The Constitution of The Arab Republic of Egypt 1971 (as amended up to 2007), Egypt, WIPO Lex

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Arabic دستور جمهورية مصر العربية لسنة 1971 وتعديلاته حتى عام 2007

English The Constitution of The Arab Republic of Egypt 1971 (as amended up to 2007)

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CHAPTER I GENERAL PROVISIONS
CHAPTER ll COPYRIGHT VALIDITY
CHAPTER III REGISTRATION OF WORKS
CHAPTER IIIA LICENCE
CHAPTER IV COPYRlGHT COUNCIL
CHAPTER V RIGHTS AND AUTHORlTY TO BRING LAWSUIT
CHAPTER VA NEIGHBOURlNG RIGHTS
CHAPTER VI CRIMINAL PROVISIONS
CHAPTER VI A INVESTIGATION
CHAPTER VII CONCLUDING PROVISIONS
ELUCIDATION OF LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA NO. 12 OF 1997 ON AMENDMENT OF LAW NO. 6 OF 1982 ON COPYRIGHT AS AMENDED BY LAW NO. 7 OF 1987

THE COPYRIGHT LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA
CONSOLIDATED TEXT OF LAW NO. 6/1982
AS AMENDED BY LAW NO. 7/1987 AND LAW NO. 12/1997

. N D ElUCIDATION OF LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDotlESIA
NO. 12 OF 1997
ON AMENDMENT OF LAW NO.6 OF 1982 ON COPYRIGHT
AS AMENOED BY LAW NO.7 OF 1987

THE COPYRIGHT LA Vi
OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

CONSOLIDATED TEXT
OF LAWNO.6/1982
AS AMENDED BYLA\VNO.711987
AND LAW NO.1211997

CHAPTER I

GENERAL PROVISIONS

Part One

Mea ning of Several Terms

Article 1

Au thor means a person or some persons jointly upon whose inspiration a work is produced, based on intellectual ability, i magination, de>..1:erity, skill or expertise. manifested in a dist inctive form and is of a personal nature.
2. Work means any result of an Author's work in any disti nctive form whatsoever which shows originality. in the field of science, arts.and literature.
Copyrights Holder means the author as proprietor of the copyright, or any person who receives the right from the Author, or any other person who subsequently receives the right from the aforesaid person.
Publication means the reading, voic ing, broadcasting, or distribution of a work, by u til ising whatever means and in such manner that such work is capable of being read, heard or seen by any other person.

5. Reproduction means to i ncrease the number of a work, by making the same, closely similar or resemble work using either the same or different materials, in cludin g to change the form or mode of a work. Portrait means any picture taken by wha tever mean s and with whatsoever equipment portraying the face of a person together with or without other parts ofthe body.

7. Computer program mean s a program which is specially crea'ted to enable a computer to carry out certain functions.

Performer means an actor/actress, singer, musicia!l: dancer or a person who perfonns, acts, shows: si ngs: communicates: recites, or plays a music composi tion, drama, dance, literary work or other kinds of artistic works.

..-. Producer of phonogram means a persO!: or legal corpor2.te bodv that in the first time records 81 has the initiative to

finance the activity of reco rdi ng voice or sound of a

performance as brc;[tccaSiJng (,rgai11satl0;"i

well

other kir;c of voice or

sm.!:lc1.

J _'.

•" • •

orf.;!·_; ::(·r:

".'.'hIct idiiS broadc?stinE. either 3 G0Vemr::(,nL Brocccas!!n£!.

A!2encv or Pri\'ate Broadcat:-lu A�:..::ncv bein a !cQai

.. "" .. .

'--." -

bod,' that broadcasis a broacc:'.s.inQ: work rhrc,u2!-; '.,·ire: c;'

wireless transm issi o ns or other dectronic svstems.

11. ConvriQht Office mean s an oHzanisation within the

Department which undertakes the tasks an d assignment J:1 the field of c.opyrights.

Part Two

Function and Nature of Copyrigh ts

Article 2

(1) Copyright means an . exclusive right of an author or a recipient of the right to publish or reproduce a \1/or or to give permission therefore without prejudice to restrictions pursuant to the prevailing laws and regulation s.

:Tjtc:ns :!r!

(2) An author arid or a reCIpIent .of a copyright on

cinematographic work orcomputer program shall have the right to give permission . or to prevent another person whom without his approval rents out the work concerned for commercial purposes.

(1) A copyright shall be deemed to be a movable good.
(2): A copyright may move or be transferred either in whole or in part by:
a.: inheritance;
b.: donation;
c.: testaments;
d.: expropriation;
e.: agreement, which must be made in a written deed, provided that the agreement only concerns . the authority stated in the deed.

Article 4

A copyright that is owned by the author, and likewise a copyright that has not' been published which after the de<lth of its athor becomes the proper ty of his heirs or legates, may not be confiscated.

Part Three

Author

Article 5

( 1) Unless proven otherwise, the person deemed to be the author is:

a. the perSOll whose narn is registered ill till: Gl:nral Register of Works and the official announcement of registration referred to in Article 29.

b. the person whose name is mentioned in a work or announced as the author of a work.

(2) Unless proven otherwise, the person giving a lecture shall be deemed to be the author of a lecturer that is not vnitte n and for which there is no notification of the idtn:ity of the

author.

Article 6

If a work consists of several separate parts that were created by two or more persons, the author shall be deemed to be the person who led and supervised the completion of the entire work, or if there is no such person, the person who compiled it, v,ithout prejudice to individual copyrights to parts of the work.

Article 7

If a work designed by someone is realised and worked out by other persons under his guidance and supervision, the author shall be the person who designed the work.

Article 8

(1) If a work is made within an offici al service for another person in the scope of employment, the other party for whom and whose service the work was made, Vrithin that other party's official scope of authority, shall be the copyright holder, unless there has been another arrangement between the two parties, without prejUdice to the right of the maker as the author if the use of the work is expanded beyond the official service.

(1 a) The provision referred to in paragraph (1) shall also apply to a work maqe by another party based on an order which is carried out within an official relationship.

