When water is scarce, supply can be strengthened through water storage tanks and other solutions. Or we can try to reduce demand. To support these measures, proven and new technologies are helping us identify water sources and leaks, save water for when it is needed the most, and make sure it is used as efficiently as possible.
Innovation examples
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4. Water and coastal regions / Water efficiency and conservation / Innovation examplesManaged aquifer recharge
Photo: © Naireeta ServicesWater is becoming increasingly scarce. Attention is turning to saving, storing and treating floodwater for a variety of applications. Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) is a technique for doing just that. Put simply, MAR captures water and injects it underground. It taps sources such as rainwater, stormwater and floodwater to replenish depleted groundwater aquifers. Methods for implementing MAR incorporate the use of wells, boreholes, riverbank filtration and rainwater harvesting. Flood-MAR can range from the small-scale diversion of floodwater through existing sustainable urban drainage systems (SuDS) to the creation of large-scale water retention areas and flood management infrastructure.[1] Underground transfer of floods for irrigation (UTFI) is a form of MAR common around the Ganges River basin in India. UTFI uses wells to recharge groundwater basins with monsoonal runoff that could otherwise pose a potential flood risk downstream.[2] Establishing UTFI wells has now become a local government priority in parts of India, with 50 new sites proposed for Rampur district alone. Meanwhile, on a local scale, farmers in India employ techniques such as Holiya to control localized flooding on their plots of land. This technique directs excess water into underground concrete pits through simple perforated pipes that can later be recovered for irrigation when required.[3]
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4. Water and coastal regions / Water efficiency and conservation / Innovation examplesWater pressure management in South Africa
Getty Images /© bagi1998A number of townships in the Emfuleni region in South Africa have achieved significant water savings. They have done so by incorporating innovative pressure management technologies into their water supply systems. High pressure in the water network had been identified as a key cause of damaged pipes and fixtures (combined with general deterioration due to lack of maintenance). This had led to approximately 80 percent of water supplied to the area being wasted. The pressure management system lowers the water pressure in the supply system during off-peak periods. At night, when demand is lowest, it further reduces the pressure. Controlling water pressure in the distribution network avoids damage. It has saved annually approximately 10 million m3 of water. This represents a 25 per cent reduction in the amount required from the water supplier, Rand Water. It took around nine months to install the advanced pressure management system in 2005. It is now among the largest single water pressure management installations in the world.[1] [2]
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4. Water and coastal regions / Water efficiency and conservation / Innovation examplesReducing water usage in the fashion industry
Getty Images /©Yuriy KovtunThe fashion industry uses a significant amount of freshwater. This is mainly due to high water demand from cotton. In addition, textile processing is a major source of water pollution, which further limits access to potable water for the rest of the world. But there are ways to save water. The Saitex denim factory in Viet Nam claims to recycle 98 percent of water through a closed-loop system and efficient jet washing machines. A five-step filtration process, including reverse osmosis, bacteria nanofiltration and evaporation separates toxic contaminants from used water which is recycled back into the manufacturing process. Also, jeans made from the denim are air dried to save energy. Compared to traditional denim production, which uses approximately 1,500 liters of water in a standard process, Saitex’s water use is a modest 0.4 liters after recycling.[1]
Proven technologies
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4. Water and coastal regions / Water efficiency and conservation / Proven technologiesMicro-catchments for water harvesting
United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA)
Getty Images /© by Alfian WidiantonoMicro-catchments such as bunds and ridges on farms help support water storage in the root zone of soil. They are a low-cost and easily implemented technique to adapt to water scarcity and enhance crop fruit tree yield and pasture shrubs. Although not itself a technology, the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) has developed a manual on micro-catchments for trainers and extension workers in the Arab region. It contains information, practical guidelines and examples that enable the technique appropriate for a particular site and crop to be selected and adopted.
