ülesütlemisest kuue kuu möödumise vahele.

Leht 164 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

(5) Kui agendileping öeldakse üles lepingu rikkumise tõttu teise lepingupoole poolt, võib lepingu ülesöelnud pool ühe kuu jooksul üles öelda ka konkurentsipiirangu kokkuleppe. Sel juhul ei pea käsundiandja maksma käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 3 nimetatud hüvitist.
(6) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1–5 sätestatust agendi kahjuks kõrvalekalduv kokkulepe on tühine.

§ 690. Agendilepingust tulenevate nõuete aegumine

(1) Agendilepingust tuleneva nõude aegumistähtaeg on neli aastat aasta lõppemisest, mil nõue muutus sissenõutavaks. Lepingupooled ei või kokku leppida lühemas aegumistähtajas kui üks aasta.
(2) Lahkumishüvitise ja kahju hüvitamise nõude aegumistähtaeg on üks aasta agendilepingu lõppemisest.

§ 691. Erisused välisriigi agendi ja laevaagendi puhul

Kui käesolevas peatükis on otse sätestatud või sätte olemusest tuleneb, et seadusest kõrvalekaldumine ei ole lubatud, võib lepingupoolte kokkuleppel käesolevas peatükis sätestatust siiski kõrvale kalduda, kui:
1) Eestis tegevuskohta, selle puudumisel elu- või asukohta omava käsundiandja huvides tegutseb agent, kes elab või asub mujal kui Eestis või Euroopa Liidu liikmesriigis;
2) agent vahendab või sõlmib lepinguid, mille esemeks on laevade prahtimine, sõiduks ettevalmistamine, varustamine või laevaga teostatav reisijavedu.

39. peatükk

KOMISJONILEPING

§ 692. Komisjonilepingu mõiste

(1) Komisjonilepinguga kohustub üks isik (komisjonär) teise isiku (komitent) jaoks oma nimel ja komitendi arvel tegema tehingu, eelkõige müüma komitendile kuuluva eseme või ostma komitendile teatud eseme (komisjoniese). Komitent kohustub komisjonärile maksma selle eest tasu (komisjonitasu).
(2) Komisjonilepingule kohaldatakse käsunduslepingu kohta sätestatut, kui käesolevas peatükis sätestatust ei tulene teisiti.
(3) Kui komisjonäri tegevus komitendi suhtes on püsiva iseloomuga, kohaldatakse komitendi ja komisjonäri suhtele täiendavalt ka käesoleva seaduse §-des 671, 672, 678, 681, 682 ja 686–689 sätestatut.

§ 693. Komitendi juhised

(1) Kui komisjonär rikub komitendi juhiste järgimise kohustust (käesoleva seaduse § 621), võib komitent lugeda, et komisjonäri tehtud tehing ei ole tehtud komitendi arvel. Sel juhul peab komisjonär hüvitama komitendile tema juhistest kõrvalekaldumisega tekitatud kahju.
(2) Kui komisjonär on müünud komisjonieseme alla komitendi määratud hinna või ületanud talle ostmiseks määratud hinda ja komitent ei taha lugeda tehingut enda arvel tehtuks, peab komitent sellest komisjonärile teatama viivitamata pärast talle tehingu tegemisest teatamist. Kui komitent teatamiskohustust ei täida, loetakse, et ta on määratud hinnast kõrvalekaldumise heaks kiitnud.
(3) Kui komisjonär on komitendi määratud hinnast kõrvale kaldunud, kuid pakub komitendile koos teatega tehingu tegemisest hinnavahe tasumist, ei ole komitendil õigust lugeda, et tehingut ei ole tema arvel tehtud. Sel juhul võib komitent siiski nõuda hinnavahet ületava kahju hüvitamist.

§ 694. Krediteerimine komisjonäri poolt

(1) Komisjonär ei või ilma komitendi nõusolekuta teha kolmandale isikule ettemakset või anda talle komitendi arvel krediiti. Eeldatakse, et komisjonäril ei ole ostuhinna maksetähtaja pikendamise ega maksmise ajatamise õigust.
(2) Kui komisjonär annab komisjonieseme müümisel ostjale komitendi nõusolekuta krediiti või lepib kokku ostuhinna maksetähtaja edasilükkamise, peab ta ise tasuma komitendile kohe kogu ostuhinna. Kui krediidita müügi korral oleks ostuhind olnud väiksem, peab komisjonär tasuma üksnes väiksema hinna.

§ 695. Lepingu sõlmimine soodsamatel tingimustel

Kui komisjonär sõlmib lepingu komitendi määratud tingimustest soodsamatel tingimustel, lähtutakse komisjonilepingu täitmisel nendest soodsamatest tingimustest.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 165 /

237

§ 696. Komisjonär ise müüja või ostjana

(1) Komisjonär võib ise olla tema poolt müüdava komisjonieseme ostjaks või tema poolt ostetava komisjonieseme müüjaks üksnes juhul, kui huvide konflikt on välistatud. Vastavalt kohaldatakse käesoleva seaduse §-s 623 sätestatut.
(2) Kui komisjonär ostab ise tema poolt müüdava komisjonieseme või müüb tema poolt ostetava komisjonieseme, on tal õigus samadel asjaoludel tavaliselt makstavale komisjonitasule ja tavaliselt tekkivate kulude hüvitamisele, samuti on tal käesoleva seaduse §-s 702 sätestatud õigused.

§ 697. Komisjonär ise müüja või ostjana börsil või muul reguleeritud turul

(1) Kui komisjoniese müüakse või ostetakse börsil või muul reguleeritud turul, võib komisjonär olla ise tema poolt müüdava eseme ostjaks või tema poolt ostetava eseme müüjaks, kui komitent ei ole määranud teisiti. Kui komisjonär on sellisel juhul ise komisjonieseme ostjaks või müüjaks, piirdub komisjonäri teatamiskohustus (käesoleva seaduse § 624 lõige 2) sellega, et komisjonär peab andma komitendile kinnituse, et ta pidas komisjonieseme ostmisel või müümisel kinni tehingu tegemise ajal kehtinud börsi- või turuhinnast.
(2) Noteeritud börsi- või turuhinnaga esemete müümise või ostmise korral ei või komisjonär, kui ta ise on müüjaks või ostjaks, arvestada komitendile ebasoodsamat hinda kui ametlikult fikseeritud börsi- või turuhind.
(3) Kui komisjonär oleks oma kohustuste vajaliku hoolega täitmise korral võinud komisjonieseme osta või müüa soodsamalt kui käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 või 2 nimetatud hinnaga, peab ta arvestama komitendile soodsama hinna.
(4) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1–3 sätestatust komitendi kahjuks kõrvalekalduv kokkulepe on tühine.

§ 698. Puudusega komisjoniese

(1) Kui komisjonär on kohustatud ostma komitendile eseme, peab ta täitma kõik ostja kohustused, muu hulgas kohustuse ese üle vaadata ja avastatud puudusest müüjale teatada.
(2) Kui komitendi poolt komisjonärile müümiseks antud komisjoniese on üleandmise ajal puudusega ja see on väliselt arusaadav, peab komisjonär hoolitsema eseme säilitamise ja puuduse olemasolu tõendatavuse eest ning teatama puudusest viivitamata komitendile. Komisjonär peab samuti tegema enda poolt võimaliku, et komitent
ei kaotaks võimalikke vedaja vastu suunatud nõudeid komisjonieseme kahjustumise korral vedamise ajal. Nende kohustuste rikkumise korral peab komisjonär hüvitama sellest komitendile tekkinud kahju.
(3) Kui komisjoniese on kiiresti riknev või võib muul põhjusel karta eseme väärtuse vähenemist ning komitendilt juhiste saamiseks ei ole aega või komitent viivitab juhiste andmisega, võib komisjonär müüa komisjonieseme komitendi arvel vastavalt käesoleva seaduse §-s 125 sätestatule. Asjaoludest tulenevalt võib komisjonär olla komisjonieseme müümiseks kohustatud.

§ 699. Komisjonäri vastutus komisjonieseme eest

(1) Komisjonär vastutab talle üleantud komisjonieseme kaotsimineku ja kahjustumise eest, välja arvatud juhul, kui kaotsiminek või kahjustumine ei toimunud tema süül.
(2) Komisjonär on kohustatud kindlustama komisjonieseme üksnes juhul, kui selles on kokku lepitud, või kui ta on selleks saanud komitendilt juhise. Komisjonieseme kindlustamine toimub komitendi arvel.

§ 700. Komisjonäri vastutus kolmanda isiku kohustuste eest

(1) Komisjonär vastutab tema poolt komitendi arvel sõlmitud lepingust tulenevate kolmanda isiku kohustuste täitmise eest, kui:
1) selles on komisjonilepinguga eraldi kokku lepitud;
2) vastutus tuleneb oma majandus- või kutsetegevuses tegutseva komisjonäri tegevuskohajärgsest tavast;
3) ta ei avalda komitendile koos tehingu tegemise teatega kolmanda isiku nime, kellega ta tehingu tegi.
(2) Komisjonär vastutab kolmanda isiku kohustuse täitmise eest käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatud juhul samal viisil nagu kolmas isik.

§ 701. Komisjonitasu

(1) Kui komisjonitasu suurust ei ole kokku lepitud, loetakse selleks kohalik tavaline komisjonitasu, selle puudumisel aga mõistlik tasu. Kui komisjonär vastutab käesoleva seaduse § 700 lõike 1 punktis 1 või 2 nimetatud juhul kolmanda isiku kohustuse täitmise eest, võib ta selle eest nõuda täiendavat mõistlikku tasu (delkreederetasu).
(2) Komisjonär võib nõuda komisjonitasu, kui komitendi arvel sõlmitud leping on kolmanda isiku poolt täidetud või kui leping jäi täitmata komitendist tuleneva asjaolu tõttu. Kui leping jäi täitmata muul põhjusel, ei

Leht 166 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

või komisjonär nõuda komisjonitasu, kuid võib oma tegevuse eest nõuda vastavalt asjaoludele mõistlike kulude hüvitamist.

§ 702. Komisjonäri pandiõigus

(1) Komisjonäril on pandiõigus tema valduses olevale komisjoniesemele, muu hulgas, kui valdus tuleneb konossemendist, laokirjast või muust käsutusõigust andvast dokumendist, järgmiste nõuete tagamiseks:
1) komisjoniesemele tehtud kulutuste hüvitamise nõue;
2) komisjonitasu maksmise nõue;
3) komisjonieseme omandamiseks komitendi nõusolekul tehtud ettemaksete hüvitamise nõue;
4) komisjonäri poolt komisjonieseme suhtes komitendi nõusolekul võetud kohustustest vabastamise nõue.
(2) Pandiõigus ja sellest tulenevad õigused kuuluvad komisjonärile ka siis, kui komisjoniese kuulub talle või kui ta oli ise eseme ostjaks või müüjaks.
(3) Komitendi pankroti väljakuulutamise või tema vastu täitemenetluse algatamise korral võib komisjonär käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud nõuded rahuldada komisjonilepingu täitmisel saadud raha arvel enne komitenti ja tema võlausaldajaid.

40. peatükk MAKSEKÄSUND JA MAKSETEENUS [RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

1. jagu

Maksekäsund

§ 703. Maksekäsund

(1) Maksekäsundiga käsundatakse käsundisaajat maksma või üle andma käsundiandja arvel kolmandale isikule (maksekäsundi järgi soodustatud isik) raha või väärtpabereid ning antakse maksekäsundi järgi soodustatud isikule õigus täitmine vastu võtta.
(2) Maksekäsundi võib muu hulgas anda veksli, tšeki, krediitkaardi ja muu seesuguse maksevahendi abil.

§ 704. Maksekäsundi aktseptimine

Maksekäsundi aktseptimine on tahteavaldus, millega käsundisaaja tunnustab maksekäsundist tulenevat kohustust. Dokumendina väljastatud maksekäsundi aktseptimine märgitakse dokumendile.

§ 705. Maksekäsundi täitmine

(1) Maksekäsundi aktseptinud käsundisaaja kohustub täitma maksekäsundist tuleneva kohustuse ja võib maksekäsundi järgi soodustatud isiku maksekäsundi täitmise nõudele esitada üksnes selliseid vastuväiteid, mis tulenevad tema suhetest maksekäsundi järgi soodustatud isikuga või maksekäsundi või aktseptimise kehtivusest, mitte aga tema suhetest käsundiandjaga.
(2) Kui maksekäsund on väljastatud dokumendina, peab käsundisaaja täitma maksekäsundist tuleneva kohustuse üksnes juhul, kui dokument talle üle antakse.
(3) Käsundisaaja ei ole kohustatud maksekäsundit aktseptima ega täitma sellest tulenevaid kohustusi üksnes seetõttu, et ta on käsundiandja võlgnik. Maksekäsundi täitmisel vabaneb käsundisaaja täitmise ulatuses siiski oma kohustusest.

§ 706. Maksekäsundi järgi soodustatud isiku teatamiskohustus

(1) Kui maksekäsundi järgi soodustatud isik saab teada, et käsundisaaja keeldub maksekäsundi aktseptimisest või sellest tuleneva kohustuse täitmisest, peab maksekäsundi järgi soodustatud isik sellest käsundiandjale viivitamata teatama.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatud teatamiskohustuse rikkumise korral võib käsundiandja nõuda maksekäsundi järgi soodustatud isikult kohustuse rikkumisega tekitatud kahju hüvitamist.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 167 /

237

§ 707. Maksekäsundi tagasivõtmine

Kuni käsundisaaja ei ole maksekäsundit aktseptinud või maksekäsundist tulenevat kohustust täitnud,
võib käsundiandja maksekäsundi tagasi võtta, isegi kui ta rikub sellega oma kohustusi maksekäsundi järgi
soodustatud isiku suhtes. Maksekäsundi tagasivõtmiseks peab käsundiandja teatama sellest käsundisaajale.

§ 708. Maksekäsundi lõppemise piirangud

Maksekäsund ei lõpe käsundiandja, käsundisaaja ega maksekäsundi järgi soodustatud isiku surmaga ega pankroti väljakuulutamisega.

2. jagu Makseteenuse leping [RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

1. jaotis

Üldsätted

§ 709. Makseteenuse leping ja sellega seotud mõisted

(1) Makseteenuse leping on leping, millega seaduse kohaselt makseteenuse pakkumise õigust omav käsundisaaja (edaspidi makseteenuse pakkuja) kohustub tegema käsundiandja (edaspidi maksja) korraldusel makseasutuste ja e-raha asutuste seaduses nimetatud maksetehinguid, makseteenuse pakkuja klient aga maksma selle eest tasu.
(2) Makseteenuse lepingu võib sõlmida ka ühekordse maksejuhise täitmiseks (edaspidi ühekordne makseteenuse leping).
(3) Makseteenuse leping võib sisaldada ka maksekonto avamise kohustust ja konto pidamise tingimusi. Eelnimetatud tunnustele vastavat makseteenuse lepingut nimetatakse ka arvelduslepinguks.
(4) Maksekonto on makseteenuse kliendi nimel maksetehingute täitmiseks peetav konto.
(5) Maksja käesoleva jao tähenduses on isik, kellele on avatud maksekonto ja kes annab maksejuhise maksekonto debiteerimiseks, või kui maksekontot ei ole, isik, kes annab maksejuhise. Saaja käesoleva jao tähenduses on isik, kes on maksejuhise kohaselt soodustatud isik.
(6) Maksetehing on igasugune sularaha sissemaksmine ja väljamaksmine ning raha ülekandmine, sõltumata selle aluseks olevast maksja ja saaja vahelisest õigussuhtest.
(7) Maksejuhis on igasugune maksetehingu tegemise korraldus, mille maksja annab makseteenuse pakkujale. Maksejuhise võib anda ka saaja kaudu.
(8) Maksevahend, makseinstrument ja makseviis (edaspidi kõik koos maksevahend) käesoleva seaduse tähenduses on makseteenuse pakkuja ja tema kliendi vahel kokkulepitud isikustatud seade või ka toimingute kogum, mida makseteenuse pakkuja klient kasutab maksejuhise algatamiseks.
(9) Makseteenuse pakkuja võib maksejuhise täitmisel kasutada maksevahendaja abi. Maksevahendaja on isik, kes osaleb makse tegemisel kokkuleppel maksja makseteenuse pakkujaga või saaja makseteenuse pakkujaga ja kes ei ole maksja ega saaja.
(10) Arvelduspäev on päev, mil maksja makseteenuse pakkuja või maksetehingu täitmisega seotud saaja makseteenuse pakkuja, sealhulgas maksevahendaja, on maksetehingu tegemiseks vajalikuks arvelduseks avatud.
(11) Väärtuspäev on päev, mil makseteenuse pakkuja debiteerib maksja kontot või krediteerib saaja kontot ja mis on aluseks kontol oleva rahasumma intressi arvutamisel.
(12) Kordumatu tunnus on makseteenuse pakkuja poolt kliendile määratud tähtede, numbrite või sümbolite kombinatsioon, milleks võib olla saaja nimi või kontonumber ning mille klient esitab teise makseteenuse pakkuja kliendi või tema maksetehingus kasutatava konto üheseks kindlakstegemiseks.
(13) [Kehtetu -RT I 2010, 77, 590- jõust. 01.07.2011]
(14) Aluskurss on vahetuskurss, mille alusel arvutatakse valuutavahetuskurss ja mille makseteenuse pakkuja teeb kättesaadavaks või mis pärineb avalikkusele kättesaadavast allikast.
(15) Alusintressimäär on intressimäär, mille alusel arvutatakse kasutatav intressimäär ja mis pärineb avalikkusele kättesaadavast allikast.

Leht 168 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

(16) Arveldused Eesti Pangas ja Eesti Pangaga toimuvad Eesti Panga seaduse ja sellest tulenevate õigusaktide alusel.
(17) Eesti Pankvõib kehtestada täpsemad nõuded krediidiasutuste ning muude finantseerimisasutuste poolt maksekontode pidamise ja maksete arveldamise kohta.
(18)Käesolevat jagu kohaldatakse ka e-raha abil teostatavatele maksetehingutele ja nendega seotud lepingutele, kui käesolevas jaos ei ole sätestatud teisiti.
[RT I, 08.07.2011, 6- jõust. 18.07.2011]
(19) Käesolevat jagu ei kohaldata krediidiasutuste seaduse § 87 lõikes 2 nimetatud maksesüsteemi ning väärtpaberituru seaduse § 213 lõikes 1 ja § 2131lõikes 1 nimetatud väärtpaberiarveldussüsteemi või süsteemiühenduse vahendusel teostatavatele maksetehingutele.
[RT I, 29.06.2011, 1- jõust. 30.06.2011]
(20) Käesolevas jaos sätestatut ei kohaldata rahaülekannetele, kui ülekande algataja ja ülekande saaja on krediidiasutus.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

§ 710. Makseteenuse lepingu sõlmimise ja maksesüsteemidele juurdepääsu tagamise kohustus

(1) Kui isik ja tema taotletavad lepingutingimused vastavad seaduses sätestatule ja makseteenuse pakkuja kehtestatud teenuste üldtingimustele või makseteenuse osutamise tüüptingimustele, on makseteenuse pakkuja kohustatud isiku nõudmisel sõlmima temaga makseteenuse lepingu, millega makseteenuse pakkuja
kohustub talle osutama makseasutuste ja e-raha asutuste seaduse § 3 lõikes 1 nimetatud ühte või mitut teenust eelnimetatud üldtingimuste või tüüptingimustega määratud korras ja ulatuses.
(2) Maksesüsteemi korraldaja peab makseteenuste pakkujatele tagama oma süsteemile juurdepääsu õiguse, kehtestades selleks maksesüsteemiga liitumise tingimused (edaspidi süsteemi reeglid), mis peavad olema liitujate suhtes objektiivsed, proportsionaalsed ja tagama võrdse kohtlemise. Juurdepääsu maksesüsteemile võib süsteemi reeglitega piirata üksnes lähtuvalt konkreetsetest riskidest, eelkõige arveldustega seotud riski, tegevus- või operatsiooniriski ja äririski ärahoidmiseks ning maksesüsteemi finantsturvalisuse ja stabiilse toimimise tagamiseks.
(3) Maksesüsteemi reeglitega ei tohi makseteenuse pakkujatele, makseteenuse pakkuja klientidele ega teistele maksesüsteemidele kehtestada:
1) piiranguid, mis takistavad osalemist teistes maksesüsteemides;
2) tingimusi, mis kohtlevalt ebavõrdselt makseteenuse pakkujaid nende kui maksesüsteemi osaliste õiguste ja
kohustuste osas;
3) piiranguid, mis lähtuvad maksesüsteemi osalejate institutsionaalsest vormist.
(4) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikeid 2 ja 3 ei kohaldata:
1) krediidiasutuste seaduse § 87 lõikes 2 nimetatud maksesüsteemi ning väärtpaberituru seaduse § 213 lõikes 1
ja § 2131lõikes 1 nimetatud väärtpaberiarveldussüsteemi või süsteemiühenduse suhtes; [RT I, 29.06.2011, 1- jõust. 30.06.2011]
2) maksesüsteemide suhtes, mis vastavad Euroopa Parlamendi ja nõukogu direktiivi 98/26/EÜ arvelduste lõplikkuse kohta makse- ja väärtpaberiarveldussüsteemides (EÜT L 166, 11.06.1998, lk 45–50) artikli 2 punktis a määratud tunnustele;
3) maksesüsteemide suhtes, mis koosnevad üksnes makseteenuse pakkujatest, kes kuuluvad konsolideerimisgruppi, mis koosneb omakorda seotud kapitaliga üksustest ning kus ühel seotud üksustest on tegelik kontroll teiste üle;
4) maksesüsteemide suhtes, kui ainult üks makseteenuse pakkuja tegutseb või saab tegutseda makseteenuse pakkujana nii maksja kui ka saaja jaoks, vastutades täielikult ise maksesüsteemi juhtimise eest, ning võimaldab teistel makseteenuse pakkujatel süsteemis osaleda, ilma et viimastel oleks õigust otsustada maksesüsteemiga seonduvate tasude üle, kuigi nad võivad kehtestada oma hinnakujunduse maksjate ja saajate suhtes.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

§ 711. Teave makseteenuse lepingu kohta

(1) Makseteenuse pakkuja esitab makseteenuse lepingu tingimuste kohta igale kliendile järgmised andmed ja tingimused:
1) makseteenuse pakkuja nimi, tema tegevuskoha aadress ning muu kliendi ja makseteenuse pakkuja vahelistes suhetes oluline aadress ning vajaduse korral tema agendi või filiaali aadress, kui see asub Eestis;
2) makseteenuse pakkuja järelevalveasutuse nimetus ja kontaktandmed ning viide makseasutuste ja e-raha asutuste seaduse §-s 105 nimetatud nimekirjale, kuhu makseteenuse pakkuja on kantud;
3) makseteenuse pakkuja poolt osutatavate makseteenuste kirjeldus;

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 169 /

237

4) makseteenuse pakkuja kliendi poolt esitatav maksejuhise korrektseks täitmiseks vajalik teave või kordumatu tunnus;
5) maksetehingu tegemiseks nõusoleku või heakskiidu andmise ning maksejuhise tagasivõtmise viis ja kord
käesoleva seaduse §-de 7241ja 726 kohaselt;
6) maksejuhise kättesaamise aeg käesoleva seaduse § 7242 kohaselt;
7) maksejuhise täitmise maksimaalne tähtaeg;
8) teave võimaluse kohta kokku leppida maksevahendi kaudu tehtavate tehingute kululimiitides vastavalt
käesoleva seaduse § 73311lõikes 2 sätestatule;
9) makseteenuse pakkuja kliendi poolt maksmisele kuuluvad tasud ja kohaldatavuse korral andmed tasude
kujunemise aluste või nende jaotuse kohta;
10) kohaldatavuse korral kasutatavad intressimäärad ja vahetuskursid või kui kasutatakse alusintressimäära või
-kurssi, tegeliku intressi arvutamise meetod, kuupäev ja indeks või baas, mida kasutatakse alusintressimäära või
-kursi määramiseks;
11) käesoleva seaduse alusel esitatava teabe esitamise viis ja sagedus, kohaldatavuse korral poolte kokkuleppel
kasutatavad sidevahendid, sealhulgas tehnilised nõuded makseteenuse pakkuja kliendi sidevahenditele;
12) teave keele või keelte kohta, milles toimub pooltevaheline suhtlemine;
13) teave käesolevas lõikes ning käesoleva seaduse §-s 727 sätestatud teabe saamise õiguse, sageduse ja viisi
kohta;
14) kohaldatavuse korral maksevahendi turvalisuse nõuete täitmise kirjeldus ja makseteenuse pakkuja
teavitamise viis käesoleva seaduse § 73310punkti 2 kohase nõude täitmiseks;
15) maksevahendi blokeerimise tingimused tulenevalt käesoleva seaduse § 73311lõigetest 3 ja 4;
16) teave kliendi vastutuse kohta tulenevalt käesoleva seaduse §-st 7338, mis peab sisaldama informatsiooni ka vastutuse summalise piirmäära kohta;
17) teave teavitamiskohustuse ja selle täitmise tähtaja kohta seoses autoriseerimata maksetehingutega või
valesti täidetud maksetega tulenevalt käesoleva seaduse §-st 7337;
18) teave makseteenuse pakkuja vastutuse kohta seoses täitmata või valesti täidetud maksetega tulenevalt
käesoleva seaduse §-st 7333;
19) ülekantava summa tagasimaksmise tingimused saaja poolt või tema kaudu algatatud maksete puhul
tulenevalt käesoleva seaduse §-st 7336;
20) teave käesoleva seaduse §-s 7191 sätestatud makseteenuse lepingu tingimuste muutmise korra kohta;
21) makseteenuse lepingu kestus;
22) teave makseteenuse pakkuja kliendi õiguse kohta lõpetada leping käesoleva seaduse § 720 kohaselt;
23) makseteenuse lepingu suhtes kohaldatavat õiguste ja vaidluste lahendamise korda käsitlevad tingimused;
24) teave vaidluste kohtuvälise lahendamise võimaluste kohta.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud teave tuleb esitada makseteenuse pakkuja kliendile paberkandjal või muul püsival andmekandjal. Teave tuleb esitada selgelt ja arusaadavalt ning eesti keeles või muus poolte vahel kokkulepitud keeles.
(3) Teave loetakse esitatuks ka makseteenuse lepingu kavandi edastamisega, kui selles sisaldub käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatud teave.
(4) Makseteenuse pakkuja on igal ajal makseteenuse lepingu kehtivuse ajal kohustatud makseteenuse pakkuja kliendi nõudmisel esitama teabe makseteenuse lepingu tingimuste kohta ja muu käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud teabe tasuta.
(5) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud teave tuleb esitada makseteenuse pakkuja kliendile tasuta mõistliku aja jooksul enne lepingu sõlmimist. Makseteenuse pakkuja peab täitma käesoleva lõike esimeses lauses sätestatud kohustuse kohe pärast lepingu sõlmimist, kui leping on sõlmitud kliendi algatusel ja kasutades sellist sidevahendit, mis ei võimalda teabe esitamist vastavalt käesoleva lõike esimesele lausele.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]
(6) Makseteenuse lepingu sõlmimise ettevalmistamisele ei kohaldata käesoleva seaduse § 14 lõikes 2 ja §-s
141sätestatud lepingueelse teabe andmise kohustuse kohta sätestatut. [RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

§ 7111. Teave ühekordse makseteenuse lepingu kohta

(1) Makseteenuse pakkuja teeb ühekordse makseteenuse lepingu kohta igale kliendile kättesaadavaks vähemalt järgmise teabe:
1) makseteenuse pakkuja kliendi poolt esitatav maksejuhise korrektseks täitmiseks vajalik teave või kordumatu tunnus;
2) maksejuhise täitmise maksimaalne tähtaeg;
3) makseteenuse pakkuja kliendi poolt maksmisele kuuluvad tasud ja kohaldatavuse korral andmed tasude
kujunemise aluste või nende jaotuse kohta;
4) kohaldatavuse korral kasutatav vahetus- või aluskurss.

Leht 170 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

(2) Käesoleva seaduse § 711 lõikes 1 sätestatud ning käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetamata teabe on makseteenuse pakkuja seoses ühekordse makseteenuse lepinguga kohustatud kättesaadavaks tegema ainult siis, kui see on asjakohane.
(3) Käesolevas paragrahvis nimetatud teave tuleb esitada makseteenuse pakkuja kliendi nõudmisel talle paberkandjal või muul püsival andmekandjal enne lepingu sõlmimist tasuta. Teave tuleb esitada selgelt ja arusaadavalt ning eesti keeles või muus poolte vahel kokku lepitud keeles. Käesolevas paragrahvis nimetatud teabe esitamisele kohaldatakse käesoleva seaduse § 711 lõikes 3 ja lõike 5 teises lauses sätestatut.
(4) Kui ühekordse makseteenuse lepingu alusel esitatakse maksejuhis makseteenuse lepingu alusel väljastatud maksevahendiga, ei pea makseteenuse pakkuja esitama ega tegema kättesaadavaks teavet, mis on tema kliendile teise makseteenuse pakkujaga sõlmitud makseteenuse lepingu alusel juba esitatud või mis esitatakse talle tulevikus vastavalt sellele makseteenuse lepingule.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]
(5) Ühekordse makseteenuse lepingu sõlmimise ettevalmistamisele ei kohaldata käesoleva seaduse § 14 lõikes 2 ja §-s 141sätestatud lepingueelse teabe andmise kohustuse kohta sätestatut.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

§ 7112. Tasu nõudmine teabe andmisel

(1) Makseteenuse pakkuja võib nõuda tasu teabe esitamise või kättesaadavaks tegemise eest poolte kokkuleppel üksnes juhul, kui teavet nõuab makseteenuse pakkuja klient ja makseteenuse pakkuja:
1) annab seda kokkuleppe kohaselt sagedamini, kui on sätestatud käesoleva seaduse §-des 7111, 727 ja 7271;
2) annab teavet, mis ei ole käesoleva seaduse §-des 711, 7111, 727 ja 7271sätestatud, või
3) annab teavet viisil, milles ei ole makseteenuse lepingus kokku lepitud.
(2) Tasu käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatud teabe eest peab olema asjakohane ja vastama makseteenuse pakkuja tegelikele kuludele.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

§ 712. [Kehtetu -RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

§ 7121. Makseteenuse pakkuja või muu seaduses sätestatud kontopidaja kohustused finantstagatise andmisel

(1) Kontol oleva raha või hoiuse või muu samalaadse rahalise nõude (edaspidi käesolevas paragrahvis rahalised vahendid) koormamisel asjaõigusseaduse §-s 3141nimetatud finantstagatisega on makseteenuse pakkuja või
muu seaduses sätestatud kontopidaja kohustatud kontol olevate rahaliste vahendite üle arvestust pidama selliselt,
et finantstagatise esemeks olevad rahalised vahendid on eraldatud muudest pantija arvel hoitavatest rahalistest
vahenditest.
(2) Makseteenuse pakkuja või muu seaduses sätestatud kontopidaja on kohustatud:
1) alates kuupäevast, mil jõustub pantija poolt makseteenuse pakkuja või muu seaduses sätestatud kontopidajale
teatavaks tehtud pandipidajale antud tagasivõtmatu õigus finantstagatisega koormatud rahalisi vahendeid
käsutada, täitma üksnes pandipidaja korraldusi finantstagatisega koormatud rahaliste vahendite osas vastava
konto debiteerimiseks;
2) kuni käesoleva lõike punktis 1 nimetatud kuupäevani täitma pantija ja pandipidaja ühiseid korraldusi
finantstagatisega koormatud rahaliste vahendite osas vastava konto debiteerimiseks.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

§ 713. Kande tegemine kontole

(1) Konto krediteerimine on kontole kande tegemine, mis suurendab makseteenuse pakkuja kohustusi kliendi ees või vähendab kliendi kohustusi makseteenuse pakkuja ees. Makseteenuse pakkuja kliendi konto loetakse krediteerituks, kui makseteenuse pakkuja on teinud krediteeriva kande kliendi kontole.
(2) Konto debiteerimine on kande tegemine kontole, mis vähendab makseteenuse pakkuja kohustusi kliendi ees või suurendab kliendi kohustusi makseteenuse pakkuja ees. Makseteenuse pakkuja kliendi konto loetakse debiteerituks, kui makseteenuse pakkuja on teinud debiteeriva kande kliendi kontole.
(3) Makseteenuse pakkuja võib kliendi kontot debiteerida:
1) kliendi juhise alusel;
2) kolmanda isiku nõudmisel makseteenuse lepingus ettenähtud tingimustel;
3) muul seaduses sätestatud juhul.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 171 /

237

(4) Tasaarvestuse korras võib makseteenuse pakkuja kliendi kontot debiteerida üksnes makseteenuse lepingust tulenevate nõuete tasaarvestamiseks, muu hulgas makseteenuse pakkujale arvelduste eest makstava tasu nõude tasaarvestamiseks.
(5) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 4 sätestatut ei kohaldata käesoleva seaduse § 710 lõikes 2 sätestatud maksesüsteemidele.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

§ 714. Makseteenuse pakkuja arvestuse pidamise ja teavitamise kohustus

(1) Makseteenuse pakkuja peab pidama kliendi konto krediteerimiste ja debiteerimiste kohta arvestust.
(2) Makseteenuse pakkuja klient võib igal ajal nõuda omal kulul teavet konto seisu ning krediteerimise ja debiteerimise asjaolude kohta.
(3) Makseteenuse pakkuja edastab kliendile kokkulepitud ajavahemike järel kontoväljavõtte. Makseteenuse pakkuja ei või nõuda kliendilt tasu käesolevas lõikes nimetatud kontoväljavõtte ega selle edastamise eest. Muu kokkuleppe puudumisel edastatakse kontoväljavõte kalendriaasta kohta hiljemalt järgmise aasta 15. jaanuariks.
(4) Oma kontol tehtud eksliku kande avastamisel peab klient sellest makseteenuse pakkujale viivitamata teatama.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

§ 715.–§ 716. [Kehtetud -RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

§ 717. Intressi maksmise kohustus

(1) Makseteenuse pakkuja kliendi kontol oleva raha eest maksab makseteenuse pakkuja kliendile intressi. Intressi arvutatakse aasta alusel ja intress kantakse kliendi kontole vähemalt kord aastas.
(2) Kui käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud intressi määra ei ole lepinguga ette nähtud, on selleks intressimäär, mida krediidiasutused maksavad tavaliselt tähtajatute (nõudmiseni) hoiuste eest.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

§ 718. Konto hooldus- ja teenindustasu

(1) Poolte kokkuleppel võib kliendilt nõuda konto hooldus- ja teenindustasu. Tasu peab olema asjakohane ja vastama makseteenuse pakkuja tegelikele kuludele.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatut ei kohaldata väärtpaberikonto kohta. [RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

§ 719. Saladuse hoidmise kohustus

(1) Makseteenuse pakkuja ja maksevahendaja peavad nii makseteenuse lepingu kehtivuse ajal kui ka pärast selle lõppemist hoidma saladuses kõiki andmeid, mis on neile teatavaks saanud suhtest kliendiga, muu hulgas andmeid kliendi, tema konto ja maksetehingute kohta, välja arvatud juhul, kui õigusaktidest tuleneb õigus või kohustus andmeid avaldada.
(2) Makseteenuse pakkujal ei ole saladuse hoidmise kohustust ulatuses, milles tema klient on andmete avaldamisega kirjalikus või kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis nõustunud.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

§ 7191. Makseteenuse lepingu muutmine

(1) Makseteenuse pakkuja võib makseteenuse lepingut muuta üksnes juhul, kui ta on klienti käesoleva seaduse
§ 711 lõikes 2 sätestatud viisil sellest teavitanud hiljemalt kaks kuud enne muudatuse jõustumist.
(2) Makseteenuse pakkuja ja klient võivad kokku leppida, et klient on andnud nõusoleku muuta lepingut ka sellisel juhul, kui makseteenuse pakkuja klient ei ole enne muudatuse jõustumist teatanud, et ei ole muudatusega nõus. Sellisel juhul peab makseteenuse pakkuja teavitama klienti vaikimise tagajärgedest ja õigusest leping käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 3 kohaselt üles öelda.
(3) Kui makseteenuse pakkuja kliendi ja makseteenuse pakkuja vahel on käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 2 kohane kokkulepe, on kliendil õigus makseteenuse leping enne muudatuse jõustumist viivitamata ja tasuta üles öelda.
(4) Poolte kokkuleppel on makseteenuse pakkujal õigus makseteenuse lepingus nimetatud intressimäärasid ja vahetuskursse ette teatamata muuta tingimusel, et muudatused tuginevad poolte vahel kokkulepitud alusintressimäärale või -kursile.