(2) If a work is made within the scop.c of employment or based OIl an ('rcler, a party who makes slIch a work shall be deemed as the author and the copyright holder, unless otherwise agreed by the two parties .

. Article 9

If a legal entity announces that a work has originated from it without mentioning a person as the author, then the legal entity shall be deemed to be the author, unless proven otherwise.

Part Four

Article 10

(1): The State shall hold the copyright for works from prehistoric remains, historical and other national cultural objects.
(2): 2.. Works of popular culture which are commonly owned, such as st ori es, legend s, folk tales, epics, songs, handicrafts, choreography, dances, and other artistic works shall be maintained and protected by the State.
b.: The State shall hold the copyright to works referred to in paragraph (2)a outside the countr)l.
(3): Further provisions on copyrights held by the State referred to in this Article shall be regulated further in a Government Regulation.

Article lOA

(1): If the author of a work is unknown and the work has not been published, the State shaII hold the copyright on such a work for the sake of the author.
(2): If a work has been published and the author of which is unknown or the n ame printed on such work is only a

pseudonym, the publisher shall hold the copyright on the work for the sake of the author.

Part Five
Works Protected under Copyright

ArticJ e 11

_₍₁₎In this Act, a protected work shall be the work in the fIeld of science, arts and literature which includes:
a.: books, computer programs, pamphlets, typographical arrangement of published works, and all other written works ;
b.: sermons, lecturers, addresses and other \vorks of utterance;

c. visual aid made for educational and scientific purpose;

d. songs or musi c with or without lyrics, i nclu ding arts .ofkarawitan and phonograms;

e. dramatic works, dances (choreographic works), puppet shows, pantomimes;

f.: performances;
g.: broadcasting works;

h. all forms of art, such as parntmgs, drawings, engravings, calligraphy, carvings, sculptures, collage, applied arts in the form of handy-crafting;

1. architecture;

J. maps;

k.: batik art;
l.: photography;
m.: cinematographic works;
n.: translations, interpretations, adaptations, anthologies, and other works as a result of changing of form of mode.

(2) Works referred to in paragraph (1) letter n are protected as a work of its own without prejudice to the copyright over the original work.

(3) The protection referred to in paragraphs (1) and (2) shaH include any work that is not or has not yet been published, but which has already been in an obvious form which would enable its reproduction.

Article 12

There shall be no copyright to:

any result of open meetings of the Highest State Institutions and High State Institutions and other constitutional institution

b. laws and regulations;

court decisions and judicial orders;

d.: state addresses and government official speeches;
e.: awards of arbitration boards.

Part Six Copyright Restrictions

Micle 13 There shall be no infringement of copyright for:

publication and reproduction of the· symbol o⁽the State and the national anthem in accordance with their original nature;

b. publication and reprodl.Jction of anything which is published by or on behalf of the Government, except if the copyright is declared to be protected by law or regulation or by a statement on the work itself or at the time the work is published;

repetition, either in whole or in part, of news from a news agency, radio or television broadcaster, and ne\vspaper not less than 1 x 24 (one times twent y four) hours . counted from the initial publication of such news, and the source thereof shall be fully cited.

Aniclc 111

Provided that the sources are fully cited, the following shall not be deemed as copyright infringement:

a.: the use of a work of another party for the purpose of education, research, scientific thesis, report writing, criticising or reviewing an issue, provided that it does not prejudice the normal intc:rest of the author;
b.: the excerpt of a work of another party, in whole or in part, for the purposes of advocacy within or outside the court;
c.: the excerpt of a work of another party, in whole or in part, for the purposes of:

lecturers of \vhich the purpose is solely for education and science;
free-of-charge exhibitions or performances, provided that it does not prejudice the normal interests of the author.

d. reproduction of .scientific, artistic and literary works in Braille for the .purposes of the blind, unless such reproduction is bf a commercial purpose;
e.: limited reproduction of a work other than computer program, in any manner, by using any means whatsoever or by employing '''' similar process, which is done by a public library, scientific or educational institution and documentation centre of non-commercial nature, solely for the purpose of conducting their activities;.
f.: modification of af1Y architectural works, such as building construction, 'based on consideration of technical implementation;
g.: making of a back-up copy of a computer program by the owner of the computer solely for his ovm use.

Article 15

(1) In the interest of education: science and research and development activities, a work that is protected by copyright and within 3 (three) years of its publication has

not been lra!lslatld into Indonesian language or reproduced in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia, the Government after hearing the considerations of the Copyright Council may:

a.: obligate the Copyright Holder to himself carry out the translation and or reproduction of such work in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia within a stipulated period of ti me;
b.: obligate the Copyright Holder concerned to grant a license to other persons to translate and or to reproduce such work in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia within a stipulated period of tim e, where the Copyright Holder concerned does not himself carry out the obligat ions referred to in letter a;

c. itself carry out the translation and or reproduction of such work, where the Copyright Holder does not carry out the obligations referred to in letter b.

(2) The implementation of the provisions as paragraph (1) letter b and letter c shall be accompanied by the granting of a fee the amount of which shall be stipulated by the

Government.

(3) Further implem entation of the provisions of paragraphs (I)

and (2) shall be regulated in a Government Regulation.

Article] 6

The Government, after hearing th e considerations of the Copyright Council, may prohibit the publication of any work which is contrary to government policy in the field of defence and stale security, morals and public order.

Article 17

(I) The publ ication of a work by a radio or t elevi sion broadcast conducted by th e Government in the national inte(est may be carried out without need of prior pe nnission from the

(2) The radio or television broadcasting station competent to publish the work referred to in paragraph (1) shall have the authority to preserve the work by using its own equipment

and solely for its own radio or television broadcast, provided that for subsequent broadcasts said station shali give reasonable compensation to the Copyright Holder concerned.

