The Arbitration And Conciliation Act, 1996, India, WIPO Lex

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English The Arbitration And Conciliation Act, 1996

THE ARBITRATION AND CONCILIATION ACT, 1996
CONTENTS
PREAMBLE
PRELIMINARY
- 1. Short title, extent and-commencement
PART I ARBITRATION
PART II ENFORCEMENT OF CERTAIN FOREIGN AWARDS
- CHAPTER I NEW YORK CONVENTION AWARDS
- CHAPTER II GENEVA CONVENTION AWARDS
PART III CONCILIATION
PART IV SUPPLEMENTARY PROVISIONS
THE FIRST SCHEDULE
- CONVENTION ON THE RECOGNITION ANDENFORCEMENT OFFOREIGN ARBITRAL AWARDS
  - ARTICLE I
  - ARTICLE II
  - ARTICLE III
  - ARTICLE IV
  - ARTICLE V
  - ARTICLE VI
  - ARTICLE VII
  - ARTICLE VIII
  - ARTICLE IX
  - ARTICLE X
  - ARTICLE XI
  - ARTICLE XII
  - ARTICLE XIII
  - ARTICLE XIV
  - ARTICLE XV
  - ARTICLE XVI
THE SECOND SCHEDULE
- PROTOCOL ON ARBITRATION CLAUSES
THE THIRD SCHEDULE
- CONVENTION ON THE EXECUTION OF FOREIGNARBITRAL AWARDS
  - Article 1.
  - Article 2.
  - Article 3.
  - Article 4.
  - Article 5.
  - Article 6-
  - Article 7.
  - Article 8.
  - Article 9.
  - Article 10.
  - Article 11.

THE ARBITRATION AND CONCILIATION

ACT, 1996
CONTENTS PRELIMINARY
1.	Short title, extent and commencement
	PART-I ARBITRATION CHAPTER I GENERAL PROVISIONS
2.	Definitions
3.	Receipt of written communications
4.	Waiver of right to object
5.	Extent of judicial intervention
6.	Administrative assistance
	CHAPTER II ARBITRATION AGREEMENT
7.	Arbitration agreement
8.	Power to refer parties to arbitration where there is an arbitration agreement
9.	Interim measures by court
	CHAPTER III COMPOSITION OF ARBITRAL TRIBUNAL
10.	10.	Number of arbitrators
11.	Appointment of arbitrators
12.	Grounds for challenge
13.	Challenge procedure

Failure or impossibility to act
Termination of mandate and substitution of arbitrator

CHAPTER IV JURISDICTION OF ARBITRAL TRIBUNALS

Competence of arbitral tribunal to rule on its jurisdiction
Interim measures ordered by arbitral tribunal

CHAPTER V CONDUCT OF ARBITRAL PROCEEDINGS

Equal treatment of parties
Determination of rules of procedure
Place of arbitration
Commencement of arbitral proceedings
Language
Statements of claim and defence
Hearings and written proceedings
Default of a party
Expert appointment by arbitral tribunal
Court assistance in taking evidence

CHAPTER VI MAKING OF ARBITRAL AWARD AND TERMINATION OF PROCEEDINGS

Rules applicable to substance of dispute
Decision making by panel of arbitrators
Settlement
Form and contents of arbitral award
Termination of proceedings
Correction and interpretation of award; additional award

CHAPTER VII RECOURSE AGAINST ARBITRAL AWARD

34. Application for setting aside arbitral award

CHAPTER VIII FINALITY AND ENFORCEMENT OF ARBITRAT AWARDS

Finality of arbitral awards.
Enforcement

CHAPTER IX APPEALS

37. Appealable orders

CHAPTER X MISCELLANEOUS

Deposits
Lien on arbitral award and deposits as to costs
Arbitration agreement not to be discharged by death of party thereto
Provisions in case of insolvency
Jurisdiction
Limitations

PART II ENFORCEMENT OF CERTAIN FOREIGN AWARDS CHAPTER I NEW YORK CONVENTION AWARDS

44. Definition

45.	Power of judicial authority to refer parties to arbitration
46.	When foreign award binding
47.	Evidence
48.	Conditions for enforcement of foreign awards
49.	Enforcement of foreign awards
50.	Appealable orders
51.	Saving
52.	Chapter 11 not to apply
	CHAPTER II
	GENEVA CONVENTION AWARDS
53.	Interpretation
54.	Power of judicial authority to refer parties to arbitration
55.	Foreign awards when binding
56.	Evidence
57.	Conditions for enforcement of foreign awards
58.	Enforcement of foreign awards
59.	Appealable orders
60.	Saving
	PART III
	CONCILIATION
61.	Application and scope
62.	Commencement of conciliation proceedings
63.	Number of conciliators
64.	Appointment of conciliators

65.	Submission of statements to conciliator
66.	Conciliator not bound by certain enactments
67.	Role of conciliator
68.	Administrative assistance
69.	Communication between conciliator and parties
70.	Disclosure of information
71.	Co-operation of parties with conciliator
72.	Suggestions by parties for settlement of dispute
73.	Settlement agreement
74.	Status and effect of settlement agreement
75.	Confidentiality
76.	Termination of conciliation proceedings
77.	Resort to arbitral or judicial proceedings
78.	Costs
79.	Deposits
80.	Role of conciliator in other proceedings
81.	Admissibility of evidence in other proceedings
	PART-IV
	SUPPLEMENTARY PROVISIONS
82.	Power of High Court to make rules
83.	Removal of difficulties
84.	Power to make rules
85.	Repeal and saving
86.	Repeal and saving

THE FIRST SCHEDULE

THE SECOND SCHEDULE

THE THIRD SCHEDULE

THE ARBITRATION AND CONCILIATION ACT, 1996

(No. 26 of 1996)

[16th August 1996]

An Act to consolidate and amend the law relating to domestic arbitration, international commercial arbitration and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards as also to define the law relating to conciliation and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.

PREAMBLE

WHERE AS the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) has adopted the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration in 1985;

AND WHEREAS the General Assembly of the United Nations has recommended that all countries give due consideration to the said Model Law, in view of the desirability of uniformity of the law of arbitral procedures and the specific needs of international Commercial arbitration practice;

AND WHEREAS the UNCITRAL has adopted the UNCITRAL Conciliation Rules in 1980;

AND WHEREAS the General Assembly of the United Nations has recommended the use of the said Rules in cases where a dispute arises in the context of international commercial relations and the parties seek an amicable settlement of that dispute by recourse to conciliation;

AND WHEREAS the said Model Law and Rules make significant contribution to the establishment of a unified legal framework for the fair and efficient settlement of disputes arising in international commercial relations;

AND WHEREAS it is expedient to make law respecting arbitration and conciliation, taking into account the aforesaid Model Law and Rules;

BE it enacted by Parliament in the forty-seventh year of the Republic as follows:

PRELIMINARY

1. Short title, extent and-commencement. –

(1): This Act maybe called the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996.
(2): It extends to the whole of India:

Provided that Parts I, III and IV shall extend to the State of Jammu and Kashmir only in so far as they relate to international commercial arbitration or, as the case may be, international commercial conciliation.

Explanation. -In this sub-section, the expression “international commercial conciliation” shall have the same meaning as the expression “international commercial arbitration” in clause (f) of sub-section (1) of section 2, subject to the modification that for the word “arbitration” occurring therein, the word “conciliation” shall be substituted.

(3) It shall come be deemed come into force on the 25^th day of January 1996.

PART I ARBITRATION CHAPTER I GENERAL PROVISIONS

2. Definitions.

(1) In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires, -

(a): “Arbitration” means any arbitration whether or not administered by permanent arbitral institution;
(b): “Arbitration agreement” means an agreement referred to in section 7;
(c): “Arbitral award” includes an interim award;
(d): “Arbitral tribunal” means a sole arbitrator or a panel of arbitrators;
(e): “Court” means the principal Civil Court of original jurisdiction in a district, and includes the High Court in exercise of its ordinary original civil jurisdiction, having, jurisdiction to decide the questions forming the subject-matter of the arbitration if the same had been the subject-matter of a suit, but does not include any civil court of a grade inferior to such principal Civil Court, or any Court of Small Causes;

(iii) A company or an association or a body of individuals whose central management and control is exercised in any country other than India; or

(iv). The Government of a foreign country;

(g): “Legal representative” means a person who in law represents the estate of a deceased person, and includes any person who intermeddles with the estate of the deceased, and, where a party acts in a representative character, the person on whom the estate devolves on the death of the party so acting;
(h): “Party” means a party to an arbitration agreement.