- Contracting type: Locally available materials
- Technology level: Low
- Country of origin: N/A
- Availability: MENA region
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4. Water and coastal regions / Water efficiency and conservation / Proven technologiesRainwater harvesting and underground storage
Totetsu Mfg. Co. Ltd
Photo: © Totetsu Mfg. Co. Ltd.Totetsu offers large-scale storage of harvested rainwater. Solutions include storage underground, aboveground and combinations. The system first purifies the water, removing over 95 percent of the sand and dust originally mixed in with the rainwater. Clean water is then stored in a tank for daily use, such as in agriculture. Additional sterilization and filtration stages can be added (not provided by company) in order to turn it into drinking water. The system uses a flexible structure with modules, which can be built, expanded and adapted to fit the environment. It can sustain heavy vehicle loads and is earthquake-resistant. Replacing some of the traditional concrete-made structures with PVC reduces construction time and cost. Storage tanks can hold up to 50,000 m3 of water.[1]
- Contracting type: For sale and license
- Technology level: Medium
- Country of origin: Japan
- Availability: Worldwide
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4. Water and coastal regions / Water efficiency and conservation / Proven technologiesSmart water networks
Center for Environmental Sensing and Modelling (CENSAM)
Getty Images Plus /©R9_RoNaLdOWaterWiSe is a wireless sensor network for online urban water distribution monitoring. It was developed by researchers at the Center for Environmental Sensing and Modeling (CENSAM) in Singapore. WaterWiSe integrates hardware and software to monitor hydraulic and quality indicators such as conductivity, dissolved organic matter, flow rate and pressure. The system uses sensors to detect leaks and predict pipe damage. Alerts and real-time notifications are made through a cloud-based infrastructure.[1] The technology was implemented by water analytics firm Visenti Pte Ltd, later acquired by Xylem.
- Contracting type: Service/Collaboration
- Technology level: High
- Country of origin: Singapore
- Availability: Singapore
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4. Water and coastal regions / Water efficiency and conservation / Proven technologiesDecision support system for water management
BIOFOS
Getty Images Plus /© Daniel BalakovDecision Support Systems (DSS) is an integrated management tool. It allows a better understanding of the status of water resources and their users within a system. This can support the planning of appropriate adaptation interventions and their impact on water systems.[1] BIOFOS manages the wastewater treatment plant in the city of Copenhagen. It is presently being integrated into a Decision Support System to optimize treatment capacities so they can better handle stormwater. The system offers a fully interoperable platform for a wastewater treatment plant and sewers. It is based on a series of level and flow sensors within a sewer network, as well as water data and flow forecasts. Such real-time control can reduce the flooding impacts and improve treatment capacity, for example by adapting treatment schemes to wet or dry weather conditions.
- Contracting type: Service
- Technology level: High
- Country of origin: Denmark
- Availability: Denmark
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4. Water and coastal regions / Water efficiency and conservation / Proven technologiesReal-time water monitoring
SmartHydro
Getty Images Plus /©Aliaksei BroukaSmartHydro is a company that provides water technology solutions for the efficient management of groundwater, surface or industrial waters. Smart sensors send information to a web platform that supports data monitoring online. It generates analysis on daily up to annual basis. Alerts are sent via text message to warn of any sudden changes to a monitored parameter.
- Contracting type: Service
- Technology level: High
- Country of origin: Chile
- Availability: Chile
Frontier technologies
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4. Water and coastal regions / Water efficiency and conservation / Frontier technologiesSatellite-based leak detection systems
Suez
Getty Images Plus /© matsouSatellite imagery overlaid on geographical information systems is a novel and cost-effective approach to leak detection. Suez and partner Utilis use imagery from satellite-mounted sensors. To this they apply radiometric correction (a preprocessing technique to remove noise, defective lines and so on) and filtering before running a patented algorithm that locates leaks by detecting treated water in the ground. The algorithm assesses pipe deficiencies by attributing a score to pipe segments showing leaks, as well as leak-location clusters detected in one or more images. Data is then combined with GIS software to produce a single output where the pipes are scored on a 1–5 scale (where 5 indicates high levels of deficiency). A GIS-report and leak report are then shared with the user via a desktop or mobile application. Compared to traditional methods, large areas of land and pipework can be covered using fewer resources. Each satellite image is capable of covering a 3,500 km2 area of land.
- Contracting type: Service/collaboration
- Technology level: High
- Country of origin: France
- Availability: United Kingdom
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4. Water and coastal regions / Water efficiency and conservation / Frontier technologiesWater harvesting from air
Watergen
Getty Images Plus /©ZenShui/Odilon DimierWatergen provides various atmospheric water generators that produce drinking water from air. A certain percentage of humidity is required (starting at 20 percent). Humid air is first filtered to remove dust and dirt particles. It is then led into a heat exchanger where it condenses into water. Once the water has been purified, minerals such as calcium and magnesium are added. Harmful microorganisms and particles are broken down and killed by UV light, before the water is finally stored in a built-in reservoir. The water continues to be circulated through the UV lamp to keep it fresh. As drinking water is produced at source, water transportation is reduced. This is particularly suitable for hospitals, construction sites, small villages, first responders and other locations requiring a water source off the water-network. This type of generator could also supply temporary drinking water for people displaced during floods.