Leht 172 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

(5) Makseteenuse pakkuja teavitab klienti käesoleva seaduse § 711 lõikes 2 sätestatud viisil esimesel võimalusel igast intressimäära muudatusest, kui pooled ei ole kokku leppinud teisiti. Makseteenuse pakkuja kliendi suhtes soodsamate intressimäärade ja vahetuskursside muudatustest klienti teavitama ei pea.
(6) Kasutatava intressimäära või vahetuskursi muudatused tehakse ja arvutatakse viisil, mis võimaldab makseteenuse pakkuja kliente kohelda võrdsetel tingimustel võrdselt.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

§ 720. Makseteenuse lepingu korraline ülesütlemine

(1) Kui pooled ei ole ülesütlemisest etteteatamise tähtajas kokku leppinud, võib makseteenuse pakkuja klient makseteenuse lepingu igal ajal üles öelda. Poolte kokkulepe, millega määratakse ülesütlemise tähtajaks pikem ajavahemik kui üks kuu, on tühine.
(2) Makseteenuse pakkuja võib makseteenuse lepingu üles öelda juhul, kui leping on tähtajatu ja pooled on lepingu ülesütlemise õiguses kokku leppinud. Ülesütlemisest etteteatamise tähtaeg ei tohi olla lühem kui kaks kuud. Ülesütlemisavaldus tuleb teha käesoleva seaduse § 711 lõikes 2 sätestatud viisil.
(3) Makseteenuse lepingu lõppemise korral makstakse korrapäraseid lepingujärgseid tasusid üksnes lepingu lõppemiseni. Lepingu lõppemisel tuleb makseteenuse pakkuja kliendi poolt tehtud ettemaksed proportsionaalselt tagasi maksta, arvestades seejuures makseteenuse pakkuja poolt lepingu lõppemise hetkeks teenuse osutamiseks tehtud reaalseid kulutusi.
(4) Kauemaks kui kaheteistkümneks kuuks või tähtajatult sõlmitud makseteenuselepingu ülesütlemise eest ei või võtta kliendilt tasu juhul, kui ta ütleb lepingu üles pärast 12 kuu möödumist lepingu sõlmimisest arvates. Muul juhul peavad võetavad tasud olema asjakohased ja kooskõlas lepingu lõpetamise kuludega.
(5) Makseteenuse lepingu lõppemisel peab makseteenuse pakkuja maksma kontol oleva raha kliendile või tema määratud kolmandale isikule välja või kandma selle kliendi määratud kontole sama või teise makseteenuse pakkuja juures, kui seaduses ei ole ette nähtud teisiti.
(6) Kui ühe kuu jooksul makseteenuse lepingu lõppemisest arvates laekub makseteenuse pakkujale kliendile tehtud makse, võtab makseteenuse pakkuja makse vastu, teavitab sellest klienti ja maksab saadud raha välja vastavalt käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 5 sätestatule.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

§ 721. [Kehtetu -RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

2. jaotis Makseteenuse lepingu täitmine [RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

§ 722.–§ 724. [Kehtetud -RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

§ 7241. Makse autoriseerimine

(1) Maksetehing on maksjale siduv, kui ta on selle täitmiseks andnud nõusoleku (edaspidi autoriseerimine). Nõusoleku võib anda enne tehingu tegemist või poolte kokkuleppel ka tagantjärele heakskiiduna.
(2) Autoriseerimise viis ja kord ühe või mitme maksetehingu täitmiseks määratakse poolte kokkuleppel. Kokkuleppimata viisil maksetehingu täitmiseks antud nõusoleku korral ei loeta maksetehingu täitmist autoriseerituks.
(3) Maksja võib anda maksetehingu täitmiseks nõusoleku tema ja makseteenuse pakkuja vahel kokkulepitud maksevahendi abil.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

§ 7242. Maksejuhise kättesaamine

(1) Maksejuhis on makseteenuse pakkujale siduv hetkest, mil maksja makseteenuse pakkuja selle kätte saab. (2) Kui makseteenuse pakkuja saab maksejuhise kätte päeval, mis ei ole makseteenuse pakkuja arvelduspäev,
loetakse maksejuhis kättesaaduks sellele järgneval arvelduspäeval.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 173 /

237

(3) Makseteenuse pakkuja võib määrata, et enne arvelduspäeva lõppu, kuid pärast kindlaksmääratud aega laekunud maksejuhis loetakse kättesaaduks järgmisel arvelduspäeval. Kindlaksmääratud aeg ei tohi oluliselt erineda arvelduspäeva lõppemise ajast.
(4) Kui makseteenuse pakkuja klient, kes algatab maksejuhise või kelle poolt või kaudu maksejuhis algatatakse, ja makseteenuse pakkuja lepivad kokku maksejuhise täitmise täpse aja, loetakse maksejuhis kättesaaduks kokkulepitud ajal käesoleva seaduse §-s 728 sätestatu tagamiseks. Kui kokkulepitud aeg langeb päevale, mis ei ole makseteenuse pakkuja arvelduspäev, loetakse maksejuhis kättesaaduks sellele järgneval arvelduspäeval.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

§ 7243. Maksejuhise täitmisest keeldumine

(1) Kui makseteenuse pakkuja keeldub maksejuhise täitmisest, teavitab ta sellest ja võimaluse korral selle põhjustest ning maksejuhise parandamise võimalustest maksejuhise algatanud klienti. Keeldumise põhjusi ei pea teatama, kui makseteenuse pakkuja rikuks sellega temale mõne muu õigusaktiga pandud kohustust.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud teade tuleb edastada või teha kättesaadavaks poolte vahel kokkulepitud viisil viivitamata või hiljemalt käesoleva seaduse §-s 728 sätestatud tähtaegade jooksul.
(3) Makseteenuse leping võib sisaldada tingimust, mille kohaselt tuleb käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud teavitamise eest maksta makseteenuse pakkujale tasu, kui maksejuhise täitmisest keeldumine on õigustatud.
(4) Makseteenuse pakkujal ei ole õigust keelduda autoriseeritud maksejuhise täitmisest, kui maksejuhis vastab makseteenuse lepingus määratud tingimustele ning maksejuhise täitmisega ei rikuta mõnes muus õigusaktis sätestatud kohustust.
(5) Maksejuhist, mille täitmisest on õigustatult keeldutud, käsitatakse kättesaamata maksejuhisena tulenevalt käesoleva seaduse §-des 728 ja 7333sätestatust.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

§ 725. Ülekantav summa ja maksmisele kuuluvad tasud

(1) Maksja makseteenuse pakkuja, saaja makseteenuse pakkuja ja teised maksevahendajad peavad tagama maksejuhises väljendatud kogusumma (edaspidi maksesumma) ülekandmise. Ülekantavast summast ei tohi maha arvata mingeid tasusid, kui käesolevas paragrahvis ei ole sätestatud teisiti.
(2) Saaja makseteenuse pakkuja võib maksesummast teha mahaarvamisi üksnes kokkuleppel saajaga. Sellisel juhul tuleb saajale käesoleva seaduse § 711 lõikes 2 sätestatud viisil teatada maksejuhises väljendatud kogu maksesumma ja sellest mahaarvatud summad.
(3) Kui lisaks käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 2 nimetatud tasudele arvatakse ülekantavast summast maha veel mingeid tasusid, peab maksja makseteenuse pakkuja tagama, et saaja saab maksja maksejuhises väljendatud kogusumma. Kui maksejuhis on algatatud saaja poolt või kaudu, tagab saaja makseteenuse pakkuja, et saaja saab maksejuhises väljendatud kogusumma.
(4) Maksejuhis täidetakse poolte kokkuleppes määratud vääringus. Kui vääringu konverteerimise
teenust pakutakse enne maksejuhise täitmist vastavas müügikohas või kui seda teenust pakub saaja, peab
nimetatud teenuse pakkuja maksjat teavitama teenuse eest tasumisele kuuluvatest tasudest ja kursist, mida
konverteerimiseks kasutatakse, juhul kui see on asjakohane.
(5) Makseteenuse pakkuja ei või nõuda tasu käesolevas jaotises ning käesoleva jao 3. ja 4. jaotises sätestatud teabe andmisega seotud kohustuste ning maksejuhise täitmisega seotud ennetavate või parandavate meetmete rakendamise eest, välja arvatud käesoleva seaduse § 7243lõigetes 1–3, § 726 lõigetes 4 ja 5 ning § 7333lõikes 5 sätestatud juhtudel. Nimetatud juhtudel nõutav tasu peab olema asjakohane ja vastama makseteenuse pakkuja tegelikele kuludele.
(6) Maksejuhise täitmisel maksab maksja tema makseteenuse pakkuja poolt nõutavad tasud ning saaja
tema makseteenuse pakkuja poolt nõutavad tasud. Eeltoodut ei kohaldata, kui maksejuhise täitmine hõlmab
valuutavahetusteenust.
(7) Saaja ja tema makseteenuse pakkuja vahelise makseteenuse lepinguga võib ette näha õiguse leppida maksjaga kokku tasus või pakkuda temale allahindlust mõne kindla maksevahendi kasutamise eest.
(8) Kui saaja nõuab konkreetse maksevahendi kasutamise eest maksjalt tasu või pakub allahindlust, teavitab ta sellest maksjat enne maksejuhise algatamist. Kui maksjalt nõuab konkreetse maksevahendi kasutamise eest tasu makseteenuse pakkuja või kolmas isik, teavitab ta sellest maksjat enne maksejuhise algatamist.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

Leht 174 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

§ 726. Maksejuhise tagasivõtmine

(1) Makseteenuse pakkuja klient ei saa maksejuhist tagasi võtta, kui maksejuhis on käesoleva seaduse §
7242kohaselt kätte saadud ning kui käesolevas paragrahvis ei ole sätestatud teisiti. Poolte nõusolekul võib tagasi võtta mitme maksetehingu tegemiseks antud nõusoleku, muu hulgas nii, et autoriseerimata makseks loetakse iga makse, mis järgneb tagasivõtmise avalduse kättesaamisele makseteenuse pakkuja poolt.
(2) Saaja poolt või tema kaudu algatatud maksetehingut ei saa maksja tagasi võtta pärast maksejuhise või maksetehingu täitmise suhtes oma nõusoleku edastamist saajale. Otsekorralduse puhul võib maksja võtta maksejuhise tagasi debiteerimispäevale eelneva arvelduspäeva lõpuni, ilma et see mõjutaks tema käesoleva seaduse §-s 7336sätestatud õigusi.
(3) Kui makseteenuse pakkuja ja tema klient on maksejuhise täitmise päeva kokku leppinud vastavalt
käesoleva seaduse § 7242lõikes 4 sätestatule, võib klient võtta maksejuhise tagasi kokkulepitud päevale eelneva arvelduspäeva lõpuni.
(4) Pärast käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1–3 nimetatud tähtaegade lõppu võib maksejuhise tagasi võtta üksnes poolte kokkuleppel ning käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 2 sätestatud juhul on selleks vajalik ka saaja nõusolek.
(5) Makseteenuse pakkuja võib käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 4 sätestatud juhul nõuda kliendilt tasu, kui makseteenuse lepingus on selles kokku lepitud.
(6) Käesoleva seaduse § 710 lõikes 2 sätestatud maksesüsteemi osaline võib maksejuhise tagasi võtta maksesüsteemile kohaldatavates õigusaktides ja tüüptingimustes määratud ajal.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

§ 727. Teave maksejuhise täitmise kohta makseteenuse lepingu alusel

(1) Enne makseteenuse lepingu alusel antud maksejuhise täitmist edastab makseteenuse pakkuja maksja taotlusel teabe maksejuhise täitmise tähtaja, tasumisele kuuluvate tasude ja kohaldatavuse korral andmed tasude kujunemise aluste või nende jaotuse kohta.
(2) Pärast maksejuhise kohase summa debiteerimist maksja maksekontolt või juhul, kui maksja ei kasuta maksekontot, pärast maksejuhise kättesaamist, esitab maksja makseteenuse pakkuja viivitamata käesoleva seaduse § 711 lõikes 2 sätestatud viisil maksjale järgmise teabe:
1) maksejuhise number või muu tunnus, mis võimaldab maksejuhise kindlaks teha, ning teave saaja kohta, kui see on asjakohane;
2) ülekantud summa vääringus, milles maksja kontot debiteeriti, või vääringus, millele viidati maksejuhises;
3) maksejuhise täitmise eest tasumisele kuuluvate tasude summa ja vajaduse korral andmed tasude kujunemise
aluste või jaotuse kohta ning teave tasutavate intresside kujunemise kohta;
4) kohaldatavuse korral maksja makseteenuse pakkuja kasutatud vahetuskurss ja ülekantav summa pärast
vääringu konverteerimist;
5) debiteerimise väärtuspäev või maksejuhise kättesaamise kuupäev.
(3) Pärast makseteenuse lepingu alusel antud maksejuhise täitmist esitab saaja makseteenuse pakkuja käesoleva seaduse § 711 lõikes 2 sätestatud viisil saajale järgmise teabe:
1) maksejuhise number või muu tunnus, mis võimaldab maksejuhise kindlaks teha, ning teave maksja kohta, kui see on asjakohane;
2) ülekantud summa vääringus, milles see on saajale kättesaadavaks tehtud;
3) maksejuhise täitmise eest saaja poolt maksmisele kuuluvate tasude summa ja kohaldatavuse korral andmed
tasude kujunemise aluste kohta ning teave tasutavate intresside kujunemise kohta;
4) saaja makseteenuse pakkuja kasutatud vahetuskurss ja ülekantud summa enne vääringu konverteerimist, kui
see on kohaldatav;
5) krediteerimise väärtuspäev.
(4) Poolte kokkuleppel tuleb käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 2 ja 3 nimetatud teave võimaluse korral esitada või teha kättesaadavaks vähemalt kord kuus ja kokkulepitud viisil, mis peab võimaldama makseteenuse pakkuja kliendil teavet säilitada ja muutmata kujul taasesitada.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

§ 7271. Teave maksejuhise täitmise kohta ühekordse makseteenuse lepingu alusel

(1) Pärast ühekordse makseteenuse lepingu alusel esitatud maksejuhise kättesaamist esitab või teeb maksja makseteenuse pakkuja viivitamata maksjale kättesaadavaks käesoleva seaduse § 711 lõikes 2 sätestatud viisil järgmise teabe:
1) maksejuhise number või muu tunnus, mis võimaldab maksetehingu kindlaks teha, ning teave saaja kohta, kui see on asjakohane;

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 175 /

237

2) ülekantav rahasumma maksejuhisel väljendatud vääringus;
3) maksja poolt maksmisele kuuluvate tasude summa ning kohaldatavuse korral andmed tasude kujunemise
aluste või nende jaotuse kohta;
4) kohaldatavuse korral vahetus- või aluskurss, kui see erineb käesoleva seaduse § 7111lõike 1 punkti 4 alusel esitatust, ja ülekantava summa suurus pärast nimetatud vääringu konverteerimist;
5) maksejuhise kättesaamise kuupäev.
(2) Pärast maksejuhise täitmist ühekordse makseteenuse lepingu alusel esitab või teeb saaja makseteenuse pakkuja saajale kättesaadavaks käesoleva seaduse § 711 lõikes 2 sätestatud viisil järgmise teabe:
1) maksejuhise number või muu tunnus, mis võimaldab maksetehingu kindlaks teha, ning ka teave maksja kohta ja muu maksejuhisega edastatud teave, kui need on asjakohased;
2) ülekantud summa vääringus, milles see on saajale kättesaadavaks tehtud;
3) maksejuhise täitmise eest saaja poolt maksmisele kuuluvate tasude summa ning kohaldatavuse korral
andmed tasude kujunemise aluste või nende jaotuse kohta;
4) kohaldatavuse korral saaja makseteenuse pakkuja kasutatud vahetus- või aluskurss ja ülekantud summa
pärast vääringu konverteerimist;
5) krediteerimise väärtuspäev.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

§ 728. Maksejuhise täitmise tähtaeg

(1) Maksja makseteenuse pakkuja peab tagama, et maksesumma laekuks saaja makseteenuse pakkuja kontole hiljemalt maksejuhise kättesaamisele järgneval arvelduspäeval, kui käesolevas seaduses ei ole sätestatud teisiti.
(2) Kui tegemist on paberkandjal algatatud maksejuhisega, võib käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud tähtaega pikendada veel ühe arvelduspäeva võrra.
(3) Kui makse algatatakse saaja poolt või tema kaudu, peab saaja makseteenuse pakkuja edastama maksejuhise maksja makseteenuse pakkujale aja jooksul, milles saaja ja tema makseteenuse pakkuja on kokku leppinud. Otsekorralduse puhul tuleb maksejuhis edastada ajavahemikul, mis võimaldab otsekorralduse täitmist kokkulepitud ajal.
(4) Saaja makseteenuse pakkuja teeb maksesumma pärast selle laekumist oma kontole viivitamata saajale kättesaadavaks.
(5) Kui maksejuhise täitmisel tuleb debiteerida maksekontot, et tohi debiteerimise väärtuspäev olla varasem kuupäevast, mil maksetehingu summa maksekontolt debiteeritakse.
(6) Kui tarbija teeb makseteenuse pakkuja juures avatud kontole kontol kasutatavas vääringus sularaha sissemakse, peab makseteenuse pakkuja tagama, et maksesumma oleks saajale kättesaadav viivitamata pärast raha kättesaamist makseteenuse pakkuja poolt. Kui makseteenuse pakkuja klient ei ole tarbija, tuleb maksesumma teha saajale kättesaadavaks hiljemalt järgmisel arvelduspäeval pärast raha kättesaamist makseteenuse pakkuja poolt.
(7) Saaja konto krediteerimise väärtuspäev ei või olla hilisem kui arvelduspäev, mil maksetehingu summa krediteeritakse saaja makseteenuse pakkuja kontole. Maksja konto kõige varasem debiteerimise väärtuspäev ei või olla varasem kui selle konto debiteerimise tegelik aeg.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

§ 729.–§ 733. [Kehtetud -RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

3. jaotis

Vastutus

[RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

§ 7331. Makseteenuse pakkuja vastutus kordumatu tunnuse alusel tehtava maksetehingu korral

(1) Kui maksejuhis täidetakse kooskõlas kordumatu tunnusega, loetakse maksejuhis kordumatu tunnuse kohase saaja suhtes nõuetekohaselt täidetuks.
(2) Kui makseteenuse pakkuja kliendi esitatud maksejuhise kordumatu tunnus on väär, ei vastuta makseteenuse pakkuja käesoleva seaduse § 7333kohaselt maksetehingu täitmata jätmise ega valesti täitmise eest, kui seaduses ei ole sätestatud teisiti. Kui makseteenuse pakkuja klient on lisaks maksejuhise kordumatule tunnusele esitanud makseteenuse pakkujale muid asjakohaseid täiendavaid andmeid, vastutab makseteenuse pakkuja maksetehingu täitmise eest üksnes vastavalt kliendi esitatud kordumatule tunnusele.
(3) Kui makseteenuse pakkujal ei ole võimalik seostada maksja esitatud kordumatut tunnust ühegi saajaga või maksekontoga, peab makseteenuse pakkuja sellest teavitama maksjat või teist makseteenuse pakkujat ja tagastama maksesumma.

Leht 176 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

[RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

§ 7332. Makseteenuse pakkuja vastutus autoriseerimata maksete korral

(1) Autoriseerimata makse eest ei ole maksja makseteenuse pakkujal õigust nõuda maksjalt makse tegemisega seotud tasu ega kulutuste hüvitamist.
(2) Makseteenuse pakkuja on käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatud juhul kohustatud maksesumma viivitamata maksjale tagastama. Kui maksesumma debiteeriti maksja kontolt, tuleb kontol taastada olukord, mis oleks olnud, kui autoriseerimata makset ei oleks toimunud.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

§ 7333. Makseteenuse pakkuja vastutus täitmata ja valesti täidetud makse korral

(1) Kui maksejuhise on algatanud maksja, võib ta täitmata või valesti täidetud makse korral nõuda makseteenuse pakkujalt maksesumma viivitamatut ja mahaarvamisteta tagasimaksmist. Kui maksesumma debiteeriti maksja kontolt, tuleb kohaldatavuse korral kontol taastada olukord, mis oleks olnud, kui kontot ei oleks debiteeritud. Kui maksesummast on tehtud alusetuid mahaarvamisi, peab maksja makseteenuse pakkuja mahaarvatud summad viivitamata edastama saajale.
(2) Kui maksja makseteenuse pakkuja tõendab, et maksesumma on õigeks ajaks ja mahaarvamisteta laekunud saaja makseteenuse pakkuja kontole vastavalt käesoleva seaduse §-s 728 sätestatule, ei vastuta maksja makseteenuse pakkuja käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 1 alusel.
(3) Kui makse algatatakse saaja poolt või tema kaudu, võib saaja täitmata või valesti täidetud makse korral nõuda, et tema makseteenuse pakkuja edastaks maksejuhise viivitamata uuesti maksja makseteenuse pakkujale.
(4) Kui makse on täitmata või valesti täidetud ja saaja makseteenuse pakkuja tõendab, et ta on oma kohustused täitnud, peab maksja makseteenuse pakkuja maksesumma mahaarvamisteta ja viivitamata tagastama maksjale või taastama maksaja kontol olukorra käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 1 esimese ja teise lause kohaselt. Kui maksesummast on tehtud alusetuid mahaarvamisi, peab saaja makseteenuse pakkuja tegema mahaarvatud summad viivitamata saajale kättesaadavaks.
(5) Makseteenuse pakkuja kliendil ei ole käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 1 esimeses ja teises lauses ning lõikes
3 sätestatud õigusi, kui maksejuhis on täidetud kooskõlas makseteenuse pakkuja kliendi esitatud kordumatu
tunnusega. Sellisel juhul saab maksja makseteenuse pakkujalt nõuda, et see oma võimaluste piires aitaks
maksjal maksesumma tagasi saada. Makseteenuse pakkujal on õigus nõuda selle eest tasu, kui tasu nõudmine on
makseteenuste lepinguga kokku lepitud.
(6) Makseteenuse pakkuja kliendil on õigus nõuda makseteenuse pakkujalt käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1 ja 2 nimetatud juhtudel makstud tasude tagasimaksmist ja viivise tasumist, mida makseteenuse pakkuja temalt koos täitmata või valesti täidetud maksega nõudis või millega makseteenuse pakkuja kliendi kontot debiteeris.
(7) Kui makse on jäetud täitmata või on valesti täidetud, peab makseteenuse pakkuja hoolimata vastutusest tegema kliendi nõudmisel kindlaks maksetehingu teostamisega seotud olulised asjaolud ja teda uurimise tulemustest teavitama.
(8) Makseteenuse pakkuja vastutab käesoleva paragrahvi kohaselt ka juhul, kui vastutus on tegelikult omistatav makseteenuse pakkuja valitud maksevahendajale. Makseteenuse pakkuja ei vastuta, kui tegelikult vastutava maksevahendaja on valinud makseteenuse pakkuja klient. Sellisel juhul vastutab makseteenuse pakkuja kliendi ees tema valitud maksevahendaja.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

§ 7334. Tõendamiskoormis

(1) Kui on vaieldav, kas maksetehing on autoriseeritud või nõuetekohaselt täidetud, peab makseteenuse pakkuja tõendama, et maksetehing on autenditud, korrektselt dokumenteeritud, kontodel kajastatud ja tehingu tegemist ei ole mõjutanud ükski puudus.
(2) Kui on vaieldav, kas maksevahendi abil tehtud maksetehing on autoriseeritud, ei ole ainuüksi maksevahendi kasutamise dokumenteerimine makseteenuse pakkuja poolt küllaldane selle tõendamiseks, et:
1) makse on autoriseeritud;
2) maksevahendit on kasutatud pettuse teel;
3) rikutud on ühte või mitut käesoleva seaduse §-s 73310 sätestatud nõuet;
4) rikutud on tahtlikult või raske hooletuse tõttu ühte või mitut maksevahendi väljastamise ja kasutamise
tingimust.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 177 /

237

(3) Autentimine on toiming, mis võimaldab makseteenuse pakkujal kontrollida konkreetse maksevahendi, sealhulgas selle isikustatud turvaelementide kasutamist.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

§ 7335. Tagasinõudeõigus

Kui käesoleva seaduse §-le 7333 vastavad makseteenuse pakkuja vastutuse asjaolud on omistatavad teisele makseteenuse pakkujale või maksevahendajale, võib makseteenuse pakkuja nõuda teiselt makseteenuse pakkujalt või maksevahendajalt kahju hüvitamist, kui see tulenes nimetatud paragrahvi alusel makseteenuse pakkuja kliendi esitatud nõuete täitmisest.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

§ 7336. Saaja poolt ja tema kaudu algatatud makse tagasimakse erisused

(1) Maksjal on õigus nõuda makseteenuse pakkujalt saaja poolt või tema kaudu algatatud ja autoriseeritud maksejuhise kohaselt tehtud makse tagasimakset kogu ülekantud summa ulatuses, kui on täidetud mõlemad tingimused:
1) maksetehingu autoriseerimise ajal ei määratud selle täpset summat;
2) ülekantav summa ületab summa, mida maksja oleks eeldanud, võttes arvesse tema makseteenuse lepingu
tingimusi, varasemate maksete suurust ja muid asjaolusid.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud asjaolud tõendab maksja juhul, kui makseteenuse pakkuja seda nõuab.
(3) Maksja ja tema makseteenuse pakkuja võivad kokku leppida, et otsearvelduse korral teeb makseteenuse pakkuja tagasimakse sõltumata käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatud tingimuste täitmisest.
(4) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 1 punkti 2 kohaldamisel ei saa maksja tugineda vahetuskursiga seotud põhjustele, kui aluskurss on makseteenuse pakkujaga vastavalt käesoleva seaduse § 711 lõike 1 punktis 10 või §
7111lõike 1 punktis 4 sätestatule kokku lepitud.
(5) Pooled võivad kokku leppida, et maksjal ei ole tagasimakse saamise õigust, kui maksja on maksetehingu tegemiseks andnud makseteenuse pakkujale nõusoleku ning juhul, kui see on kohaldatav, on makseteenuse pakkuja või makse saaja teavitanud maksjat tulevasest maksetehingust või teinud teabe tulevase maksetehingu kohta kättesaadavaks kokkulepitud viisil vähemalt neli nädalat enne maksetehingu teostamist.
(6) Maksjal on õigus käesolevas paragrahvis sätestatud tagasimakse saamisele, kui ta esitab tagasimakse nõude makseteenuse pakkujale kaheksa nädala jooksul maksesumma debiteerimisest arvates.
(7) Makseteenuse pakkuja on kohustatud kümne arvelduspäeva jooksul tagasimakse nõude saamisest arvates maksesumma täielikult tagasi maksma või esitama põhjendused tagasimakse tegemisest keeldumise kohta. Keeldumise korral tuleb viidata isikule või asutusele, kelle poole maksja võib tarbijakaitse seaduses sätestatud korras pöörduda nimetatud põhjustega mittenõustumise korral. Makseteenuse pakkujal ei ole õigust keelduda tagasimakse tegemisest käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 3 sätestatud juhul.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

§ 7337. Kohustus klienti teavitada autoriseerimata maksetehingu ja valesti täidetud makse korral

(1) Makseteenuse pakkuja klient peab makseteenuse pakkujat teavitama autoriseerimata maksetehingust või valesti täidetud maksest viivitamata pärast sellest teadasaamist.
(2) Makseteenuse pakkuja kliendil ei ole käesolevas jaotises sätestatud nõuete ja vastuväidete esitamise õigust, kui ta ei ole esitanud käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatud teadet oma makseteenuse pakkujale 13 kuu jooksul tema konto autoriseerimata debiteerimise kuupäevast või valesti täidetud makse debiteerimise kuupäevast arvates.
(3) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõiget 2 kohaldatakse üksnes juhul, kui makseteenuse pakkuja on kohaldatavuse korral klienti teavitanud või teinud teabe maksejuhise täitmisega seonduva kohta kättesaadavaks käesoleva seaduse § 727 või 7271kohaselt.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

§ 7338. Maksja vastutus seoses autoriseerimata maksetega

(1) Kui autoriseerimata makse on tehtud, kasutades kadunud või varastatud maksevahendit, kannab maksja riisikot, kuid mitte rohkem kui maksevahendi väljajaga kokkulepitud piirsumma ulatuses, kõige rohkem aga summa ulatuses, mis vastab 150 eurole. Maksja kannab riisikot ka siis, kui maksevahendit on kasutatud muul õigustamatul viisil ja kui maksja ei ole isikustatud turvaelemente nõuetekohaselt hoidnud.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatud summalist piirangut ei kohaldata, kui seoses autoriseerimata maksega on tegemist maksjapoolse pettusega või kui maksja rikkus tahtlikult või raske hooletuse tõttu:

Leht 178 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

1) ühte või mitut käesoleva seaduse §-s 73310 sätestatud kohustust;
2) ühte või mitut maksevahendi väljastamise ja kasutamise tingimust.
(3) Maksja ei kanna käesoleva paragrahvi lõikest 1 tulenevat riisikot alates ajast, kui kahju on tekkinud maksevahendi kasutamisest pärast käesoleva seaduse § 73310punktis 2 sätestatud teate esitamist, välja arvatud, kui maksja tegutses pettuse teel.
(4) Maksja ei kanna käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud riisikot, kui makseteenuse pakkuja ei ole täitnud käesoleva seaduse § 73311lõike 1 punktis 3 sätestatud kohustust, välja arvatud, kui maksja tegutses pettuse teel. [RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

§ 7339. Vastutuse erisused ja vastutusest vabastamine

(1) Käesolevas jaotises sätestatud nõuete esitamine muudel alustel ei ole lubatud. See ei välista ega piira muude nõuete esitamist muul alusel, sealhulgas kahju hüvitamise nõuet käesoleva seaduse § 115 alusel.
(2) Vastutus käesoleva jaotise alusel on välistatud, kui selle alusel esitatud nõuded tuginevad ebatavalistele ja ettenägematutele asjaoludele, mida neile asjaoludele viitaval poolel ei ole võimalik mõjutada ning mis kõikidest nende takistamiseks ettevõetud jõupingutustest hoolimata oleksid vältimatud, või kui makseteenuse pakkuja täitis seadusest tulenevat kohustust.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

4. jaotis

Maksevahendiga seotud kohustused ning

erisused seoses väikemaksevahendite ja e-rahaga

[RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

§ 73310. Maksevahendi omamisega seotud kohustused

Maksevahendi omaja on kohustatud:
1) kasutama maksevahendit selle väljastamise ja kasutamise tingimuste kohaselt, muu hulgas tegema alates
maksevahendi saamisest kõik vajaliku, et hoida maksevahend ja selle kasutamist võimaldavad abivahendid,
sealhulgas isikustatud turvaelemendid, kaitstuna;
2) teatama viivitamata maksevahendi väljastanud makseteenuse pakkujale või tema poolt sel eesmärgil
teatavaks tehtud kolmandale isikule maksevahendi kadumisest, vargusest ja maksevahendi autoriseerimata või
valesti kasutamisest pärast sellest teadasaamist.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

§ 73311. Maksevahendi väljastamisega seotud kohustused

(1) Maksevahendi väljastanud makseteenuse pakkuja peab:
1) tagama, et maksevahendi isikustatud turvaelementidele oleks juurdepääs üksnes maksevahendi kasutamise
õigusega kliendil, võttes samas arvesse käesoleva seaduse §-s 73310maksevahendi omaja suhtes sätestatud kohustusi;
2) hoiduma maksevahendi saatmisest selle kasutajale ilma, et ta oleks seda nõudnud, välja arvatud juhul, kui asendatakse olemasolev maksevahend;
3) tagama maksevahendi kasutajale tehnilised võimalused teate esitamiseks vastavalt käesoleva seaduse
§ 73310punktis 2 sätestatule ja taotluse esitamiseks käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 5 sätestatud blokeeringu lõpetamiseks;
4) andma makseteenuse pakkuja kliendi nõudmisel talle vajalikud vahendid, mis võimaldavad tal tõendada käesoleva lõike punktis 3 sätestatud kohustuste täitmist 18 kuu jooksul kohustuse täitmisest arvates;
5) takistama maksevahendi kasutamist pärast käesoleva seaduse § 73310punktis 2 nimetatud teate saamist.
(2) Maksja ja tema makseteenuse pakkuja võivad kokku leppida maksevahendi kaudu tehtavate tehingute summalistes limiitides.
(3) Kui makseteenuse lepingus on nii kokku lepitud, on makseteenuse pakkujal õigus blokeerida maksevahend objektiivselt põhjendatud kaalutlustel, mis seonduvad maksevahendi turvalisusega, või kui on kahtlus maksja nõusolekuta või pettuse teel maksevahendi kasutamise kohta või kui krediidiliiniga seotud maksevahendi kasutamisel suureneb oluliselt oht, et maksjal ei ole piisavalt vahendeid maksekohustuse täitmiseks.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 179 /

237

(4) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 3 sätestatud juhul peab makseteenuse pakkuja võimaluse korral teavitama maksjat lepingus kokkulepitud viisil maksevahendi blokeerimisest ja selle põhjustest võimaluse korral enne maksevahendi blokeerimist või viivitamata pärast maksevahendi blokeerimist. Käesolevas lõikes sätestatud nõuet ei pea täitma, kui teabe edastamine on vastuolus objektiivselt põhjendatud turvalisuse kaalutlusega või ei ole muul seaduses sätestatud põhjusel lubatud.
(5) Makseteenuse pakkuja peab vabastama maksevahendi blokeeringust või asendama selle uue maksevahendiga, kui blokeerimise põhjused on ära langenud.
(6) Maksevahendi või mis tahes isikustatud turvaelemendi maksjale saatmisega seotud riisikot kannab makseteenuse pakkuja.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

§ 73312. Erandid väikemaksevahendite ja e-raha suhtes

(1) Makseteenuse leping võib sisaldada kohustust väljastada makseteenuse pakkuja kliendile väikemaksevahend. Väikemaksevahend on vahend, mis vastab ühele järgmistest tingimustest:
1) selle abil tehtavate ühekordsete maksetehingute väärtus ei ületa 30 eurot;
2) selle kasutamise limiit on kuni 150 eurot;
3) sellel hoitav summa ei ületa kunagi 150 euro suurust summat.
(2) Pooled võivad lõikes 1 nimetatud maksevahendi suhtes kokku leppida, et:
1) ei kohaldata käesoleva seaduse § 711 lõigetes 1–3 ja 5 ning § 727 lõikes 1 sätestatut ning makseteenuse
pakkuja peab esitama oma kliendile üksnes osutatavate makseteenuste üldise kirjelduse ja teabe, mis sisaldab
maksevahendi kasutamise viise, vastutuse kirjeldust, tasusid ja muud olulist informatsiooni, ning viite selle
kohta, kuidas on võimalik käesoleva seaduse § 711 lõikes 1 nimetatud andmete ja tingimustega tutvuda;
2) makseteenuse pakkuja ei pea teatama makseteenuse lepingu muudatustest käesoleva seaduse §-s
7191sätestatud korras;
3) ei kohaldata käesoleva seaduse § 727 lõigetes 2–4 sätestatut ning makseteenuse pakkuja peab esitama või
tegema pärast maksejuhise täitmist oma kliendile kättesaadavaks üksnes viite, mille alusel on kliendil võimalik
kindlaks teha maksetehingut, makstud summa suurust, maksetehingu tegemise eest maksmisele kuuluvaid
tasusid iga makse või maksete kogumi kohta;
4) käesoleva lõike punktis 3 nimetatud teabe esitamise või kättesaadavaks tegemise kohustust makseteenuse
pakkujal ei ole, kui maksevahendi kasutajat ei ole võimalik kindlaks teha või kui makseteenuse pakkujal
puudub tehniline võimalus sellise teabe kättesaadavaks tegemiseks. Makseteenuse pakkuja peab võimaldama
makseteenuse pakkuja kliendil kontrollida maksevahendil säilitatava raha summat;
5) käesoleva seaduse § 7338 lõikeid 3 ja 4, § 73310 punkti 2 ning § 73311lõike 1 punkte 4 ja 5 ei kohaldata, kui väikemaksevahendit ei ole võimalik blokeerida või selle edasist kasutamist piirata;
6) käesoleva seaduse § 7332 ja 7334 ning § 7338 lõikeid 1 ja 2 ei kohaldata, kui ei ole võimalik omistada väikemaksevahendi kasutamist ühelegi makseteenuse pakkuja kliendile või ei ole makseteenuse pakkujal muul väikemaksevahendist tuleneval põhjusel võimalik välja selgitada maksevahendi kasutamise autoriseerimist;
7) makseteenuse pakkuja ei ole kohustatud teavitama maksejuhise täitmisest keeldumisest käesoleva seaduse §
7243lõigetes 1–3 sätestatud korras, kui asjaolusid arvestades ei ole mõistlik makseteenuse pakkujalt teavitamist oodata;
8) maksja ei saa tagasi võtta maksejuhist, millega ta on andnud nõusoleku makseks või nõusoleku makse saajale makse tegemiseks erinevalt käesoleva seaduse §-st 726;
9) maksetehing tehakse muu kui käesoleva seaduse §-s 728 määratud tähtaja jooksul.
(3) Käesoleva seaduse §-des 7332ja 7338 sätestatut ei kohaldata e-raha suhtes, kui maksja makseteenuse pakkujal ei ole võimalik blokeerida maksekontot või väikemaksevahendit.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]
(4) Pooled võivad kokku leppida, et e-raha suhtes rakendatakse käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 2 sätestatut. [RT I, 08.07.2011, 6- jõust. 18.07.2011]

5. jaotis

Kohaldamisala ja kõrvalekalduvad kokkulepped

[RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

§ 73313. Sätete rikkumise keelamine

Seadusega sätestatud isik või asutus võib seadusega sätestatud korras nõuda käesolevas jaos sätestatut rikkunud makseteenuse pakkujalt rikkumise lõpetamist ja rikkumisest hoidumist.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

Leht 180 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

§ 73314. Sätete kohustuslikkus

(1) Käesolevas jaos sätestatust makseteenuse pakkuja kliendi kahjuks kõrvalekalduv kokkulepe, mis on sõlmitud makseteenuse pakkuja kliendi ja makseteenuse pakkuja vahel, on tühine, kui käesolevas paragrahvis ei ole sätestatud teisiti.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]
(2) Makseteenuse pakkuja ja tema klient võivad leppida kokku muus maksejuhise täitmise tähtajas, kui on sätestatud käesoleva seaduse § 728 lõikes 1, kuid see ei või ületada nelja arvelduspäeva, kui:
1) makse tehakse muus Euroopa Majanduspiirkonna lepinguriigi (edaspidi lepinguriik) vääringus kui euro. [RT I 2010, 22, 108- jõust. 01.01.2011]
2) [kehtetu -RT I 2010, 22, 108- jõust. 01.01.2011]
(3) Makseteenuse pakkuja ja tema klient võivad kokku leppida, et käesoleva seaduse § 728 lõigetes 3 ja 6 sätestatut ei kohaldata osaliselt või täielikult, kui tegemist on käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 2 sätestatud maksega. [RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]
(4) Kui makseteenust ei pakuta eurodes ega muus lepinguriigi vääringus või kui maksja makseteenuse pakkuja või saaja makseteenuse pakkuja asukoht on mujal kui lepinguriigis, ei kohaldata käesoleva paragrahvi lõiget 1 ning käesoleva seaduse § 725 lõikeid 1, 3 ja 6, § 728 lõikeid 1–3 ja 6, § 7331lõiget 3, § 7332ning § 7333lõikeid 1 ja 2, kui käesolevas paragrahvis ei ole sätestatud teisiti.
[RT I 2010, 7, 30- jõust. 26.02.2010]
(5) Kui maksja makseteenuse pakkuja või saaja makseteenuse pakkuja asukoht on mujal kui lepinguriigis, kuid makseteenust pakutakse eurodes või muus lepinguriigi vääringus, on käesoleva seaduse § 728 lõigetest 4, 5 ja 7 maksja või saaja kahjuks kõrvalekalduv kokkulepe tühine. Käesoleva lõike esimeses lauses sätestatud maksete kohta, mida ei tehta eurodes või muu lepinguriigi vääringus, võivad pooled kokku leppida, et käesoleva seaduse
§ 728 lõigetes 4, 5 ja 7 sätestatut ei kohaldata osaliselt või täielikult. [RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]
(6) Kui makseteenuse pakkuja klient ei ole tarbija, võivad pooled kokku leppida, et käesoleva seaduse § 710–
7112, 7191ja 720, § 7241lõike 2 teist lauset, § 725 lõiget 5, § 726–7271, 7333, 7334, 7336ja 7338ei kohaldata osaliselt või täielikult. Samuti, kui makseteenuse pakkuja klient ei ole tarbija, võivad pooled leppida kokku muus tähtajas, kui on käesoleva seaduse § 7337lõikes 2 sätestatud.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]
(7) Käesoleva seaduse § 711 lõike 1 punktides 1, 3–5, 8–10, 13–17, sama paragrahvi lõikes 2 ning §-des 7334,
7338, 73310ja 73311sätestatut kohaldatakse makseasutuste ja e-raha asutuste seaduse § 4 lõike 1 punktis 10 nimetatud teenuste või tehingute suhtes.
[RT I, 08.07.2011, 6- jõust. 18.07.2011]

3. jagu

[Kehtetu -RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

4. jagu

Akreditiiviarveldus

§ 747. Akreditiiviarvelduse mõiste

Akreditiiviarvelduse puhul kohustub akreditiivi avanud makseteenuse pakkuja käsundiandja (akreditiivi avaja) korralduse alusel või omal algatusel akreditiivi järgi soodustatud isiku kasuks vastavalt akreditiivi tingimustele, eelkõige ettenähtud dokumentide esitamisel, tegema makse või aktseptima ja lunastama kolmanda isiku veksli või täitma muu kohustuse või volitama selleks teist makseteenuse pakkujat (täitev makseteenuse pakkuja). Akreditiivi avanud makseteenuse pakkuja võib samaaegselt olla täitvaks makseteenuse pakkujaks.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

§ 748. Akreditiivi tagasivõtmatus

(1) Tagasivõtmatu on akreditiiv, mida ei saa muuta ega tühistada ilma akreditiivi avaja või akreditiivi järgi soodustatud isiku nõusolekuta. Akreditiivi tagasivõtmatust eeldatakse.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 181 /

237

(2) Käsundiandja või akreditiivi avanud makseteenuse pakkuja soovil võib täitev makseteenuse pakkuja tagasivõtmatu akreditiivi kinnitada (akreditiivi kinnitanud makseteenuse pakkuja). Kinnitamisega võtab akreditiivi kinnitanud makseteenuse pakkuja lisaks akreditiivi avanud makseteenuse pakkujale kohustuse täita akreditiiv vastavalt akreditiivi tingimustele. Tagasivõtmatut akreditiivi ei või muuta ega tühistada ilma akreditiivi kinnitanud makseteenuse pakkuja nõusolekuta.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

§ 749. Akreditiivi täitmine

(1) Akreditiivi avanud makseteenuse pakkuja või akreditiivi kinnitanud makseteenuse pakkuja täidab akreditiivi, kui akreditiivi järgi soodustatud isik esitab talle kõik akreditiivi tingimustele vastavad dokumendid.
(2) Makseteenuse pakkuja akreditiivi täitmise kohustus ei sõltu käsundiandja ja akreditiivi järgi soodustatud isiku vahelistest suhetest.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

§ 750. Dokumentide vastuvõtmisest keeldumine

(1) Akreditiivi avanud või akreditiivi kinnitanud makseteenuse pakkuja peab professionaalse hoolsusega üle vaatama talle esitatud dokumendid ja kontrollima, kas need vastavad akreditiivi tingimustele.
(2) Akreditiivi avanud makseteenuse pakkuja teatab dokumentide vastuvõtmisest keeldumisest akreditiivi avajale.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

§ 751. Makseteenuse pakkuja vastutus akreditiivi tingimuste rikkumise eest

(1) Akreditiivi avanud makseteenuse pakkuja ei vastuta teistele makseteenuse pakkujatele antud akreditiivi täitmisega seotud juhiste täitmata jätmise või mittekohase täitmise eest.
(2) Akreditiivi alusetu täitmata jätmise korral vastutab akreditiivi järgi soodustatud isiku ees akreditiivi avanud või akreditiivi kinnitanud makseteenuse pakkuja.
(3) Kui akreditiivi kinnitanud makseteenuse pakkuja on akreditiivi täitnud, peab akreditiivi avanud makseteenuse pakkuja hüvitama akreditiivi kinnitanud makseteenuse pakkujale väljamakstud summa.
(4) Kui täitev makseteenuse pakkuja täidab akreditiivi tema poolt vastuvõetud dokumentide alusel, mis ei vasta akreditiivi tingimustele, on akreditiivi avanud makseteenuse pakkujal õigus nõuda täitvalt makseteenuse pakkujalt tagasi akreditiivi järgi soodustatud isikule akreditiivi tingimusi rikkudes makstud summa või keelduda väljamakstud summa hüvitamisest.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

§ 752. Akreditiivi arvelduskulud

(1) Akreditiivi avanud makseteenuse pakkuja vastutab kõigi teiste makseteenuse pakkujate selle akreditiiviga seotud kulude hüvitamise eest.
(2) Käsundiandja vastutab kõigi akreditiiviga seotud makseteenuse pakkujate kulude hüvitamise eest. [RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

§ 753. Akreditiivi lõppemine

(1) Akreditiiv lõpeb:
1) akreditiivi täitmisega;
2) akreditiivi tähtaja möödumisega;
3) akreditiivi tühistamisega.
(2) Kui akreditiivi järgi soodustatud isik keeldub akreditiivist ja teatab sellest täitvale makseteenuse pakkujale, peab täitev makseteenuse pakkuja sellest teavitama akreditiivi avanud makseteenuse pakkujat.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

5. jagu

Inkassoarveldus

§ 754. Inkassoarvelduse mõiste

(1) Inkassoarvelduse puhul vahendab makseteenuse pakkuja (nõudev makseteenuse pakkuja) käsundiandja korraldusel ja kulul käsundiandja jaoks kolmandalt isikult (inkassovõlgnik) teatud rahalise makse sissenõudmist. Inkasso sisuks võib olla ka muu sissenõude või maksekohustuse tunnustamine.