Article 18

(1): The holder of a copyright to the portrait of a person must obtain the prior permission of the person portrayed to reproduce or to publish his wory,-; person's heirs during the period of 10 (ten) years after the death of the person portrayed.
(2): If a portrait contains two or more persons, the copyright holder must obtain the permission of each person in the portrait to reproduce or to publish each one portrayed, if the publication or reproduction also contains other people in the portrait, or the permission of each such person's heirs during the period of 10 (ten) years after the death of the _person portrayed.
(3): This Article shall only be applicable to a portrait made:

at the request of the person portrayed; upon a request made on behalf of the

person

portrayed;

c. in the interest of the person portrayed.

Article 19

In the event that a portrait is made:

a.: without the consent of the perSG" portrayed;
b.: \vithout the consent of another person on behalf of the person portrayed;
c.: not in the interest of the person portrayed,

the holder of the copyright to the portrait shall not be allowed to publish it, if the publication is contrary to the'reasonable interest of the person portrayed, or if that person has died, the reasonable interest of one of his heirs.

Article 20

Photographing in order to publicise one or more actors in a public performance, even though commercial in nature, shall not be deemed to be an infringement of copyright, except if stated otherwise by the person concerned.

Article 21

In the interest of the public security and or for the purposes of the criminal justice pro cess, a portrai t of a person in any condition whatsoever, may be reproduced and published by the competent

agency,

Article 22

Unless agreed otherwise between the Copyright Holder and the O\vner of a creative work in the form of a photograph, painting, drawing, architectural work, sculpture and other artworks, the O\\'ner shall be entitled to without the consent of the Copyright Holder to display the work in a public exhibition or to reproduce it in a catalogue, with detracting from the provisions of Article 18 and Article 19 if said work of art is in the form of a portrait.

Article 23

Unless agreed otherwise between the author and the copyright holder, the author of a work in

the form of a sculpture or a

\vork, even

painting shall remain entitled to make the

though the author has transferred his copyright to another person.

Article 24

(1) An author or his heir shall be entitled to require that the copyright holder place the name oftbe author on his work.

(2)

a.: It i forbidden to make changes to a work except with the consent of the author or his heir;
b.: Where an author has transferred his copyright to another person, his consent shall be required during his lifetime to make such changes and jf he is deceased, the permission of his heirs shall be required.

(3): The provision referred to in paragraph (2) shall also be applicable to changes in the title and subtitle of a work, inclusion and changes in the name or pen-n2.me of the author.
(4): The author shall remain entitled to make changes to his work in accordance with social propriety.

Article 25

(1): The copyright of a work shall remain in the hands of the author as long as the entire copyright is not transferred to the purchaser of the work.
(2): A copyright which is sold in whole or in part may not be sold again in whole or in' part sold by the same seller.
(3): Where disputes arise between the purchasers of the same copyright to a work, protection shall be granted to the purchaser who first obtained the copyright.

CHAPTERll

Article 26

(1) The copyright on:

a. books, computcr program, pamphlets, typographical arrangemcllt of published works, and all other written works;

sermons, lecturers, addresses and other works of utterance

c. visual aids for educational and scientific purposes

songs or music with or without lyrics, including arts of karawitan and phonograms;

e.: dramatic works, dances (choreographic works), puppet shows, pantomimes;
f.: all forms of arrs, such 2.S paintings, drawings, engravings, calligraphy, carving, sculptures, collages, applied arts in the form of handy crafting;

g. architecture;

h. maps;

1. batik art; translatio!lS, interpretations, adaptations, anthologies,

and other works as a result of changing of form or

mode shall be protected for the life of the author and 50 (fifty) years after his death.

(2) \Vhen a work referred to in paragraph (1) is jointly owned by 2 (two) persons or more, the term of protection on such work shall be for the life of the longest surviving author and shall continue until 50 (fi fty) years after the death of the said longest surviving author.

Article 27

(1): The copyright on:
a.: computer programs;
b.: cinematographic works;

phonograrr.s;

d.: performances;
e.: broadcasting works;
shall be for 50 (fifty) years as from the first publication.

(2) The copyright on a photographic work shall be for 25

(twenty five) years as from the first publication of the work. (2a) The copyright on typographical arrangement of a published

work shall be for 25 (twenty five) years as fro m the first publication of the work.

(3) The copyright on works referred to in paragraph (1) and Article 26 paragraph (1) which are oVv'T1ed or held by a legal body) shall be for 50 (fifty) years as from the first publication, whereas copyri ght referred to in paragraphs (2) and (3) shall be for 25 (twenty five) years .

Article 27A

(1): The copyright on works wruch are held or exercised by the State pursuant to:
a.: provisions of Article 10 paragraph (2) letter b, shall be without any time limit;

b. provisions of Article 10A paragraph (1) shall be for 50 (fifty) years as from the first time the work is known to the pubJic.

(2) The copyright on works which are exercised by publishers pursuant to provisions of Article lOA paragraph (2) shall be for 50 (fifty) years as from its first publ ic ati on.

Article 28

(1): The peri od of validity of a co pyright to a work that i s published part by part shaJl be computed from the date of publication of the final part.
(2): In determi ning the period of validity of a copyright to a work consisting of 2 (two) (or more volumes, likewise summaries and news publ ished by printing and not at the same time, tach such volume or summary and news shall be respectivel y deemed to be a se<:rate work.

Article 28A
The term of protection for the right of an author referred to in:

a.	Article 24 paragraph (1) shall be without any time limit;
b.	Article 24 paragraphs (2) and (3) shall be for the period of
	copyright on the work concerned, except for the mentioning
	and changing of name or pseudonym of the author.

Article 28B

\Vithout prejudice to the right of an author over a. tenn of copyright protection willch is computed from the date of a work comes into exi stence, the computation of the teml of protection on a work which enjoys a protection shall be for:

a.: 25 (twenty) five years;
b.: 50 (fifty) years;
c.: the life time of an author and 50 (fifty) years after his

death comp uted from 1 January of th e following year after the work concerned has beCE published, or the work has become knOVfI1 by the public, or after the author died .

CHAPTER III

REGISTRATION OF WORKS

Article 29

(1): The Department of Justice shall conduct the registration of works in the General Register of Works and make official announcement of such registrations.
(2): Said General Register of \\'orks can be seen by anyone without any charge at the office of Department of Justice.
(3): Everyone may obtain for his own use an excerpt of said General Register of Works by paying the charge stipulated by the Minister of Justice.
(4): Provisions on registration referred to in paragraph. (1) sha ll not be an obligation to obtain a copyright.

