Decree of the President of the People’s Republic of China
No. 36
It is hereby promulgated that the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Laws Applicable to Foreign-related Civil Relations has been adopted on 28 October 2010 at the 17th session of the Standing Committee of the 11th National People’s Congress of the People’s Republic of China, which will come into effect as from 1 April 2011.
HU Jintao, President of the People’s Republic of China 28 October 2010
LAW OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON THE LAWS APPLICABLE TO FOREIGN-RELATED CIVIL RELATIONS
(Adopted at the 17th session of the Standing Committee of the 11th National People’s Congress, 28 October 2010)
Content
Chapter One General Provisions Chapter Two Civil Entities Chapter Three Marriage and Family Chapter Four Succession Chapter Five Rights in rem Chapter Six Obligations Chapter Seven Intellectual Property Rights Chapter Eight Miscellaneous Provisions
CHAPTER ONE GENERAL PROVISIONS
ARTICLE 1 This law is formulated with a view to specifying the laws applicable to foreign-related civil relations, resolving foreign-related civil disputes fairly and safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of the parties.
ARTICLE 2 The laws applicable to foreign-related civil relations shall be specified in accordance with this law. Where other statutes have a special and different provision on the law applicable to a foreign-related civil relation, that provision shall be followed.
Where no applicable law to a foreign-related civil relation has been specified in this
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law or other statutes, the law that is most closely connected with the foreign-related civil relation shall be applied.
ARTICLE 3 The parties may explicitly choose the law applicable to their foreign-related civil relation in accordance with the provisions of this law.
ARTICLE 4 Where a mandatory provision of the law of the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”) exists with respect to a foreign-related civil relation, that mandatory provision shall be applied directly.
ARTICLE 5 Where the application of a foreign law will be prejudicial to the social and public interest of the PRC, the PRC law shall be applied.
ARTICLE 6 Where a foreign law is applicable to a foreign-related civil relation and different laws are implemented in the different regions of that country, the law of the region that is most closely connected with the foreign-related civil relation shall be applied.
ARTICLE 7 Limitation period is governed by the law that should be applicable to the foreign-related civil relation.
ARTICLE 8 Classification of foreign-related civil relations is governed by the law of the forum.
ARTICLE 9 The foreign law applicable to a foreign-related civil relation does not include the conflict rules of that country.
ARTICLE 10 The foreign law applicable to a foreign-related civil relation will be ascertained by the relevant people’s court, arbitration institution or the administrative agency. Where the parties have chosen a foreign law to be applicable, they shall adduce the law of that country.
Where the foreign law cannot be ascertained or the law of that country does not have a relevant provision, the PRC law shall be applied.
CHAPTER TWO CIVIL ENTITIES
ARTICLE 11 Civil capacity of a natural person is governed by the law of the place where the person habitually resides.
ARTICLE 12 Civil competence of a natural person is governed by the law of the place where the person habitually resides.
Where a natural person engaging in civil activities is deemed incompetent pursuant to the law of the place where the person habitually resides but competent according to
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the law of the place where the act is performed, the law of the place where the act is performed shall be applied, with the exception of those related to marriage, family or succession.
ARTICLE 13 Declaration of missing or declaration of death are governed by the law of the place where the natural person habitually resides.
ARTICLE 14 Items such as the civil capacity, civil competence, organizational structure and shareholder rights, etc. of a juridical person and its branches are governed by the law of the place of registration.
The law of the principal place of business of a juridical person may be applicable where such principal place of business is different from the place of registration. The principal place of business of a juridical person shall be deemed to be its habitual residence.
ARTICLE 15 The content of personality right is governed by the law of the obligee’s habitual residence.
ARTICLE 16 Agency is governed by the law of the place where the act of agency occurs. However, the civil relation between the principal and agent will be governed by the law of the place where the agency relationship is established.
The parties may by agreement choose the law applicable to their relation of commissioned agency.