Leht 182 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

(2) Nõudval makseteenuse pakkujal on õigus inkassojuhiste täitmiseks kaasata teine makseteenuse pakkuja
(täitev makseteenuse pakkuja).
(3) Käsundiandja juhise täitmata jätmise või juhise mittekohase täitmise puhul vastutab selle eest käsundiandja ees inkassojuhise täitmata jätnud või mittekohaselt täitnud makseteenuse pakkuja.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

§ 755. Inkassojuhise täitmine

(1) Inkassojuhise täitmisel juhinduvad makseteenuse pakkujad inkassojuhisest, tegutsedes professionaalse hoolsusega.
(2) Kui inkassojuhises loetletud ja inkassoks saadetud dokumentide nimetused ja arv ei kattu, teatab täitev makseteenuse pakkuja sellest viivitamata käsundiandjale või makseteenuse pakkujale, kellelt inkassojuhis saadi.
(3) Dokumendid antakse inkassovõlgnikule üle sellises vormis nagu need saadi, välja arvatud inkassotoimingute tegemiseks vajalikud makseteenuse pakkujate märked ja pealdised.
(4) Inkassovõlgniku poolt makstud summad kannab täitev makseteenuse pakkuja viivitamata üle käsundiandjale või makseteenuse pakkujale, kellelt inkassojuhis saadi.
(5) Makseteenuse pakkuja vastutab kahju eest, mis on põhjustatud tema valduses oleva dokumendi kaotsimineku, kahjustumise või hävimisega.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

§ 756. Teatamiskohustus

(1) Makse või aktsepti saamata jäämisest peab täitev makseteenuse pakkuja viivitamata teatama nõudvale makseteenuse pakkujale, kes peab sellest viivitamata teatama käsundiandjale ning küsima temalt juhiseid edasise tegutsemise kohta.
(2) Kui käsundiandja ei anna juhiseid panganduses tavalise aja jooksul, selle puudumisel mõistliku aja jooksul, võib täitev makseteenuse pakkuja tagastada dokumendid nõudvale makseteenuse pakkujale.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

§ 757. Vastutus

(1) Käsundiandja vastutab kõigi inkassoga seotud makseteenuse pakkujate kulude hüvitamise eest. (2) Makseteenuse pakkujad ei vastuta teistele makseteenuse pakkujatele antud inkassojuhiste ega
inkassovõlgniku kohustuste täitmata jätmise eest.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]

41. peatükk

TERVISHOIUTEENUSE OSUTAMISE LEPING

§ 758. Tervishoiuteenuse osutamise lepingu mõiste

(1) Tervishoiuteenuse osutamise lepinguga kohustub üks isik (tervishoiuteenuse osutaja) osutama oma kutsetegevuses teisele isikule (patsient) tervishoiuteenust, eelkõige vaatama patsiendi arstiteaduse reeglite järgi tema tervise huvides läbi, nõustama ja ravima patsienti või pakkuma patsiendile sünnitusabi, samuti teavitama patsienti tema tervisest ja ravi käigust ning tulemustest. Tervishoiuteenuse osutamine hõlmab ka patsiendi hooldamist tervishoiuteenuse osutamise raames, samuti muud tervishoiuteenuse osutamisega otseselt seotud tegevust.
(2) Tervishoiuteenuse osutamisel osalev kvalifitseeritud arst, hambaarst, iseseisvalt tervishoiuteenust osutav õde või ämmaemand, kes tegutseb tervishoiuteenuse osutajaga sõlmitud töölepingu või muu sellesarnase lepingu alusel, vastutab tervishoiuteenuse osutamise lepingu täitmise eest tervishoiuteenuse osutaja kõrval ka isiklikult.

§ 759. Lepingu sõlmimise erisused

Tervishoiuteenuse osutamise leping loetakse muu hulgas sõlmituks ka tervishoiuteenuse osutamise alustamisega või tervishoiuteenuse osutamise kohustuse ülevõtmisega patsiendi nõusolekul, samuti siis, kui otsusevõimetule patsiendile tervishoiuteenuse osutamise alustamine vastab tema tegelikule või eeldatavale tahtele.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 183 /

237

§ 760. Lepingu sõlmimise kohustus

Tervishoiuteenuse osutaja on kohustatud osutama tervishoiuteenust isikule, kes seda taotleb, kui taotletavad lepingutingimused ei ole vastuolus seaduses sätestatuga ja tervishoiuteenuse osutamise lepingu tüüptingimustega.

§ 761. Tasu maksmise kohustus

Tervishoiuteenuse osutamise eest tuleb maksta kehtestatud, kokkulepitud või tavalist tasu, sellise tasu puudumisel aga mõistlikku tasu. Patsiendilt võib tasu nõuda niivõrd, kuivõrd tervishoiuteenuse osutamise kulusid ei kata ravikindlustus või muu isik.

§ 762. Tervishoiuteenuse osutamine

Tervishoiuteenus peab vastama vähemalt arstiteaduse üldisele tasemele teenuse osutamise ajal ja seda tuleb osutada tervishoiuteenuse osutajalt tavaliselt oodatava hoolega. Vajaduse korral peab tervishoiuteenuse osutaja suunama patsiendi eriarsti juurde või kaasama eriarsti.

§ 763. Üldtunnustamata meetodite kasutamine raviteenuse osutamisel

(1) Üldtunnustamata ennetus-, diagnostilist või ravimeetodit võib kasutada üksnes juhul, kui tavapärased meetodid lubavad väiksemat edu, patsienti on meetodi olemusest ja selle võimalikest tagajärgedest teavitatud ning patsient on andnud oma nõusoleku meetodi kasutamiseks.
(2) Piiratud teovõimega patsiendi eest annab käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud nõusoleku patsiendi seaduslik esindaja, kuivõrd patsient ei ole ise võimeline poolt- ja vastuväiteid vastutustundeliselt kaaluma. Otsusevõimetu patsiendi suhtes võib üldtunnustamata meetodit kasutada ka ilma patsiendi või tema seadusliku esindaja nõusolekuta, kui sellise meetodi kasutamata jätmine oleks ohtlik patsiendi elule või kahjustaks oluliselt patsiendi tervist.
[RT I 2008, 59, 330- jõust. 01.01.2009]

§ 764. Patsiendi teabe andmise kohustus

Patsient peab tervishoiuteenuse osutajale avaldama oma parima arusaama järgi kõik tervishoiuteenuse osutamiseks vajalikud asjaolud ja osutama kaasabi, mida tervishoiuteenuse osutaja lepingu täitmiseks vajab.

§ 765. Tervishoiuteenuse osutamine kõrvalise isiku juuresolekul

Kõrvalise isiku juuresolek tervishoiuteenuse osutamisel on lubatud üksnes patsiendi nõusolekul, välja arvatud juhul, kui tervishoiuteenuse osutamine kõrvalise isiku juuresolekuta ei ole võimalik, patsiendi nõusolekut ei ole võimalik küsida ja tervishoiuteenuse osutamata jätmine ohustaks oluliselt patsiendi tervist.

§ 766. Patsiendi teavitamise ja tema nõusoleku saamise kohustus

(1) Tervishoiuteenuse osutaja peab patsienti teavitama patsiendi läbivaatamise tulemustest ja terviseseisundist, võimalikest haigustest ja nende kulgemisest, vajaliku tervishoiuteenuse kättesaadavusest, olemusest
ja otstarbest, selle osutamisega kaasnevatest ohtudest ja tagajärgedest ning teistest võimalikest tervishoiuteenustest. Patsiendi soovil peab tervishoiuteenuse osutaja esitama nimetatud teabe kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis.
[RT I, 29.11.2013, 1- jõust. 09.12.2013]
(2) Tervishoiuteenuse osutaja ei või reeglina lubada patsiendi paranemist või operatsiooni edukust.
(3) Patsiendi võib läbi vaadata ja talle tervishoiuteenust osutada üksnes tema nõusolekul. Patsient võib nõusoleku mõistliku aja jooksul pärast selle andmist tagasi võtta. Tervishoiuteenuse osutaja nõudmisel peab nõusolek või selle tagasivõtmise avaldus olema vormistatud kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis.
(4) Piiratud teovõimega patsiendi puhul kuuluvad lõigetes 1 ja 3 nimetatud õigused patsiendi seaduslikule esindajale niivõrd, kuivõrd patsient ei ole võimeline poolt- ja vastuväiteid vastutustundeliselt kaaluma. Kui seadusliku esindaja otsus kahjustab ilmselt patsiendi huve, ei või tervishoiuteenuse osutaja seda järgida. Patsienti ennast tuleb lõikes 1 nimetatud asjaoludest ja tehtud otsustest teavitada mõistlikus ulatuses.
(5) Tervishoiuteenuse osutaja ei või avaldada patsiendile käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud teavet, kui patsient keeldub teabe vastuvõtmisest ja sellega ei kahjustata tema ega teiste isikute õigustatud huve.
(6) Seadusega sätestatud juhtudel ja ulatuses ei ole patsiendi ega tema seadusliku esindaja nõusolek tervishoiuteenuse osutamiseks vajalik.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336- jõust. 01.07.2002]

Leht 184 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

§ 767. Tervishoiuteenuse osutamine otsustusvõimetule patsiendile

(1) Kui patsient on teadvuseta või ei ole muul põhjusel võimeline tahet avaldama (otsusevõimetu patsient) ning tal ei ole seaduslikku esindajat või seaduslikku esindajat ei ole võimalik kätte saada, on tervishoiuteenuse osutamine lubatud ka patsiendi nõusolekuta, kui see on patsiendi huvides ja vastab tema poolt varem avaldatud või tema eeldatavale tahtele ja tervishoiuteenuse viivitamatu osutamata jätmine oleks ohtlik patsiendi elule või kahjustaks oluliselt patsiendi tervist. Patsiendi varem avaldatud või eeldatav tahe tuleb vastavalt võimalustele selgitada välja patsiendi omaste kaudu. Patsiendi omakseid tuleb teavitada patsiendi tervise seisundist, tervishoiuteenuse osutamisest ja sellega kaasnevatest ohtudest, kui see on asjaolude kohaselt võimalik.
(2) Omasteks käesoleva peatüki tähenduses loetakse patsiendi abikaasat, vanemaid, lapsi, õdesid ja vendi. Omasteks võib lugeda ka muid patsiendile lähedasi isikuid, kui see tuleneb patsiendi elukorraldusest.

§ 768. Saladuse hoidmise kohustus

(1) Tervishoiuteenuse osutaja ja tervishoiuteenuse osutamisel osalevad isikud peavad hoidma saladuses neile tervishoiuteenuse osutamisel või tööülesannete täitmisel teatavaks saanud andmeid patsiendi isiku ja tema tervise seisundi kohta, samuti hoolitsema selle eest, et käesoleva seaduse §-s 769 nimetatud dokumentides sisalduvad andmed ei saaks teatavaks kõrvalistele isikutele, kui seaduses või kokkuleppel patsiendiga ei ole ette nähtud teisiti.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatud kohustuse täitmisest võib mõistlikus ulatuses kõrvale kalduda, kui andmete avaldamata jätmise korral võib patsient oluliselt kahjustada ennast või teisi isikuid.

§ 769. Dokumenteerimiskohustus

Tervishoiuteenuse osutaja peab patsiendile tervishoiuteenuse osutamise nõuetekohaselt dokumenteerima ning vastavaid dokumente säilitama. Patsiendil on õigus nende dokumentidega tutvuda ja saada neist oma kulul ärakirju, kui seadusest ei tulene teisiti.

§ 770. Tervishoiuteenuse osutaja vastutus

(1) Tervishoiuteenuse osutaja ja käesoleva seaduse § 758 lõikes 2 nimetatud isik vastutavad üksnes oma kohustuste süülise rikkumise eest, eelkõige diagnoosi- ja ravivigade ning patsiendi teavitamise ja tema nõusoleku saamise kohustuse rikkumise eest.
(2) Tervishoiuteenuse osutaja vastutab ka teda abistavate isikute tegevuse ja tervishoiuteenuse osutamisel kasutatavate seadmete vigade eest.
(3) Tervishoiuteenuse osutaja ja käesoleva seaduse § 758 lõikes 2 nimetatud isiku vastutuse aluseks olevat asjaolu peab tõendama patsient, välja arvatud juhul, kui patsiendile tervishoiuteenuse osutamine on jäetud nõuetekohaselt dokumenteerimata.
(4) Kui tegemist on diagnoosi- või raviveaga ja patsiendil tekib terviserike, mida oleks saanud tavapärase raviga ilmselt vältida, eeldatakse, et kahju tekkis vea tagajärjel. Terviserikkest tulenevat kahju peab ka sel juhul tõendama patsient.

§ 771. Aegumistähtaeg

Patsiendi kahju hüvitamise nõude aegumistähtaeg on viis aastat alates ajast, mil ta sai teada tervishoiuteenuse osutaja või arsti poolt kohustuse rikkumisest ja kahju tekkimisest.

§ 772. Lepingu lõppemise erisused

(1) Tervishoiuteenuse osutamise leping lõpeb muu hulgas:
1) ühe lepingupoole surmaga;
2) tervishoiuteenuse osutamise lõppemisega;
3) tervishoiuteenuse osutamise ülevõtmisega teise tervishoiuteenuse osutaja poolt.
(2) Patsient võib tervishoiuteenuse osutamise lepingu igal ajal põhjust avaldamata üles öelda.
(3) Tervishoiuteenuse osutaja võib lepingu üles öelda üksnes mõjuval põhjusel, mille tõttu ei saa tervishoiuteenuse osutajalt kõiki asjaolusid arvestades tervishoiuteenuse osutamise jätkamist oodata. Tervishoiuteenuse osutaja peab vajaduse korral siiski tervishoiuteenuse osutamist jätkama, kuni patsient saab tervishoiuteenust mujalt.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 185 /

237

§ 773. Sätete kohustuslikkus

Käesolevas peatükis sätestatust patsiendi kahjuks kõrvalekalduv kokkulepe on tühine.

42. peatükk

VEOLEPING

1. jagu

Kaubaveoleping

1. jaotis

Üldsätted

§ 774. Kaubaveolepingu mõiste

(1) Kaubaveolepinguga kohustub üks isik (vedaja) teise isiku (saatja) ees vedama vallasasja (veos) sihtkohta ning andma selle üle kolmandale isikule (saajale). Saatja kohustub selle eest maksma vedajale tasu (veotasu).
(2) Kaubaveolepingule kohaldatakse töövõtu kohta sätestatut, kui käesolevas jaos sätestatust ei tulene teisiti. (3) Käesolevas jaos sätestatut ei kohaldata veose vedamisele merel.

§ 775. Veokiri

(1) Vedaja võib saatjalt nõuda veokirja väljastamist, mis sisaldab järgmisi andmeid:
1) veokirja väljastamise koht ja kuupäev;
2) saatja nimi ja aadress;
3) vedaja nimi ja aadress;
4) vedaja poolt veose vastuvõtmise koht ja kuupäev;
5) saaja nimi ja aadress ning kontaktaadress vedaja jaoks;
6) saajale veose üleandmiseks ettenähtud koht;
7) veose ja pakendi liigi kirjeldus, ohtliku veose puhul tähistus vastavalt selle veose suhtes kehtestatud
nõudmistele, nende nõudmiste puudumisel aga üldiselt tunnustatud tähistus;
8) veoseühikute arv, tähistused ja numbrid;
9) veose brutokaal või veose kogus teistes mõõtühikutes;
10) kokkulepitud veotasu, seisuraha ja hüvitamisele kuuluvad kulud, samuti märge tasu maksmise kohta;
11) lunaraha kokkuleppe korral lunaraha suurus;
12) juhised veose tollivormistuse ning muude veosega seotud ametlike toimingute kohta, kui niisugune
vormistus või toiming on nõutav;
13) kokkulepe vedamise viisi kohta, muu hulgas lahtises ja katmata sõidukis või tekil.
(2) Lepingupoolte kokkuleppel võib veokirjas märkida ka käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetamata andmeid. (3) Saatja väljastab ja allkirjastab veokirja kolmes eksemplaris, millest üks jääb saatjale, üks liigub koos
veosega ning üks antakse vedajale. Saatja nõudmisel allkirjastab vedaja veokirja. Allkirjad võivad olla
asendatud templijäljendiga.

§ 776. Veokirja tõenduslik tähendus

(1) Saatja ja vedaja poolt allkirjastatud veokiri tõendab kuni vastupidise tõendamiseni veolepingu sõlmimist ja tingimusi ning veose vastuvõtmist vedaja poolt.
(2) Saatja ja vedaja poolt allkirjastatud veokirja olemasolu korral eeldatakse, et veos ja selle pakend olid vedaja poolt vastuvõtmisel väliselt heas seisukorras ning et veoseühikute arv, nende tähistus ja numbrid vastavad veokirjas märgitud andmetele.
(3) Vedaja võib kanda veokirja oma põhjendatud märkuse veokirjas märgitud andmete kontrollituse kohta (reservatsioon). Sel juhul ei kohaldata käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 2 sätestatut. Vedaja võib reservatsiooni põhjendada muu hulgas sellega, et tema käsutuses ei olnud mõistlikke vahendeid, et kontrollida veokirjas märgitud andmete õigsust.
(4) Vedaja peab kontrollima veose brutokaalu, hulka või sisu, kui saatja seda nõuab ja vedaja käsutuses on kontrollimiseks mõistlikud vahendid. Vedaja võib saatjalt nõuda kontrollimiseks tehtud mõistlike kulude hüvitamist.

Leht 186 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

(5) Kui vedaja on kontrollinud veose brutokaalu, hulka või sisu ja kontrolli tulemus on kantud mõlema lepingupoole poolt allkirjastatud veokirja, siis eeldatakse, et veose brutokaal, hulk või sisu vastab veokirja andmetele.

§ 777. Ohtlik veos

(1) Ohtliku veose vedamisel peab saatja vedajale õigeaegselt kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis teatama ohu täpsest laadist ja kui see on mõistlik, siis ka rakendamisele kuuluvatest ettevaatusabinõudest.
(2) Kui vedajale ei teatatud veose üleandmisel, et tegemist on ohtliku veosega ja ta ei olnud ise sellest teadlik, võib ta ohtliku veose maha laadida, ladustada, tagasi vedada, vajaduse korral aga kahjutuks teha või hävitada. Vedaja ei pea saatjale hüvitama sellest tekkinud kahju.
(3) Vedaja võib nõuda saatjalt käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 2 nimetatud abinõude rakendamiseks tehtud vajalike kulude hüvitamist.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336- jõust. 01.07.2002]

§ 778. Veose pakend ja tähistamine

(1) Saatja peab veose selle liiki ja kokkulepitud vedamise viisi arvestades pakkima selliselt, et veos oleks kaitstud kaotsimineku ja kahjustumise eest ega põhjustaks vedajale kahju.
(2) Saatja peab veose tähistama, kui tähistamine on vajalik selleks, et vedaja saaks toimida veosega vastavalt lepingule.

§ 779. Laadimine

(1) Saatja peab veose vedamiskindlalt laadima ja kohale paigaldama (pealelaadimine). Eeldatakse, et saatja peab veose ka maha laadima.
(2) Vedaja peab looma võimaluse ja tingimused veose ohutuks peale- ja mahalaadimiseks.
(3) Veose peale- või mahalaadimiseks kuluva aja eest võib vedaja nõuda eraldi hüvitist (seisuraha) üksnes
juhul, kui selles on kokku lepitud või kui peale- või mahalaadimisaeg ületab selleks mõistlikult vajalikku aega ja
peale- või mahalaadimiseks mõistlikult vajaliku aja ületamine toimus vedajast sõltumatu asjaolu tõttu.

§ 780. Saatedokumendid

(1) Saatja peab enne veose vedajale üleandmist andma vedaja käsutusse dokumendid, mis on vajalikud veosega seotud tollivormistuse ja muude ametlike toimingute läbiviimiseks (saatedokumendid), samuti selleks vajaliku teabe.
(2) Vedaja peab hüvitama talle üleantud saatedokumentide kaotsiminekust või kahjustumisest või nende ebaõigest kasutamisest tekkinud kahju, välja arvatud juhul, kui dokumentide kaotsiminek, kahjustumine või ebaõige kasutamine toimus asjaolude tõttu, mille toimumist ja tagajärgi ei saanud vedaja vältida. Vedaja vastutus on piiratud summaga, mille ta peaks maksma veose kaotsimineku korral.

§ 781. Saatja vastutus

(1) Saatja peab vedajale hüvitama kahju ja kulud, mis tekkisid:
1) veose ebapiisavast pakkimisest või tähistamisest;
2) ebaõigetest või mittetäielikest andmetest veokirjas;
3) ohtliku veosega seotud ohust teatamata jätmisest, samuti valest või puudulikust teatamisest;
4) veose mittenõuetekohasest laadimisest;
5) käesoleva seaduse § 780 lõikes 1 nimetatud saatedokumentide või teabe puudumisest, ebatäielikkusest või
ebaõigsusest.
(2) Saatja vastutab käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud juhtudel, sõltumata sellest, kas tema kohustuse rikkumine on vabandatav. Kui saatjaks on tarbija, vastutab ta käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud juhtudel üksnes siis, kui ta rikkus kohustust süüliselt.

§ 782. Veolepingu ülesütlemine saatja poolt

(1) Saatja võib veolepingu igal ajal üles öelda.
(2) Kui saatja on veolepingu üles öelnud vedajapoolse olulise lepingurikkumiseta, võib vedaja nõuda veotasu, seisuraha ja hüvitamisele kuuluvate kulude maksmist, millest on maha arvatud see, mille vedaja lepingu lõpetamise tõttu kokku hoidis või omandas või oleks võinud omandada.

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237

(3) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 2 sätestatud nõude asemel võib vedaja nõuda kokkulepitud veotasust kolmandiku maksmist.
(4) Kui veos oli enne lepingu ülesütlemist juba peale laaditud, võib vedaja nõuda saatjalt juhist veosega edasise toimimise kohta või veose viivitamatut mahalaadimist. Kui vedaja ei saa juhist mõistliku aja jooksul, võib ta saatja kulul võtta tarvitusele käesoleva seaduse § 786 lõike 4 punktides 1–4 nimetatud abinõud.
(5) Kui saatja annab käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 4 nimetatud juhul juhise veos maha laadida, on vedaja selleks kohustatud üksnes juhul, kui see on võimalik vedaja majandustegevust ning teiste saatjate või saajate veoseid kahjustamata.
(6) Kui saatja ütleb lepingu üles vedajapoolse lepingurikkumise tõttu, peab vedaja veose oma kulul viivitamata maha laadima.

§ 783. Mittetäielik veos

(1) Kui peale laaditakse üksnes osa kokkulepitud veosest, võib saatja igal ajal nõuda, et vedaja alustaks pealelaaditud veose vedamist.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud juhul võib vedaja nõuda kogu veotasu ja seisuraha maksmist ning veose mittetäielikkusest tekkinud kulude hüvitamist. Veotasust arvatakse siiski maha veotasu veose eest, mida vedaja vedas sama veovahendiga peale laadimata veoseosa asemel.
(3) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud juhul võib vedaja nõuda veotasu, seisuraha ja hüvitamisele kuuluvate kulude täiendavat tagamist, kui nende maksmine ei ole veose mittetäielikkuse tõttu käesoleva seaduse
§-s 803 nimetatud pandiõiguse või muude tagatistega piisavalt tagatud.
(4) Kui laadimise mittetäielikkuse põhjustas vedajast tulenev asjaolu, võib vedaja nõuda veotasu maksmist üksnes niivõrd, kuivõrd suurt osa veosest tegelikult veeti.

§ 784. Vedaja õigused mõistliku pealelaadimistähtaja ületamisel

(1) Kui saatja ei laadi veost peale mõistliku pealelaadimistähtaja jooksul või juhul, kui saatja ei ole kohustatud veost ise laadima ja saatja ei anna veost vedajale üle mõistliku tähtaja jooksul, võib vedaja anda saatjale veose pealelaadimiseks või üleandmiseks mõistliku täiendava tähtaja, teatades, et ta ei oota veose pealelaadimist või üleandmist üle selle tähtaja.
(2) Kui käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatud täiendava tähtaja jooksul veost ei laadita või seda ei anta vedajale üle, võib vedaja lepingu üles öelda ja esitada käesoleva seaduse § 782 lõigetes 2 ja 3 nimetatud nõuded.
(3) Kui käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatud täiendava tähtaja lõpuks on peale laaditud või vedajale üle antud üksnes osa veosest, võib vedaja alustada mittetäieliku veose vedamist ning esitada käesoleva seaduse §
783 lõigetes 2 ja 3 nimetatud nõuded.
(4) Vedajal ei ole käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1–3 nimetatud õigusi, kui mõistlik pealelaadimistähtaeg ületati vedajast tuleneva asjaolu tõttu.

§ 785. Juhised veose kohta

(1) Veose saatjal on õigus ka pärast veolepingu sõlmimist anda veosega toimimise kohta juhiseid. Saatja võib eelkõige anda juhise, et vedaja ei veaks veost edasi või toimetaks selle teise sihtkohta või teise üleandmiskohta või teisele saajale.
(2) Vedaja peab käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud juhist järgima üksnes niivõrd, kuivõrd juhise täitmisega ei kaasne kahjulikke tagajärgi tema majandustegevusele ega tema poolt veetavate teiste veoste saatjatele või saajatele. Vedaja võib saatjalt nõuda juhise järgimisega seotud kulude hüvitamist ning täiendava mõistliku veotasu maksmist. Vedaja võib juhise järgimiseks nõuda mõistliku ettemakse tasumist.
(3) Kui saatja ja vedaja poolt allkirjastatud veokirjas on märgitud, et veose kohta on õigus juhiseid anda üksnes veokirja saatjaeksemplari esitamise korral, võib vedaja järgida juhiseid üksnes juhul, kui talle esitatakse veokirja saatjaeksemplar.
(4) Veose saabumisel üleandmiskohta või käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 3 nimetatud veokirja eksemplari üleandmisel saajale läheb veose kohta juhise andmise õigus saajale.
(5) Kui saaja andis vedajale vastavalt käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 4 sätestatule juhise toimetada veos kolmandale isikule, ei ole sellel isikul õigust määrata omakorda uut saajat.
(6) Vedaja peab talle antud juhise järgimata jätmisest juhise andjale viivitamata teatama.
(7) Kui juhise andis isik, kes ei olnud selleks õigustatud ja juhise järgimise kohustus sõltus veokirja saatjaeksemplari esitamisest, kuid vedaja järgis juhist, ilma et ta oleks veokirja saatjaeksemplari saanud, peab ta

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hüvitama juhist andma õigustatud isikule sellest tekkinud kahju isegi juhul, kui kahju tekitamine oli vabandatav. Sel juhul ei kohaldata vedaja vastutuse piirangute kohta sätestatut.
(8) Kokkulepe, millega välistatakse või piiratakse vedaja kohustust hüvitada käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 7 nimetatud juhul juhist andma õigustatud isikule tekitatud kahju, ei kehti veokirja saatjaeksemplari saanud isiku suhtes.

§ 786. Vedamis- ja üleandmistakistus

(1) Kui enne veose saabumist üleandmiseks ettenähtud kohta selgub, et vedamist ei saa lepingule vastavalt lõpule viia, või kui pärast veose saabumist üleandmiseks ettenähtud kohta selgub, et veost ei saa üle anda, peab vedaja küsima juhist andma õigustatud isikult juhist selle kohta, mida veosega edasi teha. Kui juhist andma on õigustatud saaja, kuid saajat ei saa kindlaks teha, või kui saaja keeldub veost vastu võtmast, võib juhise anda saatja, sõltumata veokirja saatjaeksemplari esitamisest.
(2) Kui saaja on andnud juhise toimetada veos kolmandale isikule ja vedamis- või üleandmistakistus tekib pärast seda, on käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud saatja õigused saajal ning saaja õigused kolmandal isikul.
(3) Vedaja võib nõuda käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud juhise järgimisega seotud kulude hüvitamist ning mõistliku veotasu maksmist, välja arvatud juhul, kui vedamis- või üleandmistakistus tekkis vedajast tuleneva asjaolu tõttu. Juhise järgimiseks võib vedaja nõuda mõistliku ettemakse tasumist.
(4) Kui on tekkinud vedamis- või üleandmistakistus ja vedaja ei saa mõistliku aja jooksul juhist või kui vedaja võib vastavalt käesoleva seaduse § 785 lõikes 2 sätestatule juhise järgimisest keelduda, peab ta juhist andma õigustatud isiku huvides võtma tarvitusele mõistlikud abinõud. Asjaolude kohaselt võib vedaja eelkõige:
1) veose maha laadida ja ladustada või veose kolmanda isiku juures veose kohta juhist andma õigustatud isiku arvel hoiustada, kusjuures veose hoiustamisel kolmanda isiku juures vastutab vedaja üksnes kolmanda isiku valiku eest;
2) veose tagasi vedada;
3) veose vastavalt käesoleva seaduse § 125 lõigetes 3–6 sätestatule müüa, kui veos on kiiresti riknev või veose
seisund seda nõuab või kui muude abinõude tarvitusele võtmisel ei oleks tekkivad kulutused mõistlikus suhtes
veose väärtusega;
4) müügikõlbmatu veose hävitada.
(5) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 4 nimetatud abinõude tarvitusele võtmisega lõpevad vedaja lepingust tulenevad kohustused.
(6) Vedaja võib nõuda käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 4 nimetatud abinõude tarvituselevõtmisega kaasnevate vajalike kulude hüvitamist ja mõistliku tasu maksmist, välja arvatud juhul, kui vedamis- või üleandmistakistus tekkis vedajast tuleneva asjaolu tõttu.

§ 787. Tasu maksmine

(1) Veotasu ja seisuraha tuleb vedajale maksta veose üleandmisel saajale. Vedaja võib lisaks veotasule ja seisurahale nõuda tema poolt veosele tehtud kulutuste hüvitamist, mida ta vastavalt asjaoludele võis mõistlikult vajalikuks pidada. Vedaja ei või nõuda selliste kulutuste hüvitamist, mis tavaliselt tekivad veolepingu täitmisel või mis oleksid vedajal tekkinud ka veolepingut sõlmimata.
(2) Kui vedamist ei saanud vedamis- või üleandmistakistuse tõttu lepingule vastavalt lõpule viia, võib vedaja nõuda läbitud tee pikkusele vastava veotasu maksmist ja kulutuste hüvitamist. Kui takistus tekkis vedajast tuleneva asjaolu tõttu, võib ta veotasu ja kulude hüvitamist nõuda üksnes niivõrd, kuivõrd saatjal on sellise veo vastu huvi.
(3) Kui veotasu suuruses on kokku lepitud veose arvust, kaalust või muul viisil veose hulgast lähtudes, eeldatakse veotasu arvestamisel, et veokirja või lastikirja andmed on õiged. See kehtib ka juhul, kui vedaja on nende andmete kohta teinud reservatsiooni, mida ta on põhjendanud sellega, et tal ei olnud andmete õigsuse kontrollimiseks mõistlikke vahendeid.

§ 788. Saaja õigused ja maksmise kohustus

(1) Pärast veose saabumist üleandmise kohta võib saaja vedajalt nõuda talle veose üleandmist veolepingust tulenevate kohustuste täitmise vastu.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud nõude esitanud saaja peab vedajale maksma:
1) võlgnetava veotasu veokirjas märgitud suuruseni või
2) saajaga kokkulepitud veotasu või

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 189 /

237

3) saatjaga kokkulepitud veotasu ulatuses, milles see ei ületa mõistlikku veotasu sellise veo eest, kui veokirja ei ole väljastatud või saajale esitatud või kui veokirjas ei ole veotasu suurust märgitud.
(3) Lisaks veotasule on saaja käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud juhul kohustatud maksma vedajale seisuraha peale- või mahalaadimisaja ületamise eest, kui talle teatati võlgnetava seisuraha suurusest veose üleandmisel.
(4) Veose kahjustumise, hilinenult kohaletoimetamise või kaotsimineku korral võib saaja oma nimel esitada vedaja vastu veolepingust tulenevad nõuded, kusjuures ka saatjal säilib nende nõuete esitamise õigus.
(5) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1–4 sätestatu ei välista ega piira saatja veolepingust tulenevaid kohustusi vedaja ees.

§ 789. Lunaraha

(1) Kui veolepingu pooled on kokku leppinud, et veos tuleb saajale üle anda üksnes lunaraha maksmise vastu, eeldatakse, et lunaraha tuleb maksta kohe.
(2) Kui lepingupooled on kokku leppinud, et veos tuleb saajale üle anda üksnes lunaraha maksmise vastu, kuid vedaja on veose saajale üle andnud lunaraha sisse nõudmata, peab vedaja hüvitama saatjale sellest tekkinud kahju kuni lunaraha ulatuses. Kahju tuleb hüvitada ka juhul, kui lunaraha sissenõudmise kohustuse rikkumine vedaja poolt oli vabandatav.
(3) Saadud lunaraha ei kuulu vedaja pankrotivarasse ja vedaja võlausaldajad ei saa pöörata sellele sissenõuet täitemenetluses vedaja vastu.

§ 790. Veotähtaeg

Vedaja peab veose kohale toimetama kokkulepitud tähtaja jooksul, kokkuleppe puudumisel aga tähtaja jooksul, mida võib hoolikalt vedajalt asjaolusid arvestades mõistlikult oodata (veotähtaeg).

§ 791. Veose kaotsiminek ja leidmine

(1) Saaja või saatja võib lugeda veose kaotsiläinuks, kui seda ei ole kohale toimetatud veotähtaja ega sellele järgneva veotähtajaga võrdse ajavahemiku jooksul, kuid mitte vähem kui nelja päeva jooksul, rahvusvaheliste vedude puhul aga mitte vähem kui 30 päeva jooksul.
(2) Kui veotähtaega ei ole kokku lepitud, võib saaja või saatja lugeda veose kaotsiläinuks, kui seda ei ole kohale toimetatud 60 päeva jooksul veose vedajale üleandmisest.
(3) Kui saaja või saatja saab veose kaotsimineku eest vedajalt hüvitise, võib ta hüvitise kättesaamisel nõuda, et vedaja teataks talle viivitamata veose leidmisest.
(4) Saaja või saatja võib ühe kuu jooksul pärast veose leidmise kohta käiva teate saamist nõuda, et veos antaks talle üle hüvitise tagastamise vastu. Kui hüvitis hõlmas lisaks veose väärtuse hüvitamisele ka veo ja veose kaotsiminekuga seotud kulusid, arvatakse need tagastatavast hüvitisest maha.
(5) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 4 sätestatu ei välista ega piira veotähtaja ületamisest tekkinud kahju hüvitamise nõude esitamist vedaja vastu.
(6) Kui veos leitakse pärast hüvitise maksmist ja saaja või saatja ei nõudnud sellest teatamist või ei esita oma nõuet pärast teate saamist, võib vedaja veosega toimida oma äranägemisel.

§ 792. Vastutus veose kaotsimineku, kahjustumise või veotähtaja ületamise eest

(1) Vedaja vastutab veotähtaja ületamisest tekkinud kahju eest, samuti kahju eest, mis tekib veose kaotsiminekust või kahjustumisest ajavahemikul veose vedamiseks vastuvõtmisest kuni veose üleandmiseni.
(2) Kui kahju tekkimisele aitas kaasa saatja või saaja käitumine või veose eriline puudus, sõltub hüvitamiskohustus ja hüvitise suurus sellest, millises ulatuses need asjaolud aitasid kaasa kahju tekkimisele.

§ 793. Vastutusest vabanemine

(1) Vedaja ei vastuta veose kaotsiminekust või kahjustumisest või veotähtaja ületamisest tekkinud kahju eest, kui kaotsimineku, kahjustumise või veotähtaja ületamise põhjustas vääramatu jõud. Vedaja ei saa seejuures tugineda vedamiseks kasutatud veovahendi puudustele, välja arvatud juhul, kui veovahendi andis talle saatja.
(2) Vedaja ei vastuta veose kaotsimineku või kahjustumise või veotähtaja ületamise eest, kui see on ohu tagajärg, mis on lahutamatult seotud vähemalt ühega järgmistest asjaoludest:
1) lahtise ja katmata veovahendi kasutamine, kui selles oli selgelt kokku lepitud;
2) veose ebapiisav pakkimine saatja poolt;

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Võlaõigusseadus

3) veose peale- või mahalaadimine, samuti veosega muu toimimine saatja või saaja poolt ja veosega toimimise kohta juhiste andmine;
4) veose loomulik omadus, mille tagajärjel veos võib kaotsi minna või kahjustuda, eelkõige purunemise, funktsioonihäirete, rooste, sisemise riknemise, kuivamise, väljavoolamise või loomuliku kao tõttu;
5) veoseühikute ebapiisav tähistamine saatja poolt;
6) elusloomade vedu.
(3) Kui vedaja on tõendanud, et esines käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 2 nimetatud asjaolu ja sellest asjaolust võis kahju tekkida, siis eeldatakse, et kahju on tekkinud sellest asjaolust. See ei kehti käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 2 punktis 1 nimetatud asjaolu korral, kui kahju on ebatavaliselt suur või kui kaotsi on läinud veosepakk.
(4) Kui vedaja on veolepingu kohaselt kohustatud kaitsma veost kuumuse, külma, õhuniiskuse, põrutuste või muude mõjutuste vastu, võib ta tugineda käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 2 punktis 4 sätestatule üksnes juhul, kui ta võttis tarvitusele kõik abinõud, mida ta vastavalt asjaoludele pidi tarvitusele võtma, eelkõige abinõud, mis on seotud eriliste seadmete valikuga, töökorras hoidmise ja kasutamisega, ja on järginud veose kaitsmiseks antud juhiseid.
(5) Vedaja võib tugineda käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 2 punktis 6 sätestatule üksnes juhul, kui ta on tarvitusele võtnud kõik abinõud, mida ta vastavalt asjaoludele pidi tarvitusele võtma, ja on järginud veosega toimimise kohta antud juhiseid.

§ 794. Veose väärtuse hüvitamine

(1) Veose täieliku või osalise kaotsimineku korral peab vedaja hüvitama kaotsiläinud veose või selle osa väärtuse. Veose väärtuseks loetakse veose väärtus vedamiseks vastuvõtmise ajal ja kohas.
(2) Veose kahjustumise korral peab vedaja hüvitama kahjustamata veose ja kahjustatud veose väärtuste vahe. Kahjustamata veose väärtuseks loetakse selle väärtus vedamiseks vastuvõtmise ajal ja kohas. Kahjustatud veose väärtuseks loetakse väärtus, mis sellisel veosel oleks olnud vedamiseks vastuvõtmise ajal ja kohas.
(3) Veose kaotsimineku või kahjustumise korral peab vedaja kandma ka kahju kindlaks tegemisega seotud kulud.
(4) Kui veos müüdi vahetult enne vedamiseks andmist, eeldatakse, et veose väärtuseks on ostuhind, millest on maha arvatud selles sisalduvad veokulud.
(5) Muu kui käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1–4 nimetatud kahju hüvitamist ei saa vedajalt kauba kaotsimineku või kahjustumise korral nõuda.