!\ II i c](' l ()

The registration .of a work in the.: General R.cgister of \Vorks shall not be construed to mean validatio n of the content, meaning or form of a registered work.

Article 31

_{_(])}The registraticr: of (l \vork in the Gener2.! Register of \Vo:-ks shall be conducted on the basis of an appl ication submitted by the author or by the copyright holder.

(2) An application for registration of a work shall be: c.cidressed

to the Minister of Justice in t\VO COpiLS written in the

Indonesian language accompanied by:

a. the registration fee as determined by the f,1inister of Justi ce;

a sample of the work or a substitute.

(3) Further provisions on applications shall be stipulated by the Minister of Justice.

Article 32

An application for registration of a work conducted on behalf of more than one person and or legal entity shall be permitted if the persons or legal entities are jointly enti tl ed to or dec l ared by a wri tten agreement that they shall jointly be entitled to said work and subm i t to th e Departm ent of Justice, which conducts the registration, an official copy of the written explanation or deed evidencing said fact.

Article 33

The General Register of Works shall include among other things:

the date of receipt of the appli cati on ;

the dale of completion of the requirements in accordance with the provisions of Article 31.

c. the nu.mber of registration of the \Vork.

Art icle 3'1

(I): The registration of a work shall be deemed to have been made at the time the Department of Justice has received the complete application for registration in accordance with the provisions of Article 31 or the complete application for registration in accordance with the provisions of Articles 31 and 32 if .the app lication for regis'; '-ation is submitted by more than one person or entities referred to in Article 32.
(2): The registration referred to in paragraph (I) shall be announced by the Department of Justice in the Supplement of State Gazette of the Republi c of Indonesia.
(3): If the application for registration is submitted completely referred to in paragraph (J) within 1 (one) year after the initial publication of a work, the application for registration shall be deemed to have been proposed at the time of such initial publication.

Article 35

(I) The transfer of rights to the registration of a work registered according to Anicle 33 regi stered under one number, shall only be permitted if the rights to the entire work th at is registered are transferred to the recipient of the rights. Said transfer of rights shall be recorded in the General Register of \Vorks upon a written request of b oth parties or the recipient of the rights .

0) The 1x.1inister of Justice shall determine the charge for recording such transfers of rights.

(4) The recording of said transfers of rights shal l be announced by the Copyright Office in the Suppleme nt of State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia.

Article 36

(1) If a work regi stered according to Articles 31 and 32 is not in accord ance \\'ith the prov isio ns of .Articles 13, 14 letters a,

b, c, e, f and g, 19, 20, 21, and 23, then other perons who according to Article 2 are entitled to a copyright may fi Ie a claim with the District Court of Central Jakarta by a petition signed by the applicant himself or his proxy, requesting that the registration of said work be cancelled.

(2): Said claim must be made by the claimant within 9 (nine) months after the announcement in the Supplement of State Gazette referred to in Article 34 has been published.
(3): After the grace period referred to in paragraph (2), 2. claim for cancellation of the registration of a work may still also be filed if the rights of the claimant are proven by a court decision which has become final and binding.

Article:; 7

(J): Changes in the name or address of a person or legal entity the name of which is recorded in the General Register of \Vorks as the author or the copyright holder, shall be recorded in the General Register of \\'orks upon a written request of the author or the copyright holder having that name and address, by paying the fee determined by the l\1inister of Justice.
(2): Said change of name or address shall be announced in the Supplement of State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia by the Department of Justice.

Article 38

The legal force of the registration of a work shall become void due to:

3. cancellation upon the request of a person or legal entity the name of which is recorded as the author or the copyright holder;

b. expiry, referred to in Article 26 in view of Anicles 27 and 28· , invalidation by a court decision which has become final and binding.

CHAPTER lilA

LICENCE

Article 38A

(1): The copyright holder shall have the right to license to another party based on a licensing agreement to carry out activities referred to in Article 2.
(2): Unless otherwise agreed , the scope of licence referred to in paragraph (1) shall cover all activities referred to in Article 2, for a period of the licensing agreement and exercisable 'within the entire territory of the Republic ofIndonesia.

Article 38B

Unless otherwise agreed, the copyright holder shall reserve the right to exercise or to give further licences to other third parties to carr)' out activities referred to in Article 2.

Article 38C

(1 ₎A licensing agreement shall not contain clauses which may dirctly or indirectly cause detrimental effect on the economy of I ndonesia.

(..:.^..,) In order to have legal consequences agai ns t a third par1'y a licensing agreement shall be recorded at the Copyright Office.

_₍₃₎ Application for registration of a licensing agreement which contains clauses referred to in paragraph (1) shall be refused by the Copyright Office.

Further provIsIons concerning licensing agreement. including procedures of its recording shall be regulated in a Government Regulation .

CHAPTER IV

COPYRlGHT COUNCIL

Article 39

(1): In order to assist the Government in providin g public information and guidance as well as the promotion of co pyright, a Copyright Council shall be established.
(2): The membership of the Copyright Council shall consist of representatives from related government departments or agencies, as well as representatives from organisati ons In related field of expertise and professions.
(3): The requirements for organisations of authors, which may send their representatives to the Copyright Council, the number of members and their requirements, shail be stipulated in a Government Regulat ion .
(4): The designation of expert members or representatives of profession in the field of copyright and the In membership shall be decided by the Government

with members representing their organisations.

Article 40

(1): Chairman, vice-chairman, secretary, vice-secretary and other members of the Copyright Council shall be appointed and dismissed by the President upon the recommendation of the l\1inister.
(3): The expenses of the Copyright Council referred to Ir. paragraph (2) shall be borne by the expenditure budget of the Department of Justice.