ARTICLE 17 The parties may by agreement choose the law applicable to trust. Absent any choice by the parties, the law of the place where the trust asset locates or where the trust relation is established shall be applied.
ARTICLE 18 The parties may by agreement choose the law applicable to their arbitration agreement. Absent any choice by the parties, the law of the place where the arbitration institution locates or the law of the seat of arbitration shall be applied.
ARTICLE 19 Where national law is applicable pursuant to this law and a natural person has dual or multiple nationalities, the national law of the country where the natural person has his/her habitual residence shall be applied. Where no habitual residence can be found in any country of his/her nationalities, the national law of the country with which he/she is most closely connected shall be applied. Where a natural person is stateless or his/her nationality is unknown, the law of his/her habitual residence shall be applied.
ARTICLE 20 Where the law of the habitual residence is applicable pursuant to this
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law and a natural person’s habitual residence cannot be ascertained, the law of his/her present residence shall be applied.
CHAPTER THREE MARRIAGE AND FAMILY
ARTICLE 21 Conditions of marriage are governed by the law of the parties’ common habitual residence. Absent common habitual residence, the law of their common nationality shall be applied. Absent common nationality, the law of the place where the marriage is concluded shall be applied, if the marriage is concluded in a party’s habitual residence or in the country of a party’s nationality.
ARTICLE 22 Formalities of marriage are valid if they conform to the law of the place where the marriage is concluded, or the law of a party’s habitual residence or nationality.
ARTICLE 23 Personal relation of spouses is governed by the law of their common habitual residence. Absent common habitual residence, the law of their common nationality shall be applied.
ARTICLE 24 In respect of spousal property, the parties may by agreement choose to apply the law of a party’s habitual residence or nationality, or the law of the place where the main property locates. Absent any choice by the parties, the law of their common habitual residence shall be applied; absent common habitual residence, the law of their common nationality shall be applied.
ARTICLE 25 Personal and property relations between parents and children are governed by the law of their common habitual residence. Absent common habitual residence, the law of a party’s habitual residence or nationality, which better protects the rights and interests of the weaker party, shall be applied.
ARTICLE 26 In respect of consented divorce, the parties may by agreement choose to apply the law of a party’s habitual residence or nationality. Absent any choice by the parties, the law of their common habitual residence shall be applied; absent common habitual residence, the law of their common nationality shall be applied; absent common nationality, the law of the place where the agency responsible for completing the divorce formalities locates shall be applied.
ARTICLE 27 Divorce decided by a court is governed by the law of the forum.
ARTICLE 28 Conditions and formalities of adoption are governed by the laws of the habitual residence of the adopter and the adoptee. The effect of adoption is governed by the law of the adopter’s habitual residence when the adoption occurs. The termination of adoption relation is governed by the law of the adoptee’s habitual residence when the adoption occurs or by the law of the forum.
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ARTICLE 29 Support1 is governed by the law of a party’s habitual residence, or the law of a party’s nationality, or the law of the place where the main property locates, which better protects the rights and interests of the person being supported.
ARTICLE 30 Guardianship is governed by the law of a party’s habitual residence or nationality, which better protects the rights and interests of the person under custody.
CHAPTER FOUR SUCCESSION
ARTICLE 31 Statutory succession is governed by the law of the habitual residence of the deceased when he/she dies. However, statutory succession of immovable property is governed by the law where the immovable property locates.
ARTICLE 32 A will is considered formed if the testamentary form conforms to the law of the habitual residence of the testator when he/she creates the will or when he/she dies, or to the law of his/her nationality, or to the law of the place where the act of creating the will occurs.
ARTICLE 33 The effect of a will is governed by the habitual residence of the deceased when he/she creates the will or when he/she dies, or by the law of his/her nationality.
ARTICLE 34 Matters of estate administration, etc. are governed by the law of the place where the estate locates.
ARTICLE 35 Ownership of estate without a successor is governed by the law of the place where the estate locates when the deceased dies.