§ 795. Vastutuse piirmäär

(1) Vastavalt käesoleva seaduse §-le 794 maksmisele kuuluv hüvitis veose või selle osa kaotsimineku või kahjustumise eest on piiratud 8,33 SDR-iga (Rahvusvahelise Valuutafondi arveldusühik) kaotsi läinud või kahjustunud veose või selle osa brutokaalu iga kilogrammi kohta.
(2) Kui veose üksikute veoseühikute kaotsimineku või kahjustumise tõttu on muutunud väärtusetuks kogu veos või selle osa, arvutatakse vedaja vastutuse piirmäär lähtuvalt kogu veose või väärtusetuks muutunud veose osa brutokaalust.
(3) Rahvusvahelise Valuutafondi arveldusühik (SDR) arvestatakse eurodeks ümber vastavalt euro ja arveldusühiku väärtuse suhtele veose vedamiseks vastuvõtmise päeval või lepingupoolte poolt kokkulepitud muul päeval. Euro väärtuse suhe arveldusühikusse arvutatakse arvestusmeetodi järgi, mida Rahvusvaheline Valuutafond kasutab vastaval päeval oma operatsioonide ja toimingute jaoks.
[RT I 2010, 22, 108- jõust. 01.01.2011]
(4) Vedaja vastutus vedamise aja ületamise eest on piiratud veotasu kolmekordse summaga.

§ 796. Muude kulude hüvitamine

(1) Kui vedaja vastutab veose kaotsimineku või kahjustumise eest, peab ta lisaks käesoleva seaduse § 794 kohaselt maksmisele kuuluvale hüvitisele hüvitama ka juba makstud veotasu, seisuraha ja muud vedajale makstud tasud ja maksud. Veose kahjustumise korral määratakse hüvitamiskohustuse suurus vastavalt käesoleva seaduse § 794 lõikele 2 arvestatavale kahjustamata ja kahjustatud veose väärtuste suhtele.
(2) Vedaja ei pea hüvitama käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetamata kulusid.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 191 /

237

§ 797. Muud kui lepingust tulenevad nõuded

(1) Käesolevas jaos ettenähtud vedaja vastutuse piirangud kehtivad ka veose kaotsiminekust, kahjustumisest või veotähtaja ületamisest tulenevatele saatja või saaja nõuetele vedaja vastu, mis ei tulene veolepingust, eelkõige õigusvastaselt kahju tekitamisest, käsundita asjaajamisest ja alusetust rikastumisest tulenevatele nõuetele.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatut ei kohaldata veose kaotsiminekust või kahjustumisest tulenevate kolmanda isiku nõuete suhtes, kui kolmas isik, kellele veetav veos kuulub, ei olnud vedamisega nõus ja vedaja teadis või pidi teadma, et saatjal ei olnud veose saatmise õigust.

§ 798. Vastutuse piirangute äralangemine

Käesolevas jaos sätestatud vastutuse piirangud ei kehti, kui vedaja on kahju tekitanud tahtlikult või raske hooletuse tõttu.

§ 799. Töötaja vastutus

Kui veose kaotsiminekust või kahjustumisest või veotähtaja ületamisest tulenev nõue esitatakse vedaja töötaja või muu isiku vastu, kelle eest vedaja vastutab, võib ka töötaja või muu isik tugineda käesolevas jaos ning veolepingus ettenähtud vastutuse piirangutele, välja arvatud juhul, kui kahju tekkis tema tahtluse või raske hooletuse tõttu.

§ 800. Vedaja ja tegeliku vedaja vastutus

(1) Kui veost veab kas täielikult või osaliselt teine isik (tegelik vedaja), vastutab ta veose kaotsiminekust, kahjustumisest või veotähtaja ületamisest tekkinud kahju eest samal viisil kui vedaja, kui kahju tekkis ajal,
mil veost vedas tegelik vedaja. Vedaja kokkulepe saatja või saajaga vedaja vastutuse laiendamise kohta kehtib tegeliku vedaja suhtes üksnes juhul, kui tegelik vedaja on sellega kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis nõustunud.
(2) Tegelik vedaja võib tema vastu esitatud nõudele esitada samu vastuväiteid, mida võib esitada vedaja. (3) Vedaja ja tegelik vedaja vastutavad solidaarvõlgnikena.
(4) Kui nõue esitatakse tegeliku vedaja töötaja või muu isiku vastu, kelle eest tegelik vedaja vastutab, kohaldatakse käesoleva seaduse §-s 799 sätestatut ka neile.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336- jõust. 01.07.2002]

§ 801. Kahjust teatamine

(1) Kui veose kahjustumine või osaline kaotsiminek on välisel vaatlusel arusaadav, kuid saaja on veose vastu võtnud ning saaja või saatja ei ole vedajale veose kaotsiminekust või kahjustumisest hiljemalt veose saajale üleandmisel teatanud, eeldatakse, et veos on üle antud lepingus ettenähtud seisundis.
(2) Kui veose kahjustumine või osaline kaotsiminek ei olnud veose saajale üleandmisel väliselt arusaadav, eeldatakse, et veos on üle antud lepingus ettenähtud seisundis, kui saaja või saatja ei ole kaotsiminekust või kahjustumisest teatanud seitsme päeva jooksul veose saajale üleandmisest.
(3) Kui saaja või saatja teatab veose kaotsiminekust või kahjustumisest vedajale, peab ta veose kaotsimineku ulatust või kahjustust üldiselt kirjeldama.
(4) Veotähtaja ületamisest tulenevat nõuet ei saa esitada, kui saaja ei teata vedajale veotähtaja ületamisest 21 päeva jooksul veose saajale üleandmisest.
(5) Kui teade esitatakse veose üleandmisel, võib see olla tehtud ükskõik millises vormis. Kui teade esitatakse pärast veose üleandmist, peab see olema tehtud kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis. Teade loetakse õigeaegselt esitatuks, kui see on käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 2 ja 4 nimetatud tähtajal ära saadetud.
(6) Kui veose kaotsiminekust, kahjustumisest või veotähtaja ületamisest teatatakse veose üleandmisel, piisab teatamisest sellele, kes veose üle annab.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336- jõust. 01.07.2002]

§ 802. Nõuete aegumine

(1) Käesolevas jaos sätestatud vedamisest tulenevate nõuete aegumistähtaeg on üks aasta. Tahtlikult või raske hooletuse tõttu tekitatud kahju hüvitamise nõuete aegumistähtaeg on kolm aastat.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud nõuete aegumistähtaeg algab veose üleandmisest. Kui veost ei ole üle antud, algab aegumistähtaeg päevast, mil veos oleks tulnud üle anda. Kui veose üleandmise aega ei ole kokku lepitud, algab aegumistähtaeg 60 päeva möödumisel veose vedamiseks andmisest.

Leht 192 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

(3) Kui vedamisest tuleneva nõude rahuldamiseks kohustatud isik saab nõude rahuldamiseks üleantu hüvitamist nõuda teiselt isikult, algab tema sellise hüvitusnõude aegumistähtaeg vedamisest tuleneva nõude rahuldamisest või vedamise suhtes tehtud kohtulahendi jõustumisest. Käesolevas lõikes sätestatut ei kohaldata juhul, kui isikule, kelle vastu hüvitusnõue esitati, ei teatatud kahjust kolme kuu jooksul, alates ajast, kui tagasinõude esitamiseks õigustatud isik sai teada või pidi teada saama kahjust ja tagasinõude täitmiseks kohustatud isikust. [RT I 2008, 59, 330- jõust. 01.01.2009]
(4) Vedaja vastu suunatud nõude aegumistähtaeg peatub saatja või saaja poolt kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis avalduse tegemisest, millega ta esitab kahju hüvitamise nõude, kuni ajani, mil vedaja lükkab nõude täitmise kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis tagasi. Sama kahju hüvitamise nõude esitamine uues avalduses ei peata aegumist uuesti.
(5) Aegumistähtaega ei või pikendada ega lühendada tüüptingimustes.

§ 803. Pandiõigus

(1) Vedajal on kõigi veolepingust tulenevate nõuete ning varasematest saatjaga sõlmitud veo-, ekspedeerimis- ja laolepingutest tulenevate nõuete tagamiseks pandiõigus veosele koos saatedokumentidega.
(2) Pandiõigus kestab, kuni veos on vedaja valduses, eelkõige senikaua, kuni ta saab seda käsutada konossemendi, lastikirja või laokirja alusel. Pandiõigus kestab edasi ka pärast veose üleandmist, kui vedaja esitab sellest tulenevalt kolme päeva jooksul pärast veose üleandmist hagi ja veos on veel saaja valduses.
(3) Asjaõigusseaduse §-s 293 ja § 294 lõikes 2 nimetatud teated pandieseme müügi kohta tuleb esitada saajale. Kui saajat ei saa kindlaks teha või kui ta keeldub veose vastuvõtmisest, tuleb teated esitada saatjale.

§ 804. Järjestikune vedamine

Kui vedamisel osaleb mitu vedajat ja vedajate vahel on kokku lepitud, et viimane vedaja nõuab sisse eelnevate vedajate nõuded, on viimane vedaja kohustatud kasutama eelnevate vedajate õigusi, eelkõige pandiõigust. Iga eelneva vedaja pandiõigus kestab kuni viimase vedaja pandiõiguse lõppemiseni. Kui järgnev vedaja rahuldab eelneva vedaja nõude, lähevad selle vedaja pandiõigus ja nõue üle nõude rahuldanud vedajale.

§ 805. Mitme pandiõiguse järjekohad

(1) Kui veos on koormatud mitme seadusest tuleneva pandiõigusega komisjonäri, vedaja, ekspedeerija või hoidja kasuks, on veose vedamisest hiljem tekkinud pandiõigusel eesõigus samast õiguslikust alusest varem tekkinud pandiõiguse ees.
(2) Veose vedamisest tekkinud pandiõigustel on eesõigus komisjonäri ja hoidja pandiõiguste ees, mis ei ole tekkinud veose saatmisest või vedamisest, samuti ekspedeerija ja vedaja ettemakset tagavate pandiõiguste ees.

§ 806. Lastikiri

(1) Vedaja võib veose kohta välja anda tema poolt allkirjastatud dokumendi, mis annab dokumendi
seaduslikule valdajale õiguse nõuda vedajalt veose üleandmist (lastikiri). Lastikiri on kaubaväärtpaber. Lastikiri
peab sisaldama käesoleva seaduse § 775 lõikes 1 nimetatud andmeid. Vedaja allkiri võib olla asendatud
templijäljendiga.
(2) Vedaja ja saaja vahelised õigused ja kohustused määratakse vastavalt lastikirjale. Vedaja ja saatja vahelistes suhetes jääb määravaks veoleping ka siis, kui on välja antud lastikiri.
(3) Kui vedaja on veose vedamiseks vastu võtnud, on lastikirja üleandmisel isikule, kes lastikirja kohaselt on õigustatud veost saama, samasugune tähendus kui veose valduse üleandmisel.
(4) Lastikirja väljaandmisel eeldatakse, et veos on vedaja poolt vastu võetud nii, nagu seda on lastikirjas kirjeldatud, välja arvatud juhul, kui vedaja on kandnud lastikirja põhjendatud reservatsiooni. Vedaja võib reservatsiooni põhjendada ka sellega, et tema käsutuses ei olnud mõistlikke vahendeid andmete õigsuse kontrollimiseks.
(5) Kui vedaja on kontrollinud veose brutokaalu või muid andmeid veose koguse kohta või veose sisu ja kontrolli tulemus on kantud mõlema lepingupoole poolt allkirjastatud lastikirja, eeldatakse, et veose kaal, hulk või sisu vastab lastikirja andmetele.
(6) Lastikirja üleandmise korral kolmandale isikule ei saa vedaja tugineda asjaolule, et lastikirjas märgitud käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 3 ja 4 nimetatud andmed on ebaõiged, välja arvatud juhul, kui kolmas isik lastikirja saamisel teadis või pidi teadma, et lastikirjas märgitud andmed on ebaõiged.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 193 /

237

§ 807. Veose üleandmine lastikirja tagastamise vastu

Kui lastikiri on välja antud, on vedaja kohustatud veose üle andma üksnes siis, kui talle selle vastu tagastatakse lastikiri koos märkega veose vastuvõtmise kohta.

§ 808. Veose väljanõudmise õigus lastikirja alusel

(1) Veose saamise õigus on isikul, kellele veos vastavalt lastikirjale tuleb üle anda.
(2) Veost saama õigustatud isikul on ka juhiste andmise õigus vastavalt käesoleva seaduse §-s 785 sätestatule. Kui veost saama õigustatud isik annab juhise veos tagastada või anda üle muule isikule kui lastikirja järgi õigustatud saajale, võib vedaja juhist järgida üksnes juhul, kui lastikiri talle tagastatakse.

§ 809. Sätete kohustuslikkus

(1) Käesoleva seaduse § 780 lõikes 2, §-s 781, § 785 lõikes 7, § 789 lõikes 2 ning §-des 792–802 sätestatust tarbijast saatja kahjuks kõrvalekalduv kokkulepe on tühine, välja arvatud juhul, kui veolepingu esemeks on kirjad või kirjadega sarnased saadetised.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud sätetest kõrvalekalduv tüüptingimustes sisalduv kokkulepe on tühine ka siis, kui veolepingu pooled sõlmisid lepingu oma majandus- või kutsetegevuses, välja arvatud juhul, kui veolepingu esemeks on kirjad või kirjadega sarnased saadetised.
(3) Kui lepingule kohaldatakse välisriigi õigust, kohaldatakse siiski käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1 ja 2 sätestatut, kui nii veose vedaja poolt vastuvõtmise koht kui ka veose üleandmise koht on Eestis.

2. jaotis

Kolimine

§ 810. Vedaja kohustused

(1) Kui veolepingu esemeks on kolimine (kolimisleping), on vedaja kohustuseks ka kolitava mööbli ja muu sisustuse lahtivõtmine, peale- ja mahalaadimine ning ülespanek.
(2) Kui saatjaks on tarbija, kuulub vedaja kohustuste hulka samuti muude kolimisega seotud kokkulepitud kohustuste täitmine nagu pakkimine ja tähistamine.

§ 811. Veokiri ja teavitamine

(1) Vedajal ei ole õigust nõuda, et saatja väljastaks veokirja.
(2) Kui kolimislepingu esemeks on ohtlik veos, peab tarbijast saatja teavitama vedajat veosest lähtuvast ohust üksnes üldiselt ja saatja valitud vormis. Vedaja peab teavitama saatjat tema sellisest kohustusest.
(3) Kui saatjaks on tarbija, peab vedaja teda teavitama järgimisele kuuluvatest tolli- ja muudest sellesarnastest eeskirjadest. Vedaja ei pea siiski kontrollima, kas saatja poolt tema käsutusse antud dokumendid ja edastatud teave on õiged ja täielikud.

§ 812. Saatja vastutuse piirmäär

Saatja peab hüvitama vedajale tekkinud kahju üksnes kuni 409 euro ulatuses lepingu täitmiseks vajaliku laadimisruumi iga kuupmeetri kohta.
[RT I 2010, 22, 108- jõust. 01.01.2011]

§ 813. Vastutusest vabanemine

(1) Vedaja ei vastuta kolitava veose kaotsimineku või kahjustumise eest, kui see on ohu tagajärg, mis on lahutamatult seotud vähemalt ühega järgmistest asjaoludest:
1) sisustuse ebapiisav pakkimine või tähistamine saatja poolt;
2) veose peale- või mahalaadimine, samuti veosega muu toimimine saatja poolt;
3) veose vedamine mahutis, kui vedaja ei olnud kohustatud veost pakkima;
4) sellise veose peale- või mahalaadimine, mille suurus või kaal ei vasta peale- või mahalaadimiskoha
ruumilistele tingimustele, kui vedaja on eelnevalt teavitanud saatjat kahjustumise ohust ja saatja soovis sellele
vaatamata veost peale või maha laadida;
5) elusloomade ja taimede vedu;
6) veose loomulik omadus, mille tõttu see on eriti kergesti kahjustatav, eelkõige purunemise, funktsioonihäirete,
rooste, sisemise riknemise, kuivamise või väljavoolamise tõttu.
(2) Vedaja ei vastuta kolitava veose kaotsimineku või kahjustumise eest, kui kahju tekkis väärismetallidele, juveelidele, vääriskividele, rahale, kirjamarkidele, müntidele, väärtpaberitele või dokumentidele.

Leht 194 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

(3) Kui vedaja on tõendanud, et esines käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud asjaolu ja sellest asjaolust võis kahju tekkida, siis eeldatakse, et kahju on tekkinud sellest asjaolust.
(4) Vedaja võib tugineda käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1 ja 2 sätestatule üksnes juhul, kui ta on tarvitusele võtnud kõik abinõud, mida ta vastavalt asjaoludele pidi tarvitusele võtma, ning on järginud temale antud juhiseid.

§ 814. Vedaja vastutuse piirmäär

Vedaja vastutus, mis tuleneb kolitava veose kaotsiminekust või kahjustumisest, on piiratud 614 euroga lepingu täitmiseks vajaliku laadimisruumi iga kuupmeetri kohta.
[RT I 2010, 22, 108- jõust. 01.01.2011]

§ 815. Kahjust teatamise tähtaeg

Nõudeõigus, mis tuleneb kolitava veose kaotsiminekust või kahjustumisest, lõpeb, kui veose kahjustumisest või kaotsiminekust ei teatatud ühe päeva jooksul veose üleandmisest, kui veose kaotsiminek või kahjustumine oli väliselt arusaadav, ning 14 päeva jooksul, kui veose kaotsiminek või kahjustumine ei olnud väliselt arusaadav.

§ 816. Vastutuse piirangute kohaldamatus

Kui saatjaks on tarbija, ei või vedaja tugineda:
1) käesoleva peatüki esimeses jaotises ning käesoleva seaduse §-des 813 ja 814 sätestatud vedaja vastutuse
välistamisele ja vastutuse piirangule, kui vedaja lepingu sõlmimisel saatjat kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas
vormis selgelt eristatavalt ei teavitanud vedaja vastutust välistavatest ja piiravatest sätetest ning võimalusest
leppida kokku ulatuslikum vastutus või veos kindlustada;
2) käesoleva peatüki §-des 801 ja 815 sätestatule, kui vedaja ei teavitanud kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas
vormis saajat hiljemalt veose üleandmisel kahjust teatamise viisist, teate esitamise tähtaegadest ning kahjust
teatamata jätmise õiguslikest tagajärgedest.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336- jõust. 01.07.2002]

§ 817. Sätete kohustuslikkus

(1) Kui saatjaks on tarbija, on käesoleva jao esimeses ja teises jaotises vedaja ja saatja vastutuse kohta sätestatust saatja kahjuks kõrvalekalduv kokkulepe tühine.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud sätetest kõrvalekalduv tüüptingimustes sisalduv kokkulepe on tühine.
(3) Kui kolimislepingule kohaldatakse välisriigi õigust, kohaldatakse siiski käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1 ja 2 sätestatut, kui nii kolitava veose vedaja poolt vastuvõtmise kui ka üleandmise koht on Eestis.

3. jaotis

Vedamine erinevate sõidukitega

§ 818. Kombineeritud veoleping

Kui veost veetakse ühtse veolepingu alusel erinevate sõidukitega merel, õhus või maal (kombineeritud veoleping), kohaldatakse lepingule käesoleva jao esimeses jaotises sätestatut, kui käesolevas jaotises sätestatust ei tulene teisiti.

§ 819. Teadaolev kahju tekitamise koht

Kui kombineeritud veo puhul on kindel, et veos on kaotsi läinud või kahjustunud teatud veolõigul või kui sellel veolõigul on toimunud sündmus, mille tõttu ületati veotähtaega, vastutab vedaja vastavalt sätetele, mis kehtiksid selle veolõigu kohta eraldi veolepingu sõlmimise korral. Veose kaotsiminekut, kahjustumist või veotähtaja ületamist teatud veolõigul peab tõendama isik, kes seda väidab.

§ 820. Kahjust teatamine

Käesoleva seaduse §-s 801 sätestatut kohaldatakse sõltumata sellest, kas veose kahjustumise või kaotsimineku koht on teada, ei ole teada või saadakse sellest teada hiljem. Kui veose kahjustumise või kaotsimineku koht on teada, loetakse veose kahjustumise või kaotsimineku teade tähtaegselt esitatuks ka juhul, kui järgitakse sätteid, mis kehtivad selle veolõigu kohta eraldi veolepingu sõlmimise korral.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 195 /

237

§ 821. Nõuete aegumine

(1) Veose kaotsiminekust või kahjustumisest või veotähtaja ületamisest tuleneva nõude aegumistähtaeg algab veose saajale üleandmisest.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatust kõrvalekalduv tüüptingimustes sisalduv kokkulepe on tühine.

§ 822. Kombineeritud kolimisleping

Kombineeritud kolimislepingu puhul kohaldatakse lepingule käesoleva jao teises jaotises sätestatut. Kui veos on kaotsi läinud või kahjustunud teatud veolõigul või kui sellel veolõigul on toimunud sündmus, mille tõttu ületati veotähtaega, vastutab vedaja veolõigu kohta käivate sätete järgi üksnes juhul, kui veolõigu kohta, kus kahju tekkis, kehtib Eestile siduv rahvusvaheline konventsioon.

§ 823. Sätete kohaldamine

Lepinguga võib ette näha, et isegi siis, kui kahju tekkimise koht on teada, määratakse vastutus käesoleva jao esimese jaotise sätete alusel, sõltumata sellest, millisel veolõigul kahju on tekkinud.

2. jagu

Reisijaveoleping

1. jaotis

Üldsätted

§ 824. Reisijaveoleping

(1) Reisijaveolepinguga kohustub üks isik (vedaja) teise lepingupoole ees vedama ühe või mitu isikut (reisija)
sihtkohta koos pagasiga või ilma, teine lepingupool aga maksma tasu (veotasu).
(2) Reisijaveolepingule kohaldatakse töövõtulepingu kohta sätestatut, kui käesolevas jaos sätestatust ei tulene teisiti.
(3) Reisijate vedamisele õhus või merel kohaldatakse käesolevas jaos sätestatut üksnes ulatuses, milles seda valdkonda ei ole seaduse või Eestile siduva rahvusvahelise konventsiooniga reguleeritud teisiti.

§ 825. Tellimusveoleping

(1) Tellimusveoleping (tšarterleping) on reisijaveoleping, millega vedaja kohustub vedama teist lepingupoolt või reisijat sõidukiga, mille ta annab vedamise eesmärgil koos juhiga täielikult teise lepingupoole või reisija kasutusse. Tellimusveoleping võib olla tähtajaline või tähtajatu.
(2) Tellimusveolepinguga kohustab vedaja sõiduki juhti järgima lepinguga kindlaksmääratud piires teise lepingupoole või reisijate juhiseid. Juhiste järgimise eest vastutab vedaja.
(3) Tellimusveolepingule ei kohaldata seaduses üüri- ja rendilepingu kohta sätestatut.

§ 826. Pagas

(1) Pagasiks loetakse asju, mida vedaja kohustub vedama reisijaveolepingu alusel. Pagas ei hõlma asju, mida veetakse kaubaveolepingu alusel. Eeldatakse, et reisijavedu hõlmab ka pagasi vedu.
(2) Käsipagas on reisija hoole all olev pagas.

§ 827. Veotähtaeg

Vedaja peab vedama nii reisija kui ka tema pagasi veo sihtkohta lepingus kokkulepitud tähtaja jooksul, kokkuleppe puudumisel aga tähtaja jooksul, mida hoolikalt vedajalt võib tavalistel tingimustel oodata (veotähtaeg).

§ 828. Vedamise kestus

(1) Reisijavedu hõlmab ajavahemikku, mil:
1) reisija asub sõidukis, on sellele asumas või sellelt lahkumas;
2) reisijat veetakse terminalist, kailt, ooteplatvormilt, ooteruumist või mõnest muust sellesarnasest rajatisest
sõidukini või sõidukist nimetatud rajatiseni, kui selle maksumus on arvatud veotasu sisse või kui selleks
kasutatav sõiduk on antud reisija kasutusse vedaja poolt.

Leht 196 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

(2) Pagasivedu hõlmab pagasi vedamiseks vastuvõtmise ja selle väljastamise vahele jäävat ajavahemikku. Käsipagasi vedu hõlmab sama ajavahemikku kui reisijavedu.

§ 829. Vedaja vastutus sõiduki õigeaegse ette andmata jätmise eest

(1) Kui vedaja teatab teisele lepingupoolele, et sõidukit ei anta ette kokkulepitud ajaks, samuti juhul, kui sõidukit ei ole ettenähtud ajaks ette antud, võib teine lepingupool lepingust taganeda. Lepingust taganemiseks ei pea täiendavat tähtaega andma.
(2) Vedaja peab hüvitama sõiduki vedamiseks ette andmata jätmisest tekkinud kahju.

§ 830. Vedaja kohustus hüvitada kahju

Vedaja peab hüvitama kahju, mis tekib:
1) vedamise ajal ja vedamisega seotud asjaolu tagajärjel põhjustatud reisija surmast, kehavigastusest või
tervisekahjustusest;
2) pagasi täielikust või osalisest kaotsiminekust või kahjustumisest vedamise ajal ja vedamisega seotud asjaolu
tagajärjel;
3) veotähtaja ületamisest.

§ 831. Kahjust teatamine

(1) Käsipagasi väliselt äratuntava kahjustumise korral peab reisija sõidukist lahkumisel teatama vedajale talle tekkinud kahjust. Muu pagasi väliselt äratuntava kahjustumise korral tuleb kahjust teatada pagasi väljastamisel.
(2) Pagasi väliselt mitteäratuntava kahjustumise korral tuleb kahjust kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis teatada kümne päeva jooksul sõidukist lahkumisest või pagasi väljastamisest.
(3) Käsipagasi kaotsiminekust peab reisija teatama vedajale sõidukist lahkumisel. Muu pagasi kaotsiminekust peab reisija vedajale teatama kümne päeva jooksul arvates päevast, mil pagas oleks tulnud väljastada.
(4) Reisija poolt käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1–3 sätestatust kinni pidamata jätmise korral eeldatakse, et reisija sai oma pagasi täielikult ja tervelt kätte.
(5) Reisija ei või esitada veotähtaja ületamisest tulenevat kahju hüvitamise nõuet, kui ta ei teata kahjust vedajale ühe kuu jooksul pärast sihtkohta jõudmist.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336- jõust. 01.07.2002]

§ 832. Sõiduki ja selle juhi puudused

Vedaja ei või kohustuse rikkumise korral tugineda vastutusest vabastava asjaoluna sõidukijuhi füüsilisele või vaimsele puudele ning vedamiseks kasutatava sõiduki puudustele.

§ 833. Vedaja vastutuse välistamine

(1) Vedaja ei vastuta müntide, väärtpaberite, kulla, hõbeda, juveelide, kunstiteoste või muude väärtasjade kaotsiminekust või kahjustumisest tekkinud kahju eest, välja arvatud juhul, kui need väärtasjad olid eraldi hoiustatud vedaja juures nende kaotsimineku või kahjustumise ärahoidmise eesmärgil.
(2) Vedaja ei vastuta reisija poolt sõidukisse toodud asjadele tekkinud kahju eest, mida vedaja ei oleks lubanud sõidukisse tuua, kui ta oleks teadnud nende olemusest või seisundist, ning mille kohta ta ei ole väljastanud vastuvõtukviitungit, kui reisija teadis või oleks pidanud teadma, et vedaja ei lubaks neid asju vedada. Sellisel juhul vastutab reisija kõikide kulude ja kahju eest, mis tekivad vedajale selliste asjade vedamisest.

§ 834. Vedaja vastutuse piiramine

(1) Vedaja vastutus seoses reisija surmaga või reisijale kehavigastuse või tervisekahjustuse põhjustamisega tekkinud kahju eest on piiratud 214 743 euroga reisija kohta.
[RT I 2010, 22, 108- jõust. 01.01.2011]
(2) Vedaja vastutus reisijaveolepingu alusel veetava sõiduki, sealhulgas sõidukis asuva pagasi kaotsiminekust või kahjustumisest tekkinud kahju eest on piiratud 12 782 euroga reisija kohta.
[RT I 2010, 22, 108- jõust. 01.01.2011]
(3) Vedaja vastutus käsipagasi kaotsiminekust või kahjustumisest tekkinud kahju eest on piiratud 2237 euroga reisija kohta. Vedaja vastutus muu pagasi kaotsimineku või kahjustumise eest on piiratud 3515 euroga reisija kohta.
[RT I 2010, 22, 108- jõust. 01.01.2011]

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 197 /

237

(4) Kui käesoleva seaduse § 833 lõikes 1 nimetatud väärtasjad olid eraldi hoiustatud vedaja juures, on vedaja vastutus nende kaotsimineku või kahjustumise korral piiratud 3196 euroga reisija kohta.
[RT I 2010, 22, 108- jõust. 01.01.2011]
(5) Vedaja vastutus veotähtaja ületamisest tuleneva kahju eest on piiratud 3196 euroga reisija kohta. [RT I 2010, 22, 108- jõust. 01.01.2011]
(6) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1–5 sätestatud vastutuse piirmäärad ei kehti intressi ja menetluskulude hüvitamise nõuete suhtes.

§ 835. Vastutuse piirmäär mitme võlgniku korral

Kui kahju tekitamise eest vastutab mitu isikut, on nende isikute vastutus kogumis piiratud käesoleva seaduse §- s 834 sätestatud piirmääradega.

§ 836. Vedaja ja tegeliku vedaja solidaarvastutus

(1) Kui vedu teostab täielikult või osaliselt teine isik (tegelik vedaja), vastutab tegelik vedaja seoses reisija surmaga või reisijale kehavigastuse või tervisekahjustuse põhjustamisega, pagasi kahjustumise või kaotsiminekuga, veotähtaja ületamisega või muu lepingurikkumisega tema poolt teostatava veo ajal tekkinud kahju eest samamoodi nagu vedaja. Vedaja ja teise lepingupoole vaheline kokkulepe vedaja vastutuse laiendamise kohta, võrreldes seaduses sätestatuga, kehtib tegeliku vedaja suhtes üksnes juhul, kui tegelik vedaja on sellega kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis nõustunud.
(2) Tegelik vedaja võib esitada kõiki vastuväiteid, mis on veolepingust tulenevalt vedajal. (3) Vedaja ja tegelik vedaja vastutavad kahju eest solidaarselt.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336- jõust. 01.07.2002]

§ 837. Vastutuse piirangute äralangemine

Käesolevas jaotises sätestatud vastutuse piirangud ei kehti, kui vedaja on kahju tekitanud tahtlikult või raske hooletuse tõttu.

§ 838. Muud kui lepingust tulenevad nõuded

Käesolevas jaotises sätestatud vastutuse piiranguid kohaldatakse ka muude kui reisijaveolepingust tulenevate reisija surma põhjustamisest või temale kehavigastuse või tervisekahjustuse tekitamisest, pagasi kaotsiminekust või kahjustumisest ja veotähtaja ületamisest tulenevatele nõuetele.

§ 839. Töötajate vastutus

Kui reisija surma põhjustamisest või temale kehavigastuse või tervisekahjustuse tekitamisest, pagasi kaotsiminekust või kahjustumisest või veotähtaja ületamisest tulenev nõue esitatakse vedaja või tegeliku vedaja töötaja või muu isiku vastu, kelle eest vedaja või tegelik vedaja vastutab, võib ka töötaja või muu isik tugineda käesolevas jaos ning reisijaveolepingus ettenähtud vastutuse piirangutele, välja arvatud juhul, kui kahju tekkis tema tahtluse või raske hooletuse tõttu.

§ 840. Reisija kohustused

(1) Reisija peab vedamise kestel käituma selliselt, et ta ei kahjustaks vedamise ohutust ega rikuks nõuetekohase veo tingimusi. Reisija peab järgima vedaja, sõidukijuhi või muu pädeva isiku korraldusi.
(2) Reisija peab esitama oma pagasi vedamiseks sellisel kujul, et see ei soodustaks kaotsiminekut ega kahjustumist ning et vedajale ei tekiks pagasist kahju. Kui pagasi hulka kuulub ohtlik asi, peab reisija teavitama vedajat selle olemasolust ning ohu üldisest laadist.

§ 841. Reisija vastutus

Reisija peab hüvitama tema enda poolt või tema pagasist tulenevalt vedajale tekitatud kahju. Reisija ei või oma kohustuste rikkumise korral tugineda oma pagasi puudusele või omadusele kui vastutusest vabastavale asjaolule.

§ 842. Teise lepingupoole vastutus

(1) Kui reisija või kõik reisijad või nende pagas ei ole mis tahes põhjusel kokkulepitud kohas õigeaegselt vedamiseks valmis, võib vedaja lepingu üles öelda või alustada reisi. Kui vedaja kannab kahju seetõttu, et reisija või kõik reisijad või nende pagas ei ole mis tahes põhjusel õigeaegselt vedamiseks valmis, peab teine lepingupool vedajale kahju hüvitama.
(2) Vedaja teine lepingupool peab hüvitama vedajale kahju, mida vedaja kannab seetõttu, et reisijal ei ole dokumente, mis tal peavad olema ning mille olemasolu eest pidi hoolitsema vedaja teine lepingupool.

Leht 198 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

(3) Tellimusveo puhul peab teine lepingupool hüvitama vedajale kahju, mis tekib vedajale lepingu täitmisel teise lepingupoole või reisija antud juhiste järgimisest, välja arvatud juhul, kui sõiduki juht käitus juhiseid järgides ebamõistlikult.

§ 843. Pagasi vedamisele kohaldatavad sätted

Lisaks käesolevas jaos sätestatule kohaldatakse pagasi vedamisele ka käesoleva seaduse §-des 780, 786, 791,
794, 796, 803 ja 804 sätestatut, kui lepingupooled ei lepi kokku teisiti.

§ 844. Lepingu lõppemine reisija lahkumisel

Kui reisija pärast veo kestel sõidukist lahkumist ei pöördu õigeaegselt tagasi, võib vedaja lugeda lepingu täidetuks. Sel juhul säilib vedajal õigus kokkulepitud tasule.

§ 845. Teise lepingupoole ülesütlemisõigus

(1) Teisel lepingupoolel on õigus reisijaveoleping igal ajal üles öelda, kuid ta peab hüvitama vedajale sellest tekkiva kahju. Reisijaveolepingut ei või üles öelda, kui see tooks kaasa reisi hilinemise.
(2) Teine lepingupool ei pea hüvitama vedajale reisijaveolepingu ülesütlemisest tulenevat kahju, kui leping öeldi üles asjaolude tõttu, mille esinemise riisikot kannab vedaja.

§ 846. Vedaja nime ja elu- või asukoha märkimise kohustus

Piletis, pagasi vastuvõtukviitungis või muus seesuguses vedamisega seonduvas dokumendis peab vedaja selgelt märkima vähemalt oma nime ja elu- või asukoha. Sellest kõrvalekalduv kokkulepe on tühine.

2. jaotis

Reisijavedu ühissõidukis

§ 847. Ühistransport

Ühistranspordiks loetakse käesoleva seaduse tähenduses reisijate vedu Eestis kindlal liinil bussi, rongi, reisiparvlaeva või muu ühissõidukiga vastavalt sõiduplaanile, millega on võimalik avalikult tutvuda. Ühistranspordiks ei ole tellimusveod, regulaarselt korraldatavad lõbureisid, samuti muud sellesarnased veod. [RT I, 23.03.2015, 2- jõust. 01.10.2015]

§ 848. Vedamise kohustus

Ühistranspordis ei või vedaja keelduda veolepingut sõlmimast ega reisijat vedamast, kui:
1) reisija taotleb vedu vastavuses tüüptingimustega ja
2) vedu on ühistranspordis reeglipäraselt kasutatava sõidukiga võimalik ja
3) vedu ei takista selline asjaolu, mida vedaja ei saa ära hoida ega kõrvaldada.

§ 849. Reisijatele soodustuste tagamine

Kui tüüptingimustes nähakse ette soodustused, peab vedaja tagama need soodustused võrdselt kõigile taotlejatele, kelle kohta need soodustused käivad.

3. jaotis

Kombineeritud reisijaveoleping

§ 850. Kombineeritud reisijaveoleping

Kui reisijat veetakse ühtse reisijaveolepingu alusel erinevate sõidukitega merel, õhus või maal (kombineeritud reisijaveoleping), kohaldatakse lepingule käesoleva jao esimeses jaotises sätestatut, kui käesolevas jaotises sätestatust ei tulene teisiti.

§ 851. Teadaolev kahju tekitamise koht

Kui kombineeritud reisijaveo korral on kindel, et kahju põhjustanud asjaolu on tekkinud teatud reisilõigul, vastutab vedaja sätete järgi, mis käivad lepingu kohta, mis selle reisilõigu kohta oleks sõlmitud. Kahju põhjustanud asjaolu tekkimist teatud reisilõigul peab tõendama isik, kes seda väidab.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 199 /

237

§ 852. Kahjust teatamine

(1) Käesoleva seaduse §-s 831 sätestatut kohaldatakse sõltumata sellest, kas kahju tekkimise koht on teada, ei ole teada või saadakse teada hiljem.
(2) Kui pagasi kahjustumise või kaotsimineku koht on teada, loetakse teade tähtaegselt esitatuks ka juhul, kui järgitakse sätteid, mis kehtiksid viimase reisilõigu kohta eraldi reisijaveolepingu sõlmimise korral.

4. jaotis

Jao sätete kohustuslikkus

§ 853. Sätete kohustuslikkus

Käesolevas jaos sätestatuga võrreldes vedaja vastutust välistav või seda piirav, samuti vedaja tõendamiskohustust kergendav kokkulepe on tühine.

43. peatükk

EKSPEDEERIMISLEPING

§ 854. Ekspedeerimislepingu mõiste

(1) Ekspedeerimislepinguga kohustub üks isik (ekspedeerija) korraldama veose vedamise teise isiku (saatja)
arvel, saatja aga kohustub maksma ekspedeerijale tasu.
(2) Ekspedeerimislepingule kohaldatakse käsunduslepingu kohta sätestatut, kui käesolevast peatükist ei tulene teisiti.

§ 855. Vedamise korraldamine

(1) Kohustus korraldada veose vedamine hõlmab eelkõige:
1) sõiduki ja veotee määramist;
2) vedaja valikut;
3) vedamiseks vajalike veo-, lao- ja ekspedeerimislepingute sõlmimist ning nende lepingute täitmiseks vajaliku
teabe ja juhendite andmist;
4) saatja kahju hüvitamise nõuete tagamist.
(2) Ekspedeerija võib võtta lepinguga endale muude vedamisega seonduvate kohustuste täitmise nagu veose kindlustamine, pakkimine, selle tähistamine ja tollivormistuse korraldamine, sealhulgas vajalike lepingute sõlmimine.
(3) Ekspedeerija sõlmib vajalikud lepingud oma nimel või, kui ta on selleks volitatud, saatja nimel. (4) Ekspedeerija peab oma kohustuste täitmisel tegutsema saatja huvides ning järgima tema juhiseid.

§ 856. Saatja kohustused

(1) Saatja peab veose vajaduse korral pakkima ja tähistama ning andma ekspedeerija käsutusse dokumendid ja kogu teabe, mida ekspedeerija vajab oma kohustuste täitmiseks. Ohtliku veose vedamise korral peab saatja ekspedeerijale kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis teatama ohu täpsest laadist ja kui see on mõistlik, siis ka rakendamisele kuuluvatest ettevaatusabinõudest.
(2) Saatja peab ekspedeerijale hüvitama kahju ja kulud, mis on põhjustatud:
1) veose ebapiisavast pakkimisest või tähistamisest;
2) veose ohtlikkusest teatamata jätmisest, samuti valest või puudulikust teatamisest;
3) veosega seotud ametlike toimingute korraldamiseks vajaliku teabe puudumisest, ebatäielikkusest või
ebaõigsusest.
(3) Saatja vastutab käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 2 nimetatud juhul sõltumata sellest, kas tema kohustuse rikkumine on vabandatav. Saatja, kes on tarbija, vastutab üksnes juhul, kui kahju tekkis tema süül.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336- jõust. 01.07.2002]

§ 857. Tasu maksmine

Ekspedeerijale tuleb maksta tasu, kui veos on antud üle vedajale.