CHAPTER V

lUGHTS AND AUTHORlTY TO BRING LAWSUIT

Article 41

The transfer of copyright on all works to another person or entity shall not prejudice the right of the author or his beneficia ries to bring la\vsuit against any person who without his consent:

a.	deletes the name of the author on the "\-"lork;
b.	signs up a name as an author of the work;
c.	replaces or changes the title of the work; and or
d.	changes the content of the work.

Anicle 42

(1) The copyright holder shall have the right to claim for damages to the District Court against copyright infringement and request confiscation of the published goods or the reproduction of such goods. In the event that there is a claim to submit goods referred to in paragraph (1), a judge may order that the delivery shall be done on payment of the value of the goods by the copyright holder to a party who acted in good fa ith.

(3 _₎The .copyright holder shall also have the right to request to the District Court to order del ivery of the whole amount or part of income earned through conducting sermons and other scientific events, or performances or exhibitions of works resulting from copyright infringement or which is conducted in a manner infringing the copyright concerned.

(4) To avoid further damage to the party whom the right has been infringed, a judge may order the infringer to stop any activities of m a king, repf()ducing, broadcasting, distributing, and selling works or goods resulting from copyright infringement.

Article 43

The right of a copyright holder referred to in Article 42 shall not apply to goods held by a person who does not trade such goods and has acquired it for his own use.

Article 43A

An author of a work or his beneficiary may bring 2. cl2.im for damages against violation of the provisions of Article 24.

Article 43B

The right to bring a civil action referred to in Article 2 shall not prejudice the right of the State to prosecute copyright infringement.

CHAPTER VA

:NEIGHBOURlNG RIGHTS

Article 43C

(1): A performer shall have an exclusive right to give consent to or prevent another person who without his conse nt makes, reproduces and broadcasts a phonogram and or a visual picture of his performance.
(2): A producer of phonogram shall have an exclusive right to give consent or to prevent any other person who \\'1thout his consent reproduces a phonogram or other recorded voice.
(3): A broadcasting orgzilisation shall have an exclusi\·e right to give consent or to p:-f'vent any other person who without his consent makes, j·cproduces, and rebroadcasts his broadcasting work ihrough transmission with aT without wire, or through any other electromagnetic system

Article 43D

(1): The term of protection for:
a.: a performer who produces performance work shall be for 50 (fifty) years after tile work is subsisted or performed;
b.: a producer of phonogram who pro'duces a phonogram shall be for 50 (fifty) years after the completion of the work.

c, a broadcasting organisation which produces broadcasting work shall be for 20 (twenty) years after the work is fIrstly broadcast.

(2): The computation of the terrn of protection referred to in paragraph (1) shall be fTom 1 January of the followi ng year after: a, a performance is completely formed or performed; b, a phonogram is completely recorded;
c.: a broadcasting work is broadcast for the ftrst time.

Article 43E

Provisions referred to in Articles 3, 4,5, 8,9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 24,25,29,30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36,37, 38,381\ 38B, 38C, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46 and 47 shall also be applicable to the owner of right referred to in Article 43 C,

CHAPTER VI

ClUMINAL PROVISIONS

Article 44

(1) .Any person who deliberately and without right publishes or reproduces a work or gives permission for this purpose shall be sentenced to imprisonment of at most 7 (seven) years and/or a fine of at most Rp. 100,000,000..... (one hundred million rupiah).

(2) any person who deliberately broadcasts, exhib i t s, distributes, or sells to the puhl ic (\ work or goods result iIl [rom a copyright infringement referred to in paragraph (1) shall be sentenced to imprisonment of at most 5 (fiv e) years and/or a fine of at most Rp. 50,000,000.-(fifty million rupiah).

(3) Any person who deliberately vi ol ates the prov isi ons of Article] 6 shal l be sentenced to imprisonment of at most 3 (three) years and/or a fine of at most Rp. 25,000,000.(twenty five million rupiah).

(4) Any person who deliberately violates the prov isions of Article 18 shall be sentenced to imp:-isonment of at most 2 (two) years and/ or a fine of 2.t most Rp. 15,000,000.(fifteen million rupiah).

Article 45

A work or goods resulting from a copyright infringement, upon a court decision, may:

a. be seized for th e State to be destroyed ;

b. be deli v ered to the copyright holder, pro\ded that the copyright holder concerned has brought a civi l acti on agai nst the case of infringement of the copyright concerned, based on the provisions referred to in Article 42.

Article 46

The criminal offences referred to in Article 44 shall be felonies.

CHAPTER VI A

INVESTIGATION

Article 47

In addition to investigating officers at the State Police of the
Republic. of In donesi a, certain civil servants from the

department whose ScOP( of duties £lnd responsibilities illC!UUC the lOlllutioll or copyrights shall be granted speci al

authority as investigators referred to in Act No. 8 of 1981 on Criminal Proceedings, to conduct investigations on criminal offences in the field of copyrights.

(2): The civ il servant investigator referred to in paragraph (1) shall be authori sed
a.: to conduct examination of the truth of reports or information relating to

criminal offences in the field of copvriahts'

.I ,

O. to conduct examination of a person or legal entity suspected of committing criminal offences in the field of copyrights; to collect information and evidence from persons or legal entities in connection with incidents of criminal offences in the field of copyrights;

d.: to conduct examination of the books, records and other documents relating to criminal offences in the field of copyrights;
e.: to inspect locations on "\vhich evidence, books, records, and other documents to be found, as well as to confiscate material s and good s resulting from infringements which can used as evidence in the criminal tria ls in the field of copyrights;
f.: (0 request expert assista nce in the scope' of carryi ng out the duties of investigation of criminal offences.in the field of copyrights;

(3): The civil servant investigator referred to in paragraph (1 ) shan inform the investigating officers at the State Police of the Republic of Indonesia about the initiating and the result of an investigation.
(4): The civil servant investigator reierred to in paragraph (1 ) shall forward the results of an investigation to the Public Prosecutor through the investigating officer.s at the State Police of the Republic of Indonesia in view of Act No. 8 of ]981 on Criminal Proceedings.