CHAPTER FIVE RIGHTS IN REM
ARTICLE 36 Rights in rem in immovable property is governed by the law of the place where the immovable property locates.
ARTICLE 37 The parties may by agreement choose the law applicable to rights in rem in movable property. Absent any choice by the parties, the law of the place where the property locates when the legal fact occurs shall be applied.
ARTICLE 38 The parties may by agreement choose the law applicable to the change of the rights in rem in movable property which is in transit. Absent any choice by the parties, the law of the destination of transportation shall be applied.
ARTICLE 39 Valuable papers are governed by the law of the place where the rights
1 The concept of “support” used herein embraces marital maintenance and support of a minor or elderly dependent.
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in a valuable paper are realized or by another law which is most closely connected to such valuable paper.
ARTICLE 40 Pledge of a right is governed by the law of the place where such pledge is created.
CHAPTER SIX OBLIGATIONS
ARTICLE 41 The parties may by agreement choose the law applicable to their contract. Absent any choice by the parties, the law of the habitual residence of a party whose performance of obligation is most characteristic of the contract or the law that most closely connected with the contract shall be applied.
ARTICLE 42 A consumer contract is governed by the law of the consumer’s habitual residence. Where the consumer chooses the law of the place where the commodity or the service is provided, or where the business operator does not engage in any business activity in the habitual residence of the consumer, the law of the place where the commodity or service is provided shall be applied.
ARTICLE 43 An employment contract is governed by the law of the place where the employee works. Where the working place of the employee cannot be ascertained, the law of the principal place of business of the employer shall be applied. Labour service placement may be governed by the law of the place where the service placement is arranged.
ARTICLE 44 Tortious liability is governed by the law of the place of tortious act. Where the parties have common habitual residence, the law of their common habitual residence shall be applied. Where the parties have chosen by agreement an applicable law after the tortious act occurs, the agreement shall be followed.
ARTICLE Products liability is governed by the law of the habitual residence of the victim. Where the victim chooses the law of the place of tortfeasor’s principal place of business or the law where the damage occurs, or the tortfeasor does not engage in any business activity in the victim’s habitual residence, the law of the tortfeasor’s principal place of business or the place where the damage occurs shall be applied.
ARTICLE 46 Infringement via Internet or by other means of personality rights such as right to name, right to image, right of reputation and privacy right are governed by the law of the habitual residence of the victim.
ARTICLE 47 Unjust enrichment and Negotiorum gestio are governed by the law chosen by the parties by agreement. Absent any choice by the parties, the law of their common habitual residence shall be applied. Absent common habitual residence, the law of the place where the unjust enrichment or Negotiorum gestio occurs shall be applied.
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CHAPTER SEVEN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
ARTICLE 48 Proprietorship and content of intellectual property rights are governed by the law of the place where protection is sought.
ARTICLE 49 The parties may by agreement choose the law applicable to the transfer and license of intellectual property rights. Absent any choice by the parties, the relevant provisions of this law on contract are applicable.
ARTICLE 50 Liability for infringing intellectual property rights is governed by the law of the place where protection is sought. The parties may also choose to apply the law of the forum after the infringement occurs.
CHAPTER EIGHT MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
ARTICLE 51 Where Article 146, Article 147 of the General Principles of Civil Law of the PRC and Article 36 of the Succession Law of the PRC are inconsistent with the provisions of this law, this law shall prevail.
ARTICLE 52 This law shall take effect as from 1 April 2011.