§ 858. Teavitamis- ja väljaandmiskohustus

(1) Ekspedeerija peab saatjale edastama vajalikud teated ja esitama pärast ekspedeerimislepingu täitmist selle kohta aruande. Saatja nõudmisel peab ekspedeerija andma saatjale teavet ekspedeerimislepingu täitmise kohta.

Leht 200 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

(2) Ekspedeerija peab saatjale välja andma kõik esemed, mis ta omandab seoses veo korraldamisega.
(3) Ekspedeerija poolt ekspedeerija nimel, kuid saatja arvel sõlmitud lepingust ekspedeerijale tuleneva nõude võib saatja esitada üksnes juhul, kui ekspedeerija on nõude temale loovutanud. Ekspedeerija poolt ekspedeerija nimel, kuid saatja arvel sõlmitud lepingust ekspedeerijale tulenevad nõuded ei kuulu ekspedeerija pankrotivarasse ja neile ei saa pöörata sissenõuet täitemenetluses ekspedeerija vastu.

§ 859. Ekspedeerija asumine vedaja asemele

Ekspedeerijal on õigus veost ise vedada. Selle õiguse kasutamisel on tal ka vedaja õigused ja kohustused. Sel juhul võib ta lisaks ekspedeerijatasule nõuda ka veotasu.

§ 860. Mitme veose ühine vedamine

(1) Ekspedeerijal on õigus korraldada veose vedamist koos teiste saatjate veostega ekspedeerija arvel kõigi saatjate veoste kohta sõlmitud veolepingu alusel.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud juhul on ekspedeerijal saatja suhtes vedaja õigused ja kohustused. Sel juhul võib ekspedeerija nõuda vastavalt asjaoludele mõistlikku veotasu, kuid mitte rohkem tavalisest veotasust sellise veose vedamise eest.

§ 861. Ekspedeerija vastutus

(1) Ekspedeerija peab hüvitama veose, mille vedamist ta korraldab, kaotsiminekust või kahjustumisest tekkinud kahju. Vastavalt kohaldatakse käesoleva seaduse §-des 793 ja 794, § 795 lõigetes 1 ja 2 ning §-des 796–799 sätestatut.
(2) Muu kui käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud kahju eest vastutab ekspedeerija juhul, kui ta on rikkunud käesoleva seaduse § 855 lõigetes 1 ja 2 nimetatud kohustusi. Ekspedeerija ei vastuta, kui ta tõendab, et kahju ei oleks saanud ära hoida korraliku ettevõtja hoolsusega.
(3) Kui kahju tekkimisele aitas kaasa saatja käitumine või veose eriline puudus, sõltub hüvitamise kohustus ning ka hüvitise suurus sellest, millises ulatuses need asjaolud soodustasid kahju tekkimist.

§ 862. Nõuete aegumine

Ekspedeerimislepingust tulenevate nõuete aegumisele kohaldatakse vastavalt käesoleva seaduse §-s 802 sätestatut.

§ 863. Pandiõigus

Ekspedeerijal on kõigi ekspedeerimislepingust tulenevate nõuete ning varasematest saatjaga sõlmitud veo-, ekspedeerimis- ja laolepingutest tulenevate nõuete tagamiseks pandiõigus veosele. Vastavalt kohaldatakse käesoleva seaduse §-s 803 sätestatut.

§ 864. Järgnev ekspedeerija

(1) Kui ekspedeerija poolt korraldatud vedamisel osaleb peale vedaja ka teine ekspedeerija (järgnev ekspedeerija), kes peab veose saajale üle andma, kohaldatakse järgnevale ekspedeerijale vastavalt käesoleva seaduse §-s 804 sätestatut.
(2) Kui järgnev ekspedeerija rahuldab eelneva vedaja või ekspedeerija nõuded, läheb eelneva vedaja või ekspedeerija nõue ja pandiõigus järgnevale ekspedeerijale üle.

§ 865. Sätete kohustuslikkus

(1) Käesoleva seaduse § 861 lõikes 1 ja §-s 862 sätestatust tarbijast saatja kahjuks kõrvalekalduv kokkulepe on tühine, välja arvatud juhul, kui ekspedeerimislepingu esemeks on kirjad või kirjadega sarnased saadetised.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud sätetest kõrvalekalduv tüüptingimustes sisalduv kokkulepe on tühine, välja arvatud juhul, kui ekspedeerimislepingu esemeks on kirjade või kirjadega sarnaste saadetiste veo korraldamine.
(3) Kui ekspedeerimislepingule kohaldatakse välisriigi õigust, kohaldatakse siiski käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes
1 ja 2 sätestatut, kui nii veose vedamiseks vastuvõtmise kui ka veose üleandmise koht on Eestis.

44. peatükk

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 201 /

237

PAKETTREISILEPING

§ 866. Pakettreisilepingu mõiste

(1) Pakettreisilepinguga kohustub üks isik (reisikorraldaja) teise lepingupoole ees osutama ühele või mitmele isikule (reisija) reisiteenuste kogumi (pakettreis), teine lepingupool aga maksma tasu (reisitasu).
(2) Pakettreis on reisikorraldaja poolt terviksummana väljendatud reisitasu eest pakutud, eelnevalt kindlaks määratud ja vähemalt 24 tunni kestel osutatav vähemalt kahe järgneva reisiteenuse kogum:
1) veoteenus;
2) majutusteenus;
3) muu teenus, mis ei ole veo- või majutusteenuse kõrvalteenus ja mis moodustab reisiteenuste kogumist olulise
osa.
(3) Pakettreisiks on ka reisiteenuste kogum, mida osutatakse vähem kui 24 tunni jooksul, kuid mis sisaldab majutust.
(4) Reisiteenuseid pakkuv isik ei või tugineda lepingutingimusele, mille kohaselt ta ise reisikorraldajaks olemata üksnes vahendab üksikuid reisiteenuseid (vahendaja), kui pakkuja reklaami, kataloogide või muude lepingu sõlmimise asjaolude alusel võis lepingu teine pool teda mõistlikult reisikorraldajaks pidada.
[RT I 2009, 18, 108- jõust. 01.05.2009]
(5) Käesolevas peatükis sätestatut kohaldatakse ka juhul, kui sama pakettreisi raames tasutakse üksikute reisiteenuste eest eraldi.

§ 867. Reisikirjeldus

(1) Reisijale reisikorraldaja poolt kättesaadavaks tehtud pakettreisi kirjeldus või muud reisijale edastatud lepingutingimused ei või sisaldada eksitavat teavet. Reisikirjeldus võib olla esitatud reisikataloogis või muus sarnases materjalis.
(2) Reisikirjelduses tuleb iga pakettreisi kohta märkida järgmised andmed:
1) reisi sihtkoht ja reisiteekonna kirjeldus;
2) reisitasu suurus, tasumise viis ja tingimused;
3) kasutatavate sõidukite liik, iseloomustus ja klass;
4) majutuse liik, majutuskohtade asukoht, järk või mugavusaste ja põhitunnused ning majutuskoha vastavus
külastatavas riigis kehtivale klassifikatsioonile;
5) toitlustamiskava;
6) passi-, viisa-, kindlustus- ja tervishoiualased nõudmised reisijale;
7) reisikorraldaja õigus reisilepingust taganeda, kui reisijate arv jääb väiksemaks tema poolt ettenähtust, kui
reisikorraldaja on jätnud endale selle õiguse, ja sellise õiguse kasutamise korral reisilepingust taganemise
tähtaeg.
[RT I, 04.02.2011, 1- jõust. 05.04.2011]
(3) Reisikirjelduses sisalduvad andmed on reisikorraldajale siduvad, välja arvatud juhul, kui pooled
lepivad kokku teisiti või kui kirjelduses on ette nähtud andmete muutumise võimalus ja reisijale on andmete
muutumisest enne pakettreisilepingu sõlmimist selgelt teatatud.

§ 868. Reisija teavitamine enne lepingu sõlmimist

(1) Reisijat tuleb enne lepingu sõlmimist kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis teavitada üldiselt reisijale esitatavatest passi- ja viisanõudmistest, eelkõige nende dokumentide saamise tähtaegadest, samuti pakettreisiks või sihtkohas viibimiseks kehtestatud tervishoiualastest nõudmistest.
(2) Reisikorraldajal ei ole käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud kohustust, kui need andmed sisalduvad juba reisikorraldaja poolt reisijale väljastatud kataloogis ega ole vahepeal muutunud.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336- jõust. 01.07.2002]

§ 869. Tüüptingimuste ja reisikinnituse andmine reisijale

(1) Kui reisikorraldaja kasutab pakettreisilepingu alusena tüüptingimusi, tuleb need esitada reisijale enne lepingu sõlmimist.
(2) Reisikorraldaja peab väljastama reisijale viivitamata pärast lepingu sõlmimist kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis reisikinnituse. Reisikinnitus peab sisaldama vähemalt järgmisi andmeid:
1) reisikorraldaja nimi ja aadress, vahendaja vahendusel lepingu sõlmimise korral ka vahendaja nimi ja aadress;
2) käesoleva seaduse § 867 lõikes 2 ja 3 nimetatud andmed;
3) pakettreisi alguse ja lõpu kuupäev, kellaaeg ja koht, reisi kestus sihtkohta ja tagasi;
4) reisiteekonna kirjeldus, vahepeatuste ja ümberistumiste kellaajad ja kohad;
5) reisitasu sisse kuuluvad külastused, väljasõidud ja muud teenused;
6) reisitasu suurendamise võimaluse olemasolu, samuti tasu suurendamise tingimused;

Leht 202 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

7) andmed võimalike reisitasus mittesisalduvate kohustuslike väljaminekute kohta nagu maaletulekutasud, sisse- ja väljasõidutasud sadamates ja lennujaamamaksud;
8) võimalikud erikokkulepped reisijaga;
9) reisija kohustus teatada reisikorraldajale või vahendajale lepingu rikkumisest;
10) viide sellele, et lepingu rikkumise tõttu lepingu ülesütlemiseks peab reisija reeglina andma tähtaja
rikkumise kõrvaldamiseks;
11) teave selle kohta, millise tähtaja jooksul võib reisija esitada lepingu rikkumisest tulenevaid nõudeid, samuti
kellele sellised nõuded tuleb esitada;
12) andmed võimaluse kohta kindlustada ennast reisikorraldaja lepingust taganemise vastu või abistamiskulude
katmiseks, muu hulgas tagasitoimetamiskulude katmiseks õnnetuse või haiguse korral.
(3) Kui reisikorraldaja on reisijale teinud kättesaadavaks reisikirjelduse, mis sisaldab käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 2 nimetatud andmeid, ja reisikorraldaja viitab lepingu sõlmimisel reisikirjeldusele, ei tule reisikinnituses märkida reisikirjelduses sisalduvaid andmeid. Reisikinnituses tuleb igal juhul märkida reisitasu suurus ja selle maksmise tingimused.
(4) Reisikorraldaja ei pea andma reisikinnitust, kui reis tellitakse vähem kui seitse päeva enne reisi algust. Sel juhul tuleb reisijat hiljemalt enne reisile asumist siiski teavitada vähemalt käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 2 punktides 9 ja 10 nimetatud kohustustest.
[RT I 2003, 78, 523- jõust. 27.12.2003]

§ 870. Reisija teavitamine enne reisi algust

(1) Reisijat tuleb mõistliku aja jooksul enne reisi algust teavitada järgmistest andmetest:
1) käesoleva seaduse § 869 lõike 2 punktis 3 nimetatud andmed;
2) andmed reisija koha kohta sõidukis, kui reisijale on kindel koht sõidukis ette nähtud;
3) reisikorraldaja ja võimaliku vahendaja kohalike esindajate nimed, telefoninumbrid ja aadressid, kohaliku
esindaja puudumisel aadress ja telefoninumber, kuhu reisija võib raskuste korral abi saamiseks pöörduda ja
reisikorraldaja või vahendajaga ühendust võtta.
(2) Kui reisija on piiratud teovõimega isik, tuleb pakettreisilepingu teist poolt või tema nimetatud isikut teavitada, kuidas võib saada vahetu ühenduse reisil viibiva piiratud teovõimega isikuga või isikuga, kes viibimiskohas sellise isiku eest vastutab.
(3) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1 ja 2 sätestatud teavitamine ei ole vajalik, kui need andmed sisalduvad
juba reisijale või pakettreisilepingu teisele poolele kättesaadavaks tehtud kataloogis või reisikinnituses ega ole
vahepeal muutunud.

§ 871. Reisitasu suurendamine

Reisikorraldaja võib reisitasu suurendada üksnes juhul, kui:
1) see võimalus on lepingus otseselt ette nähtud ning lepingus sisaldub reisitasu uue suuruse arvutamise kord ja
2) reisitasu suurendamise vajadus on tekkinud veokulude, sealhulgas kütusehinna, samuti maaletulekutasude,
sadamate või lennujaamade sisse- ja väljasõidutasude, teenusega seotud maksude või reisi suhtes kohaldatava
raha vahetuskursi muutumise tõttu ja
3) reisitasu suurendamisest teatatakse reisijale ette vähemalt 21 päeva enne reisi algust.

§ 872. Reisija õigused lepingu muutmise korral

(1) Reisikorraldaja peab reisijale reisitasu suurendamisest või mõne olulise reisiteenuse muutmisest või reisi ärajätmisest ning selle põhjusest viivitamata teatama.
(2) Reisija võib reisitasu olulisel määral suurendamise korral või olulise reisiteenuse olulise muutumise
korral lepingust taganeda. Taganemise asemel võib reisija nõuda pakettreisi asendamist vähemalt samasuguse
maksumusega pakettreisiga, kui reisikorraldaja saab seda reisijale võimaldada, või pakettreisi asendamist
väiksema maksumusega reisiga ja enammakstud reisitasu tagasi maksmist.
(3) Reisija võib käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 2 sätestatud õigusi kasutada üksnes viivitamata pärast reisikorraldajalt või vahendajalt vastava teate saamist.

§ 873. Pakettreisilepingu ülevõtmine

(1) Kuni reisi alguseni võib reisija anda oma lepingust tulenevad õigused ja kohustused üle teisele isikule, kes vastab kõigile reisil osalemiseks vajalikele tingimustele. Kui reisija teatab reisikorraldajale või vahendajale üleandmisest mõistliku aja jooksul enne reisi algust, loetakse, et reisikorraldaja on andnud nõusoleku lepingu ülevõtmiseks.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 203 /

237

(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud juhul vastutavad lepingu ülevõtnud isik ja üleandja reisitasu maksmise ja lepingu ülevõtmisega tekkivate võimalike lisakulude eest solidaarselt.

§ 874. Lepingust taganemine enne reisi algust

(1) Enne reisi algust võib reisija lepingust igal ajal taganeda.
(2) Kui reisija taganeb lepingust, kaotab reisikorraldaja õiguse reisitasule. Sel juhul võib reisikorraldaja nõuda mõistlikku hüvitist.
(3) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 2 nimetatud hüvitise suuruseks on reisitasu, millest on maha arvatud reisikorraldaja poolt kokkuhoitud kulud, samuti see, mille reisikorraldaja võib reisiteenust teisiti kasutades omandada. Sellise hüvitise suuruse võib protsendina reisitasust ette näha lepingus.

§ 875. Abinõud lepingu rikkumise puhul

(1) Reisija peab lepingu rikkumisest teatama reisiteenuse vahetule osutajale ning reisikorraldajale või vahendajale. Reisikorraldaja peab rikkumise kõrvaldamiseks võtma oma kulul tarvitusele mõistlikud abinõud. Reisija võib anda reisikorraldajale rikkumise kõrvaldamiseks mõistliku tähtaja. See ei välista ega piira reisija õigust vähendada reisitasu.
(2) Kui reisikorraldaja ei võta abinõusid tarvitusele reisija poolt selleks määratud mõistliku tähtaja jooksul, võib reisija ise abinõud tarvitusele võtta ja nõuda reisikorraldajalt selleks tehtud vajalike kulutuste hüvitamist. Reisija võib abinõud tarvitusele võtta ka tähtaega määramata, kui reisikorraldaja keeldub abinõude tarvituselevõtmisest või kui reisijal on eriline huvi abinõude koheseks tarvitusele võtmiseks.

§ 876. Lepingu ülesütlemine reisija poolt

(1) Lepingu olulise rikkumise korral reisikorraldaja poolt reisi kestel võib reisija lepingu üles öelda, kui rikkumist ei kõrvaldata mõistliku aja jooksul pärast sellest teatamist või kui reisijalt ei saa rikkumise tõttu reisi jätkamist mõistlikult oodata.
(2) Reisilepingu ülesütlemise korral vastavalt käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatule kaotab reisikorraldaja õiguse reisitasule. Ta võib siiski nõuda mõistlikku hüvitist osutatud või reisi lõpetamiseks veel osutatavate reisiteenuste eest, välja arvatud juhul, kui reisijal puudub lepingu ülesütlemise tõttu huvi osutatud või veel osutatavate teenuste vastu.
(3) Reisikorraldaja peab lepingu ülesütlemisel vastavalt käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatule võtma tarvitusele lepingu lõppemisest tulenevad vajalikud abinõud, eelkõige tagama reisijale kokkulepituga samaväärse tagasireisi või reisi muusse kokkulepitud kohta.
(4) Lepingu vastavalt käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatule ülesütlemisest tulenevad lisakulud kannab reisikorraldaja.

§ 877. Reisikorraldaja vastutus

(1) Reisikorraldaja vastutab lepingu täitmise eest reisija ees, sõltumata sellest, kas lepingulised kohustused peab täitma tema ise või keegi teine.
(2) Käesoleva seaduse §-des 875 ja 876 sätestatu ei välista ega piira reisija nõudeõigust talle lepingu rikkumisega tekitatud kahju hüvitamiseks. Muu hulgas võib reisija nõuda mittevaralise kahju hüvitamiseks mõistlikku hüvitist kasutult kulutatud puhkuseaja eest.
(3) Kui teenuse vahetu osutaja vastutus on piiratud rahvusvaheliste konventsioonide alusel, võib reisikorraldaja reisija suhtes sellele tugineda.
(4) Kui reisikorraldaja on lepingust tulenevat kohustust rikkunud, peab ta tegema kõik endast oleneva, et anda reisijale raskuste korral viivitamata abi. Sellist kohustust ei ole, kui rikkumine toimus reisija süü tõttu.

§ 878. Vastutuse piiramise ja välistamise keeld

(1) Kokkulepe, millega välistatakse või piiratakse reisikorraldaja vastutust tahtlikult või raske hooletuse tõttu tekitatud kahju eest, on tühine.
(2) Kokkulepe, millega piiratakse reisikorraldaja vastutust reisija surma põhjustamise, talle kehavigastuse tekitamise või tema tervise kahjustamise eest, on tühine.
(3) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 2 nimetamata kahju eest võib reisikorraldaja lepinguga vastutust piirata kuni reisitasu kolmekordse suuruseni.

Leht 204 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

§ 879. Lepingu ülesütlemine vääramatu jõu tõttu

(1) Kui reisiteenuse osutamine muutub võimatuks või oluliselt raskendatuks või ohtlikuks vääramatu jõu tõttu, võib kumbki lepingupool lepingu üles öelda.
(2) Lepingu ülesütlemise korral käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatud alusel kaotab reisikorraldaja õiguse reisitasule, kuid võib nõuda mõistlikku hüvitist osutatud või reisi lõpetamiseks veel osutatavate reisiteenuste eest. Reisikorraldaja peab lepingu ülesütlemisel võtma tarvitusele lepingu lõppemisest tulenevad vajalikud abinõud, eelkõige tagama reisijale kokkulepituga samaväärse tagasireisi või reisi muusse kokkulepitud kohta.
(3) Lepingu ülesütlemisel käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatud alusel kannavad lepingupooled reisija tagasireisiga seotud lisakulud võrdsetes osades. Muud lepingu ülesütlemisest tekkivad lisakulud kannab kumbki lepingupool ise.

§ 880. Sätete kohaldamine

(1) Käesoleva seaduse §-des 867–870 sätestatut ei kohaldata, kui isik korraldab pakettreise juhuslikult ja väljaspool oma majandustegevust.
(2) Käesolevas peatükis sätestatut kohaldatakse lepingutele Eestis või Euroopa Liidu liikmesriigis elu- või asukohta omava reisijaga, kui leping sõlmiti Eestis toimunud avaliku pakkumise, reklaami või muu seesuguse majandustegevuse tulemusena, sõltumata sellest, millise riigi õigust lepingule kohaldatakse.
[RT I 2003, 78, 523- jõust. 27.12.2003]

§ 881. Sätete rikkumise keelamine

Seadusega sätestatud isik või asutus võib seaduses sätestatud korras nõuda käesolevas peatükis sätestatut rikkunud reisikorraldajalt ja -vahendajalt rikkumise lõpetamist ning rikkumisest hoidumist.
[RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]

§ 882. Sätete kohustuslikkus

Käesolevas peatükis sätestatust reisija kahjuks kõrvalekalduv kokkulepe on tühine.

45. peatükk

HOIULEPING

1. jagu

Üldsätted

§ 883. Hoiulepingu mõiste

Hoiulepinguga kohustub üks isik (hoidja) hoidma teise isiku (hoiuleandja) poolt temale üleantud vallasasja ja hoidmise lõppemisel selle hoiuleandjale tagastama.

§ 884. Hoiutasu

(1) Hoidjal on õigus saada tasu (hoiutasu) üksnes juhul, kui pooled on selles sõnaselgelt kokku leppinud või kui asjaolude kohaselt võib eeldada tasu maksmist.
(2) Hoiutasu loetakse vaikimisi kokkulepituks, kui asjaolude kohaselt saab eeldada hoidmist üksnes tasu eest, eelkõige siis, kui hoidja sõlmib hoiulepingu oma majandus- või kutsetegevuses.

§ 885. Vastutus tasuta hoidmise puhul

Tasuta hoidmise puhul ei vastuta hoidja asja kaotsimineku, hävimise, kahjustumise või asja mitteõigeaegse tagastamise eest, kui ta on asja hoidmisel ilmutanud samasugust hoolt, nagu ta rakendab oma asjade hoidmisel.

§ 886. Asja kasutamine ja edasiandmine kolmandale isikule

(1) Eeldatakse, et hoidja ei või asja kasutada ega anda kasutada ega hoiule kolmandale isikule.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 205 /

237

(2) Asja kolmandale isikule hoiule andmise korral vastutab hoidja kolmanda isiku tegevuse eest nagu enda tegevuse eest, välja arvatud juhul, kui hoidmine toimub tasuta ja hoidja oli sunnitud hoidmise edasi andma asjaolude tõttu, mis ei tulenenud temast.
(3) Kui hoidja kasutab asja, kuigi kasutamine ei ole lubatud, peab ta hoiuleandjale maksma asja kasutamise eest mõistlikku tasu ning ta vastutab asja hävimise ja kahjustumise eest, kui ta ei tõenda, et hävimine või kahjustumine oleks aset leidnud ka hoiuleandja juures.

§ 887. Hoidmise viisi muutmine

Hoidja võib muuta kokkulepitud hoidmise viisi, kui ta võib eeldada, et hoiuleandja kiidaks hoidmise viisi muutmise heaks, kui ta oleks teadlik muutmise tinginud asjaoludest. Hoidmise viisi muutmisest peab hoidja hoiuleandjale viivitamata teatama.

§ 888. Hoidjale põhjustatud kulude ja kahju hüvitamine

(1) Hoiuleandja peab hoidjale hüvitama hoidmise tõttu tehtud kulud, mida hoidja asjaolude kohaselt võis pidada vajalikeks. Kulude hüvitamise ja tasunõude tagamiseks on hoidjal pandiõigus hoiuleantud asja suhtes.
(2) Hoiuleandja peab hüvitama hoidjale asja ohtlikkusest tekkinud kahju, välja arvatud juhul, kui ta asja hoiule andmisel asja ohtlikkusest ei teadnud ega pidanudki teadma või kui ta asja ohtlikkusest hoidjale teatas või kui hoidja sellest ise aru sai.

§ 889. Hoiuleandja õigus asi tagasi nõuda

Hoiuleandja võib igal ajal hoiulepingu üles öelda ja nõuda hoiuleantud asja tagastamist, isegi kui hoidmise tähtaeg oli kokku lepitud. Kui hoidmise tähtaeg oli kokku lepitud, peab hoiuleandja hüvitama hoidjale kulud, mida hoidja oli teinud kokkulepitud tähtaega arvestades.

§ 890. Hoidja õigus nõuda asja tagasivõtmist

Kui hoidmise tähtaega ei ole kindlaks määratud, võib hoidja hoiulepingu igal ajal üles öelda ja nõuda, et hoiuleandja võtaks hoiule antud asja tagasi. Kui hoidmise tähtaeg on kindlaks määratud, võib hoidja nõuda asja tagasivõtmist enne tähtaja möödumist üksnes mõjuval põhjusel.

§ 891. Tagastamise tingimused

(1) Hoiuleantud asi tuleb hoiuleandja kulul tagastada talle kohas, kus asja tuli vastavalt hoiulepingule hoida.
(2) Asi tuleb tagastada seisundis, milles see hoiule võeti. Asja tagastamisega seotud riisikot kannab hoiuleandja.

§ 892. Kasu väljaandmine

Hoiuleantud asja tagastamisel peab hoidja üle andma ka asjast saadud kasu.

§ 893. Hoiuleandjate või hoidjate paljusus

(1) Kui asja hoiavad ühiselt mitu isikut, vastutavad nad hoiuleandja ees hoiulepingust tulenevate kohustuste täitmise eest solidaarselt. Kui asja annavad hoiule ühiselt mitu isikut, on need isikud hoidja suhtes solidaarvõlausaldajad.
(2) Kui mitu isikut on esitanud asja suhtes nõude ja andnud asja oma huvide kaitsmiseks hoiule kolmandale isikule (sekvester), võib kolmas isik asja välja anda üksnes kõigi hoiuleandjate nõusolekul.

§ 894. Hoiutasu maksmise tingimused

(1) Kui hoiutasu tuleb maksta, peab hoiuleandja selle maksma hoidmise lõppemisel. Kui hoiutasu maksmine on kindlaks määratud ajavahemike järgi, tuleb see maksta iga ajavahemiku lõpus.
(2) Kui hoidmine lõpeb enne kokkulepitud tähtaega, võib hoidja nõuda tegelikule hoidmise ajale vastavat osa hoiutasust.

§ 895. Kolmandate isikute õigused

(1) Hoidja peab hoiuleandjale viivitamata teatama hoiuleantud asja valduse kaotusest, hoidja vastu asja väljaandmise nõude esitamisest või hoiuleantud asjale kolmanda isiku õigusest teadasaamisest.
(2) Kui kolmas isik taotleb omandi tunnustamist hoiuleantud asjale ning esitab hoidja vastu asja väljaandmise nõude, ei või hoidja asja temale ilma hoiuleandja nõusolekuta välja anda. Hoidja võib asja tagastada hoiuleandjale. Hoidja võib keelduda hoiuleantud asja hoiuleandjale välja andmast, kui asi on arestitud või kui hoiuleandja vastu on esitatud hoiuleantud asja omandi tunnustamise hagi.

Leht 206 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

§ 896. Raha ja muude asendatavate asjade hoidmine

(1) Kui asendatavad asjad antakse hoiule selliselt, et hoidja kohustub tagastama sama liiki, sama kvaliteediga
ja samas koguses asju, eeldatakse, et asjade omand ja juhusliku hävimise ja kahjustumise riisiko lähevad asjade
üleandmisega üle hoidjale ning vastavalt kohaldatakse laenu kohta sätestatut.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud juhul eeldatakse, et asjade tagastamise tähtaeg ja koht määratakse kindlaks vastavalt seaduses hoiulepingu kohta sätestatule.
(3) Hoiule antud raha kasutamise korral peab hoidja maksma intressi raha kasutamise aja eest.

2. jagu

Laoleping

§ 897. Laoleping

Laoleping on hoiuleping, millega hoidja oma majandus- või kutsetegevuses kohustub vallasasja hoidmisel selle ladustama ja säilitama, hoiuleandja aga kohustub maksma selle eest tasu.

§ 898. Hoiuleandja kohustused

(1) Ohtliku asja ladustamisel peab hoiuleandja hoidjat õigeaegselt kirjalikku taasesitamist võimaldavas vormis ohu täpsest liigist teavitama ning teatama hoidjale vajalikest ettevaatusabinõudest. Hoiuleandja peab asja vajalikus ulatuses pakkima ja tähistama ning andma hoidjale dokumendid ja teabe, mida hoidja vajab oma kohustuste täitmiseks.
(2) Kui hoiuleandja on tarbija, peab ta teavitama hoidjat asjast tulenevast ohust üksnes üldiselt, teavitamine võib toimuda suuliselt.
(3) Hoidja peab tarbijast hoiuleandjat teavitama käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 2 nimetatud kohustusest ning küsima temalt teavet, mida hoidja võib vajada asjaga seotud ametlike toimingute tegemiseks.
(4) Kui hoiuleandja on tarbija, peab hoidja asja vajalikus ulatuses pakkima ja tähistama. [RT I 2002, 53, 336- jõust. 01.07.2002]

§ 899. Kahju ja kulude hüvitamine

(1) Hoiuleandja peab hüvitama hoidjale kahju ja kulud, mille põhjustab:
1) asja ebapiisav pakkimine või tähistamine hoiuleandja poolt;
2) asja ohtlikkusest teatamata jätmine hoiuleandja poolt;
3) asjaga seotud ametlike toimingute läbiviimiseks vajalike dokumentide või teabe puudumine, ebatäielikkus
või ebaõigsus.
(2) Hoiuleandja vastutab käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud juhul, sõltumata sellest, kas tema kohustuste rikkumine on vabandatav. Kui hoiuleandjaks on tarbija, vastutab ta käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud kohustuste rikkumise eest üksnes juhul, kui ta rikkus kohustust süüliselt.

§ 900. Ladustatud asjade segamine

(1) Hoidjal on õigus asendatavaid asju segada sama liiki ja sama kvaliteediga asjadega üksnes juhul, kui nende asjade hoiuleandjad on sellega sõnaselgelt nõustunud.
(2) Alates ladustatud asjade segamisest on segatud asjade omanikel kaasomand segatud asjadele. Hoidja võib igale hoiuleandjale, sõltumata teiste kaasomanike nõusolekust, välja anda temale kuuluvale mõttelisele osale vastava osa segatud asjadest.

§ 901. Saadetud asja vastuvõtmine

Kui hoidjale saadetud asja vastuvõtmisel on asja kahjustumine või puudulikkus väliselt arusaadav, peab hoidja hoiuleandjale sellest viivitamata teatama ja tegema omalt poolt kõik, et hoiuleandja saaks esitada kahju hüvitamise nõude.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 207 /

237

§ 902. Asja säilitamine

(1) Hoidja peab võimaldama hoiuleandjal asja üle vaadata, võtta proove ja teha asja säilitamiseks vajalikke toiminguid. Hoidjal on õigus teha asja säilitamiseks vajalikud toimingud ise. Kui ladustatud asjad on segatud, on hoidjal kohustus teha säilitamiseks vajalikud toimingud.
(2) Kui pärast asja hoiule võtmist on asi muutunud või on alust arvata, et võivad tekkida muutused, mis võivad põhjustada asja hävimise või kahjustumise või kahju hoidjale, peab hoidja sellest hoiuleandjale viivitamata teatama ja küsima temalt juhiseid asjaga toimimise kohta. Kui on välja antud laokiri, peab hoidja teate asja muutuste kohta esitama laokirja viimasele talle teadaolevale seaduslikule valdajale.
(3) Kui hoidja ei saa käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 2 nimetatud juhul juhiseid mõistliku aja jooksul, peab ta võtma tarvitusele mõistlikud abinõud. Ta võib eelkõige asja vastavalt käesoleva seaduse § 125 lõigetele 3–6 müüa. Kui on välja antud laokiri, peab hoidja teatama müügist laokirja viimasele talle teadaolevale seaduslikule valdajale.

§ 903. Asja kindlustamine ja ladustamine kolmanda isiku juures

(1) Hoidja peab hoiuleandja nõudel asja kindlustama. Kui hoiuleandja on tarbija, peab hoidja teavitama hoiuleandjat sellest, et ta võib nõuda, et hoidja asja kindlustaks.
(2) Hoidja võib asja ladustada kolmanda isiku juures üksnes juhul, kui hoiuleandja seda sõnaselgelt lubas.

§ 904. Laolepingu ülesütlemine ja ladustamise kestus

(1) Kui laoleping on sõlmitud tähtajatult, võivad nii hoiuleandja kui ka hoidja lepingu ühekuulise etteteatamistähtajaga üles öelda. Kui hoiuleandjal või hoidjal on lepingu ülesütlemiseks mõjuv põhjus, võib ta lepingu üles öelda etteteatamistähtaega järgimata.
(2) Hoiuleandja võib asja igal ajal välja nõuda.
(3) Hoidja võib nõuda asja tagasivõtmist pärast kokkulepitud ladustamistähtaja möödumist või pärast hoiulepingu lõppemist. Kui hoidjal on mõjuv põhjus, võib ta nõuda, et hoiuleandja asja enne ladustamistähtaja lõppu tagasi võtaks.
(4) Kui välja on antud laokiri, peab hoidja lepingu ülesütlemisest ja asja tagasivõtmise nõudest teatama laokirja viimasele talle teadaolevale seaduslikule valdajale.

§ 905. Vastutus asja kaotsimineku või kahjustumise eest

Hoidja peab hüvitama asja kaotsiminekust või kahjustumisest tekkinud kahju, kui see tekkis ajavahemikul asja ladustamiseks vastuvõtmisest kuni asja väljaandmiseni. Hoidja vastutab ka juhul, kui ta ladustas asja kolmanda isiku juures.

§ 906. Nõuete aegumine

(1) Laolepingust tulenevate nõuete aegumistähtaeg on üks aasta. Tahtlikult või raske hooletusega tekitatud kahju hüvitamise nõuete aegumistähtaeg on kolm aastat.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud nõuete aegumistähtaeg algab lepingu lõppemise päevast. Asja kaotsimineku korral algab aegumistähtaeg päevast, mil hoidja teatas kaotsiminekust hoiuleandjale, või, kui välja on antud laokiri, siis laokirja viimasele hoidjale teadaolevale seaduslikule valdajale üleandmise päevast.
(3) Kui hoiuleandja on tarbija, on tema kahjuks käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1 ja 2 sätestatust kõrvalekalduv kokkulepe tühine.
[RT I 2003, 78, 523- jõust. 27.12.2003]

§ 907. Hoidja pandiõigus

(1) Hoidjal on kõigi laolepingust tulenevate nõuete ning varasematest hoiuleandjaga sõlmitud veo-, ekspedeerimis- ja laolepingutest tulenevate nõuete tagamiseks pandiõigus ladustatud asjale. Pandiõigus laieneb ka ladustatud asja suhtes sõlmitud kindlustuslepingust tulenevatele nõuetele ja asja saatedokumentidele.
(2) Kui asja kohta on välja antud laokiri, on käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud pandiõigusega tagatud üksnes hoidja need nõuded, mis tulenevad laokirjast või mis olid laokirja valdajale teada või pidid temale teada olema. Käeolevas lõikes sätestatut ei kohaldata juhul, kui laokiri on hoiuleandja valduses.
(3) Pandiõigus kestab, kuni asi on hoidja valduses, eelkõige, kuni ta saab asja käsutada konossemendi, lastikirja või laokirja alusel.

Leht 208 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

§ 908. Laokiri

(1) Asja väljaandmise kohustuse kohta võib hoidja pärast asja hoiule võtmist välja anda laokirja, mis peab sisaldama järgmisi andmeid:
1) laokirja väljaandmise koht ja kuupäev;
2) hoiuleandja nimi ja aadress;
3) hoidja nimi ja aadress;
4) ladustamise koht ja kuupäev;
5) asja liigi üldine tähistus ja pakendi liik, ohtliku asja puhul tähistus vastavalt sellise asja kohta kehtestatud
nõudmistele, nende nõudmiste puudumisel aga üldiselt tunnustatud tähistus;
6) pakkide arv, tähistus ja numbrid;
7) asja brutokaal või muul viisil väljendatud kogus;
8) ladustatud asjade segamise korral märge selle kohta.
(2) Laokirja võib kanda muid andmeid, mida hoidja peab vajalikuks.
(3) Hoidja peab laokirja allkirjastama. Allkiri võib olla asendatud templijäljendiga.

§ 909. Laokirja õiguslik tähendus

(1) Laokiri on kaubaväärtpaber, mis annab laokirja seaduslikule valdajale õiguse nõuda hoidjalt ladustatud asja väljaandmist.
(2) Hoidja ja laokirja seadusliku valdaja vahelised õigused ja kohustused määratakse vastavalt laokirjale. Hoidja ja hoiuleandja vahelistes suhetes jääb määravaks laoleping ka siis, kui on välja antud laokiri.
(3) Kui on välja antud laokiri, siis eeldatakse, et ladustatud asi ja selle pakend on hoidja poolt vastu võetud nii, nagu seda on kirjeldatud laokirjas, kui kirjeldus puudutab asja ja pakendi välist seisundit ning ladustatud pakkide arvu, tähistust ja numbreid.
(4) Kui hoidja on kontrollinud ladustatud asja kaalu või muid andmeid ladustatu koguse kohta või ladustatud pakkide sisu ja kontrolli tulemus on kantud laokirja, siis eeldatakse, et kaal, hulk või sisu vastas ladustatud asja vastuvõtmisel laokirja andmetele.
(5) Laokirja üleandmise korral kolmandale isikule ei saa hoidja tugineda asjaolule, et laokirjas märgitud käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 3 ja 4 nimetatud andmed on ebaõiged, välja arvatud juhul, kui kolmas isik laokirja saamisel teadis või pidi teadma, et laokirjas märgitud andmed on ebaõiged.
(6) Kui hoidja on asja ladustamiseks vastu võtnud, on laokirja üleandmisel isikule, kes laokirja kohaselt on õigustatud asja välja nõudma, samasugune tähendus kui asja valduse üleandmisel.

§ 910. Asja väljaandmine laokirja tagastamise vastu

(1) Kui välja on antud laokiri, on hoidja kohustatud asja välja andma üksnes siis, kui talle tagastatakse laokiri. Laokirjale tehakse märge asja kättesaamise kohta. Kui ladustatud asi antakse välja osaliselt, on hoidja kohustatud osa välja andma üksnes siis, kui tal võimaldatakse teha laokirjale vastavasisuline allkirjastatud märge.
(2) Hoidja peab laokirja seaduslikule valdajale hüvitama kahju, mis tekkis sellest, et hoidja andis asja välja laokirja tagastamist nõudmata või laokirjale märget tegemata.

3. jagu

Asja hoidmine majutusettevõttes

§ 911. Majutusettevõtte pidaja vastutus

(1) Oma majandustegevuses teiste isikute (külastajad) majutamisega tegelev isik (majutusettevõtte pidaja) peab hüvitama külastajale majutusettevõtte ruumidesse toodud asjade kaotsimineku, kahjustumise või hävimisega tekkinud kahju, samuti kahju, mis on tekkinud ehitise, selle aluse maa või majutusettevõtte seadmete või rajatiste puuduste tõttu külastaja surma põhjustamisest või külastajale kehavigastuse või tervisekahjustuse tekitamisest.
(2) Majutusettevõtte ruumidesse tooduks loetakse asjad, mis on:
1) majutusettevõttes, samuti väljaspool majutusettevõtet selle pidaja poolt näidatud või üldiselt selleks määratud
kohas või muidu majutusettevõtte pidaja hoole all aja jooksul, mil majutamiseks kasutatav ruum on külastaja
kasutuses;

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 209 /

237

2) antud majutusettevõtte pidaja hoole alla mõistlikuks ajavahemikuks enne või pärast seda, kui ruum oli külastaja kasutuses.
(3) Isikuteks, kelle eest majutusettevõtte pidaja vastutab, loetakse ka isikuid, kelle puhul külastaja võis vastavalt asjaoludele eeldada, et tegemist on majutusettevõtte pidaja töötajatega.
(4) Käesolevas jaos sätestatut kohaldatakse ka külastajate asjade hoidmisele sanatooriumides, avalikes lõbustuskohtades, laevadel, ujulates, pansionaatides, restoranides ja muudes sarnastes kohtades.