Scope

(2): This Part shall apply where the place of arbitration is in India.
(3): This Part shall not affect any other law for the time being in force by virtue of which certain disputes may not be submitted to arbitration.
(4): This Part except sub-section (1) of section 40, sections 41 and 43 shall apply to every arbitration under any other enactment for the time being in force, as if the arbitration were pursuant to an arbitration agreement and as if that other enactment were an arbitration agreement, except in so far as the provisions of this Part are inconsistent with that other enactment or with any rules made thereunder.
(5): Subject to the provisions of sub-section (4), and save in so far as is otherwise provided by any law for the time being in force or in any agreement in force between India and any other country or countries, this Part shall apply to all arbitrations and to all proceedings relating thereto.

Construction of references

(6): Where this Part, except section 28, leaves the parties free to determine a certain issue, that freedom shall include the right of the parties to authorise any person including an institution, to determine that issue.
(7): An arbitral award made under this Part shall be considered as a domestic award.

That agreement shall include any arbitration rules referred to in that agreement.

(9) Where this Part, other than clause (a) of section 25 or clause (a) of subsection (2) of section 32, refers to a claim, it shall also apply to a counterclaim, and where it refers to a defence, it shall also apply to a defence to that counter-claim.

3. Receipt of written communications. –

(2): The communication is deemed to have been received on the day it is so delivered.
(3): This section does not apply to written communications in respect of proceedings of any judicial authority.

4. Waiver of right to object. -A party who knows that

(a): Any provision of this Part from which the parties may derogate, or
(b): Any requirement under the arbitration agreement,

Has not been complied with and yet proceeds with the arbitration without stating his objection to such non-compliance without undue delay or, if a the limit is provided for stating that objection, within that period of time, shall be deemed to have waived his right to so object

Extent of judicial intervention. -Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force, in matter governed by this Part, no judicial authority shall intervene except where so provided in this Part.
Administrative assistance. -In order to facilitate the conduct of the arbitral proceedings, the parties, or the arbitral tribunal with the consent of the parties, may arrange for administrative assistance by a suitable institution or person.

CHAPTER II ARBITRATION AGREEMENT

7. Arbitration agreement. –

(1): In this Part, “arbitration agreement” means an agreement by the parties to submit to arbitration all or certain disputes which have arisen or which may arise between them in respect of a defined legal relationship, whether contractual or not.
(2): An arbitration agreement may be in the form of an arbitration clause in a contract or in the form of a separate agreement.
(3): An arbitration agreement shall be in writing.
(5): There reference in a contract to a document containing an arbitration clause constitutes an arbitration agreement if the contract is in writing and the reference is such as to make that arbitration clause part of the contract.

8. Power to refer parties to arbitration where there is an arbitration agreement. -

(1): A judicial authority before which an action is brought in a matter, which is the subject of an arbitration agreement, shall, if a party so applies not later than when submitting his first statement on the substance of the dispute, refer the parties to arbitration.
(2): The application referred to in sub-section (1) shall not be entertained unless it is accompanied by the original arbitration agreement or a duly certified copy thereof.
(3): Notwithstanding that an application has been made under sub-section (1) and that the issue is pending before the judicial authority, an arbitration may be commenced or continued and an arbitrat award made.

9. Interim measures, etc. by court. -A party may, before or during arbitral proceedings or at any time after the making of the arbitral award but before it is enforced in accordance with section 36, apply to a court:

(i): For the appointment of a guardian for a minor or a person of unsound mind for the purposes of arbitral proceedings; or

And the Court shall have the same power for making orders as it has for the purpose of, and in relation to, any proceedings before it.

CHAPTER III COMPOSITION OF ARBITRAL TRIBUNAL

10. Number of arbitrators. –

(1): The parties are free to determine the number of arbitrators, provided that such number shall not be an even number.
(2): Failing the determination referred to in sub-section (1), the arbitral tribunal shall consist of a sole arbitrator.

11. Appointment of arbitrators. –

(1): A person of any nationality may be an arbitrator, unless otherwise agreed by the parties.
(2): Subject to sub-section (6), the parties are free to agree on a procedure for appointing the arbitrator or arbitrators.
(3): Failing any agreement referred to in sub-section (2), in an arbitration with three arbitrators, each party shall appoint one arbitrator, and the two appointed arbitrators shall appoint the third arbitrator who shall act as the presiding arbitrator.

The appointment shall be made, upon request of a party, by the Chief Justice or any person or institution designated by him.

(5): Failing any agreement referred to in sub-section (2), in an arbitration with a sole arbitrator, if the parties fail to agree on the arbitrator within thirty days from receipt of a request by one party from the other party to so agree the appointment shall be made, upon request of a party, by the Chief Justice or any person or institution designated by him.

A party may request the Chief Justice or any person or institution designated by him to take the necessary measure, unless the agreement on the appointment procedure provides other means for securing the appointment.

(7): A decision on a matter entrusted by sub-section (4) or sub-section (5) or sub-section (6) to the Chief Justice or the person or institution designated by him is final.
(9): In the case of appointment of sole or third arbitrator in an international commercial arbitration, the Chief Justice of India or the person or institution designated by him may appoint an arbitrator of a nationality other than the nationalities of the parties where the parties belong to different nationalities.
(10): The Chief Justice may make such scheme, as he may deem appropriate for dealing with matters entrusted by sub-section (4) or sub-section (5) or subsection (6) to him.
(11): Where more than one request has been made under sub-section (4) or subsection (5) or sub-section (6) to the Chief Justices of different High Courts or their designates, the Chief Justice or his designate to whom the request has been first made under the relevant subsection shall alone be competent to decide on the request.
(12): (a) Where the matters referred to in sub-sections (4), (5), (6), (7),(8) and (10) arise in an international commercial arbitration, the reference to “Chief Justice” in those subsections shall be construed as a reference to the “Chief Justice of India”.

(b) Where the matters referred to in sub-sections (4), (5), (6), (7), (8) and (10) arise in any other arbitration, the reference to “Chief Justice” in those sub-sections shall be construed as a reference to the Chief Justice of the High Court within whose local limits the principal Civil Court referred to in clause (e) of sub-section (1) of section 2 is situate and, where the High Court itself is the Court referred to in that clause, to the Chief Justice of that High Court.

12. Grounds for challenge. -

(1): When a person is approached in connection with his possible appointment as an arbitrator, he shall disclose in writing any circumstances likely to give rise to justifiable doubts as to his independence or impartiality.
(2): An arbitrator, from the time of his appointment and throughout the arbitral proceedings, shall, without delay, disclose to the parties in writing any circumstances referred to in sub-section (1) unless they have already been informed of them by him.
(4): A party may challenge an arbitrator appointed by him, or in whose appointment he has participated, only for reasons of which he becomes aware after the appointment has been made.

13. Challenge procedure. –

(1): Subject to sub-section (4), the parties are free to agree on a procedure for challenging an arbitrator.
(2): Failing any agreement referred to in sub-section (1), a party who intends to challenge an arbitrator shall, within fifteen days after becoming aware of the constitution of the arbitral tribunal or after becoming aware of any circumstances referred to in sub-section (3) of section 12, send a written statement of the reasons for the challenge to the arbitral tribunal.
(3): Unless the arbitrator challenged under sub-section (2) withdraws from his office or the other party agrees to the challenge, the arbitrat tribunal shall decide on the challenge.
(4): If a challenge under any procedure agreed upon by the parties or under the procedure under sub-section (2) is not successful, the arbitral tribunal shall continue the arbitral proceedings and make an arbitral award.
(5): Where an arbitral award is made under sub-section (4), the party challenging the arbitrator may make an application for setting aside such an arbitral award in accordance with section 34.
(6): Where an arbitral award is set aside on an application made under subsection (5), the court may decide as to whether the arbitrator who is challenged is entitled to any fees.

14. Failure or impossibility to act. –

(2): If a controversy remains concerning any of the grounds refer-red to in clause (a) of sub-section (1), a party may, unless otherwise agreed by the parties, apply to the court to decide on the termination of the mandate.
(3): If, under this section or sub-section (3) of section 13, an arbitrator withdraws from his office or a party agrees to the termination of the mandate of an arbitrator, it shall not imply acceptance of the validity of any ground referred to in this section or sub-section (3) of section 12.

15. Termination of mandate and substitution of arbitrator. -

(2): Where the mandate of an arbitrator terminates, a substitute arbitrator shall be appointed according to the rules that were applicable to the appointment of the arbitrator being replaced.
(3): Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, where an arbitrator is replaced under subsection (2), any hearings previously held may be repeated at the discretion of the arbitral tribunal.
(4): Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, an order or ruling of the arbitral tribunal made prior to the replacement of an arbitrator under this section shall not be invalid solely because there has been a change in the composition of the arbitral tribunal.

