AgFunder, 2023. Africa AgriFood Tech Investment Report 2023. AgFunder.Aghion, P. and P. Howitt (1992). A model of growth through creative destruction. Econometrica, 60(2), 323–351. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2951599.Alexander, J.W. (2009). Japan's Motorcycle Wars: An Industry History. UBC Press.Alston, J.M., P.G. Pardey, D. Serfas and S. Wang (2023). Slow magic: Agricultural versus industrial R&D lag models. Annual Review of Resource Economics, 15(1), 471–493. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-111820-034312.Amin, A. 1999. The Emilian model: Institutional challenges. European Planning Studies, 7(4), 389–405.Arrow, K.J. (1962). The economic implications of learning by doing. The Review of Economic Studies, 29(3), 155–173. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2295952.Aversa, P. (2024). The Evolution of the Two-Wheeler Industry: A Comparative Study of Italy, Japan, and India. WIPO Economic Research Working Paper Series No. 83. World Intellectual Property Organization.Aversa, P., S. Furnari and M. Jenkins (2022). The primordial soup: Exploring the emotional microfoundations of cluster genesis. Organization Science, 33(4), 1340–1371.Badiane, O., Makombe, T., 2015. Agriculture, Growth, and Development in Africa: Theory and Practice. In Monga, C., Lin, J.Y. (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Africa and Economics: Policies and Practices. Part II: Microeconomic and Sectoral Issues. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 307–324. Available online: https://www.ifpri.org/publication/agriculture-growth-and-development-africa-theory-and-practiceBahar, D. and H. Rapoport (2018). Migration, knowledge diffusion and the comparative advantage of nations. The Economic Journal, 128(612), F273–F305. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12450.Baldos, U.L.C., F.G. Viens, T.W. Hertel and K.O. Fuglie (2019). R&D spending, knowledge capital, and agricultural productivity growth: A Bayesian approach. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 101(1), 291–310. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aay039.Balland, P.-A. and D. Rigby (2017). The geography of complex knowledge. Economic Geography, 93(1), 1–23.Balland, P.A. and R. Boschma (2022). Do scientific capabilities in specific domains matter for technological diversification in European regions? Research Policy, 51(10), 104594. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2022.104594.Balland, P.-A., De Vaan, M., and Boschma, R. (2013). The dynamics of interfirm networks along the industry life cycle: The case of the global video game industry, 1987–2007. Journal of Economic Geography, 13(5), 741–765. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbs023Balland, P.-A., R. Boschma, J. Crespo and D.L. Rigby (2019). Smart specialization policy in the European Union: Relatedness, knowledge complexity and regional diversification. Regional Studies, 53(9), 1252–1268. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2018.1437900.Balland, P.-A., T. Broekel, D. Diodato, E. Giuliani, R. Hausmann, N. O’Clery and D. Rigby (2022). The new paradigm of economic complexity. Research Policy, 51(3), 104450. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2021.104450.BBVA, 2022. São Paulo, the largest innovation ecosystem in Latin America - BBVA. BBVA Spark Open Innovation. URL https://www.bbvaspark.com/contenido/en/news/land-of-unicorns-and-fintech-empire-this-is-sao-paulo-the-largest-innovation-ecosystem-in-latin-america/ (accessed 11.13.23).Beintema, N., Pratt, A.N., Stads, G.-J., 2020. ASTI Global Update 2020 (Washington, D.C.), Agricultural Science and Technology Indicators Program Note. International Food Policy Research Institute.Bishop, G. and S. Barrington (1995). Encyclopedia of Motorcycling. London: Bison Group.Bolt, J. and J.L. Van Zanden (2020). Maddison style estimates of the evolution of the world economy: A new 2020 update. Maddison-Project Working Paper No. WP-15. University of Groningen.Boschma, R. (2017). Relatedness as driver of regional diversification: A research agenda. Regional Studies, 51(3), 351–364. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2016.1254767.Boschma, R. (2022). Designing Smart Specialization Policy: Relatedness, unrelatedness, or what? In Anderson, M., C. Karlsson and S. Wixe (eds), Handbook of Spatial Diversity and Business Economics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, forthcoming.Boschma, R., A. Minondo and M. Navarro (2013). The emergence of new industries at the regional level in Spain: A proximity approach based on product relatedness. Economic Geography, 89(1), 29–51.Boschma, R., K. Frenken, H. Bathelt, M. Feldman and D. Kogler (2012). Technological relatedness and regional branching. Beyond territory: Dynamic Geographies of Knowledge Creation, Diffusion and Innovation, 29, 64–68.Boyer, J.S., P. Byrne, K.G. Cassman, M. Cooper, D. Delmer, T. Greene, F. Gruis, J. Habben, N. Hausmann, N. Kenny, R. Lafitte, S. Paszkiewicz, D. Porter, A. Schlegel, J. Schussler, T. Setter, J. Shanahan, R.E. Sharp, T.J. Vyn, … J. Gaffney (2013). The U.S. drought of 2012 in perspective: A call to action. Global Food Security, 2(3), 139–143. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2013.08.002.Brondoni, S. (2021). Global competition & state intervention – The genesis of Japan’s motorcycle global leaders: Honda, Suzuki, Kawasaki & Yamaha. Symphonya: Emerging Issues in Management, 1, 7–22.Brusco, S. (1982). The Emilian model: Productive decentralisation and social integration. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 6(2), 167–184.Bruton, H.J. (1998). A reconsideration of import substitution. Journal of Economic Literature, 36(2), 903–936.Burton, A. and B. Carson. (2022). The gaming industry is only just beginning to address its diversity problem. Protocol. Available at: www.protocol.com/workplace/gaming-industry-diversity-reports.Carroll, G.R., L.S. Bigelow, M.‐D.L. Seidel and L.B. Tsai (1996). The fates of de novo and de alio producers in the American automobile industry 1885–1981. Strategic Management Journal, 17( S1), 117–137.Cenzatti, M. (1990). Restructuring in the motorcycle industry in Great Britain and Italy until 1980. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 8(3), 339–355.Chakraborty, R. and S. Chakravarty (2023). Factors affecting acceptance of electric two-wheelers in India: A discrete choice survey. Transport policy, 132, 27–41.Clancy, M., P. Heisey, Y. Ji and G. Moschini (2020). The Roots of Agricultural Innovation: Patent Evidence of Knowledge Spillovers. In P. Moser (ed.) Economics of Research and Innovation in Agriculture. University of Chicago Press, 21–75. Available at: https://www.nber.org/books-and-chapters/economics-research-and-innovation-agriculture/roots-agricultural-innovation-patent-evidence-knowledge-spillovers.Clark, K.B., W.B. Chew, T. Fujimoto, J. Meyer and F.M. Scherer (1987). Product development in the world auto industry. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1987(3), 729–781.Cohen, W.M. and D.A. Levinthal (1990). Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 128–152. DOI: https//doi.org/10.2307/2393553.Corcioli, G., G. da S. Medina and C.A. Arrais (2022). Missing the target: Brazil’s agricultural policy indirectly subsidizes foreign investments to the detriment of smallholder farmers and local agribusiness. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 5. Available at: www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2021.796845.Correa, P. and C. Schmidt (2014). Public research organizations and agricultural development in Brazil: How did EMBRAPA get it right? Economic Premise No. 145. World Bank. Available at: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/156191468236982040/Public-research-organizations-and-agricultural-development-in-Brazil-how-did-Embrapa-get-it-right.Coscia, M., F.M. Neffke and R. Hausmann (2020). Knowledge diffusion in the network of international business travel. Nature Human Behaviour, 4(10), 1011–1020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0922-x.Crescenzi, R., A. Dyèvre and F. Neffke (2022). Innovation catalysts: how multinationals reshape the global geography of innovation. Economic Geography, 98(3), 199–227. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00130095.2022.2026766.Crescenzi, R., S. Iammarino, C. Ioramashvili, A. Rodríguez-Pose and M. Storper (2019). The Geography of Innovation: Local Hotspots and Global Innovation Networks. WIPO Economic Research Working Paper No. 57. Geneva: World Intellectual Property Organization. Available at: www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4471.Cristelli, M., A. Tacchella and L. Pietronero (2015). The heterogeneous dynamics of economic complexity. PLoS ONE, 10(2), e0117174. Available at: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0117174.D’Alessandro, S.P., J. Caballero, J. Lichte and S. Simpkin (2015). Kenya: Agricultural Sector Risk Assessment. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10986/23350.da Silva Medina, G. and B. Pokorny (2022). Agro-industrial development: Lessons from Brazil. Land Use Policy 120, 106266. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106266.Daly, A., D. Humphreys, J. Raffo and G. Valacchi (eds). (2022). Global Challenges for Innovation in Mining Industries. Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108904209.de C. L. e Penalva Santos, D., C. Correa, Y. Amaral Alves, C. Gomes Souza and R.A. Mancebo Boloy (2023). Brazil and the world market in the development of technologies for the production of second-generation ethanol. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 67, 153–170. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2022.09.004.de Castro, C.N. (2014). Agriculture in Brazil’s Southeast Region: Limitations and Future Challenges to Development (Texto para Discussão, No. 1952a). Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (IPEA). Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/121530.De Vaan, M., Boschma, R., and Frenken, K. (2013). Clustering and firm performance in project-based industries: the case of the global video game industry, 1972–2007. Journal of Economic Geography, 13(6), 965–991. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbs038.Dealessandri, M. (2023). Scenario raises $6m ahead of AI-powered art engine early access. Games Industry.biz. Available at: www.gamesindustry.biz/scenario-raises-6m-ahead-of-ai-powered-art-engine-early-access.Deegan, J., T. Broekel and R.D. Fitjar (2021). Searching through the haystack: The relatedness and complexity of priorities in smart specialization strategies. Economic Geography, 97(5), 497–520.Donke, A., A. Nogueira, P. Matai and L. Kulay (2017). Environmental and energy performance of ethanol production from the integration of sugarcane, corn, and grain sorghum in a multipurpose plant. Resources, 6(1), 1. DOI: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/resources6010001.dos Santos e Silva, D.F., J.V. Bomtempo and F.C. Alves (2019). Innovation opportunities in the Brazilian sugar-energy sector. Journal of Cleaner Production, 218, 871–879. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.02.062.Dosi, G. (1988). Sources, procedures, and microeconomic effects of innovation. Journal of Economic Literature, 1120–1171.Dosi, G., C. Freeman, R. Nelson, G. Silverberg and L. Soete (eds) (1988). Technical Change and Economic Theory (Vol. 988). London: Pinter.Economic Times (2021). EV Day Special In-depth: India’s 2W industry approaches a crossroad; will electrification take over? Economic Times [online]. Available at: https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/two-wheelers/scooters-mopeds/ev-day-special-in-depth-indias-2w-industry-approaches-a-crossroad-will-electrification-take-over/86025614.EGDF (2021). 2021 European Video Games Industry Insight Report. European Game Developers Federation. Available at: 2021 report: https://www.egdf.eu/video-game-industry-report2021.Elekes, Z., R. Boschma and B. Lengyel (2019). Foreign-owned firms as agents of structural change in regions. Regional Studies, 53(11), 1603–1613. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2019.1596254.Energica Inside (2022). Energica inside: About us. Energica Motor Company [online]. Available at: www.energicamotor.com/us/energica-inside-about-us.Energica News (2023a). Energica Inside applications on ultralight airplanes sector. Energica Motor Company [online]. Available at: www.energicamotor.com/us/news/energica-inside-applications-on-ultralight-airplanes-sector.Energica News (2023b). Plenitude and Energica together to provide new innovative solutions for electric mobility. Energica Motor Company [online]. Available at: www.energicamotor.com/us/news/plenitude-and-energica-together-to-provide-new-innovative-solutions-for-electric-mobility.EPE (2018). Energy Demand of Light Duty Vehicle: 2018-2030 (No. 01). Empresa de Pesquisa Energética, Rio de JaneiroESA (2022). Essential Facts about the Video Game Industry. Entertainment Software Association. Available at: www.theesa.com/resource/2022-essential-facts-about-the-video-game-industry.Evenett, S., A. Jakubik, F. Martín and M. Ruta. (2024). The return of industrial policy in data. IMF Working Paper No. 2024/001. International Monetary Fund. Available at: www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2023/12/23/The-Return-of-Industrial-Policy-in-Data-542828.Falck-Zepeda, J. B., P. Zambrano, J.I. Cohen, O. Borges, E.P. Guimaraes, D. Hautea, J. Kengue and J. Songa (2008). Plant Genetic Resources for Agriculture, plant breeding, and biotechnology. IFPRI Discussion Paper. International Food Policy Research Institute. Available at: www.ifpri.org/publication/plant-genetic-resources-agriculture-plant-breeding-and-biotechnology.FAO (1996). Agro-Ecological Zoning Guidelines (FAO Soils Bulletin 73). Food and Agriculture Organization. Available at: https://www.fao.org/3/W2962E/w2962e00.htm#P-2.FAO (2020). The Share of Agriculture in Total Greenhouse Gas Emission: Global, Regional and Country Trends 1990–2017 (FAOSTAT Analytical Brief Series No. 1). Food and Agriculture Organization. Available at: www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca8389en.Fink, C. (2022). Calculating private and social returns to COVID-19 vaccine innovation. WIPO Economic Research Working Paper No. 68. World Intellectual Property Organization. Available at: www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4595&plang=EN.Fink, C. and J. Raffo (2019). What role for intellectual property in industrial development? In Correa, C. and X. Seuba (eds), Intellectual Property and Development: Understanding the Interfaces. Springer Singapore, 119–136. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2856-5.Foray, D. (2014). Smart Specialisation: Opportunities and Challenges for Regional Innovation Policy. London: Routledge.Foray, D. (2019). In response to ‘Six critical questions about smart specialization’. European Planning Studies, 27:10, 2066–2078. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2019.1664037.Foray, D., P.A. David and B. Hall (2009). Smart specialisation: The concept. In Knowledge for Growth: Prospects for Science, Technology and Innovation, EUR 24047 EN. European Commission. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/invest-in-research/pdf/download_en/selected_papers_en.pdf.Fuglie, K., M. Gautam, A. Goyal, and W.F. Maloney (2019). Sources of Growth in Agriculture. In Fuglie, K., M. Gautam, A. Goyal, and W. Maloney (eds), Harvesting Prosperity: Technology and Productivity Growth in Agriculture. World Bank, 1–42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1393-1_ch1.Furman, J. L., M. E. Porter, and S. Stern (2002). The determinants of national innovative capacity. Research Policy, 31(6), 899–933. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(01)00152-4.Furtado, A.T., M.P. Hekkert and S.O. Negro (2020). Of actors, functions, and fuels: Exploring a second generation ethanol transition from a technological innovation systems perspective in Brazil. Energy Research & Social Science, 70, 101706. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101706.Gaffney, J., M. Challender, K. Califf and K. Harden (2019). Building bridges between agribusiness innovation and smallholder farmers: A review. Global Food Security, 20, 60–65. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2018.12.008.Gałuszka, D., M. Bobrowski, A. Krampus-Siepielak, P. Rodzińska-Szary and M. Śliwiński (2020). The State of Polish Video Games Industry 2020 Report. Kraków Technology Park with Polish Gamers Observatory and Partners.Game Makers of Finland. (2022). Finnish Game Industry Salary Survey 2022: Results and Conclusions. Available at: https://peliala.fi/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Game_Makers_of_Finland_Salary_Survey_Results_2023.pdfGavetti, G. (2001). Ducati. Harvard Business School: Case, 701132.Gerlach, M.L. (1992). Alliance Capitalism: The Social Organization of Japanese Business. University of California Press.Giuri, P., M. Mariani, S. Brusoni, G. Crespi, D. Francoz, A. Gambardella, W. Garcia-Fontes, A. Geuna, R. Gonzales, D. Harhoff, K. Hoisl, C. Le Bas, A. Luzzi, L. Magazzini, L. Nesta, Ö. Nomaler, N. Palomeras, P. Patel, M. Romanelli and B. Verspagen (2007). Inventors and invention processes in Europe: Results from the PatVal–EU survey. Research Policy, 36(8), 1107–1127. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2007.07.008.Glassdoor. (2023). How Much Does a Game Developer Make in Poland? Game Developer Salaries. Available at: https://www.glassdoor.com/Salaries/poland-game-developer-salary-SRCH_IL.0,6_IN193_KO7,21.htmGraff, G.D. and I. Hamdan-Livramento (2019). Global Roots of Innovation in Plant Biotechnology. WIPO Economics Working Paper No. 59. World Intellectual Property Organization.Graff, G.D., A. Berklund and K. Rennels (2014). The Emergence of an Innovation Cluster in the Agricultural Value Chain along Colorado’s Front Range. Colorado State University.Griliches, Z. (1957). Hybrid corn: An exploration in the economics of technological change. Econometrica, 25(4), 501–522. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1905380.Grizzi, O. and M. Clarke (2014). La moto italiana: le grandi marche dalle origini a oggi. Giunti.Hamdan-Livramento, I., G.D. Graff and A. Daly (2024). Innovation Complexity in AgTech: The Case of Brazil, Kenya and the United States. WIPO Economics Working Paper Series No. 82. World Intellectual Property Organization.Hanushek, E. and L. Woessman. (2015). The Knowledge Capital of Nations: Education and the Economics of Growth. MIT Press. Hausmann, R. and F.M. Neffke (2019). The workforce of pioneer plants: The role of worker mobility in the diffusion of industries. Research Policy, 48(3), 628–648. DOI: https//doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2018.10.017.Hausmann, R. and L. Nedelkoska (2018). Welcome home in a crisis: Effects of return migration on the non-migrants’ wages and employment. European Economic Review, 101, 101–132. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2017.10.003.Hausmann, R., C.A. Hidalgo, S. Bustos, M. Coscia and A. Simoes (2014). The Atlas of Economic Complexity: Mapping Paths to Prosperity. MIT Press.Hausmann, R., D. Stock and M.A. Yildirim (2022). Implied comparative advantage. Research Policy, 51(8), 104143. DOI: https//doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2020.104143.Hausmann, R., M.A. Yildirim, C. Chacua, S. Gadgin Matha and M. Hartog (2024). Global Trends in Innovation Patterns: A Complexity Approach. WIPO Economic Research Working Paper No. 80. World Intellectual Property Organization.Haussmann, R., C.A. Hidalgo, S. Bustos, M. Coscia, A. Simoes and M.A. Yildirim (2014). The Atlas of Economic Complexity: Mapping Paths to Prosperity. The MIT Press.Haussmann, R., M.A. Yildirim, C. Chacua, M. Hartog and S. Gadgin Matha (2024). Innovation policies under economic complexity. WIPO Economic Research Working Paper No. 79. World Intellectual Property Organization.Havard Growth Lab (2023). The Atlas of Economic Complexity. Available at: https//atlas.cid.harvard.edu [accessed September 26, 2023].Henderson, R. (1993). Underinvestment and incompetence as responses to radical innovation: Evidence from the photolithographic alignment equipment industry. The RAND Journal of Economics, 248–270.Henderson, R.M. and K.B. Clark (1990). Architectural innovation: The reconfiguration of existing product technologies and the failure of established firms. Administrative science quarterly, 9–30.Herbig, P. and L. Jacobs (1997). A historical perspective of Japanese innovation. Management Decision, 35(10), 760–778.Hidalgo, C.A. (2021). Economic complexity theory and applications. Nature Reviews Physics, 3(2), 92–113.Hidalgo, C.A. (2022). The policy implications of economic complexity. arXiv preprint arXiv:2205.02164. Available at: https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/2205/2205.02164.pdf.Hidalgo, C.A. and R. Hausmann (2009). The building blocks of economic complexity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(26), 10570–10575.Hidalgo, C.A. and R. Hausmann (2009). The building blocks of economic complexity. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 106(26), 10570–10575. Hidalgo, C.A., B. Klinger, A.-L. Barabási and R. Hausmann (2007). The product space conditions the development of nations. Science, 317(5837), 482–487. DOI: https//doi.org/10.1126/science.1144581.Hidalgo, C.A., P.-A. Balland, R. Boschma, M. Delgado, M. Feldman, K. Frenken, E. Glaeser, C. He, D.F. Kogler, A. Morrison, F. Neffke, D. Rigby, S. Stern, S. Zheng and S. Zhu (2018). The principle of relatedness. In Morales, A., C. Gershenson, D. Braha, A. Minai and Y. Bar-Yam (eds), Unifying Themes in Complex Systems IX: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Complex Systems. Cham: Springer, 451–457. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96661-8_46.Hufbauer, G.C. and E. Jung (2021). Scoring 50 years of US industrial policy, 1970–2020. Peterson Institute for International Economics. Available at: www.piie.com/publications/piie-briefings/scoring-50-years-us-industrial-policy-1970-2020.Hughes, N. and S. Lonie (2007). M-PESA: Mobile money for the “unbanked” turning cellphones into 24-hour tellers in Kenya. Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization, 2(1–2), 63–81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/itgg.2007.2.1-2.63.IEA (2023). Global EV Outlook 2023. International Energy Agency. Available at: www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2023.Innomantra (2011). Patent Portfolio of Major Indian Automobile Companies. Bangalore: Innomantra. Available at: https://innomantra.com/images/pdf/Innomantra%20-%20Patent%20Portfolio%20of%20Major%20Indian%20Automobile%20Companies.pdf.Irwin, D.A. (2021). The rise and fall of import substitution. World Development, 139, 105306. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105306.Iyer, N.V. and M.G. Badami (2007). Two-wheeled motor vehicle technology in India: Evolution, prospects and issues. Energy Policy, 35(8), 4319–4331.Johnson, C. (1982). MITI and the Japanese Miracle: The Growth of Industrial Policy, 1925–1975. Stanford University Press.Jones, B.F. (2014a). The human capital stock: A generalized approach. American Economic Review, 104(11), 3752–3777. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.11.3752.Jones, B.F. (2014b). The knowledge trap: Human capital and development reconsidered. Northwestern University Working Paper. Available at: www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/faculty/jones-ben/htm/Knowledge%20Trap.pdf.Jones, B.F. and L.H. Summers (2020). A calculation of the social returns to innovation. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 27863. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3386/W27863.Juhász, R., N.J. Lane and D. Rodrik (2023). The new economics of industrial policy. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 3153. Available at: www.nber.org/papers/w31538.Kassie, M., Marenya, P., Tessema, Y., Jaleta, M., Zeng, D., Erenstein, O., Rahut, D., 2018. Measuring Farm and Market Level Economic Impacts of Improved Maize Production Technologies in Ethiopia: Evidence from Panel Data. Journal of Agricultural Economics 69, 76–95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-9552.12221.Kim, S.R. (1998). The Korean system of innovation and the semiconductor industry: A governance perspective. Industrial and Corporate Change, 7(2), 275–309. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/7.2.275.Kingiri, A.N. (2022). Exploring innovation capabilities build up in the deployment of crop biotechnology innovation in Kenya. Innovation and Development, 12(2), 305–324. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/2157930X.2021.1884934.Kingiri, A.N. and A. Hall (2012). The role of policy brokers: The case of biotechnology in Kenya. Review of Policy Research, 29(4), 492–522. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-1338.2012.00573.x.Klepper, S. (2007). Disagreements, spinoffs, and the evolution of Detroit as the capital of the US automobile industry. Management Science, 53(4), 616–631.Kogler, D.F., E. Evenhuis, E. Giuliani, R. Martin, E. Uyarra and R. Boschma (2023). Re-imagining evolutionary economic geography. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 16(3), 373–390.Koyama, Y. (2023). History of the Japanese Video Game Industry. Springer Nature.Lampel, J., T. Lant and J. Shamsie (2000). Balancing act: Learning from organizing practices in cultural industries. Organization Science, 11(3), 263–269. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.11.3.263.12503.Lerner, J. (2009). Boulevard of Broken Dreams: Why Public Efforts to Boost Entrepreneurship and Venture Capital Have Failed – And What to Do About It. Princeton University Press.Li, Y. and F. Neffke (2023). Evaluating the principle of relatedness: Estimation, drivers and implications for policy. CID Research Fellows and Graduate Student Working Paper Series No. 146. Cambridge, MA: Center for International Development at Harvard University.Lipparini, A., G. Lorenzoni and S. Ferriani (2014). From core to periphery and back: A study on the deliberate shaping of knowledge flows in interfirm dyads and networks. Strategic Management Journal, 35(4), 578–595.Lowder, S.K., Skoet, J., Singh, S., n.d. What do we really know about the number and distribution of farms and family farms worldwide? Background paper for The State of Food and Agriculture 2014.Lucas Jr, H.C. and J.M. Goh (2009). Disruptive technology: How Kodak missed the digital photography revolution. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 18(1), 46–55.Machado, R.L. and M.R. Abreu (2024). Multi-objective optimization of the first and second-generation ethanol supply chain in Brazil using the water-energy-food-land nexus approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 193, 114299. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2024.114299. Manochio, C., B.R. Andrade, R.P. Rodriguez and B.S. Moraes (2017). Ethanol from biomass: A comparative overview. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 80, 743–755. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.063.Marrocu, E., R. Paci, D. Rigby and S. Usai (2023). Evaluating the implementation of Smart Specialisation policy. Regional Studies, 57(1), 112–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2022.2047915.Marszałkowski, J., S. Biedermann and E. Rutkowski (2023). The Game Industry of Poland – Report 2023. Polish Agency for Enterprise Development. Available at: https://en.parp.gov.pl/storage/publications/pdf/The_Game_Industry_Poland_2023_12_07.pdf.Martin, X., W. Mitchell and A. Swaminathan (1995). Recreating and extending Japanese automobile buyer–supplier links in North America. Strategic Management Journal, 16(8), 589–619.Maskell, P. and A. Malmberg (1999). The competitiveness of firms and regions: ‘Ubiquitification’ and the importance of localized learning. European urban and regional studies, 6(1), 9–25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/096977649900600102.Mazumdar, M. (2013). An overview of the Indian pharmaceutical sector. In Performance of Pharmaceutical Companies in India. Berlin: Springer, 17–44.Mazzucato, M. (2015). The Entrepreneurial State: Debunking Public vs. Private Sector Myths (Revised edition). New York, NY: PublicAffairs.McFadden, J., D. Smith, S. Weschsler and S. Wallander (2019). Development, Adoption, and Management of Drought-Tolerant Corn in the United States. Economic Information Bulletin Number 204. United States Department of Agriculture: Foreign Agricultural Service.McKinsey (2022). The Future of Mobility: Transforming to be Ahead of the Opportunity. McKinsey & Company. Available at: www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/industries/automotive%20and%20assembly/our%20insights/the%20future%20of%20mobility%20transforming%20to%20be%20ahead%20of%20the%20opportunity/the-future-of-mobility-transforming-to-be-ahead-of-the-opportunity.pdf.Medina, G. da S. and A.P. dos Santos (2017). Curbing enthusiasm for Brazilian agribusiness: The use of actor-specific assessments to transform sustainable development on the ground. Applied Geography, 85, 101–112. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2017.06.003.Mewes, L. and T. Broekel (2022). Technological complexity and economic growth of regions. Research Policy, 51(8), 104156. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2020.104156.Miguelez, E. and A. Morrison (2022). Migrant inventors as agents of technological change. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 48, 669–692. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4256518.Mobygames (n.d.). Mirage Media S. C. Available at: www.mobygames.com/company/1109/mirage-media-s-c.Morrison, A. and R. Boschma (2019). The spatial evolution of the Italian motorcycle industry (1893–1993): Klepper’s heritage theory revisited. Industrial and Corporate Change, 28(3), 613–634.Moscatelli, F., C. Chacua, S. Gadgin Matha, M. Hartog, E. Hernandez Rodriguez, J.D. Raffo and M.A. Yildirim (2024). Can we map innovation capabilities? WIPO Economic Research Working Paper No. 81. World Intellectual Property Organization.Motion Picture Association (2022). Theme Report 2021. Available at: www.motionpictures.org/research-docs/2021-theme-report.Mueller, B. and C. Mueller (2016). The political economy of the Brazilian model of agricultural development: Institutions versus sectoral policy. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 62, 12–20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2016.07.012.Muffatto, M. and R. Panizzolo (1996). Innovation and product development strategies in the Italian motorcycle industry. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 13(4), 348–361.Neffke, F. and M. Henning (2013). Skill relatedness and firm diversification. Strategic Management Journal, 34, 297–316. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2014.Neffke, F., M. Hartog, R. Boschma and M. Henning (2018). Agents of structure change: The role of firms and entrepreneurs in regional diversification. Economic Geography, 94(1), 23–48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00130095.2017.1391691.Neffke, F., M. Henning and R. Boschma. (2011). How do regions diversify over time? Industry relatedness and the development of new growth paths in regions. Economic Geography, 87(3), 237–265. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-8287.2011.01121.x.Nelson, K.P. and K. Fuglie (2022). USDA ERS – Investment in US public agricultural research and development has fallen by a third over past two decades, lags major trade competitors. Amber Waves, June 6. Economic Research Service, US Department of Agriculture. Available at: www.ers.usda.gov/amber-waves/2022/june/investment-in-u-s-public-agricultural-research-and-development-has-fallen-by-a-third-over-past-two-decades-lags-major-trade-competitors.Nelson, R.R. and S.G. Winter (1982). The Schumpeterian tradeoff revisited. The American Economic Review, 72(1), 114–132.Neogames (2023). The Game Industry of Finland: Report 2022. Available at: https://neogames.fi/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/FGIR2022report.pdf. Neves, M.F., V.G. Trombin, and M.A. Consoli (2010). Measurement of sugar cane chain in Brazil. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, 13, 37–54. Newzoo (2023). Free Edition: Global Games Market Report, 2023. Available at: https://newzoo.com/resources/trend-reports/newzoo-global-games-market-report-2023-free-version.OECD (2013). Innovation-driven Growth in Regions: The Role of Smart Specialisation. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Available at: www.oecd.org/sti/inno/smartspecialisation.htm.OECD (2023). OECD Data: Average wages. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Available at: https://data.oecd.org/earnwage/average-wages.htm.OECD and FAO (2023). OECD–FAO Agricultural Outlook 2023–2032. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Available at: www.oecd-ilibrary.org/agriculture-and-food/oecd-fao-agricultural-outlook-2023-2032_08801ab7-en.Oguguo, P. (2024). Innovation and Intellectual Property Use in the Global Video Game Industry. WIPO Economic Research Working Paper No. 85. World Intellectual Property Organization.Ohno, K. (2006). The Economic Development of Japan: The Path Traveled by Japan as a Developing Country. GRIPS Development Forum.Onsongo, E. (2019). Institutional entrepreneurship and social innovation at the base of the pyramid: The case of M-Pesa in Kenya. Industry and Innovation, 26(4), 369–390. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13662716.2017.1409104.Oostendorp, R., M. van Asseldonk, J. Gathiaka, R. Mulwa, M. Radeny, J. Recha, C. Wattel and L. van Wesenbeeck (2019). Inclusive agribusiness under climate change: A brief review of the role of finance. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 41, 18–22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2019.09.014.Orsenigo, L. (2001). The (failed) development of a biotechnology cluster: The case of Lombardy. Small Business Economics, 17(1/2), 77–92.Oshima, K. (1984). Technological innovation and industrial research in Japan. Research Policy, 13(5), 285–301.