§ 912. Vastutuse piirangud

(1) Majutusettevõtte pidaja ei vastuta asja kahjustumisest, hävimisest või kaotsiminekust tuleneva kahju eest, sõltumata nõude õiguslikust alusest, kui kahju põhjustas:
1) külastaja või teda saatev või külastav isik või isik, kelle eest külastaja vastutab;
2) asja eriline omadus;
3) vääramatu jõud.
(2) Majutusettevõtte pidaja ei vastuta vastavalt käesoleva seaduse § 911 lõikele 1 külastaja sõidukile, sõidukisse jäetud asjadele, samuti külastaja elusloomadele tekitatud kahju eest, välja arvatud juhul, kui majutusettevõtte pidaja on sõiduki või looma enda hoole alla võtnud viisil, millest võib järeldada tema tahet vastutada sõidukile või loomale tekkiva kahju eest.

§ 913. Majutusettevõtte pidaja vastutuse ulatus

(1) Majutusettevõtte pidaja vastutab iga külastaja ees kuni majutuseks kasutatava ruumi ühe päeva tasu sajakordses ulatuses, kuid mitte enam kui 6400 euro ulatuses, raha, väärtpaberite ja väärtasjade kaotsimineku, kahjustamise või hävimise puhul aga mitte enam kui 3196 euro ulatuses.
[RT I 2010, 22, 108- jõust. 01.01.2011]
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud vastutuse piirangut ei kohaldata, kui asjade kaotsiminek, kahjustumine või hävimine on tekkinud majutusettevõtte pidaja süül. Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud vastutuse piirangut ei kohaldata ka juhul, kui kahju on tekkinud asjadele, mis on antud majutusettevõtte pidajale hoiule või mille hoiulevõtmisest on majutusettevõtte pidaja alusetult keeldunud.
(3) Majutusettevõtte pidaja on kohustatud hoiule võtma külastaja raha, väärtpabereid ja väärtasju, välja arvatud juhul, kui need on majutusettevõtte suurust või järku arvestades ülemäära väärtuslikud või nende hoiulevõtmine on majutusettevõtte pidajale ülemäära koormav. Majutusettevõtte pidaja võib nõuda, et raha, väärtpaberid ja väärtasjad antaks talle üle suletud või pitseeritud pakendis.

§ 914. Kahju hüvitamise nõudeõiguse lõppemine

Külastajale käesoleva seaduse § 911 alusel kuuluv õigus nõuda kahju hüvitamist lõpeb, kui külastaja ei teata majutusettevõtte pidajale asja kaotsiminekust, hävimisest või kahjustumisest viivitamata pärast sellest teadasaamist. Õigus nõuda kahju hüvitamist ei lõpe juhul, kui asi oli antud majutusettevõtte pidajale hoiule või kui asja kaotsiminek, hävimine või kahjustumine põhjustati majutusettevõtte pidaja süül.

§ 915. Majutusettevõtte pidaja pandiõigus

Majutusettevõtte pidajal on pandiõigus külastaja poolt ruumidesse toodud asjadele. Pandiõigusega on tagatud majutusettevõtte pidaja nõuded, mis on tekkinud seoses majutamiseks kasutatavate ruumide külastaja kasutusse andmise, külastajale osutatud teenuste ja külastaja majutusettevõttes viibimisega seotud muude kuludega. Vastavalt kohaldatakse üürilepingu puhul üürileandja pandiõiguse kohta sätestatut.

§ 916. Sätete kohustuslikkus

Kokkulepe, millega käesolevas jaos sätestatuga võrreldes välistatakse või piiratakse majutusettevõtte pidaja vastutust külastaja suhtes, on tühine.

9. osa

VÄÄRTPABERID

46. peatükk

ÜLDSÄTTED

§ 917. Väärtpaberi mõiste

(1) Väärtpaber on iga dokument, millega on seotud mingi varaline õigus selliselt, et seda ei ole võimalik dokumendist eraldi teostada.

Leht 210 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

(2) Seadusega sätestatud juhtudel loetakse väärtpaberiks ka õigusi, mida väljendatakse ja antakse üle üksnes registrikande vahendusel. Kui käesolevas seaduses ei ole sätestatud teisiti, ei kohaldata sellistele õigustele käesolevas seaduses ega asjaõigusseaduses õiguste kohta sätestatut.
[RT I 2004, 37, 255- jõust. 01.05.2004]

§ 9171. Väärtpaberite pantimine finantstagatise seadmise korral

(1) Käesoleva seaduse § 917 lõikes 2 ja väärtpaberituru seaduse §-s 2 nimetatud registrikande vahendusel käibivate väärtpaberite koormamisel asjaõigusseaduse §-s 3141nimetatud finantstagatise kokkuleppe alusel on vastavate väärtpaberite registri pidaja kohustatud väärtpaberite üle arvestust pidama selliselt, et finantstagatise esemeks olevad väärtpaberid on eraldatud teistest pantija arvel hoitavatest väärtpaberitest.
(2) Finantstagatisega koormatud väärtpaberite osas peab vastavate väärtpaberite registri pidaja:
1) alates kuupäevast, mil jõustub pantija poolt väärtpaberite registri pidajale teatavaks tehtud pandipidajale
antud tagasivõtmatu õigus finantstagatisega koormatud väärtpabereid käsutada, täitma üksnes pandipidaja
korraldusi;
2) kuni käesoleva lõike punktis 1 nimetatud kuupäevani täitma pantija ja pandipidaja ühiseid korraldusi.
[RT I 2004, 37, 255- jõust. 01.05.2004]

§ 918. Väärtpaberite liigid

(1) Esitajaväärtpaber on väärtpaber, millest tuleneva kohustuse täitmist võib nõuda või millest tulenevat muud õigust võib teostada väärtpaberi omanik.
(2) Käskväärtpaber on väärtpaber, millest tuleneva kohustuse täitmist võib nõuda või millest tulenevat muud õigust võib teostada väärtpaberil märgitud isik või tema käsundi alusel teine isik. Kui väärtpaberile on kantud väärtpaberi alusel õigustatud isiku nimi, eeldatakse, et tegemist on käskväärtpaberiga.
(3) Nimeline väärtpaber on väärtpaber, millest tuleneva kohustuse täitmist võib nõuda või millest tulenevat muud õigust võib teostada väärtpaberil märgitud isik ja mis ei ole käskväärtpaber.

§ 919. Väärtpaberist tuleneva kohustuse täitmine

(1) Väärtpaberi alusel kohustatud isik peab kohustuse täitma üksnes siis, kui väärtpaber antakse talle üle. Väärtpaberi alusel kohustatud isik ei või nõuda väärtpaberi üleandmist, kui ta peab väärtpaberi alusel täitma veel teisi kohustusi.
(2) Nimelisest väärtpaberist tulenev kohustus tuleb täita isikule, kes omab väärtpaberit ja tõendab, et tema on see isik, kelle nimele on väärtpaber välja antud, ja kes annab väärtpaberi üle.
(3) Käskväärtpaberist tulenev kohustus tuleb täita isikule, kes omab väärtpaberit ja tõendab, et tema on see isik, kelle nimele väärtpaber on välja antud või kellele on väärtpaber üleandepealdisega üle antud, ja kes annab väärtpaberi üle.
(4) Kui väärtpaberi alusel kohustatud isik täidab kohustuse heauskselt väärtpaberi alusel õigustatud isikule, loetakse kohustus täidetuks ka juhul, kui isik, kellele kohustus täideti, ei olnud tegelikult võlausaldaja.
(5) Kui väärtpaberi alusel kohustatud isik täidab kohustuse isikule, kes ei tõenda, et ta on nimelisel või käskväärtpaberil märgitud isik, või kes ei tõenda käskväärtpaberi puhul, et väärtpaber on talle üleandepealdisega üle antud, ei vabasta see väärtpaberi alusel kohustatud isikut täitmise kohustusest väärtpaberi alusel tegelikult õigustatud isikule.

§ 920. Väärtpaberi alusel kohustatud isiku vastuväidete piirangud

(1) Esitaja- ja käskväärtpaberist tulenevale nõudele võib väärtpaberi alusel kohustatud isik esitada üksnes selliseid vastuväiteid:
1) mis on suunatud väärtpaberi kehtivuse vastu;
2) mis tulenevad väärtpaberist endast;
3) mida väärtpaberi alusel kohustatud isik võib esitada väärtpaberi alusel õigustatud isiku vastu isiklikult.
(2) Väärtpaberi alusel kohustatud isik võib väärtpaberi alusel õigustatud isiku nõudele esitada vastuväiteid, mis ei tulene väärtpaberist endast, vaid tulenevad väärtpaberi alusel kohustatud isiku suhetest eelnevate väärtpaberi alusel õigustatud isikutega, üksnes juhul, kui väärtpaberi alusel õigustatud isik kahjustas väärtpaberi omandamisel teadlikult väärtpaberi alusel kohustatud isiku huve.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 211 /

237

§ 921. Väärtpaberi üleandmine

(1) Esitajaväärtpaberist tuleneva õiguse üleandmiseks või selle õiguse kasutusvaldusega koormamiseks või pantimiseks tuleb väärtpaber üle anda vallasasja üleandmise sätete järgi.
(2) Käskväärtpaberist tuleneva õiguse üleandmiseks peab üleandja lisaks väärtpaberi üleandmisele tegema väärtpaberile või sellega seotud lehele (väärtpaberi jätk) üleandepealdise (indossament).
(3) Nimelisest väärtpaberist tulenev õigus antakse üle vastava õiguse üleandmise sätete järgi, andes üle ka väärtpaberi. Nimelisest väärtpaberist tuleneva õiguse üleandmiseks tuleb sõlmida kirjalik üleandmisleping, kui ei ole kokku lepitud teisiti.
(4) Väärtpaberi üleandepealdisega üleandmisega lähevad üleandepealdise teinud isiku (üleandepealdise
tegija) väärtpaberist tulenevad õigused üle omandajale, kui väärtpaberist või üleandepealdisest ei tulene teisiti.
Väärtpaberile üleandepealdise tegemisele, väärtpaberi alusel õigustatud isiku õiguste tõendamisele ja väärtpaberi
heausksele omandamisele üleandepealdise alusel kohaldatakse veksli kohta sätestatut.
(5) Kui üle antakse väärtpaber, mis on välja antud mittetäieliku kohustuse täitmise tagamiseks, võib väärtpaberi omandamisel heauskne uus omanik teostada väärtpaberist tulenevaid õigusi.

§ 922. Väärtpaberi liigi muutmine

Väärtpaberi väljaandja võib muuta väärtpaberi liiki üksnes kõigi väärtpaberi alusel õigustatud ja kohustatud isikute nõusolekul, mida tuleb väljendada väärtpaberil endal või väärtpaberi jätkul.

§ 923. Väärtpaberi hävimine või kaotsiminek

(1) Kui esitajaväärtpaber ei ole kahjustumise tõttu või muul sellesarnasel põhjusel enam käibeks kohane, võib omanik nõuda väärtpaberi väljaandjalt uue väärtpaberi väljaandmist, kui ta tagastab käibeks sobimatu väärtpaberi ja kui väärtpaberi sisu ja eritunnuseid on võimalik kindlaks teha.
(2) Väärtpaberi kaotsimineku, hävimise või riknemise korral võib nõuda kohtus väärtpaberi kehtetuks tunnistamist üleskutsemenetluses vastavalt tsiviilkohtumenetluse sätetele.
[RT I 2008, 59, 330- jõust. 01.01.2009]
(3) Väärtpaberi väljaandja on kohustatud väärtpaberi omaniku nõudmisel, kelle väärtpaber on kaotsi läinud, hävinud või riknenud, andma talle üleskutsemenetluseks ja maksete peatamiseks vajalikku teavet ning andma välja vajalikud tõendid.
[RT I 2008, 59, 330- jõust. 01.01.2009]
(4) Esitajaväärtpaberi kehtetuks tunnistamise korral võib vastava taotluse esitanud isik nõuda väärtpaberi väljaandjalt kehtetuks tunnistatud väärtpaberi asemele uue väärtpaberi väljaandmist.
(5) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1, 3 ja 4 nimetatud nõude esitanud isik peab kandma tõendite esitamise ja uue väärtpaberi väljaandmisega seotud kulud ja muud nõude täitmisega seotud kulud ning tasuma need väärtpaberi väljaandja nõudmisel ette.

§ 924. Väärtpaberist tuleneva nõude aegumistähtaeg

(1) Väärtpaberist tuleneva nõude aegumistähtaeg on kolm aastat kohustuse täitmiseks ettenähtud tähtpäeva saabumisest.
(2) Kui väärtpaber on esitatud väärtpaberi alusel kohustatud isikule väärtpaberist tuleneva kohustuse täitmiseks, on aegumistähtaeg üks aasta, arvates tähtaja möödumisest, mille jooksul võis väärtpaberi esitada sellest tuleneva kohustuse täitmiseks.
(3) Väärtpaberi väljaandja võib väärtpaberis aegumistähtaja kestuse ja selle alguse määrata käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1 ja 2 sätestatust erinevalt.
(4) Aegumistähtaja kulgemine peatub väärtpaberi kehtetuks tunnistamiseks üleskutsemenetluse alustamisel kehtetuks tunnistamise avalduse esitaja suhtes. Peatumine lõpeb sel juhul üleskutsemenetluse lõppemisega. [RT I 2008, 59, 330- jõust. 01.01.2009]

47. peatükk

VEKSEL

1. jagu

Leht 212 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

Üldsätted

§ 925. Käskveksel

(1) Käskveksel on käskväärtpaber, millega veksli väljaandja käsundab käsundisaajat (veksli maksja) maksma vekslis märgitud veksli alusel õigustatud isikule kindlaksmääratud rahasumma vekslis märgitud maksetähtpäeval (veksli lunastamine). Käsund ei või olla tingimuslik.
(2) Käskvekslis peavad olema märgitud järgmised andmed:
1) nimetus «veksel» dokumendi koostamise keeles;
2) tingimusteta käsund kindlaks määratud rahasumma (vekslisumma) maksmiseks;
3) veksli maksja nimi;
4) maksetähtpäev;
5) maksekoht;
6) isiku nimi, kellele peab toimuma maksmine;
7) veksli väljaandmise aeg ja koht;
8) veksli väljaandja allkiri.
(3) Käskveksli võib välja anda ka selliselt, et veksel kuulub lunastamisele väljaandja enda korraldusel, või selliselt, et väljaandja on ise veksli maksjaks. Käskveksli võib välja anda kolmanda isiku arvel.

§ 926. Lihtveksel

(1) Lihtveksel on käskväärtpaber, millega veksli väljaandja kohustub tingimusteta ise maksma vekslisumma vekslis märgitud veksli alusel õigustatud isikule vekslis märgitud maksetähtpäeval.
(2) Lihtveksel peab sisaldama käesoleva seaduse § 925 lõike 2 punktides 1 ja 4–8 sätestatud andmeid ning veksli väljaandja tingimusteta kohustust vekslisumma maksmiseks.

§ 927. Veksli vormipuudused

(1) Dokumenti ei loeta käskveksliks, kui sellel puudub kas või üks käesoleva seaduse § 925 lõikes 2 nimetatud andmetest, või lihtveksliks, kui sellel puudub kas või üks käesoleva seaduse § 926 lõikes 2 nimetatud andmetest.
(2) Kui dokumendile on märkimata üksnes maksetähtpäev, loetakse see siiski veksliks. Sel juhul tuleb veksel lunastada esitamisel.
(3) Kui vekslile on märkimata maksekoht, kuulub see lunastamisele väljaandja nime juures märgitud kohas. (4) Kui veksli väljaandja andis veksli välja selliselt, et jättis teadlikult mõne käesoleva seaduse § 925 lõikes
2 või § 926 lõikes 2 nimetatud andmetest märkimata (blankoveksel), ei või ta hiljem veksli omanikule esitada
vastuväidet, et vekslit täiendati teisiti, kui veksli väljaandja ja veksli algse omaniku vahel veksli täiendamises
kokku lepiti. See ei kehti, kui veksli omanik veksli omandamisel teadis või pidi teadma, et vekslit täiendati
teisiti, kui oli kokku lepitud veksli algse omanikuga.

§ 928. Vekslikohuslane

(1) Vekslikohuslane on veksli välja andnud, veksli aktseptinud, vekslile üleandepealdise teinud või vekslikäenduse andnud isik.
(2) Enne vekslikohuslast veksli alusel kohustatud isik on vekslikohuslase eelkohuslane.
(3) Pärast vekslikohuslast veksli alusel kohustatud isik on vekslikohuslase järelkohuslane.

§ 929. Lubatavad maksetähtpäevad

(1) Veksli võib välja anda selliselt, et see kuulub lunastamisele:
1) esitamisel (näitveksen( �
2) kindlaks määratud tähtaja jooksul esitamise ajast (näitaegveksen( �
3) kindlaks määratud tähtaja möödumisel veksli väljaandmise ajast (aegveksen( �
4) kindlaks määratud tähtpäeval (päevveksel).
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatust erineva või mitme erineva maksetähtpäevaga veksel on tühine.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 213 /

237

§ 930. Näitveksel

(1) Näitveksel tuleb lunastamiseks esitada ühe aasta jooksul veksli väljaandmisest, kui väljaandja ei ole vekslis määranud teistsugust tähtaega. Vekslile üleandepealdise tegija võib veksli lunastamiseks määrata seadusega sätestatust või väljaandja poolt määratust lühema tähtaja.
(2) Kui veksli väljaandja on vekslis määranud, et näitvekslit ei või lunastamiseks esitada enne kindlaks määratud tähtpäeva, arvestatakse veksli lunastamiseks esitamise tähtaega sellest päevast.

§ 931. Näitaegkäskveksel

(1) Näitaegkäskveksli lunastamise tähtaeg hakkab kulgema veksli aktseptis märgitud päevast või veksli protestimise päevast.
(2) Kui veksli aktseptis ei ole päeva märgitud ja protesti ei ole esitatud, loetakse veksel aktseptituks veksli aktseptimiseks esitamise tähtaja viimasel päeval.

§ 932. Näitaeglihtveksel

(1) Näitaeglihtveksli lunastamise tähtaeg hakkab kulgema vekslile kantud lunastamiseks esitamise kohta märke
(esitamismärge) tegemise päevast või käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 3 nimetatud juhul veksli protestimise päevast.
(2) Näitaeglihtveksel tuleb esitamismärke tegemiseks esitada veksli väljaandjale ühe aasta jooksul väljaandmisest, kui väljaandja ei ole vekslis määranud teistsugust tähtaega. Üleandepealdise tegija võib veksli lunastamiseks esitamiseks määrata seadusega sätestatust või veksli väljaandja määratust lühema tähtaja.
(3) Esitamismärkes peab olema märgitud selle tegemise kuupäev ja väljaandja peab esitamismärke allkirjastama. Kui veksli väljaandja keeldub esitamismärget tegemast, tuleb esitamismärke tegemisest keeldumine kinnitada protestiga.

§ 933. Veksli järgi intressi maksmine

(1) Näitvekslis või näitaegvekslis võib veksli väljaandja määrata, et vekslisummalt tasutakse intressi. Muu veksli puhul loetakse, et intressi maksmise kohustust ei ole vekslile märgitud.
(2) Intressimäär peab olema märgitud vekslile. Kui intressimäära ei ole vekslile märgitud, siis loetakse, et intressi maksmise kohustust ei ole vekslile märgitud.
(3) Intressi arvutatakse käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatud juhul veksli väljaandmise päevast, kui veksli väljaandja ei ole vekslis ette näinud teist tähtpäeva.

§ 934. Allkirja kehtivus

Kui vekslil olev isiku allkiri on võltsitud, ei mõjuta see teiste vekslil olevate isikute allkirjadest tulenevate kohustuste kehtivust. Kui veksli allkirjastanud isikule ei tulene tsiviilõiguse kohaselt allkirjast kohustusi, ei mõjuta see teiste veksli allkirjastanud isikute kohustusi.

§ 935. Vekslile esindusõiguseta alla kirjutamine

Kui isik on vekslile teise isiku nimel esindajana alla kirjutanud, vastutab allakirjutanu ise vekslist tulenevate kohustuste täitmise eest, kui tal ei olnud õigust teise isiku nimel vekslile alla kirjutada või kui ta esindusõigust ületas. Veksli lunastamise korral on vekslile alla kirjutanud isikul samad õigused, mis oleksid veksli lunastamise korral olnud isikul, kelle esindajana ta selleks esindusõigust omamata või esindusõigust ületades alla kirjutas.

§ 936. Käskveksli eksemplarid

(1) Käskveksli võib välja anda mitmes eksemplaris.
(2) Eksemplari tekstis tuleb märkida eksemplari järjekorranumber. Järjekorranumbri märkimata jätmisel loetakse iga eksemplari iseseisvaks veksliks.
(3) Veksli ühe eksemplari lunastamisega lõpevad kõigist eksemplaridest tulenevad õigused.
(4) Kui veksli eksemplarid on üle antud erinevatele isikutele, on üleandepealdise tegija ja tema järelkohuslased kohustatud kõigi eksemplaride järgi, millel on nende allkirjad ja mida ei ole neile tagastatud.

§ 937. Veksli väljaandja vastutus

(1) Käskveksli väljaandja vastutab veksli aktseptimise ja lunastamise eest. Väljaandja võib vastutuse aktseptimise eest välistada vastava märke tegemisega vekslile. Loetakse, et märget väljaandja vastutusest vabastamise kohta veksli lunastamise eest ei ole vekslile märgitud.

Leht 214 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

(2) Lihtveksli väljaandja kohustub lunastama lihtveksli maksetähtpäeval. Veksli maksetähtpäeval lunastamata jätmise korral võib veksli omanik esitada väljaandja vastu käesoleva seaduse § 970 lõikes 1 nimetatud nõude.

§ 938. Vekslist tulenevate nõuete aegumistähtaeg

(1) Vekslist tulenevate veksli aktseptinud maksja vastu esitatud nõuete aegumistähtaeg on kolm aastat alates maksetähtpäevast.
(2) Veksli omaniku poolt üleandepealdise tegija ja väljaandja vastu esitatavate nõuete aegumistähtaeg on üks aasta, alates veksli protestimisest, kui protest tehti selleks ettenähtud tähtaja jooksul, protestimisest vabastamise korral aga alates maksetähtpäevast.
(3) Üleandepealdise tegija poolt teise üleandepealdise tegija vastu ja väljaandja vastu esitatavate nõuete aegumistähtaeg on kuus kuud alates päevast, mil üleandepealdise tegija lunastas veksli, või päevast, mil tema vastu esitati hagi.

§ 939. Alusetu rikastumine

(1) Kui veksli väljaandja või veksli aktseptinud maksja vekslist tuleneva kohustuse täitmist ei saa nõuda aegumise tõttu või seetõttu, et jäeti tegemata vekslist tuleneva nõude esitamiseks vajalik toiming, võib veksli omanik esitada veksli väljaandja ja veksli aktseptinud maksja vastu alusetust rikastumisest tuleneva nõude, kui nõude esitamise tingimused on täidetud.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud alusetust rikastumisest tuleneva nõude aegumistähtaeg on kolm aastat alates ajast, mil vekslist tulenev nõue aegub või mil vekslist tuleneva kohustuse täitmist ei saa enam nõuda.
(3) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud alusetust rikastumisest tulenevat nõuet ei või esitada üleandepealdise tegija vastu, kelle vekslist tulenev kohustus on lõppenud.

2. jagu

Veksli üleandmine

§ 940. Veksli üleantavus

(1) Veksli võib anda üleandepealdisega üle teisele isikule, muu hulgas teisele vekslikohuslasele, kui väljaandja ei ole üleantavust märkega «üleandepealdise tegemise õiguseta», «indosseerimisõiguseta» või muu samatähendusliku märkega vekslil selgelt välistanud.
(2) Kui veksli väljaandja on teinud vekslile käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud märke, võib veksli üle anda nagu nimelise väärtpaberi.

§ 941. Üleandepealdis

(1) Üleandepealdis tuleb teha vekslile või sellega püsivalt seotud lehele (vekslijätk) ning pealdise tegija poolt allkirjastada.
(2) Üleandepealdis ei või olla tingimuslik. Kui üleandepealdis sisaldab tingimust, siis loetakse, et tingimust ei ole vekslile märgitud.
(3) Üleandepealdis vekslis väljendatud õiguste ja kohustuste osalise üleandmise kohta on tühine.

§ 942. Blankopealdis

(1) Üleandepealdises võib jätta märkimata isiku nime, kellele veksel üle antakse (blankopealdis). Blankopealdis kehtib ka juhul, kui see sisaldab üksnes pealdise tegija allkirja, mis on märgitud veksli tagaküljele või vekslijätkule.
(2) Blankopealdise korral võib veksli omanik:
1) märkida pealdisele enda või teise isiku nime;
2) teha vekslile järgmise blankopealdise või üleandepealdise kindlale isikule;
3) anda veksli üle kolmandale isikule enda või teise isiku nime pealdisele märkimata ja vekslile üleandepealdist
tegemata.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 215 /

237

§ 943. Veksli omaniku õiguste tõendamine

(1) Veksli valdaja loetakse veksli seaduslikuks omanikuks, kui ta tõendab oma õiguse üksteisele ajaliselt ja isikuliselt järgnevate üleandepealdistega (üleandepealdiste katkematus), isegi kui viimane üleandepealdis on blankopealdis. Loetakse, et maha tõmmatud pealdisi ei ole vekslile märgitud.
(2) Kui blankopealdisele järgneb teine üleandepealdis, eeldatakse, et selle pealdise tegija on omandanud veksli blankopealdisega.
(3) Kui veksel on varasemalt omanikult varastatud, kaotsi läinud või muul viisil tema tahte vastaselt tema valdusest välja läinud, ei loeta veksli valdajat, kes veksli omandamisel sellest teadis või pidi teadma, veksli seaduslikuks omanikuks ning ta on kohustatud veksli varasemale omanikule välja andma üleandepealdiste katkematusest olenemata.

§ 944. Üleandepealdise tegija vastutus

(1) Üleandepealdise tegija vastutab veksli aktseptimise ja lunastamise eest, kui ta ei ole teinud vekslile sõnaselget märget, et ta selle eest ei vastuta.
(2) Üleandepealdise tegija võib märkega vekslil keelata vekslile edasiste üleandepealdiste tegemise. Sel juhul ei vastuta ta isikute ees, kellele veksel edaspidi üle antakse.

§ 945. Volituspealdis

(1) Kui üleandepealdises on märge «volitusel», «inkassoks» või muu seesugune, üksnes veksli omandaja volitamist väljendav märge (volituspealdis), võib veksli omandaja üleandepealdise tegija nimel kasutada kõiki vekslist tulenevaid õigusi. Sel juhul võib veksli omandaja veksli üle anda üksnes uue volituspealdisega.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud juhul võib vekslikohuslane esitada veksli volituspealdise alusel omandanud isiku vastu üksnes selliseid vastuväiteid, mida ta võib esitada volituspealdise tegija vastu.

§ 946. Pantimispealdis

Kui üleandepealdises sisaldub veksli pantimist väljendav märge (pantimispealdis), võib veksli omanik pandipidajana kasutada kõiki vekslist tulenevaid õigusi. Pandipidaja poolt vekslile tehtud üleandepealdisel on siiski üksnes samad õiguslikud tagajärjed nagu volituspealdisel.

§ 947. Järelpealdis

(1) Pärast veksli lunastamata jätmise tõttu protestimist või protestimiseks ettenähtud tähtaja möödumist vekslile üleandepealdise tegemise korral loetakse, et üleandepealdisel on sama tähendus, mis käesoleva seaduse §-s 970 nimetatud nõudeõiguse loovutamisel isikule, kellele veksel üle anti.
(2) Kui üleandepealdises ei ole kuupäeva, siis eeldatakse, et üleandepealdis on tehtud enne protestimiseks ettenähtud tähtaja möödumist.

3. jagu

Vekslikäendus

§ 948. Vekslikäendus

(1) Vekslikohuslase veksli lunastamise kohustuse võib osaliselt või täielikult tagada vekslikäendusega. Vekslikäenduse võib anda ka isik, kelle allkiri vekslil juba on.
(2) Vekslikäendus märgitakse vekslile või vekslijätkule. Vekslikäendus väljendatakse käendaja poolt allakirjutatud sõnaga «käendan» või mõne muu samatähendusliku väljendiga.
(3) Veksli esiküljele kirjutatud eraldi allkirja loetakse allkirja andnud isiku vekslikäenduseks, kui allkirja andnud isik ei ole veksli maksja ega väljaandja.
(4) Kui vekslikäenduse märkes ei ole märgitud isikut, keda käendatakse, loetakse, et käendatakse veksli väljaandjat.

§ 949. Vekslikäendaja vastutus

(1) Vekslikäendaja vastutab solidaarselt tema poolt käendatud isikuga.
(2) Vekslikäendaja vastutab ka juhul, kui kohustus, mille täitmise tagamiseks käendus on antud, on tühine muul põhjusel kui veksli või üleandepealdise vormivea tõttu.

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237

Võlaõigusseadus

(3) Veksli lunastanud vekslikäendaja omandab kõik vekslist tulenevad õigused käendatud isiku ja kõigi isikute vastu, kes käendatud isiku ees vekslist tulenevalt vastutavad.

4. jagu

Käskveksli aktseptimine

§ 950. Aktseptimiseks esitamine

(1) Käskveksli võib esitada veksli maksjale aktseptimiseks kuni maksetähtpäeva saabumiseni. Veksli võivad aktseptimiseks esitada veksli omanik, valdaja või isik, kes teostab tegelikku võimu veksli üle veksli omaniku korralduste kohaselt tema majapidamises või ettevõttes.
(2) Käskveksel tuleb esitada aktseptimiseks veksli maksja tegevuskohas, selle puudumisel aga elu- või asukohas.

§ 951. Aktseptimise õiguslikud tagajärjed

(1) Veksli aktseptimisega kohustub veksli maksja lunastama käskveksli maksetähtpäeval.
(2) Veksli maksetähtpäeval lunastamata jätmise korral võib veksli omanik, isegi kui ta on veksli väljaandja, vekslist tulenevalt esitada veksli aktseptinud maksja vastu nõude käesoleva seaduse § 970 lõikes 1 ja §-s 974 sätestatud ulatuses.

§ 952. Aktseptimiseks esitamise tähtaeg

(1) Näitaegkäskveksel tuleb esitada aktseptimiseks ühe aasta jooksul väljaandmisest, kui veksli väljaandja ei ole vekslis määranud teistsugust tähtaega. Üleandepealdise tegija võib veksli aktseptimiseks esitamiseks määrata seadusega sätestatust või veksli väljaandja poolt määratust lühema tähtaja.
(2) Muu käskveksli kui näitaegkäskveksli väljaandja võib vekslis ette näha, et see tuleb aktseptimiseks esitada, ja määrata selleks tähtaja.
(3) Kui veksli väljaandja ei ole keelanud veksli aktseptimiseks esitamist, võib iga üleandepealdise tegija ette näha, et veksel tuleb aktseptimiseks esitada, ja määrata selleks tähtaja.

§ 953. Aktseptimiseks esitamise keeld

(1) Veksli väljaandja võib keelata käskveksli aktseptimiseks esitamise, välja arvatud juhul, kui tegemist on näitaegkäskveksliga või veksliga, mis kuulub maksmisele veksli maksja tegevus-, elu- või asukohast erinevas kohas.
(2) Veksli väljaandja võib vekslis määrata, et vekslit ei või aktseptimiseks esitada enne määratud tähtpäeva.

§ 954. Aktsepti vorm

(1) Aktsept märgitakse käskvekslile sõnaga «aktseptitud» või muu samatähendusliku väljendiga ning kirjutatakse veksli maksja poolt alla. Aktseptiks loetakse ka üksnes veksli maksja allkirja veksli esiküljel.
(2) Näitaegkäskveksli ja muu käskveksli puhul, mis tuleb esitada aktseptimiseks vekslis määratud tähtaja jooksul, tuleb aktseptis märkida aktseptimise kuupäev. Kui veksli omanik nõuab veksli aktseptimiseks esitamise kuupäeva märkimist, tuleb aktseptis märkida ka veksli aktseptimiseks esitamise kuupäev.
(3) Kui käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 2 nimetatud juhtudel on aktseptis jäetud kuupäev märkimata, peab veksli omanik kuupäeva märkimata jätmise käesoleva seaduse §-s 964 sätestatud tähtaja jooksul protestima. Protestimata jätmise korral kaotab veksli omanik käesoleva seaduse §-s 970 nimetatud nõudeõiguse üleandepealdiste tegijate ja veksli väljaandja vastu.

§ 955. Aktsepti piirangud

(1) Aktsept peab olema tingimusteta, kuid veksli maksja võib aktseptis sõnaselgelt märkida, et aktseptib vaid osa vekslisummast, näidates ära aktseptitud summa suuruse.
(2) Kui aktseptis sisaldub sõnaselge kõrvalekaldumine veksli sisust muus kui vekslisumma osas, loetakse see aktseptist keeldumiseks. Veksli aktseptinud maksja vastutab ka sel juhul siiski oma aktsepti sisu järgi.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 217 /

237

§ 956. Veksli maksja tegevus-, elu- või asukohast erinev maksekoht

(1) Kui veksli väljaandja on määranud käskvekslis veksli maksja tegevus-, elu- või asukohast erineva maksekoha, jättes märkimata kolmanda isiku, kelle juures lunastamine peab toimuma, võib veksli maksja aktseptis selle isiku ise määrata. Sellise märke puudumise korral loetakse, et veksli aktseptinud maksja kohustus veksli ise maksekohas lunastama.
(2) Veksli maksja tegevus-, elu- või asukohas lunastamisele kuuluva käskveksli aktseptimisel võib veksli maksja aktseptis märkida maksekohas asuva täpsema koha, kus veksli lunastamine peab toimuma.

§ 957. Aktsepti mahatõmbamine

(1) Veksli maksja loetakse aktsepti andmisest keeldunuks, kui ta tõmbab aktsepti maha enne veksli selle veksli aktseptimiseks esitajale tagastamist. Eeldatakse, et aktsepti mahatõmbamine toimus enne veksli tagastamist.
(2) Sõltumata käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatust, vastutab veksli maksja siiski aktsepti sisu järgi nii veksli omaniku kui ka muude vekslikohuslaste ees, kellele ta on veksli aktseptimisest kirjalikult teatanud.

5. jagu

Veksli lunastamine

§ 958. Lunastamiseks esitamine

(1) Päevveksel, aegveksel või näitaegveksel tuleb esitada lunastamiseks maksetähtpäeval või sellele järgneva kahe tööpäeva jooksul.
(2) Veksli lunastamiseks esitamisega loetakse võrdseks veksli tasaarvestamiseks esitamine isikule, kellel on õigus selliseid tasaarvestusi majandustegevusena teostada.

§ 959. Veksli üleandmine ja osaline lunastamine

(1) Veksli maksja võib veksli lunastamisel nõuda, et omanik annaks talle üle veksli ja kviitungi lunastamise kohta.
(2) Veksli omanik ei või keelduda osalise lunastamise vastuvõtmisest. Veksli osalise lunastamise korral võib veksli maksja nõuda, et omanik teeks vekslile märke osalise lunastamise kohta ja annaks talle kviitungi.

§ 960. Lunastamise tagajärjed

(1) Veksli maksetähtpäeval lunastamise korral lõpeb veksli maksja lunastamiskohustus.
(2) Veksli omanik ei pea maksmist enne maksetähtpäeva vastu võtma. Kui veksli maksja lunastab veksli enne maksetähtpäeva, ei vabane ta seeläbi vekslist tulenevatest kohustustest.
(3) Veksli maksja ei vabane oma lunastamiskohustusest, kui ta lunastab veksli tahtlikult või raske hooletuse
tõttu täitmise vastuvõtmiseks õigustamata isikule. Veksli maksja peab lunastamisel kontrollima üleandepealdiste
katkematust, mitte pealdise tegijate allkirjade ehtsust.

§ 961. Hoiustamine

Kui vekslit ei ole käesoleva seaduse §-s 958 nimetatud tähtaja jooksul lunastamiseks esitatud, võib vekslikohuslane hoiustada vekslisumma veksli omaniku kulul ja riisikol käesoleva seaduse §-s 120 sätestatud korras.

6. jagu

Veksli protestimine

§ 962. Veksli protestimise mõiste

(1) Veksli protestimine on veksli maksjale tehtud veksli aktseptimise või lunastamise ettepaneku, mille veksli maksja on täitmata jätnud, kinnitamine avaliku dokumendiga (protest) notari või selleks seadusega õigustatud muu isiku poolt.
(2) Veksli protestimine veksli aktseptimisest ja lunastamisest keeldumise puhul on eelduseks käesoleva seaduse
§-s 970 nimetatud nõude esitamiseks, kui seadusega ei ole sätestatud või veksli väljaandja ei ole määranud
teisiti.
(3) Aktseptimata jätmise tõttu protestitud vekslit ei ole vaja enam esitada lunastamiseks ega protestida lunastamata jätmise tõttu.

Leht 218 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

§ 963. Protestimisest vabastamine

(1) Kui veksli väljaandja, üleandepealdise tegija või vekslikäendaja on vekslile teinud märke «kuludeta regress», «protestita» või muu samatähendusliku märke, ei pea veksli omanik veksli aktseptimisest või lunastamisest keeldumise puhul käesoleva seaduse §-s 970 nimetatud nõude esitamise eeldusena vekslit protestima.
(2) Veksli väljaandja tehtud käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud märge kehtib kõigi vekslikohuslaste suhtes, üleandepealdise tegija või vekslikäendaja poolt tehtud märge aga üksnes nende endi suhtes.
(3) Kui veksli omanik protestib veksli, vaatamata veksli väljaandja tehtud protestimisest vabastamise
märkele, kannab ta ise sellega seotud kulud. Kui märke tegi üleandepealdise tegija või vekslikäendaja, peavad
protestimise kulud hüvitama kõik vekslikohuslased solidaarselt.

§ 964. Protestimise tähtajad

(1) Kui vekslit ei aktseptita, tuleb see aktseptimata jätmise tõttu käesoleva seaduse §-s 952 nimetatud aktseptimiseks esitamise tähtaja jooksul protestida.
(2) Kui vekslit ei lunastata, tuleb see lunastamata jätmise tõttu protestida kahe tööpäeva jooksul pärast maksetähtpäeva. Näitveksel tuleb lunastamata jätmise tõttu protestida käesoleva seaduse §-s 930 nimetatud lunastamiseks esitamise tähtaja jooksul.

§ 965. Protesti sisu

Protesti koostanud ametiisik peab selles:
1) märkima isikute nimed, kelle huvides ja kelle vastu veksel protestitakse;
2) tegema märke, et isikult, kelle vastu protest esitatakse, on nõutud tema vekslist tulenevate kohustuste täitmist
ja ta ei ole neid täitnud või tema viibimiskohta ei ole suudetud kindlaks teha;
3) märkima andmed selle kohta, kus ja millal on käesoleva paragrahvi punktis 2 nimetatud nõue esitatud või
püütud seda tagajärjetult esitada;
4) tegema märke osalise lunastamise kohta, kui veksel on osaliselt lunastatud.

§ 966. Protesti vorm

(1) Protest tuleb kanda vekslile või vekslijätkule.
(2) Protest peab vahetult järgnema veksli tagaküljel või vekslijätkul olevale viimasele märkele, selle puudumisel algama tagakülje või vekslijätku ühest äärest.
(3) Kui protestitakse veksel, mis on väljastatud mitmes eksemplaris, piisab protesti kandmisest ühele vekslieksemplarile. Teistel eksemplaridel või veksli ärakirjal tuleb märkida, millisele eksemplarile on protest kantud. Sellele märkele kohaldatakse vastavalt käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 2 sätestatut.
(4) Veksli protestimisel osalise aktseptimise tõttu tehakse vekslist ärakiri ja protest kantakse sellele ärakirjale või selle jätkule. Ärakiri peab sisaldama ka vekslile märgitud üleandepealdisi ja muid märkeid.

§ 967. Protest mitme isiku või korduvalt sama isiku vastu

Kui vekslist tuleneva sama kohustuse peavad täitma mitu isikut või sama isik mitu korda, piisab ühe protesti koostamisest.

§ 968. Veksli lunastamine protesti koostajale

(1) Veksli võib lunastada sel viisil, et vekslisumma hoiustatakse protesti koostanud ametiisiku juures. (2) Veksli käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 märgitud viisil lunastamise õiguse välistamine on tühine.

§ 969. Protesti ärakirjad

(1) Protesti koostanud ametiisik peab tegema protestist notariaalselt tõestatud ärakirja ja seda säilitama.
(2) Protesti kaotsimineku või hävimise korral asendab protesti käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud ärakiri.