CHAPTER IV

JURISDICTION OF ARBITRAL TRIBUNALS

16. Competence of arbitral tribunal to rule on its jurisdictional. -

(2): A plea that the arbitral tribunal does not have jurisdiction shall be raised not later than the submission of the statement of defence; however, a party shall not be precluded from raising such a plea merely because that he has appointed, or participated in the appointment of, an arbitrator.
(3): A plea that the arbitral tribunal is exceeding the scope of its authority shall be raise as soon as the matter alleged to be beyond the scope of its authority is raised during the arbitral proceedings.
(5): The arbitral tribunal shall decide on a plea referred to in sub-section (2) or sub-section (3) and, where the arbitral tribunal takes a decision rejecting the plea, continue with the arbitral proceedings and make an arbitral award.
(6): A party aggrieved by such an arbitral award may make an application forgetting aside such an arbitral award in accordance with section 34.

17. Interim measures ordered by arbitral tribunal. –

(1): Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the arbitral tribunal may, at the request of a party, order a party to take any interim measure of protection as the arbitral tribunal may consider necessary in respect of the subject-matter of the dispute.
(2): The arbitral tribunal may require a party to provide appropriate security in connection with a measure ordered under sub-section (1).

CHAPTER V CONDUCT OF ARBITRAL PROCEEDINGS

Equal treatment of parties. –The parties shall be treated with equality and each party shall be given a full opportunity to present his case.

Determination of rules of procedure. –

The arbitral tribunal shall not be bound by the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908) or the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (I of 1872).
Subject to this Part, the parties are free to agree on the procedure to be followed by the arbitral tribunal in conducting its proceedings.
Failing any agreement referred to in sub-section (2), the arbitral tribunal may, subject to this Part, conduct the proceedings in the manner it considers appropriate.
The power of the arbitral tribunal under sub-section (3) includes the power to determine the admissibility, relevance, materiality and weight of any evidence.

Place of arbitration. –

The parties are free to agree on the place of arbitration.
Failing any agreement referred to in sub-section (1), the place of arbitration shall be determined by the arbitral tribunal having regard to the circumstances of the case, including the convenience of the parties.
Notwithstanding sub-section (1) or sub-section (2), the arbitral tribunal may, unless otherwise agreed by the parties, meet at any place it considers appropriate for consultation among its members, for hearing witnesses, experts or the parties, or for inspection of documents, goods or other property.

Commencement of arbitral proceedings. -Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the arbitral proceedings in respect of a particular dispute commence on the date on which a request for that dispute to be referred to arbitration is received by the respondent.

Language.

The parties are free to agree upon the language or languages to be used in the arbitral proceedings.
Failing any agreement referred to in sub-section (1), the arbitral tribunal shall determine the language or languages to be used in the arbitral proceedings.
The agreement or determination, unless otherwise specified, shall apply to any written statement by a party, any hearing and any arbitral award, decision or other communication by the arbitral tribunal.
The arbitral tribunal may order that any documentary evidence shall be accompanied by a translation into the language or languages agreed upon by the parties or determined by the arbitral tribunal.

Statements of claim and defence. -

Within the period of time agreed upon by the parties or determined by the arbitral tribunal, the claimant shall state the facts supporting his claim, the points at issue and the relief or remedy sought, and the respondent shall state his defence in respect of these particulars, unless the parties have otherwise agreed as to the required elements of those statements.
The parties may submit with their statements all documents they consider to be relevant or may add a reference to the documents or other evidence they will submit.
Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, either party may amend or supplement his claim or defence during the course of the arbitral

proceedings, unless the arbitral tribunal considers it inappropriate to allow the amendment or supplement having regard to the delay in making it.

24. Hearings and written proceedings. –

(1) Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the arbitral tribunal shall decide whether to hold oral hearings for the presentation of evidence or for or a argument, or whether the proceedings shall be conducted on the basis of documents and other materials:

Provided that the arbitrat tribunal shall hold oral hearings, at an appropriate state of the proceedings, on a request by a party, unless the parties have agreed that no oral hearing shall be held.

(2): The parties shall be given sufficient advance notice of any hearing and of any meeting of the arbitral tribunal for the purposes of inspection of documents, goods or other property
(3): All statements, documents or other information supplied to, or applications made to the arbitral tribunal by one party shall be communicated to the other party, and any expert report or evidentiary document on which the arbitral tribunal may rely in making its decision shall be communicated to the parties.

25. Default of a party. -Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, where, without showing sufficient cause,

(a): The claimant fails to communicate his statement of claim in accordance with subsection (1) of section (2), the arbitral tribunal shall terminate the proceedings;
(b): The respondent fails to communicate his statement of defence in accordance with sub-section (1) of section 23, the arbitral tribunal shall continue the proceedings without treating that failure in itself as an admission of the alienations by the claimant;
(c): A party fails to appear a tan oral hearing or to produce documentary evidence, the arbitral tribunal may continue the proceedings and make the arbitrat award on the evidence before it.

26. Expert appointment by arbitral tribunal. –

(2): Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, if a party so requests or if the arbitral tribunal considers it necessary, the expert shall, after delivery of his written or oral report, participate in an oral hearing where the parties have the opportunity to put questions to him and to present expert witnesses in order to testify on the points at issue.
(3): Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the expert shall, on the request of a party, make available to that party for examination all documents, goods or other property in the possession of the expert with which he was provided in order to prepare his report.

27. Court assistance in taking evidence. –

(1): The arbitral tribunal, or a party with the approval of the arbitral tribunal, may apply to the court for assistance in taking evidence.
(3): The court may, within its competence and according to its rules on taking evidence, execute the request by ordering that the evidence be provided directly to the arbitral tribunal.
(4): The court may, while making an order under sub-section (3), issue the same processes to witnesses as it may issue in suits tried before it.
(6): In this section the expression “Processes” includes summonses and commissions for the examination of witnesses and summonses to produce documents.

CHAPTER-VI MAKING OF ARBITRAL AWARD AND TERMINATION OF PROCEEDINGS

28. Rules applicable to substance of dispute. –

(2): The arbitral tribunal shall decide ex aequo et bono or as amiable compositeur only if the parties have expressly authorised it to do so.
(3): In all cases, the arbitral tribunal shall decide in accordance with the terms of the contract and shall take into account the usages of the trade applicable to the transaction.

29. Decision making by panel of arbitrators.

(1): Unless otherwise a-reed by the parties, in arbitral proceedings with more than one arbitrator, any decision of the arbitrat tribunal shall be made by a majority of all its members.
(2): Notwithstanding sub-section (1), if authorised by the parties or all the members of the arbitrat tribunal, questions of procedure may be decided by the presiding, arbitrator.

30. Settlement. –

(1): It is not incompatible with an arbitration agreement for an arbitrat tribunal to encourage settlement of the dispute and, with the agreement of the parties; the arbitrat tribunal may use mediation, conciliation or other procedures at any time during the arbitral proceedings to encourage settlement.
(2): If, during, arbitral proceedings, the parties settle the dispute, the arbitral tribunal shall terminate the proceedings and, if requested by the parties and not objected to by the arbitral tribunal, record the settlement in the form of an arbitrat award on agreed terms.
(3): An arbitral award on agreed terms shall be made in accordance with section 31 and shall state that it is an arbitrat award.
(4): An arbitrat award on a-reed terms shall have the same status and effect as any other arbitral award on the substance of the dispute.

31. Form and contents of arbitral award. –

(1): An arbitral award shall be made in writing and shall be signed by the members of the arbitral tribunal.
(2): For the purposes of sub-section (1), in arbitrat proceeding with more than one arbitrator, the signatures of the majority of all the members of the arbitral tribunal shall be sufficient so long as the reason for any omitted signature is stated.
(4): The arbitral award shall state its date and the place of arbitration as determined in accordance with section 20 and the award shall be deemed to have been made at that place.
(5): After the arbitral award is made, a signed copy shall be delivered to each party.
(6): The arbitral tribunal may, at any time during the arbitral proceedings, make an interim arbitral award on any matter with respect to which it may make a final arbitral award.

(iii) The amount of costs or method of determining that amount, and

(iv) The manner in which the costs shall be paid.

Explanation. -For the purpose of clause (a), “costs” means reasonable costs relating to

(i): The fees and expenses of the arbitrators and witnesses,
(ii): Legal fees and expenses,

(iii) Any administration fees of the institution supervising the arbitration, and

(iv) Any other expenses incurred in connection with the arbitral proceeding and the arbitral award.