CHAPTER VII

CONCLUDING PROVISIONS

Article 48

This Act shall apply to all works and Neighbouring rights belonging to:

a.	any Indonesian citizens, residents, and legal entities;
b.	non-Indonsian citizens, non-Indonesian residents and non
	Indonesian .legal entities that are published for the first time
	in Indonesia				or	published						in Indonesia							within 30				(thiny)
	days after the first publication outside Indonesia;
c.	non-Indonesian citizens, non-Indonesian residents, and non
	Indonesian legal entities, provided that:
	1 )	their		country					has		bilateral					agreements						on			the
	protection of copyright and neighbouring rights with
	the Republic ofIndonesia;
	2)	their country and the Republic of Indonesia are parties
	or		member					countries						of	the			same			multilateral
	agreement						on			the			protection				of			copyright				and
	neighbouring rights.

ELUODATION

LA.\V OF lliEREPUBUCOF INOONESIANO.12 OF 1997

ONM1ENDMENTOFLA\VNO. 60F 1982 ON COPYRIGHf

P.5 .AMThlDED BYLA\VNO. 70F 1987

GENERAL

The decree of People1s Consultative Assembly of the Republic of Indonesia No.IIJ1vfPRIl993 on the Guidelines of State Policy stipulates, among others, that world1s development which brings opportunities capable of supporting and increasing the growth of national development should be employed to the most. In line with the direction of the Guidelines of State Policy, therefore, all global developments, changes, and inclinations that might presumably influence the National Stability and the achievement of national objectives need to be carefully observed, in order to be able to take the anticipating steps.

One of the significant and closely monitored developments during the last decade, which is still going to be the incl ination in the future, is the ever grmving flow of globalization in social life, economy, culture and in other sides of life. In the field of trade , the development of, in particular, inforrntion technology and transportation has rapidly driven activities in this sector and has even merged the \vorld into a single common market. Having considered such facts and inclinations, it is then quite reasonable when there is an urge toward regulating for a more appropriate legal protection. :Moreover, there is a number of countries which are getting more relying their economic and

trading	acti vities		on	products		being		a	result	of	human
intel lectuals,		such	as works		in the		field	of scien		ce, arts		and
literature.

The General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT) as a multilateral agreement on tradc basically aimcd to create a frcc trade and equal treatment as well as to help create economic growth and progress, in order to achieve human prosperity.

In the framework of the Agreement, in April 1994 in Marakesh, Morocco, a package of trade negotiation deals has been agreed, and it became the most comprehensive agreement GATT has ever achieved. The negotiation which had begun in 1986 in Punta del Este, Uruguay, and known as Uruguay Round contains, among others, the Agreement on Trade Related ASlJccts of Intellectual Property Rights (TIUPS).

The TRIPS Agreement established norms and standards of protection for human intellectuals and laid the international agreement on Intellectual Property Rights as its foundation. In addition; the agreement also regulates strict implementing rules of

legal enforcement in ·the field of Intellectual Property Rights.

As a signatory to the Uruguay Round Agreement Indonesia has ratified the agreement package v.;ith Law No. 7 of 1994 concerning the Ratification of the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization. In line with the policy, to support national development activities, particularly after considering the various changes and development, Indonesia, which had adopted a national Copyright Law since 1982 which was then amended with Law No. 7 of 1987, views that it is necessary to make perfection on the Law concerned.

In addition to the perfection of some provisions considered as providing inadequate legal protection on Authors, it is also considered necessary to make adjustment to conform to the TRJPS Agreement. The goal is to eliminate various barriers, in partic1:llar, to facilitate efforts that promote the economic growth as well as national and international trade.

With such background and considerations, therefore, the general area and course of amendment on Law No. 6 of 1982 as

amended with Law Nq. 7 of 1987 concerning Copyrights covers, among others:

1. Perfection

In this Law, the perfecti0I1: covers the proVIslons concerning the protection on works of which the Authors are unknown, ,exception'a} provision cncenUng the infringement of , c6pyrights, the tenn of protection of works, right and authority to bring lawsuit, and provisions concerning Civil Servant Investigator (PPNS).

2. Addition

Some changes to add provisions concerning:

a.	Rental Rights of the holder of copyrights concerning
	video records, movies, and computer programs;
b.	Neighboring	Rights	which	cover	protection,		for
	performers, phonogram producers,				and	broadcasting
	agency; and
c,	copyright license

ARTICLE BY ARTICLE

Figure 1

The amendment on provision of Article I figure 2 i? meant to affirm the required element of originality of work to qualify for copyright protection. A work has to be in a distinctive form and shows the originality as a creation of person based on ability and creativity of a personal nature. "In a distinctive form" means that the work has to be completely realized, so that it is capable of being seen, heard or read. To include in the definition of " capab le of being read" is Braille reading. Since a work has to be in a distinctive form, the protection of copyright shall not then

b.e granted trlis concept, an idea doe's ' not ' basically qual ify for . a copyright protection because an idea has no fonn that enables it to be seen, . heard or read. The addition . of provisions concefTIing .the definition of performer, phonogram p.rodcer arid broadcasting agency is' necessary in relation to the addii9n .of new provisions concerning Neighboring Rights. In the definition of performer, the mentioning of ctor, singer muician, and dancer ' is to show the professions of performers, which are basically only to mention some of those whose activities c.rc to perform, show, act, sing, communicate, recite, or 'play a piece of work.

Meanwhile, the definition of phonogram producers includes those who carry out activities of direct recording on objects whih produce voice or sound, including those who record 'voice . or sound in different musical

. arrangements, and not just multiply or reproduce existing recordings. As of the meaning of "broadcasting workst1 in the definition of "broadcasting organization" covers, among others, pictures or pictures and voice. The requirement that it should take the form of legal body only applies to Private B roadcasting Organization.

Furthermore, see the elucidation of the previous

Article 1.

Figure 2

This amendment is meant to affirm the recognition on the existence of rights belonging to Authors or copyright holders of cinematographic works and computer programs, in the form of rights to prevent or to give consent to the commercial rental of cinematographi c works or computer programs.

Similar rights may apply to producers of phonograms.

Furthermore, see the elucidation of the prevIous Article 2 .