7. jagu

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237

Nõuded veksli aktseptimata ja lunastamata jätmise korral

§ 970. Veksli omaniku nõuded veksli lunastamata jätmise korral

(1) Veksli lunastamata jätmise korral võib veksli omanik pärast maksetähtpäeva saabumist nõuda vekslile üleandepealdiste tegijalt, veksli väljaandjalt ja muult vekslikohuslaselt:
1) vekslisumma maksmist koos intressiga ulatuses, milles vekslit ei ole aktseptitud või lunastatud;
2) viivist käesoleva seaduse §-s 94 sätestatud suuruses, arvates maksetähtpäevast;
3) protesti-, teatamis- ja muude seesuguste kulude hüvitamist;
4) hüvitist 0,33 protsendi ulatuses käesoleva lõike punktis 1 nimetatud summast.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud nõudeõiguse tekkimise eelduseks on veksli protestimine, kui seadusega ei ole sätestatud teisiti.
(3) Kui käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud nõue on esitatud käesoleva seaduse § 963 alusel enne maksetähtpäeva, arvestatakse vekslisummast maha intress ajavahemiku eest nõude esitamisest kuni maksetähtpäevani käesoleva seaduse §-s 94 sätestatud suuruses tagasinõude esitamise päeval kehtiva intressimäära järgi.

§ 971. Nõude esitamine enne maksetähtpäeva

(1) Veksli omanik võib käesoleva seaduse §-s 970 nimetatud nõude esitada ka enne maksetähtpäeva saabumist, kui:
1) veksel on jäetud tervikuna või osaliselt aktseptimata;
2) välja on kuulutatud veksli maksja pankrot, veksli maksja on lõpetanud võlgnetavate maksete tasumise või
tema suhtes on läbi viidud täitemenetlus, ilma et nõuet oleks selle käigus suudetud rahuldada;
3) välja on kuulutatud aktseptimisele mittekuuluva veksli väljaandja pankrot.
(2) Kui veksli maksja on lõpetanud muude kui veksli järgi võlgnetavate rahaliste kohustuste täitmise või kui tema suhtes on läbi viidud täitemenetlus, ilma et mõnda nõuet maksja vastu oleks selle käigus suudetud rahuldada, võib veksli omanik käesoleva seaduse §-s 970 nimetatud nõude siiski esitada, kui veksel on esitatud veksli maksjale lunastamiseks ja lunastamata jätmine on protestitud.

§ 972. Aktseptimisest ja maksmisest keeldumisest teatamine

(1) Veksli omanik peab vahetult enne teda veksli alusel kohustatud eelkohuslasele ja veksli väljaandjale
teatama veksli aktseptimata või lunastamata jätmisest nelja tööpäeva jooksul pärast protesti esitamist, käesoleva
seaduse § 963 lõikes 1 sätestatud juhul aga nelja tööpäeva jooksul pärast veksli aktseptimisest või lunastamisest
keeldumist. Teate saanud üleandepealdise tegija peab teate kättesaamise päevale järgneva kahe tööpäeva jooksul
teatama sellest oma vahetule eelkohuslasele, märkides eelmiste teadete tegijate nimed ja aadressid, ja nii edasi
järjekorras kuni veksli väljaandjani.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud teade tuleb lisaks veksli väljaandjale ja üleandepealdise tegijale esitada samal tähtajal ka selle isiku vekslikäendajale.
(3) Kui üleandepealdise tegija ei ole oma aadressi märkinud või kui aadress ei ole loetav, tuleb käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud teade esitada tema vahetule eelkohuslasele.
(4) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud teade loetakse esitatuks ka üksnes veksli tagasisaatmisega.
(5) Teate õigeaegselt edastamata jätnud isik ei kaota sellega käesoleva seaduse §-s 970 nimetatud nõudeõigust, kuid vastutab tema süül tekkinud kahju eest kuni vekslisumma ulatuses.

§ 973. Vekslikohuslaste solidaarvastutus

(1) Vekslikohuslased vastutavad veksli omaniku ees käesoleva seaduse §-s 970 nimetatud nõude täitmise eest solidaarvõlgnikena.
(2) Veksli lunastanud vekslikohuslase ees vastutavad tema eelkohuslased ja veksli aktseptinud maksja käesoleva seaduse §-s 970 nimetatud nõude täitmise eest solidaarvõlgnikena.

§ 974. Veksli lunastanud vekslikohuslase nõudeõigus

Veksli lunastanud vekslikohuslane võib nõuda oma eelkohuslastelt:
1) kogu enda poolt makstud vekslisumma maksmist;
2) intressi makstud vekslisummalt käesoleva seaduse §-s 94 sätestatud suuruses, arvates vekslisumma
tasumisest;
3) tehtud kulude hüvitamist;
4) hüvitist 0,33 protsendi ulatuses käesoleva paragrahvi punktis 1 nimetatud summast.

Leht 220 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

§ 975. Veksli üleandmine

(1) Vekslikohuslane, kelle vastu on esitatud käesoleva seaduse §-s 970 nimetatud nõue või kelle vastu võib nimetatud nõude esitada, võib nõude rahuldamisel nõuda talle protestitud veksli ja nõude alusel makstud summa vastuvõtmist tõendava kviitungi andmist.
(2) Veksli lunastanud üleandepealdise tegija võib vekslil maha tõmmata oma üleandepealdise ja oma järelkohuslaste üleandepealdised.

§ 976. Nõue käskveksli osalisel aktseptimisel

(1) Isik, kelle vastu on esitatud käesoleva seaduse §-s 970 nimetatud nõue osaliselt aktseptitud käskveksli järgi ja kes tasub vekslisumma aktseptimata osa, võib nõude esitanud isikult nõuda maksmise märkimist vekslile ja talle vastava kviitungi andmist.
(2) Isik, kes tasub osaliselt aktseptitud käskveksli vekslisumma aktseptimata osa, võib veksli omanikult nõuda protestitud veksli tõestatud ärakirja.

§ 977. Tähtaegade järgimata jätmise tagajärjed

(1) Veksli omanik kaotab oma õigused kõigi vekslikohuslaste vastu, välja arvatud veksli aktseptinud maksja, kui ta ei ole järginud tähtaegu, mis on ette nähtud:
1) näitveksli või näitaegveksli aktseptimiseks või lunastamiseks esitamiseks;
2) protestimiseks aktseptimata või lunastamata jätmise tõttu;
3) veksli lunastamiseks esitamiseks, kui veksli omanik on vastavalt käesoleva seaduse §-le 963 vabastatud
veksli protestimise kohustusest.
(2) Kui veksli omanik ei esita vekslit aktseptimiseks veksli väljaandja määratud tähtaja jooksul, kaotab veksli omanik käesoleva seaduse §-s 970 nimetatud nõudeõiguse, kui tähtaja määramise märkest ei tulene, et veksli väljaandja tahtis tähtaja määramisega üksnes välistada enda vastutuse veksli aktseptimata jätmise eest pärast tähtaja möödumist.
(3) Veksli üleandepealdises sisalduvale tähtajale võib tugineda üksnes selle pealdise tegija.

§ 978. Tähtaegade järgimata jätmine vääramatu jõu tõttu

(1) Veksli õigeaegse aktseptimiseks või lunastamiseks esitamise või protestimise võimatuse korral vääramatu jõu tõttu loetakse tähtaeg pikenenuks kuni vääramatu jõu äralangemiseni. Vääramatuks jõuks ei loeta asjaolu, mis puudutab isiklikult veksli omanikku või omaniku poolt veksli esitamiseks või protestimiseks käsundatud isikut.
(2) Veksli omanik peab teatama vääramatust jõust viivitamata oma eelkohuslasele ja märkima selle teate vekslile või vekslijätkule. Märge peab sisaldama kuupäeva ja olema veksli omaniku poolt allkirjastatud. Sel juhul peavad veksli omanik ja vekslikohuslased edastama teated vastavalt käesoleva seaduse §-s 972 sätestatule.
(3) Pärast vääramatu jõu äralangemist peab veksli omanik viivitamata esitama veksli aktseptimiseks või lunastamiseks ja vajadusel selle protestima.
(4) Vääramatu jõu kestmisel 30 päeva pärast maksetähtpäeva võib käesoleva seaduse §-s 970 nimetatud nõude esitada vekslit aktseptimiseks ja lunastamiseks esitamata või protestimata.
(5) Näitveksli ja näitaegveksli puhul arvestatakse käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 4 sätestatud 30-päevast ajavahemikku kuupäevast, mil veksli omanik teatas vääramatust jõust oma eelkohuslasele, isegi kui teatamine toimus enne veksli aktseptimiseks või lunastamiseks esitamise tähtaja möödumist. Näitaegveksli puhul pikeneb
30-päevane ajavahemik vekslil märgitud tähtaja võrra, mille möödumisel veksel pärast esitamist kuulub lunastamisele.

48. peatükk

TŠEKK

1. jagu

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 221 /

237

Üldsätted

§ 979. Tšekk

(1) Tšekk on väärtpaber, millega tšeki väljaandja käsundab krediidiasutust (tšeki maksja) tšeki alusel õigustatud isikule (maksesaaja) kindlaks määratud rahasumma (tšekisumma) maksmiseks (tšeki lunastamine). Käsund ei
või olla tingimuslik.
(2) Tšekk peab sisaldama järgmisi andmeid:
1) nimetust «tšekk» dokumendi koostamise keeles;
2) tingimusteta käsundit kindlaksmääratud rahasumma maksmiseks;
3) tšeki maksja nime;
4) maksekohta;
5) tšeki väljaandmise aega ja kohta;
6) tšeki väljaandja nime ja allkirja, juriidilise isiku puhul ärinime ja esindaja nime ja allkirja.

§ 980. Tšeki vormipuudused

(1) Dokumenti, milles puudub kas või üks käesoleva seaduse § 979 lõikes 2 nimetatud andmetest, ei loeta tšekiks.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatut ei kohaldata, kui dokumendil on märkimata üksnes maksekoht. Sel juhul loetakse maksekohaks tšeki maksja tegevuskoht.

§ 981. Tšeki maksja

(1) Tšeki järgi maksjaks võib olla vaid krediidiasutus, kus tšeki väljaandjal on konto, mida ta võib kokkuleppel tšeki maksjaga tšeki alusel käsutada. Käesolevas lõikes sätestatud nõudmiste järgimata jätmine ei too kaasa tšekist tulenevate kohustuste kehtetust.
(11) Makseteenuse pakkuja on kohustatud tšeki maksjalt käsundiandja kasuks sisse nõudma käsundiandja poolt makseteenuse pakkujale esitatud tšeki. Makseteenuse pakkuja peab korraldama tšeki õigeaegse esitamise tšeki maksjale ning tšeki lunastamata jätmise korral võtma tarvitusele abinõud käsundiandja huvide kaitseks.
[RT I 2010, 2, 3- jõust. 22.01.2010]
(2) Tšekki ei või välja anda selliselt, et tšeki väljaandja on ühtlasi tšeki maksjaks.
(3) Tšeki võib välja anda kolmanda isiku arvel, kui kolmas isik on tšeki maksjat volitanud sellist tšekki lunastama.

§ 982. Maksesaaja

(1) Tšeki võib välja anda nimelise tšekina, käsktšekina või esitajatšekina.
(2) Käsktšekis märgitakse kindel isik, kellele tšekk tuleb lunastada. Käsktšekis võib sõnaselgelt märkida üleandepealdise tegemise õiguse või jätta selle märkimata.
(3) Nimelises tšekis märgitakse kindel isik, kellele tšekk tuleb lunastada, ja märge «üleandepealdise tegemise õiguseta» või muu samatähenduslik märge.
(4) Esitajatšekis märgitakse, et see tuleb lunastada tšeki esitajale. Esitajatšekiks loetakse ka tšekki, mis tuleb lunastada kindlale isikule, kuid millel on lisamärge «või esitajale» või muu samatähenduslik märge, samuti tšekki, milles maksesaajat ei ole märgitud.
(5) Tšeki võib välja anda ka selliselt, et tšeki väljaandja on ise maksesaajaks.

§ 983. Tšekikohuslased

Tšekikohuslased on tšeki väljaandja, tšeki aktseptinud maksja, tšekikäendaja ja tšekile üleandepealdise tegija.

§ 984. Intressimärke kehtetus

Loetakse, et tšekile kantud märget intressi maksmise kohta ei ole tšekile märgitud.

§ 985. Tšeki väljaandja vastutus

Tšeki väljaandja vastutab tšeki lunastamise eest. Loetakse, et märget tšeki väljaandja vastutusest vabanemise kohta tšeki lunastamise eest ei ole tšekile märgitud.

Leht 222 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

§ 986. Veksli sätete kohaldamine

Tšekile kohaldatakse vastavalt käesoleva seaduse § 927 lõikes 4, §-des 934, 935, 941, 942 ja 943, § 944 lõikes
2, §-des 945, 948, 949 ja 950, § 954 lõikes 1, §-des 955 ja 957, § 958 lõikes 2, §-s 959, § 962 lõikes 1, §-des
963, 965, 966–969 ja 972–975 veksli kohta sätestatut, kui tšeki olemusest ei tulene teisiti. Käesoleva seaduse
§-des 963, 972 ja 975 sätestatu kohaldamisel loetakse protestiga võrdseks ka käesoleva seaduse § 1000 lõike 2
punktis 2 nimetatud avaldus.

2. jagu

Tšeki üleandmine

§ 987. Üleandmise viisid

(1) Käsktšeki üleandmisele kohaldatakse käskväärtpaberite, nimelise tšeki üleandmisele nimeliste väärtpaberite ja esitajatšeki üleandmisele esitajaväärtpaberite üleandmise kohta käesolevas seaduses sätestatut.
(2) Tšeki võib üle anda ka tšeki väljaandjale või mõnele teisele tšekikohuslasele.

§ 988. Üleandepealdise tegija vastutus

Üleandepealdise tegija vastutab tšeki lunastamise eest, kui ta ei ole teinud tšekile sõnaselget märget, et ta selle eest ei vastuta.

§ 989. Tšeki heauskse omandamise välistamine

Kui esitajatšekk on tšeki omanikult varastatud, kaotsi läinud või muul viisil tema tahte vastaselt tema valdusest välja läinud, ei loeta tšeki valdajat, kes tšeki omandamisel sellest teadis või pidi teadma, tšeki seaduslikuks omanikuks ning ta on kohustatud tšeki omanikule välja andma, olenemata üleandepealdiste katkematusest.

§ 990. Järelpealdis

(1) Pärast tšeki protestimist või käesoleva seaduse § 1000 lõike 2 punktis 2 nimetatud avalduse tegemist või tšeki esitamistähtaja möödumist tšekile üleandepealdise tegemise korral loetakse, et üleandepealdisel on sama tähendus, mis käesoleva seaduse §-s 1000 nimetatud nõudeõiguse loovutamisel isikule, kellele tšekk üle anti.
(2) Kui üleandepealdises ei ole kuupäeva, siis eeldatakse, et üleandepealdis on kantud tšekile enne protestimist või käesoleva seaduse § 1000 lõike 2 punktis 2 nimetatud avalduse tegemist või enne tšeki lunastamiseks esitamise tähtaja möödumist.

3. jagu

Lunastamine

§ 991. Lunastamine

(1) Tšekk tuleb lunastada selle esitamisel. Loetakse, et tšeki lunastamise kohta tehtud teistsugust märget ei ole tšekile märgitud.
(2) Kui tšekk on esitatud lunastamiseks enne tšekile märgitud tšeki väljaandmise päeva, tuleb see siiski lunastada lunastamiseks esitamise päeval.

§ 992. Lunastamiseks esitamise tähtaeg

(1) Tšeki väljaandmise riigis lunastamisele kuuluv tšekk tuleb esitada lunastamiseks kaheksa päeva jooksul tšekile märgitud tšeki väljaandmise päevast alates.
(2) Mujal kui väljaandmisriigis lunastamisele kuuluv tšekk tuleb esitada lunastamiseks 20 päeva jooksul tšekile märgitud tšeki väljaandmise päevast alates.
(3) Kui tšekki ei ole tühistatud, võib tšeki maksja selle lunastada ka pärast lunastamiseks esitamise tähtaja möödumist.

§ 993. Tšeki aktseptimine ja lunastamise kohustus

(1) Kui tšeki maksja on tšeki aktseptinud, on ta kohustatud tšeki lunastama.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 223 /

237

(2) Tšeki maksja keeldumise korral tšeki aktseptimisest ei ole tšeki omanikul käesoleva seaduse §-s 1000 nimetatud tšeki aktseptimata jätmisest tulenevat nõudeõigust tšekikohuslase vastu.
(3) Aktseptitud tšeki lunastamata jätmise korral võib tšeki omanik, isegi kui ta on tšeki väljaandja, tšekist tulenevalt esitada tšeki maksja vastu nõude käesoleva seaduse § 1000 lõikes 1 sätestatud ulatuses.
(4) Kui tšeki väljaandja ja tšeki maksja vahel on sõlmitud leping tšeki lunastamise kohta, on tšeki maksja kohustatud tšeki väljaandja ees tšeki lunastama sellest lepingust tulenevalt.

§ 994. Tšeki tühistamine

Tšeki väljaandja võib tšeki pärast selle lunastamiseks esitamise tähtaja möödumist tühistada, isegi kui ta
rikub sellega oma kohustusi maksesaaja suhtes. Tšeki tühistamiseks peab tšeki väljaandja teatama sellest tšeki
maksjale.

§ 995. Tšeki lunastamise keelamine

(1) Kui tšekki ei ole veel lunastatud, võib tšeki väljaandja, sõltumata tšeki lunastamiseks esitamise tähtaja möödumisest, keelata tšeki maksjal tšekki lunastada, kui tšekk on tšeki väljaandja või muu isiku valdusest tema tahte vastaselt välja läinud.
(2) Kui tšeki maksja lunastab tšeki, vaatamata tšeki väljaandja keelule, millest tšeki väljaandja oli tšeki maksjale enne tšeki lunastamist teatanud, võib maksja tšeki lunastamisel tehtud kulutuste katteks debiteerida tšeki väljaandja kontot tšekisumma ulatuses üksnes juhul, kui tšeki lunastamine toimus muul põhjusel kui maksja süül.

§ 996. Väljaandja surm ja tema piiratult teovõimeliseks muutumine

Tšeki kehtivust ei mõjuta selle väljaandja surm ega tema piiratult teovõimeliseks muutumine.

§ 997. Üleandepealdiste kontrollimine

Üleandepealdisega üleantud tšeki maksja peab kontrollima üleandepealdiste katkematust, mitte aga pealdiste tegijate allkirjade ehtsust.

§ 998. Tšeki väljaandja konto debiteerimise piirangud tšeki lunastamise puhul

(1) Võltsitud tšeki või võltsitud allkirjaga tšeki või tšeki väljaandjat esindama õigustamata isiku allkirjaga tšeki lunastamise puhul ei või tšeki maksja tšekisumma ulatuses tšeki väljaandja kontot debiteerida. Kui ta on sellisel juhul kontot juba debiteerinud, peab ta kontot viivitamata debiteerimise ulatuses krediteerima.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatut ei kohaldata, kui tšekile andis allkirja tšeki väljaandja perekonnaliige või isik, kelle eest tšeki väljaandja vastutab. Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatut ei kohaldata ka juhul, kui tšekile andis allkirja isik, kellele tšeki väljaandja usaldas tšekiformulari ja tšeki väljaandja ei
tõenda, et tšeki lunastamisele ei aidanud kaasa tšeki väljaandja enda käitumine.

§ 999. Arveldustšekk

(1) Arveldustšekk on tšekk, mille väljaandja või omanik on tšeki esiküljele kirjutanud märke «kontole kandmiseks» või muu selletaolise märke, mille eesmärk on keelata tšeki maksjal lunastada tšekki sularahas. Sel juhul võib tšeki maksja lunastada tšeki üksnes selliselt, et krediteerib tšeki omaniku kontot ülekandega, tasaarvestusega või muul viisil sularahalist makset tegemata.
(2) Loetakse, et käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud märke mahatõmbamist ei ole tehtud.
(3) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1 ja 2 sätestatut rikkudes tšeki lunastanud maksja peab hüvitama rikkumisega tekitatud kahju kuni tšekisumma ulatuses.

4. jagu

Nõuded tšeki lunastamata jätmise korral

§ 1000. Tšeki omaniku nõuded tšeki lunastamata jätmise korral

(1) Kui õigeaegselt esitatud tšekki ei lunastata, võib tšeki omanik nõuda tšeki väljaandjalt, tšekile üleandepealdise tegijalt ja tšekikäendajalt:
1) tšekisumma maksmist ulatuses, milles tšekk on jäetud lunastamata;
2) viivist käesoleva seaduse §-s 94 sätestatud suuruses, arvates tšeki lunastamiseks esitamise päevast;
3) protesti või käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 2 punktis 2 nimetatud lunastamisest keeldumise avaldusega seotud ja
muude sarnaste kulude hüvitamist;
4) hüvitist 0,33 protsendi ulatuses käesoleva lõike punktis 1 nimetatud summast.

Leht 224 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud nõude võib esitada üksnes juhul, kui tšeki lunastamisest keeldumine on kinnitatud:
1) protestiga;
2) tšeki maksja või majandustegevusena tšekkide tasaarvestust teostava isiku poolt tšekile kantud lunastamisest
keeldumise avaldusega, milles on märgitud avalduse tegemise kuupäev ja tšeki lunastamiseks esitamise
kuupäev.

§ 1001. Protestimise tähtaeg

(1) Protest või käesoleva seaduse § 1000 lõike 2 punktis 2 nimetatud avaldus tuleb teha enne tšeki lunastamiseks esitamise tähtaja möödumist.
(2) Kui tšekk on lunastamiseks esitatud tähtaja viimasel päeval, võib protesti või käesoleva seaduse § 1000
lõike 2 punktis 2 nimetatud lunastamisest keeldumise avalduse teha veel ka sellele järgneval esimesel tööpäeval.

§ 1002. Tähtaegade järgimata jätmine vääramatu jõu tõttu

(1) Tšeki õigeaegse lunastamiseks esitamise või protestimise või käesoleva seaduse § 1000 lõike 2 punktis 2 nimetatud lunastamisest keeldumise avalduse tegemise võimatuse korral vääramatu jõu tõttu loetakse vastav tähtaeg pikenenuks kuni vääramatu jõu äralangemiseni. Vääramatuks jõuks ei loeta asjaolu, mis puudutab isiklikult tšeki omanikku või omaniku poolt tšeki esitamiseks või protestimiseks või käesoleva seaduse § 1000 lõike 2 punktis 2 nimetatud avalduse tegemiseks õigustatud isikut.
(2) Tšeki omanik peab teatama vääramatust jõust viivitamata oma eelkohuslasele ja märkima selle teate tšekile või tšekijätkule. Märge peab sisaldama kuupäeva ja olema tšeki omaniku poolt alla kirjutatud. Tšeki omanik ja tšekikohuslased peavad teated edastama vastavalt käesoleva seaduse §-s 972 sätestatule.
(3) Pärast vääramatu jõu äralangemist peab tšeki omanik viivitamata esitama tšeki lunastamiseks ja vajaduse korral selle protestima või laskma teha käesoleva seaduse § 1000 lõike 2 punktis 2 nimetatud lunastamisest keeldumise avalduse.
(4) Vääramatu jõu kestmisel üle 50 päeva alates päevast, mil tšeki omanik teatas vääramatust jõust oma eelkohuslasele, võib käesoleva seaduse § 1000 lõikes 1 nimetatud nõude esitada tšekki esitamata või protestimata või käesoleva seaduse § 1000 lõike 2 punktis 2 nimetatud lunastamisest keeldumise avaldust tegemata, isegi kui teatamine toimus enne tšeki lunastamiseks esitamise tähtaja möödumist.

§ 1003. Tšekist tulenevate nõuete aegumistähtaeg

(1) Käesoleva seaduse §-s 1000 nimetatud tšeki omaniku nõuete aegumistähtaeg on kuus kuud tšeki lunastamiseks esitamise tähtaja möödumisest.
(2) Tšekikohuslase poolt temaga solidaarselt vastutava muu tšekikohuslase vastu esitatud tagasinõuete aegumistähtaeg on kuus kuud päevast, mil tšekikohuslane tšeki lunastas või mil tema vastu esitati hagi. Kui ühe tšekikohuslase asukohariigi seaduse järgi kohaldatakse pikemat aegumistähtaega, rakendatakse seda ka teiste tšekikohuslaste poolt tagasinõuete esitamisel.

§ 1004. Alusetust rikastumisest tulenevad nõuded

(1) Kui tšeki väljaandja vastu ei saa tšeki õigeaegse lunastamiseks esitamata jätmise või aegumise tõttu esitada käesoleva seaduse §-s 1000 nimetatud nõuet, jääb tšeki väljaandja tšeki omaniku ees vastutavaks alusetu rikastumise sätete järgi.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud alusetust rikastumisest tuleneva nõude aegumistähtaeg on üks aasta tšeki väljaandmisest.
(3) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud alusetust rikastumisest tulenevat nõuet ei või esitada tšekile üleandepealdise teinud isiku vastu.

10. osa

LEPINGUVÄLISED KOHUSTUSED

49. peatükk

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 225 /

237

TASU AVALIK LUBAMINE

1. jagu

Üldsätted

§ 1005. Tasu avalik lubamine

Teatud teo tegemise, eelkõige tulemuse saavutamise eest avalikult tasu lubanud isik peab maksma teo teinud isikule lubatud tasu, isegi kui teo tegija ei tegutsenud tasu lubamisest lähtudes.

§ 1006. Tasulubaduse tagasivõtmine või selle tingimuste muutmine

(1) Tasu lubanud isik võib lubaduse kuni teo tegemiseni tagasi võtta või selle tingimusi muuta, kui tagasivõtmine või tingimuste muutmine tehakse teatavaks samal viisil kui tasu lubamine. Tasulubaduse tagasivõtmine kehtib ka isiku suhtes, kes teab tasulubaduse tagasivõtmisest.
(2) Tasu lubamisel võib tasu lubanud isik loobuda õigusest lubadus tagasi võtta. Kui teo tegemiseks on määratud tähtaeg, siis ei saa lubadust tagasi võtta, kui lubaduse sisust ei tulene teisiti.
(3) Tasulubaduse tagasivõtmise korral peab tasu lubanud isik hüvitama teisele isikule tema poolt heauskselt lubadusele tuginedes tehtud kulutused, kui tasu lubanud isik ei tõenda, et kulutusi teinud isik ei oleks saanud ega suutnud teha tegu, mille eest tasu lubati. Teiste isikute kulutused kokku hüvitatakse kuni lubatud tasu ulatuses.

§ 1007. Teo tegemine mitme isiku poolt eraldi

(1) Kui teo, mille eest tasu lubati, tegid mitu isikut erineval ajal, kuulub tasu teo esimesena teinud isikule.
(2) Kui teo tegid mitu isikut eraldi, kuid samaaegselt, kuulub igaühele neist võrdne osa tasust. Kui tasu ei saa selle olemuse tõttu jagada või kui tasulubaduse tingimuste järgi peab tasu saama üksnes üks isik, heidavad tasu saama õigustatud isikud omavahel liisku.

§ 1008. Mitme isiku ühine osalemine teo tegemisel

(1) Kui teo tegemisel, mille eest tasu lubati, osales mitu isikut, tuleb tasu jagada nende vahel õiglaselt, arvestades igaühe osa soovitud tulemuse saavutamisel.
(2) Kui teo tegijad vaidlevad selle üle, kuidas nende vahel tasu jagada, võib tasu lubaja keelduda tasu maksmisest, kuni teo tegijad on omavahelise vaidluse tasu jagamise üle lõpetanud. Sel juhul võib iga teo tegija nõuda tasu hoiustamist teo tegijatele ühiselt.
(3) Kui tasu ei saa selle olemuse tõttu mitme isiku vahel jagada või kui tasu lubamise tingimuste järgi peab tasu saama vaid üks isik, heidavad tasu saama õigustatud isikud omavahel liisku.

2. jagu

Konkurss

§ 1009. Konkursi tingimused

(1) Tasu avalikul lubamisel teatud teo parima tegemise eest (konkurss) tuleb mõistlikul viisil teatavaks teha konkursi ese, teo või selle pakkumise tegemise viis ja tähtaeg ning parima teo või pakkumise väljaselgitamise tähtaeg ja kord, samuti tasu lubaja (konkursi korraldaja) ja muud konkursi läbiviimiseks vajalikud asjaolud.
(2) Konkursi korraldaja võib konkursist loobuda või konkursi teatavaks tehtud tingimusi muuta üksnes juhul, kui see on konkursi tingimustes ette nähtud ja konkursist loobumine või tingimuste muutmine tehakse teatavaks samal viisil kui konkurss või selle tingimused.
(3) Kui konkursi korraldaja on konkursist loobunud või selle tingimusi muutnud, peab ta hüvitama teistele isikutele nende poolt heauskselt konkursi tingimustele tuginedes tehtud mõistlikud kulutused, kui konkursi korraldaja ei tõenda, et kulutusi teinud isik ei oleks konkursi esemeks olevat tegu saanud ega suutnud teha.

§ 1010. Pakkumise tagasivõtmine ja muutmine

(1) Pakkuja võib pakkumise tagasi võtta kuni konkursi tingimustes määratud pakkumise tegemiseks ettenähtud tähtaja lõpuni, kui konkursi tingimustes ei ole ette nähtud teisiti.
(2) Pakkuja võib pakkumist muuta või täiendada üksnes tähtaja jooksul, mil pakkumist saab vastavalt käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatule tagasi võtta ning üksnes konkursi tingimustes ettenähtud ulatuses.

Leht 226 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

§ 1011. Pakkumisega seotud kulutuste hüvitamine

Pakkuja või teo teinud isik võib nõuda konkursil osalemise tõttu tehtud kulutuste hüvitamist juhul, kui selline võimalus on ette nähtud seadusega või konkursi tingimustes.

§ 1012. Konkursi kohta tehtud otsus

(1) Otsuse selle kohta, kas tegu või pakkumine vastab konkursi tingimustele ja millist mitmest teost või pakkumisest tuleb eelistada, teeb konkursi tingimustes nimetatud isik, viimase puudumisel aga konkursi korraldaja.
(2) Konkursi kohta tehtud otsus on asjaosalistele siduv ning seda ei saa kohtus vaidlustada. Käesolevas lõikes sätestatu ei välista ega piira konkursi tingimuste rikkumise tõttu tekitatud kahju hüvitamise nõuete esitamist konkursi korraldaja vastu.
(3) Kui konkursi tingimustes ei ole parima pakkumise valimise viisi määratud, võib konkursi korraldaja kuulutada parimaks pakkumise, mis talle kõige rohkem sobib.
(4) Pakkumist või tegu ei või konkursil arvesse võtta, kui see tehti pärast konkursi tingimustes määratud tähtaja möödumist.
(5) Konkursi korraldaja võib tagasi lükata kõik pakkumised, kui selline võimalus on konkursi tingimustes ette nähtud.
(6) Otsus konkursi kohta tuleb teha ja pakkujaid või teo teinud isikuid sellest teavitada konkursi tingimustes ettenähtud tähtaja jooksul.

§ 1013. Õiguste üleandmise nõue

Konkursi korraldaja võib nõuda teo teinud isiku või pakkuja esitatud teose või muu töö tulemuse autoriõiguse, muu sellesarnase õiguse või omandi üleandmist üksnes juhul, kui üleandmise kohustus oli ette nähtud konkursi tingimustes.

50. peatükk

ASJA ETTENÄITAMINE

§ 1014. Asja ettenäitamise nõue

Asja valdaja vastu asjaga seotud nõuet omav isik või isik, kes tahab kontrollida sellise nõude olemasolu või puudumist, võib nõuda valdajalt asja ettenäitamist või asja ülevaatamise võimaldamist, kui tal on selleks õigustatud huvi.

§ 1015. Dokumendiga tutvumine

Teise isiku valduses oleva dokumendiga tutvumise vastu õigustatud huvi omav isik võib valdajalt nõuda dokumendiga tutvumise lubamist, kui dokument on koostatud dokumendiga tutvuda sooviva isiku huvides või kui dokumendis on kajastatud selle isiku ja dokumendi valdaja vaheline õigussuhe või nendevahelise tehingu ettevalmistamine.

§ 1016. Asja või dokumendi ettenäitamise koht

Asi või dokument tuleb ette näidata või sellega tutvumist võimaldada asja või dokumendi asukohas. Mõjuval põhjusel võib kumbki pool nõuda asja või dokumendi ettenäitamist või sellega tutvumise võimaldamist muus kohas.

§ 1017. Riisiko ja kulud

Asja või dokumendi ettenäitamise või tutvumisega seotud riisiko ja kulud kannab ettenäitamist või tutvumist nõudnud isik. Valdaja võib keelduda ettenäitamisest või tutvumise võimaldamisest kuni kulude tasumiseni ja ettenäitamise või tutvumisega seotud ohu vastu tagatise andmiseni.

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Võlaõigusseadus Leht 227 /

237

KÄSUNDITA ASJAAJAMINE

§ 1018. Käsundita asjaajamise mõiste

(1) Kui isik (käsundita asjaajaja) teeb midagi teise isiku (soodustatu) kasuks, ilma et viimane oleks talle andnud õiguse tegu teha või kohustanud teda tegu tegema, on käsundita asjaajajal käesoleva seaduse §-des 1019–1023 sätestatud õigused ja kohustused, kui:
1) soodustatu kiidab asjaajamise heaks;
2) asjaajamisele asumine vastab soodustatu huvile ja tegelikule või eeldatavale tahtele;
3) asjaajamisele asumata jätmise korral jääks õigeaegselt täitmata soodustatu seadusest tulenev kohustus
kolmandat isikut ülal pidada või on asjaajamisele asumine muul põhjusel avalikes huvides oluline.
(2) Käsundita asjaajamisega ei ole tegemist, kui isikul puudub tahe tegutseda teise isiku kasuks.

§ 1019. Käsundita asjaajaja eksimus soodustatu isikus

Kui käsundita asjaajaja ei tea, kes on soodustatu, või kui ta peab soodustatuks ekslikult vale isikut, tulenevad asjaajamisest õigused ja kohustused tegelikult soodustatule.

§ 1020. Soodustatu teavitamine

(1) Enne asjaajamisele asumist peab käsundita asjaajaja soodustatule asjaajamisele asumise kavatsusest teatama ja ootama ära soodustatu edasise otsuse asjaajamise kohta, välja arvatud juhul, kui eelnev teatamine ei ole võimalik soodustatu või avalikke huve kahjustamata või kui seda ei saa käsundita asjaajajalt mõistlikult oodata.
(2) Asjaajamisele asumise korral sellest soodustatule eelnevalt teatamata peab käsundita asjaajaja soodustatule asjaajamisest esimesel võimalusel teatama. Kui see on võimalik ja käsundita asjaajajalt mõistlikult oodatav, peab käsundita asjaajaja ootama ära soodustatu edasise otsuse asjaajamise kohta.
(3) Muus osas kohaldatakse käsundita asjaajaja teatamiskohustusele vastavalt käesoleva seaduse §-s 624 sätestatut.

§ 1021. Väljaandmiskohustus

(1) Käsundita asjaajaja poolt asjaajamisel saadu väljaandmise kohustusele kohaldatakse vastavalt käesoleva seaduse §-s 626 sätestatut.
(2) Kui käsundita asjaajaja on piiratud teovõimega, peab ta asjaajamisel saadu soodustatule välja andma alusetu rikastumise sätete järgi.

§ 1022. Käsundita asjaajaja hoolsus

(1) Käsundita asjaajaja peab asjaajamisel arvestama soodustatu huve ning lähtuma tema tegelikust või eeldatavast tahtest. See ei kehti, kui soodustatu huvide arvestamine oleks vastuolus avalike huvidega.
(2) Kui asjaajamise eesmärk on soodustatut vahetult ähvardava olulise ohu tõrjumine, vastutab käsundita asjaajaja soodustatule asjaajamisel tekitatud kahju eest üksnes tahtluse või raske hooletuse korral.
(3) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 2 sätestatud vastutuse piirangut ei kohaldata juhul, kui käsundita asjaajaja võib nõuda tasu vastavalt käesoleva seaduse § 1023 lõikes 2 sätestatule.
(4) Kui käsundita asjaajaja teadis või pidi teadma, et asjaajamine ei vasta soodustatu tahtele ja see tahe ei olnud vastuolus avalike huvide ega seadusega, vastutab käsundita asjaajaja igasuguse asjaajamise tõttu soodustatule tekitatud kahju eest. Käsundita asjaajaja vabaneb vastutusest, kui ta tõendab, et kahju oleks tekkinud ka asjaajamise ülevõtmiseta.
(5) Kui käsundita asjaajaja on piiratud teovõimega, vastutab ta soodustatule tekitatud kahju eest üksnes kahju õigusvastaselt tekitamise sätete järgi.

§ 1023. Kulutuste hüvitamine ja tasu maksmine

(1) Käsundita asjaajaja võib nõuda, et soodustatu hüvitaks talle asjaajamisel tehtud kulutused ja vabastaks ta asjaajamisel võetud kohustustest. Kulutuste hüvitamist ja asjaajamisel võetud kohustustest vabastamist võib käsundita asjaajaja nõuda ulatuses, milles käsundita asjaajaja võis kulutuste tegemist või kohustuste võtmist pidada mõistlikult vajalikuks.
(2) Oma majandus- või kutsetegevuses tegutsenud käsundita asjaajaja võib nõuda soodustatult asjaajamise eest mõistlikku tasu. Käsundita asjaajaja ei või soodustatult tasu nõuda, kui käsundita asjaajajal on kolmanda isikuga sõlmitud lepingust tulenevalt õigus nõuda tasu kolmandalt isikult.

Leht 228 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

(3) Kui vastavalt asjaoludele on ilmne, et asjaajamisele asumisel ei olnud käsundita asjaajajal kavatsust nõuda soodustatult kulutuste hüvitamist või tasu maksmist, siis ei ole tal käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetest 1 ja 2 tulenevaid õigusi.

§ 1024. Mittenõuetekohane asjaajamine

(1) Kui käsundita asjaajajal puudus käesoleva seaduse § 1018 lõike 1 punktides 2 ja 3 nimetatud õigustus asjaajamisele asumiseks ja kui soodustatu ei kiitnud asjaajamist heaks, peab asjaajaja kõrvaldama soodustatule asjaajamisest tulenenud tagajärjed ja hüvitama asjaajamisest tekkinud kahju.
(2) Kui käsundita asjaajaja ei saanud asjaajamisele asumisel aru ega pidanudki aru saama, et tal puudub asjaajamisele asumise õigustus vastavalt käesoleva seaduse § 1018 lõikele 1, ei pea ta kõrvaldama soodustatule asjaajamisest tulenenud tagajärgi, kuid peab hüvitama kahju, mis on tekkinud asjaajamisel vajaliku hoolsuse puudumisest. Kui asjaajamise eesmärk oli soodustatut vahetult ähvardava olulise ohu tõrjumine, vastutab asjaajaja üksnes kahju eest, mille ta on soodustatule tekitanud tahtluse või raske hooletusega.
(3) Kui käsundita asjaajaja ei saanud asjaajamisele asumisel aru ega pidanudki aru saama, et tal puudub asjaajamisele asumise õigustus vastavalt käesoleva seaduse § 1018 lõikele 1, peab asjaajaja siiski teatama soodustatule kõigist asjaajamisega seotud olulistest asjaoludest ning andma soodustatu nõudmisel talle teavet asjaajamise kohta, samuti esitama soodustatule ülevaate asjaajamisega seotud kuludest ja tuludest koos arvestuse aluseks olevate andmetega.
(4) Kui käsundita asjaajaja ei saanud asjaajamisele asumisel aru ega pidanudki aru saama, et tal puudub asjaajamisele asumise õigustus vastavalt käesoleva seaduse § 1018 lõikele 1, peab soodustatu andma seoses asjaajamisega saadu asjaajajale välja alusetu rikastumise sätete järgi.

§ 1025. Kahju hüvitamine käsundita asjaajajale

(1) Kui käsundita asjaajaja tegutses soodustatut vahetult ähvardava olulise ohu tõrjumise eesmärgil, võib ta soodustatult nõuda sellise ohu tõrjumisega seotud iseloomuliku riski tagajärjel tekkinud kahju hüvitamist. Soodustatult ei või nõuda kahju hüvitamist, kui kahju peab hüvitama käsundita asjaajaja töö- või käsundiandja või sotsiaal- või ravikindlustuse andja.
(2) Kui käsundita asjaajaja tegutses asjaajamisele asumisel ühtlasi enda huvides, tuleb kahjuhüvitise suuruse määramisel mõistlikult arvesse võtta kahjulikke tagajärgi, mis ohuolukorrast tulenevalt teda ennast ähvardasid.