32. Termination of proceedings. –

(1): The arbitral proceeding shall be terminated by the final arbitral award or by all order of the arbitral tribunal under subsection (2).
(c): The arbitral tribunal finds that the continuation of the proceedings has for any other reason become unnecessary or impossible.
(3): Subject to section 33 and sub-section (4) of section 34, the mandate of the arbitral tribunal shall terminate with the termination of the arbitral proceedings.

33. Correction and interpretation of award; additional award. –

(2): If the arbitral tribunal considers the request made under sub-section (1) to be justified, it shall make the correction or give the interpretation within thirty days from the receipt of the request and the interpretation shall form part of the arbitral award.
(4): Unless otherwise a-reed by the parties, a party with notice to the other party, may request, within thirty days from the receipt of the arbitral award, the arbitral tribunal to make an additional arbitral award as to claims presented in the arbitral proceedings but omitted from the arbitral award.
(5): If the arbitral tribunal considers the request made under sub-section (4) to be justified, it shall make the additional arbitral award within sixty days from the receipt of such request.
(6): The arbitral tribunal may extend, if necessary, the period of time with in which it shall make a correction, give an interpretation or make an additional arbitral award under sub-section (2) or sub-section (5).
(7): Section 31 shall apply to a correction or interpretation of the arbitral award or to an additional arbitral award made under this section.

CHAPTER VII RECOURSE AGAINST ARBITRAL AWARD

34. Application for setting aside arbitral award. –

(1): Recourse to a court against an arbitral award may be made only by an application for setting aside such award in accordance with sub-section (2) and subsection (3).
(2): An arbitral award may be set aside by the court only if

(a) The party making the application furnishes proof that

(i): A party was under some incapacity, or
(ii): The arbitration agreement is not valid under the law to which the parties have subjected it or, failing any indication thereon, under the law for the time being in force; or

(iii) The party making the application was not given proper notice of the appointment of an arbitrator or of the arbitral proceedings or was otherwise unable to present his case; or

(iv) The arbitral award deals with a dispute not contemplated by or not falling within the terms of the submission to arbitration, or it contains decisions on matters beyond the scope of the submission to arbitration:

Provided that, if the decisions on matters submitted to arbitration can be separated from those not so submitted, only that part of the arbitral award which contains decisions on matters not submitted to arbitration may be set aside; or

(v): The composition of the arbitral tribunal or the arbitral procedure was not in accordance with the agreement of the parties, unless such agreement was in conflict with a provision of this Part from which the parties cannot derogate, or, failing such agreement, was not in accordance with this Part; or

Explanation. -Without prejudice to the generality of sub-clause (ii), it is hereby declared, for the avoidance of any doubt, that an award is in conflict with the public policy of India if the making of the award was induced or affected by fraud or corruption or was in violation of section 75 or section 81.

(4): On receipt of an application under sub-section (1), the court may, where it is appropriate and it is so requested by a party, adjourn the proceedings for a period of time determined by it in order to give the arbitral tribunal an opportunity to resume the arbitral proceedings or to take such other action as in the opinion of arbitral tribunal will eliminate the grounds for setting aside the arbitral award.

CHAPTER VIII FINALITY AND ENFORCEMENT OF ARBITRAL AWARDS

Finality of arbitral awards. -Subject to this Part an arbitral award shall be final and binding on the parties and persons, claiming under them respectively.
Enforcement. - Where the time for making an application to set aside the arbitral award under section 34 has expired, or such application having been made, it has been refused, the award shall be enforced under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908) in the same manner as if it were a decree of the court.

CHAPTER IX APPEALS

37. Appealable orders. –

(3): No second appeal shall lie from an order passed in appeal under this section, but nothing in this section shall affect or take away any right to appeal to the Supreme Court.

CHAPTER X MISCELLANEOUS

38. Deposits. –

(2): The deposit referred to in sub-section (1) shall be payable in equal shares by the parties:

Provided that where one party fails to pay his share of the deposit, the other party may pay that share:

Provided further that where the other party also does not pay the aforesaid share in respect of the claim or the counter-claim, the arbitral tribunal may suspend or terminate the arbitral proceedings in respect of such claim or counter-claim, as the case may be.

Upon termination of the arbitral proceedings, the arbitral tribunal shall render an accounting to the parties of the deposits received and shall return any unexpended balance to the party or parties’, as the case may be.

39. Lien on arbitral award and deposits as to costs. –

(1): Subject to the provisions of sub-section (2) and to any provision to the contrary in the arbitration agreement, the arbitral tribunal shall have a lien on the arbitral award for any unpaid costs of the arbitration.
(2): (2) If in any case an arbitral tribunal refuses to deliver its award except on payment of the costs demanded by it, the court may, on an application in this behalf, order that the arbitral tribunal shall deliver the arbitral award to the applicant on payment into court by the applicant of the costs demanded, and shall, after such inquiry, if any, as it thinks fit, further order that out of the money so paid into court there shall be paid to the arbitral tribunal by way of costs such sum as the court may consider reasonable and that the balance of the money, if any, shall be refunded to the applicant.
(3): An application under sub-section (2) may be made by any party unless the fees demanded have been fixed by written agreement between him and the arbitral tribunal, and the arbitral tribunal shall be entitled to appear and be heard on any such application.
(4): The court may make such orders as it thinks fit respecting the costs of the arbitration where any question arises respecting such costs and the arbitral award contains no sufficient provision concerning them.

40. Arbitration agreement not to be discharged by death of party thereto. –

(1): An arbitration agreement shall not be discharged by the death of any party thereto either as respects the deceased or as respects any other party, but shall in such event be enforceable by or against the legal representative of the deceased.
(2): The mandate of an arbitrator shall not be terminated by the death of any party by whom he was appointed.
(3): Nothing in this section shall affect the operation of any law by virtue of which any right of action is extinguished by the death of a person.

41. Provisions in case of insolvency. –

(1): Where it is provided by a term in a contract to which an insolvent is a party that any dispute arising there out or in connection therewith shall be submitted to arbitration, the said term shall, if the receiver adopts the contract, be enforceable by or against him so far as it relates to any such dispute.
(2): Where a person who has been adjudged an insolvent had, before the commencement of the insolvency proceedings, become a party to an arbitration agreement, and any matter to which the agreement applies is required to be determined in connection with, or for the purposes of, the insolvency proceedings, then, if the case is one to which sub-section (1) does not apply, any other party or the receiver may apply to the judicial authority having jurisdiction in the insolvency proceedings for an order directing that the matter in question shall be submitted to arbitration in accordance with the arbitration agreement, and the judicial authority may, if it is of opinion that, having regard to all the circumstances of the case, the matter ought to be determined by arbitration, make an order accordingly.
(3): In this section the expression “receiver” includes an Official Assignee.

Jurisdiction. -Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Part or in any other law for the time being in force, where with respect to an arbitration agreement any application under this Part has been made in a court, that court alone shall have jurisdiction over the arbitral proceedings and all subsequent applications arising out of that agreement and the arbitral proceedings shall be made in that court and in no other court.

Limitations. –

The Limitation Act, 1963 (36 of 1963), shall apply to arbitrations as it applies to proceedings in court.
For the purposes of this section and the Limitation Act, 1963 (36 of 1963), an arbitration shall be deemed to have commenced on the date referred in section 21.
Where an arbitration agreement to submit future disputes to arbitration provides that any claim to which the agreement applies shall be barred unless some step to commence arbitral proceedings is taken within a time fixed by the agreement, and a dispute arises to which the agreement applies, the court, if it is of opinion that in the circumstances of the case undue hardship would otherwise be caused, and notwithstanding that the time so fixed has expired, may on such terms, if any, as the justice of the case may require, extend the time for such period as it thinks proper.
Where the court orders that an arbitral award be set aside, the period between the commencement of the arbitration and the date of the order of the court shall be excluded in computing the time prescribed by the Limitation Act, 1963 (3 6 of 1963), for the commencement of the proceedings (including arbitration) with respect to the dispute so submitted.

PART II ENFORCEMENT OF CERTAIN FOREIGN AWARDS

CHAPTER I NEW YORK CONVENTION AWARDS

44. Definition. -In this Chapter, unless the context otherwise requires, “foreign award” means an arbitral award on differences between persons arising out of legal relationships, whether contractual or not, considered as commercial under the law in force in India, made on or after the 11th day of October, 1960

(a): In pursuance of an agreement in writing for arbitration to which the Convention set forth in the First Schedule applies, and
(b): In one of such territories as the Central Government, being satisfied that reciprocal provisions have been made may, by notification in the Official Gazette, declare to be territories to which the said Convention applies.