(Translation done by Prof. LU Song, China Foreign Affairs University, who can be reached at lusong99@gmail.com)
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中华人民共和国涉外民事关系法律适用法
(2010年10月28日第十一届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十七次会议通过)
目 录
第一章 一般规定
第二章 民事主体
第三章 婚姻家庭
第四章 继承
第五章 物权
第六章 债权
第七章 知识产权
第八章 附则
第一章 一般规定
第一条 为了明确涉外民事关系的法律适用，合理解决涉外民事争议，维护当事人的合法权益，制定本法。
第二条 涉外民事关系适用的法律，依照本法确定。其他法律对涉外民事关系法律适用另有特别规定的，依照其规定。
本法和其他法律对涉外民事关系法律适用没有规定的，适用与该涉外民事关系有最密切联系的法律。
第三条 当事人依照法律规定可以明示选择涉外民事关系适用的法律。
第四条 中华人民共和国法律对涉外民事关系有强制性规定的，直接适用该强制性规定。
第五条 外国法律的适用将损害中华人民共和国社会公共利益的，适用中华人民共和国法律。
第六条 涉外民事关系适用外国法律，该国不同区域实施不同法律的，适用与该涉外民事关系有最密切联系区域的法律。
第七条 诉讼时效，适用相关涉外民事关系应当适用的法律。
第八条 涉外民事关系的定性，适用法院地法律。
第九条 涉外民事关系适用的外国法律，不包括该国的法律适用法。
第十条 涉外民事关系适用的外国法律，由人民法院、仲裁机构或者行政机关查明。当事人选择适用外国法律的，应当提供该国法律。
不能查明外国法律或者该国法律没有规定的，适用中华人民共和国法律。
第二章 民事主体
第十一条 自然人的民事权利能力，适用经常居所地法律。
第十二条 自然人的民事行为能力，适用经常居所地法律。
自然人从事民事活动，依照经常居所地法律为无民事行为能力，依照行为地法律为有民事行为能力的，适用行为地法律，但涉及婚姻家庭、继承的除外。
第十三条 宣告失踪或者宣告死亡，适用自然人经常居所地法律。
第十四条 法人及其分支机构的民事权利能力、民事行为能力、组织机构、股东权利义务等事项，适用登记地法律。
法人的主营业地与登记地不一致的，可以适用主营业地法律。法人的经常居所地，为其主营业地。
第十五条 人格权的内容，适用权利人经常居所地法律。
第十六条 代理适用代理行为地法律，但被代理人与代理人的民事关系，适用代理关系发生地法律。
当事人可以协议选择委托代理适用的法律。
第十七条 当事人可以协议选择信托适用的法律。当事人没有选择的，适用信托财产所在地法律或者信托关系发生地法律。
第十八条 当事人可以协议选择仲裁协议适用的法律。当事人没有选择的，适用仲裁机构所在地法律或者仲裁地法律。
第十九条 依照本法适用国籍国法律，自然人具有两个以上国籍的，适用有经常居所的国籍国法律；在所有国籍国均无经常居所的，适用与其有最密切联系的国籍国法律。自然 人无国籍或者国籍不明的，适用其经常居所地法律。
第二十条 依照本法适用经常居所地法律，自然人经常居所地不明的，适用其现在居所地法律。
第三章 婚姻家庭
第二十一条 结婚条件，适用当事人共同经常居所地法律；没有共同经常居所地的，适用共同国籍国法律；没有共同国籍，在一方当事人经常居所地或者国籍国缔结婚姻的，适用 婚姻缔结地法律。
第二十二条 结婚手续，符合婚姻缔结地法律、一方当事人经常居所地法律或者国籍国法律的，均为有效。
第二十三条 夫妻人身关系，适用共同经常居所地法律；没有共同经常居所地的，适用共同国籍国法律。
