Rice is the staple food of some 3.5 billion people, predominantly in Asia. Almost all rice is cultivated as wet rice in fields that are covered in water for most of the growing season. This also makes rice production one of the major GHG emitters, globally accounting for 10–12 percent of the world’s methane emissions.
Proven technologies
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3. Agriculture and land use / Rice cultivation / Proven technologiesImproved cultivation: direct seeded rice
KS Agrotech
Getty Images /© Rio PrastyoDirect seeded rice has emerged as an economically viable and environmentally promising alternative to Asia’s most dominant method, known as puddled transplanted rice. It addresses several major drivers of rural change in the region, such as rising labor and water scarcity and increased profitability by reducing cultivation costs. The Indian company KS Agrotech produces a range of farm machines, including the direct seeder. It can plant seeds directly in the field without preparation or flooding and saves time and labor. The dry seed is drilled into the ground at a depth of 2–3 cm.
- Contracting type: For sale
- Technology level: Low
- Country of origin: India
- Availability: India
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3. Agriculture and land use / Rice cultivation / Proven technologiesImproved cultivation: rice transplanter machine
Yancheng Shunyu Agricultural Machinery Co., Ltd.
Getty Images /© fz750Rice transplanting is a slow and laborious process, typically done by hand, one plant at a time. Transplanter machines can speed up the process significantly, saving labor costs and reducing the time the crop is in the field, thereby also potentially reducing water use and methane emissions. The company provides a wide variety of machines, ranging from small, two-row hand-operated machines to eight-row self-driving units, which can dispense fertilizer at the same time.
- Contracting type: For sale
- Technology level: Medium
- Country of origin: China
- Availability: China
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3. Agriculture and land use / Rice cultivation / Proven technologiesImproved cultivation: sturdy lasers for accurate levelling of paddy fields
Spectra
Getty Images /© Francesco ScatenaSpectra offers a range of cutting-edge grade lasers which can be used for levelling paddy fields and thereby optimizing water use and facilitating efficient periodic drainage. Designed for precision performance, these lasers are highly accurate over long distances. One model features automatic self-levelling, grade matching for unknown grades and a digital readout receiver. The company’s grade lasers contribute to reducing errors and time consumption, aligning with environmental sustainability and precision needs.
- Contracting type: For sale
- Technology level: Medium
- Country of origin: United States
- Availability: Worldwide
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3. Agriculture and land use / Rice cultivation / Proven technologiesImproved cultivation: alternate wetting and drying (AWD)
IRRI
Getty Images /© pixelfusion3dAWD is a water-saving technology that allows farmers to reduce irrigation water consumption in rice fields by 30 percent without yield penalty. AWD has been proven to effectively mitigate GHG emissions, specifically methane, from rice production by between 30 and 70 percent. During the dry phases, the methane-producing bacteria are inhibited, thus reducing GHG emissions. AWD entails periodic draining of the field to a predetermined threshold and re-flooding. A practical way to implement AWD safely is by using a “field water tube” (“pani pipe”) to monitor the water depth on the field. After irrigation, the water depth will gradually decrease. When the water level has dropped to about 15 cm below the surface of the soil, irrigation should be applied to re-flood the field to a depth of about 5 cm. From one week before to one week after flowering, the field should be kept flooded, topping up to a depth of 5 cm as needed. After flowering, during grain filling and ripening, the water level can be allowed to drop again to 15 cm below the soil surface before re-irrigation. AWD can be started a few weeks (1−2 weeks) after transplanting. When many weeds are present, AWD should be postponed for 2−3 weeks to assist weed suppression by the ponded water.
- Contracting type: N/A
- Technology level: Medium
- Country of origin: Philippines
- Availability: Worldwide
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3. Agriculture and land use / Rice cultivation / Proven technologiesReducing loss: rice husk briquette machines, livestock bedding and water purifiers
TROMSO Co. Ltd
Getty Images /© WirestockThe company offers briquette machines that convert rice husks into biofuel (briquettes), biochar machines to add value to crop residues and water purifiers which incorporate rice husk activated carbon. The briquette machines add value to rice husks by producing environmentally friendly biofuels. The biochar machines convert crop residues into organic soil conditioners by carbonizing the crop residues under specific temperatures and times.
- Contracting type: For sale/service
- Technology level: Medium
- Country of origin: Japan
- Availability: Japan, Nigeria, Senegal, United Republic of Tanzania, Viet Nam
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3. Agriculture and land use / Rice cultivation / Proven technologiesReducing loss: rice harvest dryers
Mecmar
Getty Images /© jchampDrying rice is a necessary but delicate process. In many regions the grains are simply spread out on the ground to dry in the sunshine, which results in significant harvest loss. Harvested rice typically has more than 20 percent moisture, which must be reduced to 12–14 percent for prolonged shelf life. Drying must be done within 12–24 hours of harvest to avoid quality loss. The Italian company Mecmar produces both large, fixed tower dryer installations and small mobile units. Offering reduced drying times and uniform drying, the solutions ensure that the grain is dried with minimal loss. Avoiding food loss is part of productivity improvements which contribute to reducing GHG emissions.