Power of judicial authority to refer parties to arbitration. -Notwithstanding anything contained in Part I or in the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908) a judicial authority, when seized of an action in a matter in respect of which the parties have made an agreement referred to in section 44, shall, at the request of one of the parties or any person claiming through or under him, refer the parties to arbitration, unless it finds that the said agreement is null and void, inoperative or incapable of being performed.
When foreign award binding. - Any foreign award which would be, enforceable under this Chapter shall be treated as binding for all purposes on the persons as between whom it was made, and may accordingly be relied on by any of those persons by way of defence, set off or otherwise in any legal proceedings in India

and any references in this Chapter to enforcing a foreign award shall be construed as including references to relying on; an award.

47. Evidence. –

(2): If the award or agreement to be produced under sub-section (1) is in a foreign language, the party seeking to enforce the award shall produce a translation into English certified as correct by a diplomatic or consular agent of the country to which that party belongs or certified as correct in such other manner as may be sufficient according to the law in force in India.

Explanation. -In this section and all the following sections of this Chapter, “Court” means the principal Civil Court of original jurisdiction in a district, and includes the High Court in exercise of its ordinary original civil jurisdiction, having jurisdiction over the subject-matter of the award if the same had been the subject-matter of a suit, but does not include any civil court of a grade inferior to) such principal Civil Court, or any Court of Small, Causes.

48. Conditions for enforcement of foreign awards. –

(1): Enforcement of a foreign award may be refused, at the request of the party against whom it is invoked, only if that party furnishes to the court proof that

(2): Enforcement of an arbitral award may also be refused if the court finds that

Explanation. -Without prejudice to the generality of clause (b) of this section, it is hereby declared, for the avoidance of any doubt, that an award is in conflict with the public policy of India if the making of the award was induced or affected by fraud or corruption.

(3) If an application for the setting aside or suspension of the award has been made to a competent authority referred to in clause (e) of sub-section (1) the court may, if it considers it proper, adjourn the decision on the enforcement of the award and may also, on the application of the party claiming enforcement of the award, order the other party to give suitable security.

Enforcement of foreign awards. -Where the court is satisfied that the foreign award is enforceable under this Chapter, the award shall be deemed to be a decree of that court.

Appealable orders. –

An appeal shall lie from the order refusing to-

Refer the parties to arbitration under section 45;
Enforce a foreign award under section 48, to the court authorised by law to hear appeals from such order.

No second appeal shall lie from an order passed in appeal under this section, but nothing in this section shall affect or take away any right to appeal to the Supreme Court.

Saving. –Nothing in this Chapter shall prejudice any rights, which any person would have had of enforcing in India of any award or of availing himself in India of any award if this Chapter had not been enacted.
Chapter II not to apply. -Chapter II of this Part shall not apply in relation to foreign awards to which this Chapter applies.

CHAPTER II GENEVA CONVENTION AWARDS

53. Interpretation. -In this Chapter “foreign award” means an arbitral award on differences relating to matters considered as commercial under the law in force in India made after the 28th day of July, 1924,

(a): In pursuance of an agreement for arbitration to which the Protocol set forth in the Second Schedule applies, and
(b): Between persons of whom one is subject to the jurisdiction of some one of such Powers as the Central Government, being satisfied that reciprocal provisions have been made, may, by notification in the Official Gazette, declare to be parties to the Convention set forth in the Third Schedule, and of whom the other is subject to the jurisdiction of some other of the Powers aforesaid, and
(c): In one of such territories as the Central Government, being satisfied that reciprocal provisions have been made, may, by like notification, declare to be territories, to which the said Convention applies, And for the purposes of this Chapter an award shall not be deemed to be final if any proceedings for the purpose of contesting the validity of the award are pending in the country in which it was made

Power of judicial authority to refer parties to arbitration. -Notwithstanding anything contained in Part I or in the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908), a judicial authority, on being seized of a dispute regarding a contract made between persons to whom section 53 applies and including an arbitration agreement,
whether referring to present or future differences, which is valid under that section and capable of being carried into effect, shall refer the parties on the application, of either of them or any person claiming through or under him to the decision of the arbitrators and such reference shall not prejudice the competence of the judicial authority in case the agreement or the arbitration cannot proceed or becomes inoperative.

Foreign awards when binding. -Any foreign award which would be enforceable under this Chapter shall be treated as binding for all purposes on the persons as between whom it was made, and may accordingly be relied on by any of those persons by way of defence, set off or otherwise in any legal proceedings in India and any references in this Chapter to enforcing a foreign award shall be construed as including references to relying on an award.

Evidence. –

The party applying for the enforcement of a foreign award shall, at the time of application, produces before the court

The original award or a copy thereof duly authenticated in the manner required by the law of the country in which it was made;
Evidence proving that the award has become final; and
Such evidence as may be necessary to prove that the conditions mentioned in clauses (a) and (c) of sub-section (1) of section 57 are satisfied.

Where any document requiring to be produced under sub-section (1) is in a foreign language, the party seeking to enforce the award shall produce a translation into English certified as correct by a diplomatic or consular agent of the country to which that party belongs or certified as correct in such other manner as may be sufficient according to the law in force in India.

Explanation. –In this section and all the following sections of this Chapter, “Court” means the principal Civil Court of original jurisdiction in a district, and includes the High Court in exercise of its ordinary original civil jurisdiction, having jurisdiction over the subject-matter of the award if the same had been the subject-matter of a suit, but does not include any civil court of a grade inferior to such principal ‘Civil Court, or any Court of Small Causes.

57. Conditions for enforcement of foreign awards. –

(1) In order that a foreign award may be enforceable under this Chapter, it shall be necessary that

(a): The award has been made in pursuance of a submission to arbitration, which is valid under the law applicable thereto;
(b): The subject-matter of the award is capable of settlement by arbitration under the law of India;
(c): The award has been made by the arbitrat tribunal provided for in the submission to arbitration or constituted in the manner agreed upon by the parties and in conformity with the law governing the arbitration procedure;
(d): The award has become final in the country in which it has been made, in the sense that it will not be considered as such if it is open to, opposition or appeal or if it is proved that any proceedings for the purpose of contesting the validity of the award are pending;
(e): The enforcement of the award is not contrary to the public policy or the law of India.

Explanation. -Without prejudice to the generality of clause (e), it is hereby declared, for the avoidance of any doubt, that an award is in conflict with the public policy of India if the making of the award was induced or affected by fraud or corruption.

(2) Even if the conditions laid down in sub-section (1) are fulfilled, enforcement of the award shall be refused if the court is satisfied that

(a): The award has been annulled in the country in which it was made;
(b): The party against whom it is sought to use the award was not given notice of the arbitration proceedings in sufficient time to enable him to present his case; or that, being under a legal incapacity, he was not properly represented;
(c): The award does not deal with the differences contemplated by or falling within the terms of the submission to arbitration or that it contains decisions on matters beyond the scope of the submission to arbitration:

Provided that if the award has not covered all the differences submitted to the arbitral tribunal, the court may, if it thinks fit, postpone such enforcement or grant it subject to such guarantee as the court may decide.

(3) If the party against whom the award has been made proves that under the law governing the arbitration procedure there is a ground, other than the grounds referred to in clauses (a) and (c) of sub-section (1) and clauses (b) and (c) of sub-section (2) entitling him to contest the validity of the award, the court may, if it thinks fit, either refuse enforcement of the award or adjourn the consideration thereof, giving such party a reasonable time within which to have the award annulled by the competent tribunal.

Enforcement of foreign awards. -Where the court is satisfied that the foreign award is enforceable under this Chapter, the award shall be deemed to be a decree of the court.

Appealable orders. –

An appeal shall lie from the order refusing-

To refer the parties to arbitration under section 54; and
To enforce a foreign award under section 57, to the court authorised by law to hear appeals from such order.

No second appeal shall lie from an order passed in appeal under this section, but nothing in this section shall affect or take away any right to appeal to the Supreme Court. .

Saving-Nothing in this Chapter shall prejudice any right, which any person would have had of enforcing in India of any award or of availing himself in India of any award if this Chapter had not been enacted.

PART III CONCILIATION

61. Application and scope. -

(1): Save as otherwise provided by any law for the time being in force and unless the parties have otherwise agreed, this Part shall apply to conciliation of disputes arising out of legal relationship, whether contractual or not and to all proceedings relating thereto.
(2): This Part shall not apply where by virtue of any law for the time being in force certain disputes may not be submitted to conciliation.