Özalp, H. (2024). Heterogeneous development paths to growth and innovation: The evolution of the video game industry across four hubs. WIPO Economic Research Working Paper No. 84. World Intellectual Property Organization.Pandey, A., A. Aggarwal, R. Devane and Y. Kuznetsov (2006). The Indian diaspora: A unique case? In Kuznetsov, Y. (ed.), Diaspora Networks and the International Migration of Skills. World Bank Institute Development Studies, 71–97. Pardey, P.G., C. Chan-Kang, S.P. Dehmer and J.M. Beddow (2016). Agricultural R&D is on the move. Nature 537(7620), 301–303. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/537301a.Parikh, A. (1979). Estimation of supply functions for coffee. Applied Economics, 11(1), 43–54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/758520522Patel, D., J. Sandefur and A. Subramanian (2021). The new era of unconditional convergence. Journal of Development Economics, 152, 1026687. DOI: https//doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2021.102687.Pinheiro, F.L., D. Hartmann, R. Boschma and C.A. Hidalgo (2021). The time and frequency of unrelated diversification. Research Policy, 51(8), 104323.Pinheiro, F.L., P.A. Balland, R. Boschma and D. Hartmann (2022). The dark side of the geography of innovation: relatedness, complexity and regional inequality in Europe. Regional Studies, 1–16. DOI: 10.1080/00343404.2022.2106362.Pitts, R. (2014). How the team behind The Witcher conquered Poland. Polygon. Available at: www.polygon.com/features/2014/7/16/5884227/cd-projekt-the-witcher-3.Polanyi, M. 1966. The Tacit Dimension. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 4.Porter, J.R., Challinor, A., Cochrane, K., Howden, S.M., Iqbal, M.M., Lobell, D.B., Travasso, M.I., 2014. Food security and food production systems. In Field, C.B., Barros, V.R., Dokken, D.J., Mach, K.J., Mastrandrea, M.D., Bilir, T.E., Chatterjee, M., Ebi, K.L., Estrada, Y.O., Genova, R.C., Girma, B., Kissel, E.S., Levy, A.N., MacCracken, S., Mastrandrea, P.R., White, L.L. (Eds.), Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York.Pritchett, L. (1997). Divergence, big time. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 11(3), 3–17. DOI: https//doi.org/10.1257/jep.11.3.3.Pugliese, E., G. Cimini, A. Patelli, A. Zaccaria, L. Pietronero and A. Gabrielli (2019). Unfolding the innovation system for the development of countries: coevolution of Science, Technology and Production. Scientific Reports, 9, 16440. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-52767-5.PwC (2023). Perspectives from the Global Entertainment and Media Outlook 2023–2027. Available at: www.pwc.com/gx/en/industries/tmt/media/outlook/insights-and-perspectives.html.Rada, N. (2013). Assessing Brazil’s Cerrado agricultural miracle. Food Policy, 38, 146–155. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2012.11.002.Raitzer, D.A., A.H. Sparks, Z. Huelgas, R. Maligalig, Z. Balangue, C. Launio, A. Daradjat and H.U. Ahmed (2015). Is Rice Improvement Still Making a Difference? Assessing the Economic, Poverty and Food Security Impacts of Rice Varieties Released from 1989 to 2009 in Bangladesh, Indonesia and the Philippines. Rome, Italy: CGIAR Independent Science and Partnership Council. [A report submitted to the Standing Panel on Impact Assessment (SPIA)]. Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). Available at: https://research.usq.edu.au/item/q4418/is-rice-improvement-still-making-a-difference-assessing-the-economic-poverty-and-food-security-impacts-of-rice-varieties-released-from-1989-to-2009-in-bangladesh-indonesia-and-the-philippines.Rigby, D.L., C. Roelser, D. Kogler, R. Boschma and P.-A. Balland (2022). Do EU regions benefit from Smart Specialisation principles? Regional Studies, 56(12), 2058–2073. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2022.2032628.Romer, P.M. (1990). Endogenous technological change. Journal of Political Economy, 98(5, part 2), S71–S102. Salary Explorer. (2023). Game Developer Average Salary in Japan 2023. Salary Explorer. Available at: https://www.salaryexplorer.com/average-salary-wage-comparison-japan-game-developer-c107j10578#:~:text=Average%20Monthly%20Salary%0A%0A471%2C000%20JPY%0A%0A,735%2C000%20%20%20%0AJPYSaxenian, A. (2006). The New Argonauts: Regional Advantage in a Global Economy. Harvard University Press.Schumpeter, J.A. (1942). Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. Harper and Brothers.Shin, H., D. F. Kogler and K. Kim (2023). The relevance of scientific knowledge externalities for technological change and resulting inventions across european metropolitan areas. Review of Regional Research, 1–17. DOI:10.1007/s10037-023-00190-9.Shrider, E.A., M. Kollar, F. Chen and J. Semega (2021). Income and Poverty in the United States: 2020. United States Census Bureau. Available at: www.census.gov/library/publications/2021/demo/p60-273.html.Simtowe, F., D. Makumbi, M. Worku, H. Mawia and D.B. Rahut (2021). Scalability of Adaptation strategies to drought stress: The case of drought tolerant maize varieties in Kenya. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 19(1), 91–105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2020.1823699.Smart, A. and J.-Y. Hsu (2004). The Chinese diaspora, foreign investment and economic development in China. The Review of International Affairs, 3(4), 544–566. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1475355042000241511.Soh, H.S., Y. Koh and A. Aridi (eds) (2023). Innovative Korea: Leveraging Innovation and Technology for Development. Washington, DC: World Bank. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10986/40234.Solow, R.M. (1956). A contribution to the theory of economic growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70(1), 65–94. DOI: https//doi.org/10.2307/1884513.Statista (2023). Revenue of the eSports market in selected countries worldwide in 2023. Statista. Available at: www.statista.com/forecasts/1130696/esports-revenue-share-country.Stattman, S.L., O. Hospes and A.P.J. Mol (2013). Governing biofuels in Brazil: A comparison of ethanol and biodiesel policies. Energy Policy, 61, 22–30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.06.005.Swim, W.B. (1967). The History of Japanese Motorcycles. Cycle World, November 1, 1967. Available at: https://magazine.cycleworld.com/article/1967/11/01/the-history-of-japanese-motorcycles.The Economist (2023a). Firms are exploring sodium batteries as an alternative to lithium. The Economist, October 28. Available at: www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2023/10/25/firms-are-exploring-sodium-batteries-as-an-alternative-to-lithium.The Economist (2023b). Forget Teslas, India’s EV revolution is happening on two wheels. The Economist, April 20. Available at: www.economist.com/asia/2023/04/20/forget-teslas-indias-ev-revolution-is-happening-on-two-wheels.The Economist (2023c). How Japan is losing the global electric-vehicle race. The Economist, April 16. Available at: www.economist.com/asia/2023/04/16/how-japan-is-losing-the-global-electric-vehicle-race.Torrisi, S., A. Gambardella, P. Giuri, D. Harhoff, K. Hoisl and M. Mariani (2016). Used, blocking and sleeping patents: Empirical evidence from a large-scale inventor survey. Research Policy, 45(7), 1374–1385. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2016.03.021.Tragatsch, E. (2000). The New Illustrated Encyclopedia of Motorcycles. Edison, NJ: Quantum Publishing.Tripsas, M. and G. Gavetti (2017). Capabilities, cognition, and inertia: Evidence from digital imaging. The SMS Blackwell Handbook of Organizational Capabilities, 393–412.Tschang, F.T. (2007). Balancing the tensions between rationalization and creativity in the video games industry. Organization Science, 18(6), 989–1005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1070.0299.Tushman, M.L. (1992). Organizational determinants of technological change: Toward a sociology of technological evolution. Research in Organizational Behavior, 14, 311–347.Tushman, M.L. and P. Anderson (2018). Technological discontinuities and organizational environments. In Organizational Innovation. Routledge, 345–372.Weber, V.S., A.E. Melchinger, C. Magorokosho, D. Makumbi, M. Bänziger and G.N. Atlin (2012). Efficiency of managed-stress screening of elite maize hybrids under drought and low nitrogen for yield under rainfed conditions in Southern Africa. Crop Science, 52(3), 1011–1020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2011.09.0486.Weitzmann, M.L. (1998). Recombinant growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 113(2), 331–360. DOI: https//doi.org/10.1162/003355398555595.Wezel, F.C. and A. Lomi (2009). ‘Built to last ‘or ‘new and improved’? Trajectories of industrial evolution in the European motorcycle industry, 1885–1993. European Management Review, 6(2), 107–119.Whitaker, M. and S. Kolavalli (2006). Floriculture in Kenya. In Chandra, V. (ed.), Technology, Adaptation, and Exports: How Some Developing Countries Got It Right. World Bank. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-6507-6.Wiggins, S., G. Henley and S. Keats (2015). Competitive or complementary? Industrial crops and food security in sub-Saharan Africa. Overseas Development Institute (ODI). Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep50756.Williamson, J. (1990). What Washington means by policy reform. In Williamson, J. (ed.), Latin American Adjustment: How Much Has Happened? Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, 7–20.WIPO (2011). World Intellectual Property Report 2011: The Changing Face of Innovation. Geneva: World Intellectual Property Organization. Available at: www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=227.WIPO (2015). World Intellectual Property Report 2015: Breakthrough Innovation and Economic Growth. Geneva: World Intellectual Property Organization. Available at: www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=3995.WIPO (2019). World Intellectual Property Report 2019: The Geography of Innovation. Geneva: World Intellectual Property Organization. Available at: www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4467.WIPO (2022a). World Intellectual Property Report 2022: The Direction of Innovation. Geneva: World Intellectual Property Organization. Available at: www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4594.WIPO (2022b). Global Innovation Hotspots: Singapore’s Innovation and Entrepreneurship Ecosystem. Geneva: World Intellectual Property Organization. Available at: www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4623.Wright, B.D. (2012). Grand missions of agricultural innovation. Research Policy, 41(10), 1716–1728. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2012.04.021Wuchty, S., B. F. Jones and B. Uzzi (2007). The Increasing Dominance of Teams in Production of Knowledge. Science, 316(5827), 1036–1039. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1136099.Yamamura, E., T. Sonobe and K. Otsuka (2005). Time path in innovation, imitation, and growth: The case of the motorcycle industry in postwar Japan. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 15, 169–186.Yamaha Global (2023). The 30th anniversary of the Yamaha e-Bike. Available at: The 30th anniversary of the Yamaha e-Bike - e-Bike System. Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.https://global.yamaha-motor.com/business/e-bike-systems/30th/