第二十四条 夫妻财产关系，当事人可以协议选择适用一方当事人经常居所地法律、国籍国法律或者主要财产所在地法律。当事人没有选择的，适用共同经常居所地法律；没有共 同经常居所地的，适用共同国籍国法律。
第二十五条 父母子女人身、财产关系，适用共同经常居所地法律；没有共同经常居所地的，适用一方当事人经常居所地法律或者国籍国法律中有利于保护弱者权益的法律。
第二十六条 协议离婚，当事人可以协议选择适用一方当事人经常居所地法律或者国籍国法律。当事人没有选择的，适用共同经常居所地法律；没有共同经常居所地的，适用共同 国籍国法律；没有共同国籍的，适用办理离婚手续机构所在地法律。
第二十七条 诉讼离婚，适用法院地法律。
第二十八条 收养的条件和手续，适用收养人和被收养人经常居所地法律。收养的效力，适用收养时收养人经常居所地法律。收养关系的解除，适用收养时被收养人经常居所地法 律或者法院地法律。
第二十九条 扶养，适用一方当事人经常居所地法律、国籍国法律或者主要财产所在地法律中有利于保护被扶养人权益的法律。
第三十条 监护，适用一方当事人经常居所地法律或者国籍国法律中有利于保护被监护人权益的法律。
第四章 继承
第三十一条 法定继承，适用被继承人死亡时经常居所地法律，但不动产法定继承，适用不动产所在地法律。
第三十二条 遗嘱方式，符合遗嘱人立遗嘱时或者死亡时经常居所地法律、国籍国法律或者遗嘱行为地法律的，遗嘱均为成立。
第三十三条 遗嘱效力，适用遗嘱人立遗嘱时或者死亡时经常居所地法律或者国籍国法律。
第三十四条 遗产管理等事项，适用遗产所在地法律。
第三十五条 无人继承遗产的归属，适用被继承人死亡时遗产所在地法律。
第五章 物权
第三十六条 不动产物权，适用不动产所在地法律。
第三十七条 当事人可以协议选择动产物权适用的法律。当事人没有选择的，适用法律事实发生时动产所在地法律。
第三十八条 当事人可以协议选择运输中动产物权发生变更适用的法律。当事人没有选择的，适用运输目的地法律。
第三十九条 有价证券，适用有价证券权利实现地法律或者其他与该有价证券有最密切联系的法律。
第四十条 权利质权，适用质权设立地法律。
第六章 债权
第四十一条 当事人可以协议选择合同适用的法律。当事人没有选择的，适用履行义务最能体现该合同特征的一方当事人经常居所地法律或者其他与该合同有最密切联系的法律。
第四十二条 消费者合同，适用消费者经常居所地法律；消费者选择适用商品、服务提供地法律或者经营者在消费者经常居所地没有从事相关经营活动的，适用商品、服务提供地 法律。
第四十三条 劳动合同，适用劳动者工作地法律；难以确定劳动者工作地的，适用用人单位主营业地法律。劳务派遣，可以适用劳务派出地法律。
第四十四条 侵权责任，适用侵权行为地法律，但当事人有共同经常居所地的，适用共同经常居所地法律。侵权行为发生后，当事人协议选择适用法律的，按照其协议。
第四十五条 产品责任，适用被侵权人经常居所地法律；被侵权人选择适用侵权人主营业地法律、损害发生地法律的，或者侵权人在被侵权人经常居所地没有从事相关经营活动 的，适用侵权人主营业地法律或者损害发生地法律。
第四十六条 通过网络或者采用其他方式侵害姓名权、肖像权、名誉权、隐私权等人格权的，适用被侵权人经常居所地法律。
第四十七条 不当得利、无因管理，适用当事人协议选择适用的法律。当事人没有选择的，适用当事人共同经常居所地法律；没有共同经常居所地的，适用不当得利、无因管理发 生地法律。
第七章 知识产权
第四十八条 知识产权的归属和内容，适用被请求保护地法律。
第四十九条 当事人可以协议选择知识产权转让和许可使用适用的法律。当事人没有选择的，适用本法对合同的有关规定。
第五十条 知识产权的侵权责任，适用被请求保护地法律，当事人也可以在侵权行为发生后协议选择适用法院地法律。
第八章 附则
第五十一条 《中华人民共和国民法通则》第一百四十六条、第一百四十七条，《中华人民共和国继承法》第三十六条，与本法的规定不一致的，适用本法。
第五十二条 本法自2011年4月1日起施行。