^.The addition of provision in p aragraph (1) A is meant to c1arify the principle that the copyright on a work made by a person on work order, for instance, within a Government office, unless othen:vise agreed, is he1d by the office concerned, as the party who gave the job order. This provision does not prejudice the right of the person who makes the work, as the Author, if such work is used beyond the official reI ationship. Meanwhile, the ame ndment in paragraph (2) is meant to clarify the existence of copyrights on works made beyond an official service or works made on a work order. This means that the work is made within a work service in private sector or is made on a work order between a private institution and another party or between individuals.

Furthermore, see the elucidation of the previous Micle 8.

FiQUre 4

This amendment is meant to affirm the status of

copyright in the event that the author of a work is unknown and the work is not or not yet published in its appropriate form. For example, in the case of a written work or music, the work has not been published in the form of book or has not been recorded. In that case, to protect the rights of the Author, the State holds the copyright for the Author. In the event that the work is in the form of a written work and has been published, then the publisher holds the copyright on such work.

A publisher is also deemed as holding the .copyright of a work that is published under a pseudonym of the Author. Therefore, upon a published work of which the Author is

unknown or the name printed on it is only a pseudonym, the publisher whose. name appears on the work and which, based on presented evidence, is the first publishing the work, represents the Author.. However, this does not apply when the Author subsequently rveals his identity and is able to proof that he is the Author of the work.

Furthermore, see the elucidation of the previous Article 10 A..

Figure 5

This amendment is actually only to re-arrange the order of kinds of works within the scope of copyright by classifying them according to the kinds and nature of the works. Moreover, some kinds of works need an explanation as follow:

A typographical arrangement means the art or aesthetic aspect of the writing arrangement and shape of a vrritten work. This is to include the format, decoration, color, and arrangement or layout of letters that as a totality constitutes a distinctive fonn. As of drawings cover, among others, technical drawings, patterns, diagrams, sketches, logos, and shapes of characters. A collage is an artistic composition . made of various materials, such as clothes, paper, wood attached on the surface of a picture.

As of applied art, it is basically handcrafting art that can be produced in great numbers. For example, jewels or accessories, furniture, decorative paper or wall ornamentals, and clothes design. Visual aids that are

granted protection are devices for the purpose of science, including education.

Architecture includes construction art, miniatures or construction models. Batik, as an artwork, is granted protection by this Law as a distinct work. In this Law "Batik" means a new creation which is not a traditional or contemporary one. Such works are granted protection

because they have artistic values, on the creation of pattems, dra\yjngs as ' well · 'as 'color ' co mposition. The protection on traditional batiks is granted against any foreign party or party from abroad. The term of protection on 'traditional ' 'batik works , such ", as Parang Rusak, Sidomuh.-ti,' Truntum and ethers have elapsed and become public 'domain. Therefore, basically, 'Indonesian nationals are free to use them. Furthermore, cinematographic work as a communication medium of moving images and voices is to include documentaT)1 films, news; reportage, or movies made on scenario and cartoon movies. Cinematographic works mey be made on celluloid tape, video tape, video disc, 2.nd or other media which make them possible to be sho\\11 at movie theatre, on wid e screen, or television.

An anthology inCludes works in the form of book of which the content is a compilation of assorted Vlritten works, collection of assorted songs recorded in a single cassette, or composition of assorted choreographs.

Figure 6

The amendment in this Article is made by omitting the 10 percents limitation in the provision concerning the use that is not considered as a copyright infTingement. The omission is necessary because it is difticult to apply a quantitative measure to establish an infringement. In this case, a qualitative measure would be more appropriate. For instance, taking the most important or distinctive part or distinctive feature of the work, even though it does not amount to 10 percents. Such use substantively qualifies an infringement of copyrights, Furthermore, the use of copyright does not constitute an infringement if such use clearl y mentions the source, whereas the use itself is

limited for a non-commercial purpose including social activities, For instance, 2.ctivities In the scope of

education, research and development, the use in the scope of science is precluded provided that" it does not harm the norinal interests of the Author. To include within this definition is taking the excerpt of a work to be used in a free-of-charge show or performance. On taking excerpt of a written work, the full identity of the source work has to be mentioned. It means that it has to mention at least the n:lme of the Author, the title or name of the worY.., and the

name of the publisher, if any. The measure of normal interests of an Author has to be appraised by the rights of the Author, in particular, to enjoy economic benefit from the work concerned. If a dispute emerges, tbe lssue shall be settled by a decision of the Court.

Besides that, the amendment is also made on the restricti.on for reproducing works other than computer program. The purpose is to affirm that the reproduction of a work may not exceed the needed number of copies as to meet the purpose of reproducing the work concerned. In relation to computer program, it is necessary to assert that the o\vner of this kind of work may only make one copy of the work, used solely as a reserve of the work concerned. This provision also applies to public libraries, science or

education		and	documentation		centers,
solely for conducting their a			ctivities.
Furthermore,	see	the	elucidation	of	the	previous
Article 14.

Figure 7

The amendment is meant to confonn to the amendment made on provision of Article 11 that classifies the kinds of works based on form and field of works. The rest is the classification of kinds of works based on the term of protection.

Furthermore, see the elucidation of the previous Article 26.

Figure 8

See the elucidation of Figure 7.

Figure 9

The addition of new provision here is to clarify the provision concerning the protection period 'of copyright that is held by the State. By principle, a work of which the copyTight is held by the State under Article 10 paragraph

(2) l etter b shall be granted an unlimited period of protection. Meanwhile, upon a" work the copyright of \·vhich is exerised by the State under iUiicle 10 A paragraph (1) shall be " granted protection for 50 (fifty) years as from the. work is known by members of the public. This provision applies to a work of which the Author is absolutely unknown. If the identity of the Author is subsequently revealed, or the Author himself subsequently discloses his identity within a period of 50 (fifty) years after the work has been known by the public, then the provision of Article 26 applies. This means that the protection period continues for 50 (fifty) years after the death of the Author.

Upon works of which the copyrights are held by the publishers in pursuant of Article 10 A paragraph (2), the

prot ection period is for 50 (fifty) years from the first time the work was published.