- Contracting type: For sale
- Technology level: Low
- Country of origin: Italy
- Availability: Australia, Bangladesh, EU, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Philippines, Türkiye, Uganda, United States
Frontier technologies
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3. Agriculture and land use / Rice cultivation / FrontierImproved cultivation: air-powered rice seeding technology
Brooklyn Bridge to Cambodia, Inc.
© Brooklyn Bridge to Cambodia, Inc.The Eli Seeder 3.0 is an inexpensive mechanized seeder designed to improve the efficiency of rice seeding. The company focused initially on dissemination in Cambodia. The machine can split rice seeds into 12 even rows and uses airflow to feed a burst of seed to one row at a time. The device shoots the seed into the ground at high pressure while creating sufficiently wide gaps between each deposit to allow for growth and sunlight. The seeder can be connected to two- or four-wheel tractors.
- Contracting type: For sale
- Technology level: Low
- Country of origin: Cambodia
- Availability: Cambodia
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3. Agriculture and land use / Rice cultivation / FrontierImproved cultivation: seed film cultivation (SFC)
Green and Seed Corp.
© Green and SeedSFC is a new sowing method using a biodegradable film to which seeds are attached. The film is spread out on the field and covered by mulch. A special tractor attachment (the mulcher), pulled by a tractor, spreads out the seed film on the field and covers it with a thin layer of soil to ensure seed–soil contact, while simultaneously installing the drip irrigation tapes under the seed film. SFC eliminates the labor-intensive stages of sowing, seedling transplanting and weeding in crop cultivation, and prevents loss of water, fertilizer and soil temperature, providing an optimal environment for crop growth and thereby enabling higher yields. SFC is suitable for growing large-area row crops, such as rice and wheat, as a food security solution for water-stressed countries.
- Contracting type: For sale
- Technology level: Medium
- Country of origin: South Korea
- Availability: South Korea, Viet Nam, China, United Arab Emirates (UAE)
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3. Agriculture and land use / Rice cultivation / FrontierImproved cultivation: software platform that provides optimal irrigation schedule
IrriPasture
Getty Images /© pixelfusion3dIrriPasture is an irrigation optimization tool originally designed for dairy farming, but now finding applications in rice paddies. Created for Australian dairy pastures, it improves irrigation processes by accurately calculating and recommending the daily water requirements. This is achieved by analyzing weather data to forecast the specific water needs of the crops. IrriPasture’s analysis of local weather information enables farmers to make informed decisions about irrigation, ultimately leading to more efficient water usage. The platform is easy to use and is provided free of charge, providing an accessible solution for farmers to improve their irrigation practices and maximize crop yield while minimizing water consumption.
- Contracting type: Free
- Technology level: Medium
- Country of origin: Philippines
- Availability: Worldwide
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3. Agriculture and land use / Rice cultivation / FrontierReducing loss: rice husks as raw material for biopolymers
Biopolymer
Getty Images /© Promo_LinkBiopolymer focuses on the research and manufacturing of natural-based raw materials, including coffee grounds, starch, rice husks, bagasse and seaweed. These materials are harnessed to develop sustainable products that cater to human needs. By utilizing abundant natural resources, Biopolymer not only offers a cost-effective solution that reduces reliance on fossil fuels but also actively addresses the global issue of environmental pollution. The bio-based materials can be employed in various production techniques, such as blow molding, injection molding and extrusion molding, offering flexibility in manufacturing processes.
- Contracting type: For sale
- Technology level: Medium
- Country of origin: Viet Nam
- Availability: Viet Nam
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3. Agriculture and land use / Rice cultivation / FrontierMeasuring GHGs: advanced in-field methane gas measurement for research
Li-Cor
Getty Images /© CaoChunhaiThe company offers a broad range of scientific gas measurement devices. The Trace Gas Analyzer is a lightweight, portable unit in patented portable, rugged and weather-resistant casing with hot-swappable batteries and on-board display. Capable of operating in harsh environments, its makers claim that it can offer in-field performance comparable to laboratory conditions. It can measure CO2, CO2 isotopologues, ammonia, methane and nitrous oxide.
- Contracting type: For sale
- Technology level: High
- Country of origin: United States
- Availability: Worldwide
Horizon technologies
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3. Agriculture and land use / Rice cultivation / HorizonImproved rice varieties: SUSIBA2 rice for reduced methane emission
Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
Getty Images /© jxfzsyResearchers from Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences and Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences have developed a new rice variety which is claimed to be able to cut methane emission from wet rice production by up to 50 percent, especially during the warm seasons. By inserting a gene from barley into the rice, the plant redirects more starch into the grains and less into the roots. This provides fewer nutrients for decomposition by microbes in the anaerobic environment of flooded rice fields, a process that is generally a major source of methane emissions. The genetically modified rice was created in 2015 and is still being researched and tested.