§ 1026. Asjaajamine enda huvides

(1) Käesoleva seaduse §-des 1018–1024 sätestatut ei kohaldata, kui keegi ajab võõraid asju, arvates, et tegemist on tema oma asjadega.
(2) Kui keegi ajab võõraid asju nagu enda omi, kuigi ta teab, et ta ei ole selleks õigustatud, või peab seda teadma, kohaldatakse käesoleva seaduse § 1022 lõigetes 1 ja 5 ning § 1024 lõikes 1 sätestatut. Kui soodustatu esitab asjaajaja vastu käesoleva seaduse § 1022 lõikes 1 nimetatud kohustuse rikkumisest tuleneva nõude
või § 1022 lõikes 5 või § 1024 lõikes 1 nimetatud nõude, võib asjaajaja nõuda asjaajamisel tehtud kulutuste hüvitamist vastavalt alusetu rikastumise sätetele.

52. peatükk

ALUSETU RIKASTUMINE

1. jagu

Üldsätted

§ 1027. Alusetu rikastumise mõiste

Isik peab käesolevas peatükis sätestatud alustel ja ulatuses andma teisele isikule välja temalt õigusliku aluseta saadu.

2. jagu

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 229 /

237

Kohustuse täitmisena saadu tagasinõudmine

§ 1028. Kohustuse täitmisena saadu tagasinõudmise alused

(1) Kui isik (saaja) on teiselt isikult (üleandja) midagi saanud olemasoleva või tulevase kohustuse täitmisena, võib üleandja saadu saajalt tagasi nõuda, kui kohustust ei ole olemas, kohustust ei teki või kui kohustus langeb hiljem ära.
(2) Üleandja ei või saajalt saadut tagasi nõuda, kui:
1) üleandmisega täideti mittetäielik kohustus;
2) õigus nõuda kohustuse täitmist oli üleandmise hetkeks aegunud;
3) tühise tehingu täitmisena saadu tagasinõudmine oleks vastuolus tehingu tühisust ettenägeva sättega või
sellise sätte eesmärgiga.

§ 1029. Võlausaldaja korraldusena kolmandale isikule üleantu tagasinõudmine

Kui üleandja on võlausaldaja või isiku korraldusel, keda ta ekslikult peab võlausaldajaks, täitnud kohustuse kolmandale isikule, võib üleandja käesoleva seaduse § 1028 lõikes 1 nimetatud juhul nõuda üleantu tagastamist üksnes võlausaldajalt või isikult, keda ta ekslikult pidas võlausaldajaks.

§ 1030. Kolmanda isiku kasuks sõlmitud lepingu täitmisena üleantu tagasinõudmise erisused

(1) Kui üleandja on saajale midagi üle andnud saaja kasuks sõlmitud lepingu täitmisena, võib üleandja käesoleva seaduse § 1028 lõikes 1 nimetatud juhul saajale üleantu tagastamist nõuda ka teiselt lepingupoolelt või isikult, keda ta ekslikult pidas lepingupooleks.
(2) Kui teine lepingupool või lepingupooleks peetud isik ei teadnud ega pidanudki teadma, et lepingut või lepingust tulenevat kohustust, mida täita sooviti, ei ole olemas, võib saadu tagastamist nõuda üksnes saajalt.

§ 1031. Üleantu tagasinõudmise erisused nõude loovutamisel

Kui pärast nõude loovutamist on loovutatud nõudele vastava kohustuse täitmisena uuele võlausaldajale midagi üle antud ja loovutatud nõuet ei ole olemas, nõuet ei teki või kui nõue langeb hiljem ära, võib üleandja nõuda üleantu tagastamist ka nõude loovutanud isikult.

§ 1032. Nõude ulatus

(1) Käesoleva seaduse § 1028 lõikes 1 nimetatud juhul võib üleandja saajalt tagasi nõuda saadu ja sellest saadud kasu. Üleantud eseme hävimise, äratarvitamise, kahjustumise või äravõtmise korral võib nõuda ka selle eest hüvitisena omandatu väljaandmist.
(2) Kui saadu väljaandmine ei ole saadu olemuse tõttu või muul põhjusel võimalik, peab saaja hüvitama saadu hariliku väärtuse tagasinõudmise õiguse tekkimise ajal.

§ 1033. Nõude ulatus rikastumise äralangemise korral

(1) Saaja ei pea saadut tagastama ega selle väärtust hüvitama ulatuses, milles ta ei ole saadu hävimise, äratarvitamise või kahjustumise tõttu või muul põhjusel saadu või selle väärtuse võrra rikastunud.
(2) Kui saaja uskus saadu omamise kestmisse ja on sellest tulenevalt teinud kulutusi, peab ta saadu välja andma või selle väärtuse hüvitama üksnes juhul, kui talle hüvitatakse tema poolt tehtud kulutused.
(3) Saadu väljaandmise või väärtuse hüvitamise kulud ja saadu juhusliku hävimise ja kahjustumise riisikot üleandmisel kannab üleandja.

§ 1034. Nõude esitamise piirangud vastastikuse lepingu tühisuse korral

(1) Kui vastastikune leping on tühine, võib saaja lepingu kohaselt saadu tagastamise nõude suhtes tugineda käesoleva seaduse § 1033 lõikes 1 sätestatule üksnes juhul, kui leping on tühine saaja piiratud teovõime või üleandja ähvarduse või vägivalla tõttu.
(2) Kui vastastikune leping on tühine, ei ole saaja kohustatud saadut välja andma ega selle väärtust hüvitama, kui saadu hävis või halvenes asjaolu tõttu, mille eest lepingu kehtivuse korral oleks vastutanud üleandja.
(3) Kui vastastikune leping on tühine, peavad lepingupooled nende poolt saadu välja andma või selle väärtuse hüvitama samaaegselt. Vastavalt kohaldatakse käesoleva seaduse §-s 111 sätestatut.

§ 1035. Saaja vastutus üleandmise aluse puudumisest teadmise korral

(1) Käesoleva seaduse §-s 1033 sätestatut ei kohaldata juhul, kui saaja üleandmise ajal teadis või pidi teadma asjaoludest, mis annavad aluse saadu tagasinõudmiseks vastavalt käesolevas peatükis sätestatule.

Leht 230 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

(2) Käesoleva seaduse §-s 1033 sätestatut ei kohaldata ka juhul, kui saadu hävimine, äratarvitamine või kahjustumine või saadule kulutuste tegemine on toimunud pärast seda, kui saaja sai teada või pidi teada saama asjaoludest, mis annavad aluse üleantu tagasinõudmiseks vastavalt käesolevas peatükis sätestatule.
(3) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1 ja 2 nimetatud juhtudel peab saaja:
1) välja andma saadust saadud kasu;
2) maksma saadud raha eest intressi seadusega sätestatud suuruses;
3) hüvitama saadust saamata jäänud tulu, mida saaja oleks korrapärase majandamise reegleid järgides võinud
saada.
(4) Saadu hävimise või kahjustumise korral peab saaja, kes teadis või pidi teadma asjaoludest, mis annavad aluse saadu tagasinõudmiseks vastavalt käesolevas peatükis sätestatule, hüvitama üleandjale saadu hävimise või kahjustumise tõttu tekkinud kahju, kui hävimine või kahjustumine toimus saaja süül.

§ 1036. Väljaandmisnõue kolmanda isiku vastu

Kui saaja annab saadu tasuta üle kolmandale isikule ja saajalt ei ole võimalik hüvitist saada, peab kolmas isik saadu vastavalt käesolevas peatükis sätestatule välja andma.

3. jagu

Hüvitamine õiguse rikkumise korral

§ 1037. Väärtuse hüvitamise nõue õiguse rikkumise korral

(1) Õigustatud isiku nõusolekuta tema omandit, muud õigust või valdust käsutamise, kasutamise, äratarvitamise, ühendamise, segamise või ümbertöötamisega või muul viisil rikkunud isik (rikkuja) peab õigustatud isikule hüvitama rikkumise teel saadu hariliku väärtuse.
(2) Kui õigustatud isiku omandi või muu õiguse rikkumine seisneb selle käsutamises rikkuja poolt, võib õigustatud isik käsutustehingu kehtetuse korral nõuda rikkujalt saadu hariliku väärtuse hüvitamist juhul, kui ta kiidab käsutustehingu vastavalt tsiviilseadustiku üldosa seaduse § 114 lõikes 2 sätestatule heaks.
(3) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1 ja 2 nimetatud harilikku väärtust hinnatakse rikkumise aja seisuga. Tasulise käsutuse korral loetakse harilikuks väärtuseks kokkulepitud tasu, kui õigustatud isik ei tõenda, et eseme väärtus oli sellest suurem või kui rikkuja ei tõenda, et eseme väärtus oli sellest väiksem.
(4) Kohustuse täitmisel täitmise vastuvõtmiseks õigustamata isikule võib kohustuse täitmise vastuvõtmiseks õigustatud isik nõuda õigustamata isikult saadu väljaandmist, kui täitmine on õigustatud isiku suhtes kehtiv või kui õigustatud isik kiidab selle vastavalt tsiviilseadustiku üldosa seaduse § 114 lõikes 2 sätestatule heaks.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336- jõust. 01.07.2002]

§ 1038. Väärtuse hüvitamise kohustuse piirangud

Rikkujal, kes ei teadnud oma õigustatuse puudumisest ega pidanudki sellest teadma, ei ole käesoleva seaduse
§ 1037 lõigetes 1 ja 4 sätestatud kohustusi niivõrd, kuivõrd ta ei ole rikkumise teel saadu väärtuse ulatuses
enam rikastunud ajal, mil ta enda vastu nõude esitamisest teada sai või teada saama pidi. Rikastumise ulatuse
kindlaksmääramisel ei võeta arvesse saadu omandamiseks tehtud kulutusi.

§ 1039. Pahauskse rikkuja vastutus

Rikkujalt, kes teadis oma õigustuse puudumisest või pidi sellest teadma, võib õigustatud isik lisaks saadu harilikule väärtusele nõuda ka rikkumisega saadud tulu väljaandmist. Rikkuja peab õigustatud isikule teatama, millist tulu ta rikkumisega saadust sai.

§ 1040. Tasuta käsutustehingu alusel üleantu tagasinõudmine

Eseme tasuta käsutamisel selleks õigustamata isiku poolt peab käsutuse alusel esemele õiguse saanud isik saadu õigustatud isikule välja andma, isegi kui käsutus on kehtiv. Vastavalt kohaldatakse käesoleva seaduse §-des 1038 ja 1039 sätestatut.

4. jagu

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 231 /

237

Teise isiku kasuks tehtud kulutuste hüvitamine

§ 1041. Teise isiku kohustuse täitmisest tulenev nõue

Isik, kes on täitnud teise isiku kohustuse, olemata selleks õigustatud ega kohustatud, võib isikult, kelle kohustuse ta täitis, nõuda täitmiseks tehtud kulutuste hüvitamist niivõrd, kuivõrd see isik on kohustusest vabanemise tõttu rikastunud ajal, mil ta tema vastu kulutuste hüvitamise nõude esitamisest teada sai või teada saama pidi.

§ 1042. Kulutuste hüvitamise nõue

(1) Teise isiku esemele õigusliku aluseta kulutusi teinud isik võib nõuda teiselt isikult kulutuste hüvitamist ulatuses, milles isik, kelle esemele kulutusi tehti, on seeläbi rikastunud, võttes muu hulgas arvesse, kas need kulutused on sellele isikule kasulikud ning millised on olnud tema kavatsused eseme suhtes. Rikastumise ulatuse kindlakstegemisel võetakse aluseks aeg, mil isik, kelle esemele kulutusi tehti, saab oma eseme tagasi või saab muul viisil eseme väärtuse suurenemist kasutama hakata.
(2) Kulutuste tegijal ei ole käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatud nõudeõigust, kui:
1) isik, kelle esemele kulutusi tehti, nõuab kulutusi teinud isikult kulutustega tehtud parenduste äravõtmist ja
parenduste äravõtmine on parendusi rikkumata võimalik;
2) kulutusi teinud isik ei ole temast tulenevate asjaolude tõttu teisele isikule kulutuste tegemise kavatsusest
õigeaegselt teatanud;
3) isik, kelle esemele kulutusi tehti, vaidles eelnevalt kulutuste tegemisele vastu;
4) kulutuste tegemine esemele oli seadusest või lepingust tulenevalt keelatud.

53. peatükk

KAHJU ÕIGUSVASTANE TEKITAMINE

1. jagu

Üldsätted

§ 1043. Õigusvastaselt tekitatud kahju hüvitamine

Teisele isikule (kannatanu) õigusvastaselt kahju tekitanud isik (kahju tekitaja) peab kahju hüvitama, kui ta on kahju tekitamises süüdi või vastutab kahju tekitamise eest vastavalt seadusele.

§ 1044. Muul alusel esitatavad nõuded

(1) Käesolevas peatükis sätestatu ei välista ega piira kannatanu õigust nõuda kahju hüvitamist muul kui käesolevas peatükis sätestatud õiguslikul alusel ega muude nõuete esitamist, kui seadusega ei ole sätestatud teisiti.
(2) Lepingulise kohustuse rikkumisest tuleneva kahju hüvitamist ei või käesolevas peatükis sätestatud alusel nõuda, kui seadusest ei tulene teisiti. Lepingulise kohustuse rikkumisest tuleneva kahju hüvitamist saab käesolevas peatükis sätestatud alusel nõuda juhul, kui rikutud lepingulise kohustuse eesmärk oli muu, kui sellise kahju ärahoidmine, mille hüvitamist nõutakse.
(3) Lepingulise kohustuse rikkumise tulemusena isiku surma põhjustamise või talle kehavigastuse või tervisekahjustuse tekitamise korral vastutab kahju tekitaja selle eest ka käesolevas peatükis sätestatud alustel.

§ 1045. Kahju tekitamise õigusvastasus

(1) Kahju tekitamine on õigusvastane eelkõige siis, kui see tekitati:
1) kannatanu surma põhjustamisega;
2) kannatanule kehavigastuse või tervisekahjustuse tekitamisega;
3) kannatanult vabaduse võtmisega;
4) kannatanu isikliku õiguse rikkumisega;
5) kannatanu omandi või sellega sarnase õiguse või valduse rikkumisega;
6) isiku majandus- või kutsetegevusse sekkumisega;
7) seadusest tulenevat kohustust rikkuva käitumisega;
8) heade kommete vastase tahtliku käitumisega.
(2) Kahju tekitamine ei ole õigusvastane, kui:
1) kahju tekitamise õigus tuleneb seadusest;
2) kannatanu nõustus kahju tekitamisega, välja arvatud juhul, kui nõusoleku andmine on vastuolus seaduse või
heade kommetega;
3) kahju tekitaja tegutses hädakaitse- või hädaseisundis;

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Võlaõigusseadus

4) kahju tekitaja kasutas oma õiguse teostamiseks või kaitseks õigustatult omaabi.
(3) Seadusest tuleneva kohustuse rikkumisega kahju tekitamine ei ole õigusevastane, kui kahju tekitaja poolt rikutud sätte eesmärk ei olnud kannatanu kaitsmine sellise kahju tekkimise eest.
(4) Kahju tekitanud teole kihutaja või kaasaaitaja käitumine loetakse võrdseks kahju tekitaja käitumisega ja nad vastutavad kahju tekitamise eest samadel alustel kahju tekitajaga.

§ 1046. Isiklike õiguste kahjustamise õigusvastasus

(1) Isiku au teotamine, muu hulgas ebakohase väärtushinnanguga, isiku nime või kujutise õigustamatu kasutamine, eraelu puutumatuse või muu isikliku õiguse rikkumine on õigusvastane, kui seadusega ei ole sätestatud teisiti. Õigusvastasuse tuvastamisel tuleb arvestada rikkumise liiki, põhjust ja ajendit, samuti suhet rikkumisega taotletud eesmärgi ja rikkumise raskuse vahel.
(2) Isikliku õiguse rikkumine ei ole õigusvastane, kui rikkumine on õigustatud, arvestades muid seadusega kaitstud hüvesid ja kolmandate isikute või avalikkuse huve. Õigusvastasuse tuvastamisel tuleb sellisel juhul lähtuda erinevate kaitstud hüvede ja huvide võrdlevast hindamisest.

§ 1047. Ebaõigete andmete avaldamise õigusvastasus

(1) Isiklike õiguste rikkumine või isiku majandus- või kutsetegevusse sekkumine isiku või tema tegevuse kohta ebaõigete andmete avaldamise või faktilist laadi andmete mittetäieliku või eksitava avaldamisega on õigusvastane, kui avaldaja ei tõenda, et ta ei teadnud avaldamisel andmete ebaõigsusest või mittetäielikkusest ega pidanudki sellest teadma.
(2) Teise isiku au teotava või teisele isikule majanduslikult kahjuliku asjaolu avaldamine loetakse õigusvastaseks, kui avaldaja ei tõenda, et avaldatud asjaolu vastab tegelikkusele.
(3) Hoolimata käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1 ja 2 sätestatust, ei loeta andmete või asjaolu avaldamist õigusvastaseks, kui avaldajal või isikul, kellele asjaolu avaldati, oli avaldamise suhtes õigustatud huvi ning avaldaja kontrollis andmeid või asjaolu põhjalikkusega, mis vastab võimaliku rikkumise raskusele.
(4) Ebaõigete andmete avaldamise korral võib kannatanu andmete avaldamise eest vastutavalt isikult nõuda andmete ümberlükkamist või paranduse avaldamist avaldaja kulul, sõltumata sellest, kas andmete avaldamine oli õigusvastane.

§ 1048. Asjatundja ebaõige arvamuse õigusvastasus

Teisele isikule varalises küsimuses ebaõiget teavet või ebaõige arvamuse andnud või teabe või arvamuse, vaatamata uutele teadmistele, parandamata jätnud asjatundja käitumine loetakse õigusvastaseks, kui kahju tekitajale kuulub tema kutsealase tegevuse tõttu eriline usaldusseisund ja teabe või arvamuse saaja võis sellele usaldusele tugineda.

§ 1049. Majandus- või kutsetegevuse seiskamise õigusvastasus

Teise isiku majandus- või kutsetegevuse oluliseks ajaks täieliku või osalise seiskamise põhjustamine loetakse õigusvastaseks, kui see toimus tegevusse õigusvastase ähvarduse, lubamatu boikoti, demonstratsiooni või streigiga sekkumise tagajärjel või muul viisil, mis on vahetult suunatud isiku majandus- või kutsetegevuse seiskamisele.

§ 1050. Süü vastutuse alusena

(1) Kahju tekitaja ei vastuta kahju tekitamise eest, kui ta tõendab, et ei ole kahju tekitamises süüdi, kui seadusega ei ole sätestatud teisiti.
(2) Käesoleva peatüki tähenduses arvestatakse isiku süü hindamisel muu hulgas tema olukorda, vanust, haridust, teadmisi, võimeid ja muid isiklikke omadusi.
(3) Kui kahju hüvitamise eest vastutab mitu isikut, kellest üks või mitu on vastavalt seadusele kohustatud hüvitama õigusvastaselt tekitatud kahju, sõltumata oma süüst, tuleb kahju hüvitamise eest vastutavate
isikute käitumise süülisust ja süü vormi võtta arvesse hüvitamiskohustuse jagunemisel kahju hüvitamise eest vastutavate isikute omavahelises suhtes.

§ 1051. Vastutuse välistamise või piiramise lubamatus

Kokkulepe, millega välistatakse või piiratakse vastutust õigusvastaselt ja tahtlikult kahju tekitamise eest, on tühine.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 233 /

237

§ 1052. Vastutuse piirangud

(1) Alla 14-aastane isik ei vastuta enda tekitatud kahju eest.
(2) Isik ei vastuta enda tekitatud kahju eest, kui kahju on tekitatud seisundis, milles isik ei võinud mõista oma tegude tähendust või neid juhtida. Alkohoolsest joogist või narkootilise või psühhotroopse toimega ainest tingitud mööduvaid häireid võetakse arvesse üksnes juhul, kui kahju tekitaja sattus sellisesse olukorda muul põhjusel kui oma süül.
(3) Isik, kes käesoleva paragrahvi lõigete 1 ja 2 kohaselt ei vastuta tekitatud kahju eest, vastutab siiski enda tekitatud kahju eest, kui kahju tekitaja vanust, arengut, vaimset seisundit, teo liiki, asjaosaliste majanduslikku olukorda, sealhulgas olemasolevat või selliselt isikult tavaliselt eeldatavat kindlustatust, ja muid asjaolusid arvestades oleks vastutusest vabastamine kannatanu suhtes ebaõiglane.

§ 1053. Vastutus laste ja hoolduse alla antud isikute tekitatud kahju eest

(1) Alla 14-aastase isiku poolt teisele isikule õigusvastaselt tekitatud kahju eest vastutavad, sõltumata oma süüst, tema vanemad või eestkostja.
(2) Vanemad või eestkostja vastutavad, sõltumata oma süüst, ka 14–18-aastase isiku poolt teisele isikule tekitatud kahju eest, kui nad ei tõenda, et nad on teinud kõik, mida saab mõistlikult oodata, et ära hoida kahju tekitamist.
(3) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes 1 ja 2 sätestatud juhul vastutab lapse tekitatud kahju eest ka isik, kes lepinguga kohustus tema üle järelevalvet teostama.
(4) Kui kahju õigusvastase tekitamise eest vastutab ka laps ise, on lapse ja vanemate, eestkostja või käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 3 nimetatud isiku omavahelises suhtes vastutavaks üksnes vanemad, eestkostja või käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 3 nimetatud isik.
(5) Vaimse puude tõttu eestkoste alla antud piiratud teovõimega isiku poolt teisele isikule õigusvastaselt tekitatud kahju eest vastutab isiku eestkostja, kui ta ei tõenda, et ta on teinud kõik, mida temalt saab mõistlikult oodata, et ära hoida eestkostetava poolt kahju tekitamist. Kui kahju tekitamise eest vastutab ka eestkostetav ise, eeldatakse, et nende omavahelises suhtes on vastutavaks eestkostja.

§ 1054. Vastutus teise isiku eest

(1) Kui isik kasutab teist isikut pidevalt oma majandus- või kutsetegevuses, vastutab ta selle isiku poolt õigusvastaselt tekitatud kahju eest nagu enda tekitatud kahju eest, kui kahju tekitamine oli seotud selle majandus- või kutsetegevusega.
(2) Kui isik kasutab teist isikut oma kohustuse täitmisel, vastutab ta selle isiku poolt õigusvastaselt tekitatud kahju eest nagu enda tekitatud kahju eest, kui kahju tekitati või kahju tekitamine sai võimalikuks seoses selle kohustuse täitmisega.
(3) Kui isik teeb teise isiku ülesandel teatud toimingu, vastutab ülesande andja ülesande täitmise käigus õigusvastaselt tekitatud kahju eest nagu enda poolt tekitatud kahju eest, kui kahju tekitati või kahju tekitamine sai võimalikuks seoses ülesande täitmisega ja ülesande andjal oli vastavalt tema ja kahju tekitanu vahelisele suhtele kontroll kahju tekitanu käitumise üle.

§ 1055. Kahju tekitava tegevuse keelamine

(1) Kui kahju õigusvastane tekitamine on kestev või kui kahju õigusvastase tekitamisega ähvardatakse, võib kannatanu või isik, keda ähvardati, nõuda kahju tekitava käitumise lõpetamist või sellega ähvardamisest hoidumist. Kehavigastuse tekitamise, tervise kahjustamise, eraelu puutumatuse või muu isikuõiguste rikkumise puhul võib muu hulgas nõuda kahju tekitaja teisele isikule lähenemise keelamist (lähenemiskeeld), eluaseme kasutamise või suhtlemise reguleerimist või muude sarnaste abinõude rakendamist.
(2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud kahju tekitava käitumise lõpetamist ei ole õigust nõuda, kui sellist käitumist tuleb mõistliku arusaama järgi taluda inimestevahelises kooselus või olulise avaliku huvi tõttu. Sellisel juhul võib kannatanu esitada õigusvastaselt tekitatud kahju hüvitamise nõude.
(3) Kui kahju õigusvastane tekitamine seisneb autoriõiguse, autoriõigusega kaasneva õiguse või tööstusomandiõiguse rikkumises, võib isik, kelle õigusi rikuti, nõuda:
1) rikkumisest hoidumist tulevikus rikkujalt ja isikult, kelle teenuseid kolmas isik kasutas õiguse rikkumise eesmärgil;
2) rikkumise kõrvaldamiseks tema õigusi rikkuvate kaupade ning põhiliselt kaupade tootmiseks või valmistamiseks vajalike materjalide ja seadmete suhtes mõistlike abinõude rakendamist, muu hulgas nende hävitamist või tagasivõtmist või lõplikku eemaldamist turustusvõrgust.
(4) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõike 3 punktis 2 nimetatud abinõude rakendamist võib nõuda, kui rikkumise raskus on proportsionaalne kohaldatava abinõu raskuse ning kolmandate isikute õiguste ja huvidega. Abinõude

Leht 234 /

237

Võlaõigusseadus

kohaldamist võib nõuda rikkuja kulul, välja arvatud juhul, kui see oleks ebamõistlik. Isik, kelle suhtes abinõude rakendamist nõutakse, võib taotleda kohtult, et abinõude rakendamise asemel kohustataks teda maksma isikule, kelle õigusi rikuti, rahalist hüvitist, kui ta ei ole tegutsenud tahtlikult ega hooletult, abinõude rakendamisest tekiks talle ebaproportsionaalselt suur kahju ja rahalist hüvitist võib pidada abinõude rakendamist taotlenud isiku jaoks piisavaks kompensatsiooniks
[RT I 2005, 39, 308- jõust. 01.01.2006]

2. jagu

Vastutus suurema ohu allikaga tekitatud kahju eest

§ 1056. Vastutus suurema ohu allikaga tekitatud kahju eest

(1) Kahju põhjustamise korral eriti ohtlikule asjale või tegevusele iseloomuliku ohu tagajärjel vastutab kahju tekitamise eest, sõltumata oma süüst, ohu allikat valitsenud isik. Suurema ohu allikat valitsenud isik vastutab kannatanu surma põhjustamise, talle kehavigastuse või tervisekahjustuse tekitamise või tema asja kahjustamise eest, kui seadusest ei tulene teisiti.
(2) Asja või tegevust loetakse suurema ohu allikaks, kui selle olemuse või selle juures kasutatud ainete või vahendite tõttu võib isegi asjatundjalt oodatava hoolsuse rakendamise korral tekkida suur kahju või võib kahju tekkida sageli. Kui asjale või tegevusele sarnase ohu allika puhul on seadusega juba ette nähtud vastutus, sõltumata allikat valitsenud isiku süüst, eeldatakse, et asi või tegevus on suurema ohu allikas.
(3) Käesolevas jaos sätestatu ei välista ega piira nõuete esitamist muul õiguslikul alusel, muu hulgas nõude esitamist õigusvastaselt ja süüliselt tekitatud kahju hüvitamiseks.

§ 1057. Mootorsõiduki valdaja vastutus

Mootorsõiduki otsene valdaja vastutab mootorsõiduki käitamisel tekkinud kahju eest, välja arvatud juhul, kui:
1) kahjustatakse mootorsõidukiga veetavat asja, mida mootorsõidukis viibiv isik ei kanna seljas ega kaasas;
2) kahjustatakse mootorsõiduki valdajale hoiule antud asja;
3) kahju põhjustas vääramatu jõud või kannatanu tahtlik tegu, välja arvatud juhul, kui kahju tekkis õhusõiduki
käitamisel;
4) kannatanu osales mootorsõiduki käitamisel;
5) kannatanut veeti tasuta ja väljaspool vedaja majandustegevust.

§ 1058. Ohtliku ehitise või asja omaniku vastutus

(1) Ehitise omanik vastutab selles toodetava, ladustatava või edastatava energia või tule-, kiirgus- või plahvatusohtlike, mürgiste või sööbivate või keskkonnaohtlike ainete tõttu või muul põhjusel ehitisest lähtuva erilise ohu tagajärjel tekkinud kahju eest. Asja omanik vastutab asjast lähtuva tule-, kiirgus- või
plahvatusohtlike, mürgiste, söövitavate või keskkonnaohtlike omaduste tõttu või muul põhjusel asjast lähtuva erilise ohu tagajärjel tekkinud kahju eest.
(2) Kui ohtlik ehitis või asi võis kahju põhjustada, eeldatakse, et kahju põhjustati ehitisest või asjast lähtuva erilise ohu tagajärjel. See ei kehti, kui ehitist või asja on nõuetekohaselt käitatud ja käitamine ei olnud häiritud.
(3) Omanik ei vastuta käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatu alusel, kui:
1) kahju on tekkinud ohtliku ehitise omaniku valduses oleva tähistatud kinnisasja piires;
2) kahju on tekkinud vääramatu jõu tõttu;
3) kannatanu osales ohtliku ehitise või asja käitamisel.
(4) Kui ohtlikku ehitist või asja käitati nõuetekohaselt ja käitamine ei olnud häiritud, ei vastuta ehitise või asja omanik kannatanu asja kahjustamise eest niivõrd, kuivõrd asja ei ole kahjustatud oluliselt või seda on kahjustatud ulatuses, mis on kohalike olude järgi tavaline.
(5) Kui võib eeldada, et kahju on kannatanule tekkinud ohtlikust ehitisest või asjast lähtuva ohu tagajärjel, siis võib kannatanu nõuda ehitise või asja omanikult teavet ja dokumentide esitamist, mis on vajalikud ehitise või asja omaniku kindlakstegemiseks.

§ 1059. Vastutus ehitise eest

Ehitisealuse maa omanik või isik, kellel on muu asjaõigus, mille alusel ehitis on püstitatud, vastutab ehitise kokkuvarisemise tõttu, ehitiselt selle osade, jääpurikate või muu sellise eraldumise ja allalangemise tõttu tekkinud kahju eest, välja arvatud juhul, kui ta tõendab, et kahju põhjustas vääramatu jõud või kannatanu tegevus.

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 235 /

237

§ 1060. Loomapidaja vastutus

Loomapidaja vastutab looma poolt tekitatud kahju eest.

3. jagu

Vastutus puudusega toote eest

§ 1061. Tootja vastutus

(1) Tootja vastutab isiku surma või isikule kehavigastuse või tervisekahjustuse tekitamise eest, kui selle põhjustas puudusega toode.
(2) Kui puudusega toode põhjustas asja hävimise või kahjustumise, vastutab tootja seeläbi tekitatud kahju eest üksnes juhul, kui:
1) asi on sellist liiki, mida kasutatakse tavaliselt tarbimiseks väljaspool majandus- või kutsetegevust ja
2) kannatanu kasutas seda põhiliselt väljaspool majandus- või kutsetegevust ja
3) kahju suurus ületab summa, mis vastab 500 eurole.
(3) Tootja ei vastuta puuduse tõttu tootele endale tekkinud kahju eest.
(4) Puudusega ravimi eest vastutab tootja käesolevas jaos sätestatu alusel, kui seadusest ei tulene teisiti. (5) Käesolevas jaos sätestatu ei välista ega piira nõuete esitamist muul õiguslikul alusel, muu hulgas
õigusvastaselt ja süüliselt tekitatud kahju hüvitamise nõude esitamist.
[RT I 2002, 53, 336- jõust. 01.07.2002]

§ 1062. Tootja

(1) Tootjaks loetakse järgmisi isikuid:
1) valmistoote, tooraine või toote osa valmistanud isikut;
2) ennast tootjana avaldanud isikut, kes näitab tootel oma nime, kaubamärgi või muu eraldustähise;
3) toote oma majandustegevuses Eestisse või Euroopa Liidu liikmesriiki müügi, üürimise, liisimise või muul
viisil turustamise eesmärgil toonud isikut.
(2) Kui tootjat ei ole võimalik kindlaks teha, loetakse tootjaks iga isikut, kes on toote kannatanule üle andnud, kui ta ei nimeta kannatanule tootjat või talle toote üleandnud isikut mõistliku aja jooksul pärast kannatanu poolt vastava ettepaneku tegemist.
(3) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 2 sätestatut kohaldatakse ka Eestisse või Euroopa Liidu liikmesriiki toodud toodetele, mille puhul ei saa sissetoojat kindlaks teha, isegi kui tootja nimi on teada.

§ 1063. Toode

(1) Tooteks loetakse iga vallasasja, isegi kui see on osaks teisest vallasasjast või on saanud kinnisasja osaks, samuti elektrit ja arvutitarkvara.
(2) Toode on puudusega, kui see ei ole ohutu määral, mida isik on õigustatud ootama, arvestades kõiki asjaolusid, eelkõige:
1) toote avalikkusele esitlemise viisi ja tingimusi;
2) toote kasutusviisi, mida kannatanu võis mõistlikult eeldada;
3) sellise toote turule laskmise aega.
(3) Toodet ei loeta puudusega olevaks üksnes sel põhjusel, et hiljem on turule lastud paremate omadustega toode.

§ 1064. Tootja vabanemine vastutusest

(1) Tootja ei vastuta tootest tuleneva kahju eest, kui ta tõendab, et:
1) ta ei ole toodet turule lasknud;
2) esinevad asjaolud, mille põhjal võib eeldada, et tootja poolt toote turule laskmise ajal ei olnud tootel kahju
põhjustanud puudust;
3) ta ei valmistanud toodet müügiks ega muul viisil turustamiseks ega valmistanud ega turustanud seda oma
majandus- või kutsetegevuses;
4) puudus on tingitud sellest, et toode vastas turule laskmise ajal kehtinud kohustuslikele nõuetele;
5) puudust ei saanud avastada toote turule laskmise ajal tollaste teaduslike ja tehniliste teadmiste taseme järgi.
(2) Tooraine või toote osa tootja ei vastuta lisaks käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatule kahju eest, kui ta tõendab, et tooraine või toote osa puudus on tingitud valmistoote konstruktsioonist või valmistoote tootja antud juhisest.

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Võlaõigusseadus

(3) Tootja vastutust ei või vähendada, kui kahju tekkis nii toote puuduse kui kolmanda isiku käitumise tulemusena.

§ 1065. Kannatanu tõendamiskohustus

Kannatanu peab tõendama kahju ja toote puuduse olemasolu ning põhjuslikku seost toote puuduse ja tekkinud kahju vahel.

§ 1066. Nõuete aegumine ja lõppemine

(1) Käesolevas jaos sätestatust tulenevad nõuded aeguvad kolme aasta jooksul, arvates päevast, millal kannatanu sai teada või pidi mõistlikult teada saama kahjust, puudusest ja tootja isikust.
(2) Sõltumata käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 sätestatust, lõpevad käesolevas jaos sätestatust tulenevad nõuded kümne aasta möödumisel kahju põhjustanud toote turule laskmise päevale järgnevast päevast, välja arvatud juhul, kui selleks ajaks on kohtusse esitatud hagi.
(3) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 2 sätestatut ei kohaldata jõustunud kohtulahendiga tunnustatud või
muust täitedokumendist tulenevale nõudele, samuti nõudele, mille olemasolu on lepinguga tunnistatud või
kompromissilepingu alusel omandatud uuest õigusest tulenevale nõudele.

§ 1067. Sätete kohustuslikkus

Käesolevas jaos sätestatud tootja vastutust piirav või välistav kokkulepe on tühine.

11. osa

SEADUSE RAKENDAMINE

§ 1068. Seaduse jõustumine

Käesolev seadus jõustub selle rakendusseaduses sätestatud ajast.

1 Euroopa Parlamendi ja nõukogu direktiiv 2002/47/EÜ finantstagatiskokkulepete kohta (EÜT L 168, 27.6.2002, lk 43–50), viimati muudetud direktiiviga 2009/44/EÜ (ELT L 146, 10.6.2009, lk 37–43);

Euroopa Parlamendi ja nõukogu direktiiv 2002/65/EÜ, milles käsitletakse tarbijale suunatud finantsteenuste kaugturustust ja millega muudetakse nõukogu direktiivi 90/619/EMÜ ning direktiive 97/7/EÜ ja 98/27/EÜ
(EÜT L 271, 9.10.2002, lk 16–24), viimati muudetud direktiiviga 2007/64/EÜ (ELT L 319, 5.12.2007, lk 1–36); Euroopa Parlamendi ja nõukogu direktiiv 97/5/EÜ kreeditkorraldusega tehtud välismaksete kohta (EÜT L 43,
14.2.1997, lk 25–30);
[RT I, 29.06.2011, 1- jõust. 30.06.2011]
Euroopa Parlamendi ja nõukogu direktiiv 2011/7/EL hilinenud maksmisega võitlemise kohta äritehingute puhul
(ELT L 48, 23.02.2011, lk 1–10);
[RT I, 05.04.2013, 1- jõust. 15.04.2013]
komisjoni direktiiv 2011/90/EL, millega muudetakse Euroopa Parlamendi ja nõukogu direktiivi 2008/48/EÜ I lisa II osa, milles sätestatakse lisaeeldused krediidi kulukuse aastamäära arvutamiseks (ELT L 296, 15.11.2011, lk 35–37);
[RT I, 03.12.2012, 1- jõust. 01.05.2013]
Euroopa Parlamendi ja nõukogu direktiiv 2011/83/EL tarbija õiguste kohta (ELT L 304, 22.11.2011, lk 64–88); [RT I, 31.12.2013, 1- jõust. 13.06.2014]
Euroopa Parlamendi ja nõukogu direktiiv 2014/17/EL elamukinnisvaraga seotud tarbijakrediidilepingute kohta
(ELT L 60, 28.02.2014, lk 34–85).
[RT I, 11.03.2016, 1- jõust. 21.03.2016]

Võlaõigusseadus Leht 237 / 237

Law of Obligations Act (consolidated text of March 21, 2016), Estonia

Available Materials

Law of Obligations Act1

Part 1

GENERAL PART

Chapter 1

GENERAL PROVISIONS

§ 1. Application of Act

§ 2. Definition of obligation

§ 3. Bases for obligation

§ 4. Imperfect obligation

§ 5. Principle of party autonomy of Act

§ 6. Principle of good faith

§ 7. Principle of reasonableness

Chapter 2

CONTRACT

Division 1

General Provisions

§ 8. Definition of contract

§ 9. Entry into Contract

§ 10. Entry into contract by auction

§ 11. Format of contract

§ 111. Durable medium

§ 12. Validity of contract

§ 13. Amendment and termination of contract

§ 14. Precontractual negotiations

§ 141. Obligation to provide precontractual information in case of contracts entered into with consumers

§ 15. Party’s awareness of deficiencies of contract

§ 16. Offer

§ 17. Offer with fixed term for acceptance

§ 18. Offer without fixed term for acceptance

§ 19. Lapse of offer

§ 20. Acceptance

§ 21. Modified acceptance

§ 22. Late acceptance

§ 23. Obligations of parties

§ 24. Contents of obligations of parties

§ 25. Usages and practices

§ 26. Terms deliberately left open

§ 27. Absence of agreement on fundamental terms

§ 28. Determination of price

§ 281. Restrictions on claiming payment in case of contracts entered into with consumers

§ 29. Interpretation of contract

§ 30. Acknowledgement of obligation

§ 31. Merger clause

§ 32. Written confirmation

§ 33. Preliminary contract

§ 34. Consumer

Division 2

Standard Terms

§ 35. Definition of standard term

§ 36. Application of provisions

§ 37. Standard terms as part of contract

§ 38. Standard terms and individual agreement

§ 39. Interpretation of standard terms

§ 40. Conflicting standard terms

§ 41. Validity of contract with standard terms

§ 42. Invalidity of standard terms

§ 43. Specifications concerning credit institutions

§ 44. Contracts relating to economic or professional activities

§ 45. Requirement to terminate application of unfair standard terms

Division 3

Off-premises Contract

§ 46. Definition of off-premises contract

§ 47. Application of provisions

§ 48. Precontractual information to consumer

§ 481. Confirmation of information

§ 49. Right of withdrawal

§ 491. Withdrawal from consumer credit contract

§ 492. Trader's obligations upon consumer's withdrawal

§ 493. Consumer's obligations upon withdrawal

§ 494. Effect of withdrawal to collateral contract

§ 495. Effect of withdrawal on consumer credit contract

§ 50. Prohibition on violation of provisions

§ 51. Mandatory nature of provisions

Division 4

Distance Contracts

§ 52. Definition of distance contract

§ 53. Application of provisions

§ 54. Precontractual information to consumer