Figure 10

The new provision of Article 28A here is ·meant to affirm that the right of an Author to have his name or identity mentioned including his pseudonym be endless or for an unlimited period of protection. Meanwhile, the prot ecti on period for an Author against any action by another party to make any change upon "his \\;ork is of the same period of protection as on the work itself.

The provision of Article 28B which affirms the date or 1 January as the base to compute the protectioll priou or a copyright is merely to ease· in computing the end of protection. The starting point is 1 January of the following or current year is made eligible to the

published or after the death of the Author. Trjs is an co nform to the international

agreement applicable to copyrights.
This

method of computation does not prejudice the principle that the computation of the protectioft period shall be based on the time the work is created, in the event that the actual date is clearly known.

An example of the application: a cinematographic

work that was published for the f1[st time on 20 July 1 995

will be. protected 'from 20 July 1995 until 31 December

2045.

Figure 11

The addition 9f a new Chapter is meant to provide a legal foundation for licensing practices in the field of copyrights. Basically, the nature of a licensing agreement is only an authorization or conferring of rights set up in a deed of agreement, for certain period of time under certain conditions, to enjoy the economic benefit of a work protected by copyright. A licensing agreement is not usually closed as an exclusive agreement. This means that the holder of copyright still maintain his right to exercise the copyright or to give a similar license to a third party. A licensing agreement may also be closed as an exclusive one, meaning that the right is exclusively given solely to the licensee. An exclusive license is capable of being abused to monopolize the market, or to eliminate the healthy competition in the market. As an example, such

thing may happen when a li censee does not use

deliberately or exploit the licensed work. Such action is

taken in order to control the · market through' the usc of

another product or product 'of his own. Such method

clearly will impair the right of the Author and even may

hamper the growth of Indonesian economy. ' Considering

such possibility, therefore, -this Law lays down a directive

that a'license may be exercised provided 1t does not cause

detrimental effect on the economy of Indonesia,

Furthermore, it is also asserted that .to effect . legal

consequences agai nst a third party, a licensing agreement

has to be recorded at the CopYlight Office.

Figure 12

The amendment of Articl e 42 paragraph (1) is meant to simplify the wordings and to affirm the right of an Author to claim for indemn ity if there is an infringement

^of^{^c^o^p^yri^g}^{^h^t^.}. If'a confiscation is requested as referred to in this paragraph, it has to be camed out in pursuant to the provisions concerning forfeiting of movable goods as regulated in Law of Civil Proceedings, With this amendment, thus, the provisions of the previous Article 43 paragraph (2) are not needed anymore. The provision of Article 43 paragraph (1) becomes the new Article 43 with amendment. Moreover, the addition of new provision d sjgnat ed as Article 43A is meant to affirm the right of an Author or his beneficiary to claim for i ndemnity against any violation 'of the provision in Arti cle 24, that is the provision concerning the moral right of an Author. The addition of provision in Article 43B is actually an improvement and to remove the content of the previous Article 42 paragraph (3).

Figure 13

The addition of a new Chapter is meant provide a legal

foundation for rights rel ated to copyrights known as

Neighbori such ,rightsjndudes who

' producers of and broadcasting ,

wotks. In addidn to proisions cOl?cerning the content of therights,

,it ,also sets out the ;tenn of protection and other provisions

applicabJe against infringement of of the same sanctions as those applicabl e

'' is taken upon considerations that the po'ssible "economical damage and other losses arising from infringement of these rights are basically the same as ofagainst copyright.

Figure 14

Proceedings, this principle is still in line with provision in Article 46 of the Law (KUHAP).

Figure 15

This amendment is made to clarify the authority of Civil Servat Investigator and the

procedures on the implementation of the task as well as his inter-relation with Investigator of the State Police of the Republic , Qf Indonesia and the Public Prosecutor.

A clear provision regarding investigation is important for investigative' apparatus in carrying out their tasks,

Therefore, .it is necessary to clarify that even though Civil Servant Investigators

of which the task and responsibility th'e management of copyrights, are vested with authority to be an

investigator, this does not eliminate the fu nction of Investigator of the State Police .of the Republic of Indonesi a as the 1\1ain Investigator. In carrying out their tasks, Civil ServanT. Investigators are under the coordination and supervision of Investigators of the State Police of the RepUb lic of Indonesia. Therefore, during the process of an investigation a Civil Servant Investigator needs to consult with lnvestigators of the State Police of the RefJublic of Indonesia. It is in this stage of investigation that Investigators of the State Police of the Republic of Indonesia givE': technical oirections concerning

he form2,l 2nd the coment ofDu:d of Invcstigation and at the-same time check th e ITuth of the content of the Deed. Ahu the ;:/\'estigation is over, lhe,result of invc:igaion sn?JI bc stJomit!ea by the Civil seryant Investigator iO Ine II1\'cstig8tor of the Stale Police of the Republic of Indonesia, who in turns shail proceed it immedic.tely to the Public Prosecutor, This is in accordance with the principle laid dov,'n in Anicle 6, .Micle 7 and Article 107 of Law No 8 of 1981 concerning Criminal Proceedigs,

Bearing in mind this principle, thus the word "throughin paragraph (4) is not necessarily understood as statirig that Investigator of the State Police of the Republic of Indonesia may or shall undertake reinvestigation, For, any technical assistance on investigation as well as on the booking of result of t^he investigation, basically, has been given during a period in which Civil Servant Investigator carrying his investigation. As a result, the principle of fast and effective procedures as prescribed by Criminal Proceedings Law can be implemented.

Figure J 6

This amendment is meant to adjust to international rules concerning, in particular, Neighboring Rights. This constitutes an anticipation toward the possibility for the

accession of the Republic of Indonesia-into bil ateral! multilateral agreements concerning the rights.

Article IT

Self-explanatory

SUPPLEMENTARY STATE GAZETfE OF' -[1{E REPubLIC OF INDONESIA. NUMBER 3679

The Constitution of The Arab Republic of Egypt 1971 (as amended up to 2007), Egypt

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P.5 .AMThlDED BYLA\VNO. 70F 1987