62. Commencement of conciliation proceedings. –

(1): The party initiating conciliation shall send to the other party a written invitation to conciliate under this Part, briefly identifying the subject of the dispute.
(2): Conciliation proceedings shall commence when the other party accepts in writing the invitation to conciliate.
(3): If the other party rejects the invitation, there will be no conciliation proceedings.
(4): If the party initiating conciliation does not receive a reply within thirty days from the date on which he sends the invitation, or within such other period of time as specified in the invitation, he may elect to treat this as a rejection of the invitation to conciliate and if he so elects, he shall inform in writing the other party accordingly.

63. Number of conciliators. –

(1): There shall be one conciliator unless the parties agree that there shall be two or three conciliators.
(2): Where there is more than one conciliator, they ought, as a general rule, to act jointly.

64. Appointment of conciliators. –

(1): Subject to sub-section (2), -

(2): Parties may enlist the assistance of a suitable institution or person in connection with the appointment of conciliators, and in particular,

Provided that in recommending or appointing individuals to act as conciliator, the institution or person shall have regard to such considerations as are likely to secure the appointment of an independent and impartial conciliator and, with respect to sole or third conciliator, shall take into account the advisability of appointing conciliators of a nationality other than the nationalities of the parties.

65. Submission of statements to conciliator. -

(1): The conciliator, upon his appointment, may request each party to submit to him a brief written statement describing the general nature of the dispute and the points at issue. Each party shall send a copy of such statement to the other party.
(2): The conciliator may request each party to submit to him a further written statement of his position and the facts and grounds in support thereof, supplemented by any documents and other evidence that such party deems appropriate. The party shall send a copy of such statement, documents and other evidence to the other party.
(3): At any stage of the conciliation proceedings, the conciliator may request a party to submit to him such additional information, as he deems appropriate.

Explanation. -In this section and all the following sections of this Part, the term “conciliator” applies to a sole conciliator, two or three conciliators as the case may be.

Conciliator not bound by certain enactments. -The conciliator is not bound by the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908) or the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (1 of 1872).

Role of conciliator.

The conciliator shall assist the parties in an independent and impartial manner in their attempt to reach an amicable settlement of their dispute.
The conciliator shall be guided by principles of objectivity, fairness and justice, giving consideration to, among other things, the rights and obligations of the parties, the usages of the trade concerned and the circumstances surrounding the dispute, including any previous business practices between the parties.
The conciliator may conduct the conciliation proceedings in such a manner as he considers appropriate, taking into account the circumstances of the case, the wishes the parties may express, including any request by a party that the conciliator hear oral statements, and the need for a speedy settlement of the dispute.
The conciliator may, at any stage of the conciliation proceedings, make proposals for a settlement of the dispute. Such proposals need not be in writing and need not be accompanied by a statement of the reasons therefor.

Administrative assistance. -In order to facilitate the conduct of the conciliation proceedings, the parties, or the conciliator with the consent of the parties, may arrange for administrative assistance by a suitable institution or person.

Communication between conciliator and parties. –

The conciliator may invite the parties to meet him or may communicate with them orally or in writing. He may meet or communicate with the parties together or with each of them separately.
Unless the parties have agreed upon the place where meetings with the conciliator are to be held, such place shall be determined by the conciliator, after consultation with the parties, having regard to the circumstances of the conciliation proceedings.

Disclosure of information. -When the conciliator receives factual information concerning the dispute from a party, he shall disclose the substance of that information to the other party in order that the other party may have the opportunity to present any explanation, which he considers appropriate:
Provided that when a party gives any information to the conciliator subject to a specific condition that it be kept confidential, the conciliator shall not disclose that information to the other party.

Co-operation of parties with conciliator. -The parties shall in good faith cooperate with the conciliator and, in particular, shall endeavor to comply with requests by the conciliator to submit written materials, provide evidence and attend meetings.
Suggestions by parties for settlement of dispute. -Each party may, on his own initiative or at the invitation of the conciliator, submit to the conciliator suggestions for the settlement of the dispute.

Settlement agreements,

When it appears to the conciliator that there exist elements of a settlement, which may be acceptable to the parties, he shall formulate the terms of a possible settlement and submit them to the parties for their observations. After receiving the observations of the parties, the conciliator may
reformulate the terms of a possible settlement in the light of such observations.

If the parties reach agreement on a settlement of the dispute, they may draw up and sign a written settlement agreement. If requested by the parties, the conciliator may draw up, or assist the parties in drawing up, the settlement agreement.
When the parties sign the settlement agreement, it shall be final and binding on the parties and persons claiming under them respectively.
The conciliator shall authenticate the settlement agreement and furnish a copy thereof to each of the parties.

Status and effect of settlement agreement. -The settlement agreement shall have the same status and effect as if it is an arbitral award on agreed terms on the substance of the dispute rendered by an arbitral tribunal under section 30.
Confidentiality. -Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force, the conciliator and the parties shall keep confidential all matters relating to the conciliation proceedings. Confidentiality shall extend also to the settlement agreement, except where its disclosure is necessary for purposes of implementation and enforcement.

Termination of conciliation proceedings. -The conciliation proceedings shall be terminated-

By the signing of the settlement agreement by the parties on the date of the agreement; or
By a written declaration of the conciliator, after consultation with the parties, to the effect that further efforts at conciliation are no longer justified, on the date of the declaration; or
By a written declaration of the parties addressed to the conciliator to the effect that the conciliation proceedings are terminated, on the date of the declaration; or
By a written declaration of a party to the other party and the conciliator, if appointed, to the effect that the conciliation proceedings are terminated, on the date of the declaration.

Resort to arbitral or judicial proceedings. -The parties shall not initiate, during the conciliation proceedings, any arbitral or judicial proceedings in respect of a dispute that is the subject-matter of the conciliation proceedings except that a

party may initiate arbitral or judicial proceedings where, in his opinion, such proceedings are necessary for preserving his rights.

78. Costs. –

(1): Upon termination of the conciliation proceedings, the conciliator shall fix the costs of the conciliation and give written notice thereof to the parties.
(3): The costs shall be home equally by the parties unless the settlement agreement provides for a different apportionment. All other expenses incurred by a party shall be home by that party.

79. Deposits. -

(1): The conciliator may direct each party to deposit an equal amount as an advance for the costs referred to in sub-section (2) of section 78 which he expects will be incurred.
(2): During the course of the conciliation proceedings, the conciliator may direct supplementary deposits in an equal amount from each party.
(3): If the required deposits under sub-sections (1) and (2) are not paid in full by both parties within thirty days, the conciliator may suspend the proceedings or may make a written declaration of termination of the proceedings to the parties, effective on the date of that declaration.
(4): Upon termination of the conciliation proceedings, the conciliator shall render an accounting to the parties of the deposits received and shall return any unexpended balance to the parties.

80. Role of conciliator in other proceedings. -Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, -

(a): The conciliator shall not act as an arbitrator or as a representative or counsel of a party in any arbitral or judicial proceeding in respect of a dispute that is the subject of the conciliation proceedings;
(b): The conciliator shall not be presented by the parties as a witness in any arbitral or judicial proceedings.

81. Admissibility of evidence in other proceedings. -The parties shall not rely on or introduce as evidence in arbitral or judicial proceedings, whether or not such proceedings relate to the dispute that is the subject of the conciliation proceedings,

(a): Views expressed or suggestions made by the other party in respect of a possible settlement of the dispute;
(b): Admissions made by the other party in the course of the conciliation proceedings;
(c): Proposals made by the conciliator;
(d): The fact that the other party had indicated his willingness to accept a proposal for settlement made by the conciliator.

PART IV SUPPLEMENTARY PROVISIONS

Power of High Court to make rules. -The High Court may make rules consistent with this Act as to all proceedings before the court under this Act.

Removal of difficulties. –

If any difficulty arises in giving effect to the provisions of this Act, the Central Government may, by order published in the Official Gazette, make such provisions, not inconsistent with the provisions of this Act as appear to it to be necessary or expedient for removing the difficulty:
Provided that no such order shall be made after the expiry of a period of two years from the date of commencement of this Act.

Every order made under this section shall, as soon as may be after it is made, be laid before each House of Parliament.

84. Power to make rules. –

(1): The Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, make rules for carrying out the provisions of this Act.
(2): Every rule made by the Central Government under this Act shall be laid, as soon as may be, after it is made before each House of Parliament while it is in session, for a total period of thirty days which may be comprised in one session or in two or more successive sessions, and if, before the expiry of the session immediately following the session or the successive sessions aforesaid, both Houses agree in making any modification in the rule or both Houses agree that the rule should not be made, the rule shall thereafter have effect only in such modified form or be of no effect, as the case may be; so, however, that any such modification or annulment shall be without prejudice to the validity of anything previously done under that rule.