- Contracting type: For sale
- Technology level: Medium
- Country of origin: Israel
- Availability: Worldwide
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4. Water and coastal regions / Water efficiency and conservation / Frontier technologiesSeawater greenhouse
Seawater Greenhouse
Photo: © Seawater GreenhouseSeawater Greenhouse specializes in the development and construction of greenhouses in arid environments using seawater as input water. Pumped seawater is used to humidify and cool the interior of the greenhouse, thereby saving significant amounts of freshwater. The water is further recycled for use in agriculture through evaporation and distillation. Modelling software simulates the growing environment to optimize the cooling effect. Most projects have been implemented in high-income countries. However, a recent collaboration with the United Kingdom’s Aston University[2] has resulted in a cheaper facility being built in Somaliland at a tenth of the cost.
- Contracting type: Service
- Technology level: Medium
- Country of origin: United Kingdom
- Availability: Worldwide
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4. Water and coastal regions / Water efficiency and conservation / Frontier technologiesCircular shower system
Orbital Systems
Getty Images Plus /©Tasha VectorInspired by NASA space technology, Orbital Showers is a closed-loop shower system. The system saves up to 90 percent on water and 80 percent on energy compared to regular showers by purifying and recirculating the water used. A sensor measures the quality of drainage water every 20 seconds. Water of recyclable quality is led through a micro-filter to separate out larger particles, and then through a nanofilter for smaller particles. UV light is then applied to destroy harmful bacteria. Once the water has been passed through a final-stage internal heater, it is ready for reuse. The system is connected to an app that shows household water savings.
- Contracting type: For sale
- Technology level: Medium
- Country of origin: Sweden
- Availability: Worldwide
Horizon technologies
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4. Water and coastal regions / Water efficiency and conservation / Horizon technologiesWater conservation at power plants
Infinite Cooling
Getty Images Plus /© RelaxFoto.deThe electricity sector withdraws large amounts of water for cooling and other purposes. Significant water savings are possible through measures such as water reclamation, closed-loop water systems or dry cooling for turbines. At power plants, where cooling towers are typically used, evaporated water is lost into the atmosphere. Infinite Cooling is a company aiming to reduce water consumption in evaporative cooling tower systems. It uses charging electrodes at the outlet of the cooling towers that generate ions and charge the water in the plume. A specially designed collector mesh placed on top of the cooling tower gathers the water droplets. They then condense and are collected with an electric field. The collected water leads to a reservoir and is ready for reuse. The solution saves more than 20 percent of water and can be retrofitted onto any cooling tower.
- Contracting type: For sale
- Technology level: High
- Country of origin: United States
- Availability: Worldwide
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4. Water and coastal regions / Water efficiency and conservation / Horizon technologiesDesert water harvesting
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Photo: © MIT Device Research LabResearchers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) have developed a device that extracts moisture from very dry air to produce water. The device, which would be suitable for desert environments, is powered by sunlight. It uses a novel material called metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) that pulls water into its many pores. Several liters of water a day can be captured by each kilogram of material (Oksen and Favre, 2020). Initial tests produced only a few milliliters of water. But researchers are aiming to scale the idea.
- Contracting type: Research collaboration
- Technology level: High
- Country of origin: United States
- Availability: N/A
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4. Water and coastal regions / Water efficiency and conservation / Horizon technologiesCollective water data record keeping using blockchain
Water Ledger
Getty Images Plus /©Mykola LishchyshynBlockchain may play a role in improving water-trading systems by connecting an unspent surplus of water with consumers who need it. Blockchain can also improve water management, for example by initiating water right transfers based on reservoir water levels. By using decentralized digital ledger technology, blockchain can track ownership and enable fast and secure water rights transactions. Such a peer-to-peer system reduces the risk of fraud or data mismanagement. Blockchain also helps bypass a central authority and eliminates the need for intermediary banks, thus reducing transaction costs. Water Ledger is a collaboration between companies Civic Ledger, WETx and Aqaix. It aims to deploy a blockchain-based system, mainly built on the Ethereum network, to manage smart contracts and the efficient distribution and trading of water rights.
- Contracting type: Research collaboration
- Technology level: High
- Country of origin: United States
- Availability: N/A
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