Framework of the Global Innovation Index 2024
How to read the Economy profiles
The following tables provide detailed profiles for each of the 133 economies in the Global Innovation Index 2024. They are composed of four sections.
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1. At the top is the overall Global Innovation Index (GII) rank for each economy.
2. Next are the key metrics for each profile which provide the specific context for that particular economy: namely, its Innovation Input and Output Sub-Index rankings, the income group to which the economy belongs, its geographical region, population in millions, GDP in billion USD purchasing power parity (PPP), and, lastly, GDP per capita in USD PPP.
Because economies may either drop in or out of the GII, and due to adjustments made to the GII framework every year and other technical factors unrelated to actual performance (missing data, updates of data, and so on), the GII rankings are not directly comparable between one year and another. Appendix I provides further details.
The Innovation Input Sub-Index rank is computed based on a simple average of the scores in the first five pillars, while the Innovation Output Sub-Index rank is computed based on a simple average of the scores in the last two pillars. Scores are normalized values falling within the 0–100 range.
3. Pillars are identified by an illustrative icon, sub-pillars by two- digit and indicators by three-digit numbers. For example, under the pillar Institutions [insert pillar symbol] is the sub-pillar 1.3, Business environment, under which is indicator 1.3.2, Entrepreneurship policies and culture.
The GII 2024 includes 78 indicators in total and three types of data. Composite (or index) indicators are identified with an asterisk (*), survey questions with a dagger (†). The remaining indicators are all hard data series.
As far as possible, we have provided the (scaled/unscaled) value of the indicators rather than the score. Indicators based on survey responses (five indicators) or an index (10 indicators) are always reported as scores, while eight of the 63 hard data indicators are likewise reported as scores. This means that, overall, 55 out of 78 indicators are reported as values in the economy profiles.
When data are either unavailable or out of date, “n/a” is used, with a cutoff year of 2014. To the right of an indicator name, a clock symbol [insert clock symbol] is used when the available economy data are older than the base year. For information on data exceptions and limitations and a detailed explanation of the GII framework, see Appendix I. For further details on indicator sources and definitions, see Appendix III.
4. On the far right of each column, the strengths of an economy are indicated by a solid circle ⚫ and weaknesses by a hollow circle ⚪. The strengths of an economy within its income group are indicated by a solid diamond ◆ and weaknesses by a hollow diamond ◇. The exceptions to this are the top 25 high-income economies, whose strengths and weaknesses are instead computed within the top 25 group.
Rankings of 1, 2 and 3 are highlighted as an economy’s strengths, except in particular instances at the sub-pillar level, when the desired data minimum coverage (DMC) is unmet for that sub-pillar. For the remaining indicators, the strengths and weaknesses of a specific economy are based on the percentage of economies whose scores fall either above or below its own score (i.e., percentile ranks) and where the data is no older than the indicator mode minus 5 years. In practice, this means that for indicators with a data year mode of 2023, an economy’s data year must date from 2018 or be more recent in order to classify as a strength or weakness.
For any given economy, strengths ⚫ are those scores with percentile ranks greater than the 10th largest percentile rank among the 78 indicators for that economy.
For that same economy, weaknesses ⚪ are those scores with percentile ranks lower than the 10th smallest percentile rank among the 78 indicators for that economy.
Similarly, for any given economy, income group strengths ◆ are those scores above the income group average plus the standard deviation within that group.
For that same economy, income group weaknesses ◇ are those scores below the income group average minus the standard deviation within that group.
In addition, economies with a sub-pillar that does not meet the DMC requirement will show the score for that sub-pillar within square brackets. Those with more than one such sub-pillar also include the ranks for that pillar within square brackets. For these pillars and sub-pillars, neither strengths nor weaknesses are signaled.
A complete explanation of the methodology for the calculation of strengths and weaknesses is available in Appendix I.
Economy profiles
All 133 Economy profiles are available here: wipo.int/gii-ranking/