85. Repeal and saving. –

(1): The Arbitration (Protocol and Convention) Act, 1937 (6 of 1937), the Arbitration Act, 1940 (10 of 1940) and the Foreign Awards (Recognition and Enforcement) Act, 1961 (45 of 1961) are hereby repealed.

86. Repeal of Ordinance 27 of 1996 and Saving. –

(1): The Arbitration and Conciliation (Third) Ordinance, 1996 (27 of 1996) is hereby repealed.
(2): Notwithstanding such repeal, any order, rule, notification or scheme made or anything done or any action taken is pursuance of any provision of the said Ordinance shall be deemed to have been made, done or taken under the corresponding provisions of this Act

THE FIRST SCHEDULE

(See section 44)

CONVENTION ON THE RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN ARBITRAL AWARDS ARTICLE I

This Convention shall apply to the recognition and enforcement or arbitral awards made in the territory of a State other than the State where the recognition and enforcement of' such awards are sought, and arising out of differences between persons, whether physical or legal. It shall also apply to arbitral awards not considered as domestic awards in the State where their recognition and enforcement are sought.
The term “arbitral awards” shall include not only awards made by arbitrators appointed for each case but also those made by permanent arbitral bodies to which the parties have submitted.
When signing, ratifying or acceding to this Convention, or notifying extension under article X hereof, any State may on the basis of reciprocity declare that it will apply the Convention to the recognition and enforcement of awards made only in the territory of another Contracting State. It may also declare that it will apply the Convention only to differences arising out of legal relationships, whether contractual or not, which are considered as commercial under the national law of the State making such declaration.

ARTICLE II

Each Contracting State shall recognise an agreement in writing under which the parties under take to submit to arbitration all or any differences which have arisen or which may arise between them in respect of defined legal relationship, whether contractual or not, concerning a subject-matter capable of settlement by arbitration.
The term “agreement in writing” shall include all arbitral clauses in a contract or an arbitration agreement, signed by the parties or contained in an exchange of letters or telegrams.
The Court of a Contracting State when seized of an action in a matter in respect of which the parties have made an agreement within the meaning of this article, shall, at the request of one of the parties, refer the parties to arbitration, unless it finds that the said agreement is null and void, inoperative and incapable of being performed.

ARTICLE III

Each Contracting State shall recognize arbitral awards as binding and enforce them in accordance down in the following articles. There shall not be imposed substantially more onerous conditions a with the rules of procedure of the territory where the award is relied upon, under the condition and or higher fees or charges on the recognition or enforcement of arbitral awards to which this Convention applies than are imposed on the recognition or enforcement of domestic arbitral awards.

ARTICLE IV

1. To obtain the recognition and enforcement mentioned in the preceding article, the party applying for recognition and enforcement shall, at the time of the application, supply:

(a): The duly authenticated original award or a duly certified copy thereof,
(b): The original agreement referred to in article II or a duly certified copy thereof.

2. If the said award or agreement is not made in an official language of the country in which the award is relied upon, the party applying for recognition and enforcement of the award shall produce a translation of these documents into such language. The translation shall be certified by an official or sworn translator or by a diplomatic or consular agent.

ARTICLE V

1. Recognition and enforcement of the award may be refused, at the request of the party against whom it is invoked, only if that party furnishes to the competent authority where the recognition and enforcement is sought, proof that-

(a): The parties to the agreement referred to in article II were, under the law applicable to them, under some incapacity, or the said agreement is not valid under the law to which the parties have subjected it or, failing any indication thereon, under the law of the country where the award was made; or
(b): The party against whom the award is invoked was not given proper notice of the appointment of the arbitrator or of the arbitration proceedings or was otherwise unable to present his case; or
(c): The award deals with a difference not contemplated by or not falling within the terms of the submission to arbitration, or it contains decisions on matters beyond the scope of the submission to arbitration; provided that, if the decisions on matters submitted to arbitration can be separated from those not so submitted, that part of the award which contains decisions on matters submitted to arbitration may be recognised and enforced; or
(d): The composition of the arbitral authority or the arbitral procedure was not in accordance with the agreement of the parties, or, failing such agreement, was not in accordance with the law of the country where the arbitration took place; or
(e): The award has not yet become binding on the parties, or has been set aside or suspended by a competent authority of the country in which, or under the law of which, that award was made.

2. Recognition and enforcement of an arbitral award may also be refused if the competent authority in the country where recognition and enforcement is Sought finds that

(a): The subject-matter of the difference is not capable of settlement by arbitration under the law of that country; or
(b): The recognition or enforcement of the award would be contrary to the public policy of that country.

ARTICLE VI

If an application for the setting aside or suspension of the award has been made to a competent authority referred to in article V (1) (e), the authority before which the award is sought to be relied upon may, if it considers it proper, adjourn the decision on the enforcement of the award and may also, on the application of the party claiming enforcement of the award, order the other party to give suitable security.

ARTICLE VII

The provisions of the present Convention shall not affect the validity of multilateral or bilateral agreements concerning the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards entered into by the Contracting States nor deprive any interested party of any right he may have to avail himself of an arbitrat award in the manner and to the extent allowed by the law or the treaties of the country where such award is sought to be relied upon.
The Geneva Protocol on Arbitration Clauses of 1923 and the Geneva Convention on the Execution of Foreign Arbitral Awards of 1927 shall cease to have effect between Contracting States on their becoming bound and to the extent that they become bound by this Convention.

ARTICLE VIII

This Convention shall be open until 31st December, 1958 for signature on behalf of any Member of the United Nations and also on behalf of any other State which is or hereafter becomes member of any specialized agency of the United Nations, or which is or hereafter becomes a party to the Statute of the International Court of Justice, or any other State to which an invitation has been addressed by the General Assembly of the United Nations.
This Convention shall be ratified and the instrument of ratification shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

ARTICLE IX

This Convention shall be open for accession to all States referred to in article VIII.
Accession shall be effected by the deposit of an instrument of accession with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

ARTICLE X

Any State may, at the time of signature, ratification or accession, declare that this Convention shall extend to all or any of the territories for the international relations of which it is responsible. Such a declaration shall take effect when the Convention enters into force for the State concerned.
At any time thereafter any such extension shall be made by notification addressed to the Secretary-General of the United Nations and shall take effect as from the ninetieth day after the day of receipt by the Secretary-General of the United Nations of this notification, or as from the date of entry into force of the Convention for the State concerned, whichever is the later.
With respect to those territories to which this Convention is not extended at the time of signature, ratification or accession, each State concerned shall consider the possibility of taking the necessary steps in order to extend the application of this Convention to such territories, subject, where necessary for constitutional reasons, to the consent of the Governments of such territories.

ARTICLE XI

In the case of a federal or non-unitary State, the following provisions shall apply:

(a): With respect of those articles of this Convention that come within the legislative jurisdiction of the federal authority, the obligations of the federal Government shall to this extent be the same as those of Contracting States which are not federal States;
(b): With respect to those articles of this Convention that come within the legislative jurisdiction of constituent States or provinces which are not, under the constitutional system of the federation, bound to take legislative action, the federal Government shall bring such articles with a favorable recommendation to the notice of the appropriate authorities of constituent States or provinces at the earliest possible moment;
(c): A federal State Party to this Convention shall, at the request of any other Contracting State transmitted through the Secretary-General of the United Nations, supply a statement of the law and practice of the federation and its constituent units in regard to any particular provision of this Convention, showing the extent to which effect has been given to that provision by legislative or other action.

ARTICLE XII

This Convention shall come into force on the ninetieth day following the date of deposit of the third instrument of ratification or accession.
For each State ratifying or acceding to this Convention after the deposit of the third instrument of ratification or accession, this Convention shall enter into force on the ninetieth day after deposit by such State of its instrument of ratification or accession.

ARTICLE XIII

Any Contracting State may denounce this Convention by a written notification to the Secretary General of the United Nations. Denunciation shall take effect one year after the date of receipt of the notification by the Secretary-General.
Any State which has made a declaration or notification under article X may, at any time thereafter, by notification to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, declare that this Convention shall cease to extend to the territory concerned one year after the date of the receipt of the notification by the Secretary-General.
This Convention shall continue to be applicable to arbitral awards in respect of which recognition or enforcement proceedings have been instituted before the denunciation takes effect.

ARTICLE XIV

A Contracting State shall not be entitled to avail itself of the present Convention against other Contracting States except to the extent that it is itself bound to apply the Convention.

ARTICLE XV

The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall notify the States contemplated in article VIII of the following: -

(a): Signatures and ratifications in accordance with article VIII;
(b): Accessions in accordance with article IX;
(c): Declarations and notifications under articles 1, X and XI;
(d): The date upon which this Convention enters into force in accordance with article XII;
(e): Denunciations and notifications in accordance with article XIII.

ARTICLE XVI

This Convention, of which the Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish texts shall be equally authentic, shall be deposited in the archives of the United Nations.
The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall transmit a certified copy of this Convention to the States contemplated in article XIII.

THE SECOND SCHEDULE

(See section 53) PROTOCOL ON ARBITRATION CLAUSES

The undersigned, being duly authorised, declare that they accept, on behalf for the countries which they represent, the following provisions:

1. Each of the Contracting States recognises the validity of an agreement whether relating to existing or future differences between parties subject respectively to the jurisdiction of different Contracting States by which the parties to a contract agree to submit to arbitration all or any differences that may arise in connection with such contract relating to commercial matters or to any other matter capable of settlement by arbitration, whether or not the arbitration is to take place in a country to whose jurisdiction none of the parties is subject.

Each Contracting State reserves the right to limit the obligation mentioned above to contracts which arc considered as commercial under its national law. Any Contracting State which avails itself of this right will notify the Secretary-General of the League of Nations in order that the other Contracting States may be so informed.

The arbitral procedure, including the constitution of the Arbitral Tribunal, shall be governed by the will of the parties and by the law of the country in whose territory the arbitration takes place.
The Contracting States agree to facilitate all steps in the procedure, which require to be taken in their own territories, in accordance with the provisions of their law governing arbitral procedure applicable to existing differences.

Each Contracting State undertakes to ensure the execution by its authorities and in accordance with the provisions of its national laws of arbitral awards made in its own territory under the preceding articles.

The Tribunals of the Contracting Parties, on being seized of a dispute regarding a contract made between persons to whom Article I applies and including an Arbitration Agreement whether referring to present or future differences which is valid in virtue of the said article and capable of being carried into effect, shall refer the parties on the application of either of them to the decision of the Arbitrators.
Such reference shall not prejudice the competence of the judicial tribunals in case the agreement or the arbitration cannot proceed or becomes inoperative.

The present Protocol, which shall remain open for signature by all States, shall be ratified. The ratification shall be deposited as soon as possible with the Secretary-General of the League of Nations, who shall notify such deposit to all the Signatory States.
The present Protocol will come into force as soon as two ratifications have been deposited. Thereafter it will take effect, in the case of each Contracting State, one month after the notification by the Secretary-General of the deposit of its ratification.
The present Protocol may be denounced by any Contracting State on giving one year's notice. Denunciation shall be effected by a notification addressed to the Secretary-General of the League, who will immediately transmit copies of such notification to all the other Signatory States and inform them of the date on which it was received. The denunciation shall take effect one year after the date on which it was notified lo the Secretary-General, and shall operate only in respect of the notifying State.
The Contracting States may declare that their acceptance of the present Protocol does not include any or all of the under-mentioned territories: that is to say, their colonies, overseas possessions or territories, protectorates or the territories over which they exercise a man date.

The said States may subsequently adhere separately on behalf of any territory thus excluded. The Secretary-General of the League of Nations shall be informed as soon as possible of such adhesions. He shall notify such adhesions to all Signatory States. They will take effect one month after the notification by the Secretary-General to all Signatory States.

The Contracting States may also denounce the Protocol separately on behalf of any of the territories referred to above. Article 7 applies to such denunciation.

THE THIRD SCHEDULE

(See section 53) CONVENTION ON THE EXECUTION OF FOREIGN ARBITRAL AWARDS

Article 1. (1) In the territories of any High Contracting Party to which the present Convention applies, an arbitral award made in pursuance of an agreement, whether relating to existing or future differences (hereinafter called “a submission to arbitration”) covered by the Protocol on Arbitration Clauses opened at Geneva on September 24th, 1923, shall be recognised as binding and shall be enforced in accordance with the rules of the procedure of the territory where the award is relied upon, provided that the said award has been made in a territory of one of the High Contracting Parties to which the present Convention applies and between persons who are subject to the jurisdiction of one of the High Contracting Parties.

(e): That the recognition or enforcement of the award is not contrary to the public policy or to the principles of the law of the country in which it is sought to be relied upon.

Article 2. -Even if the conditions laid down in Article I hereof are fulfilled, recognition and enforcement of the award shall be refused if the court is satisfied:

(a) That the award has been annulled in the country in which it was made;

(b): That the party against whom it is sought to use the award was not given notice of the arbitration proceedings in sufficient time to enable him to present his case; or that, being under a legal incapacity, he was not properly represented;
(c): That the award does not with the differences contemplated by or failing with in the terms of the submission to arbitration or that it contains decisions on matters beyond the scope of the submission to arbitration.

If the award has not covered all the questions submitted to the arbitral tribunal, the competent authority of the country where recognition or enforcement of the award is sought can, if it thinks for postpone such recognition or enforcement or grant it subject to such guarantee as that authority may decide.

Article 3. -If the party against whom the award has been made proves that, under the law governing the arbitration procedure, there is a ground, other than the grounds reefed to in Article I (a) and (c), and Article 2(b) and (c), entitling him to contest the validity of the award in a Court of Law, the court may, if it thinks fit, either refuse recognition or enforcement of the award or adjourn the consideration thereof, giving such party a reasonable time within which to have the award annulled by the competent tribunal.

Article 4. -The party relying upon an award or claiming its enforcement must supply, in particular:

(1): The original award or a copy thereof duly authenticated, according to the requirements of the law of the country in which it was made;
(2): Documentary or other evidence to prove that the award has become final, in the sense defined in Article I (d), in the country in which it was made;
(3): When necessary, documentary or other evidence to prove that the conditions laid down in Article 1, paragraph (1) and paragraph (2) (a) and (c), have been fulfilled.

A translation of the award and of the other documents mentioned in this Article into the official language of the country where the award is sought to be relied upon may be demanded. Such translations must be certified correct by a diplomatic or consular agent of the country to which the party who seeks to rely upon the award belongs or by a sworn translator of the country where the award is sought to be relied upon.

Article 5. -The provisions of the above articles shall not deprive any interested party of the right of availing himself of an arbitral award in the manner and to the extent allowed by the law or the treaties of the country where such award is sought to be relied upon.

Article 6-The present Convention applies only to arbitral awards made after the coming into force of the Protocol on Arbitration Clauses opened at Geneva on September 24th, 1923.

Article 7. -The present Convention, which will remain open to the signature of all the signatories of the Protocol of 1923 on Arbitration Clauses, shall be ratified.

It may be ratified only on behalf of those Members of the League of Nations and Non-Member States on whose behalf the Protocol of 1923 shall have been ratified.

Ratification shall be deposited as soon as possible with the Secretary-General of the League of Nations, who will notify such deposit to all the signatories.

Article 8. -The present Convention shall come into force three months after it shall have been ratified on behalf of two High Contracting Parties. Thereafter, it shall take effect, in the case of each High Contracting Party, three months after the deposit of the ratification on its behalf with the Secretary-General of the League of Nations.

Article 9. -The present Convention may be denounced on behalf of any Member of the League or Non-Member State. Denunciation shall be notified in writing to the Secretary-General of the League of Nations, who will immediately send a copy thereof, certified to be in conformity with the notifications, to all the other Contracting Parties, at the same time informing them of the date on which he received it.

The denunciation shall come into force only in respect of the High Contracting Party, which shall have notified it, and one year after such notification shall have reached the Secretary-General of the League of Nations.

The denunciation of the Protocol on Arbitration Clauses shall entail, ipso facto, the denunciation of the present Convention.

Article 10. -The present Convention does not apply to the colonies, protectorates or territories under suzerainty or mandate of any High Contracting Party unless they are specially mentioned.

The application of this Convention to one or more of such colonies, protectorates or territories to which the Protocol on Arbitration Clauses opened at Geneva on September 24th, 1923, applies, can be effected at any time by means of a declaration addressed to the Secretary-General of the League of Nations by one of the High Contracting Parties.

Such declaration shall take effect three months after the deposit thereof.

The High Contracting Parties can at any time denounce the Convention for all or any of the Colonies, Protectorates or territories referred to above. Article 9 hereof applied to such denunciation.

Article 11. -A certified copy of the present Convention shall be transmitted by the Secretary General of the League of Nations to every Member of the League of Nations and to every Non-Member State, which signs the same.

The Arbitration And Conciliation Act, 1996, India

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THE ARBITRATION AND CONCILIATION