- Contracting type: N/A
- Technology level: Low
- Country of origin: China
- Availability: N/A
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3. Agriculture and land use / Rice cultivation / HorizonImproved rice varieties: development of high-yielding rice varieties for smallholder farmers
University of Oxford
Getty Images /© kudouThe C4 Rice Project is a scientific initiative aimed at developing high-yielding rice varieties for smallholder farmers. Collaborating across seven institutions in five countries, researchers are seeking to apply innovative scientific approaches to address the global challenge of feeding over 3 billion people who depend on rice for survival. Traditional rice breeding programs have hit a yield barrier, making it essential to explore new possibilities. The project’s goal is to introduce “C4” traits into rice, which are predicted to enhance photosynthetic efficiency by 50 percent, improve nitrogen and water use efficiency, and increase resilience to reduced land area, decreased fertilizer use and unpredictable water supplies.
- Contracting type: N/A
- Technology level: Low
- Country of origin: United Kingdom
- Availability: N/A
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3. Agriculture and land use / Rice cultivation / HorizonImproved rice varieties: development of rice resistant to iron deficiency in calcareous soil
Ishikawa Prefectural University, Akita Prefectural University
© Ishikawa Prefectural UniversityIf plants do not get enough iron they cannot synthesize the chlorophyll necessary for photosynthesis, and therefore cannot grow. In alkaline soil, such as calcareous soil, which is found worldwide, iron does not dissolve into the soil and therefore cannot be absorbed by plants, so iron deficiency is especially pronounced. Iron deficiency presents a critical agricultural problem. The universities’ technology has produced rice with better resistance to iron deficiency by gene manipulation and enhancing the factors governing the rice's iron absorption capacity. The rice’s ability to absorb iron from the soil is enhanced and various cultivation conditions are improved.
- Contracting type: N/A
- Technology level: Medium
- Country of origin: Japan
- Availability: N/A
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3. Agriculture and land use / Rice cultivation / HorizonImproved cultivation: Pheromone-based insecticide for Indonesian rice farmers
Provivi
Getty Images /© zulpian_captureThe US-based agricultural input company Provivi specializes in developing pheromone-based pesticides. In cooperation with Syngenta, the company has developed a new pheromone-based pesticide, Nelvium, targeting pests in rice in Indonesia. The pheromone acts as a mating disruption agent thereby reducing the spread of the insects without actually killing them. It works by saturating the pheromone signals that female insects use to attract males, and hence disrupts the mating process of the insects. The pesticide is species specific and non-toxic to other insects. By protecting the crop and increasing yield, the technology also reduces emissions per crop produced. Nelvium was officially launched in 2022 and should be available in Indonesia in the near future.
- Contracting type: N/A
- Technology level: Low
- Country of origin: Switzerland, United States
- Availability: N/A
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3. Agriculture and land use / Rice cultivation / HorizonImproved cultivation: fertigation with treated municipal wastewater in paddy rice cultivation
Yamagata University
© Yamagata UniversityContinuous fertigation systems can produce high yields of protein-rich rice without the use of mineral fertilizers, while also significantly reducing GHG emissions from rice paddy fields. Recycling treated municipal wastewater for crop irrigation contributes to the conservation of freshwater resources for other uses, while nutrients in the wastewater can be effectively recycled in soil, making farming soil more fertile. These irrigation systems produced comparable yields with significantly higher protein contents in rice grains when compared to conventional rice fields supplemented with high doses of mineral fertilizers and irrigated with channel water. In addition, the continuous sub-irrigation system has been optimized for appropriate irrigation flow rates and timings to vastly reduce methane and nitrous oxide emissions by at least 80 and 60 percent, respectively.
- Contracting type: N/A
- Technology level: Medium
- Country of origin: Japan
- Availability: N/A
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3. Agriculture and land use / Rice cultivation / HorizonImproved cultivation: rice paddy weeding robot
Moondino
Getty Images /© Remi LasseigneThe MOONDINO is an autonomous weeding robot which supports the dry sowing of rice by weeding and tilling the soil between the rice seedlings. It is powered by solar panels. The robot records a spatial map of the location of each seed when it is sown and uses GPS to navigate. By supporting dry sowing, the robot reduces both the amount of water used and the amount of methane released during rice production. The weeding robot eliminates the need for chemical herbicides.
- Contracting type: N/A
- Technology level: Medium
- Country of origin: Switzerland
- Availability: N/A
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3. Agriculture and land use / Rice cultivation /Sustainable agriculture transformation project in Viet Nam
Getty Images /© bluesky85Farmers in Viet Nam’s Mekong Delta have demonstrated that methane emissions can be significantly reduced by combining several CSA practices. As part of a project supported by the World Bank, farmers adopted practices such as AWD, improved irrigation management, field leveling, use of high-yield and drought-, pest- and flood-resistant rice varieties, improved tillage practices, and soil analyses and targeted fertilizer use. The project supported the Vietnamese Government’s 1M-5R program (one “Must”, stipulating the use of improved seeds, and five “Reductions” – in irrigation water, seeding rate, nitrogen fertilizer, pesticides and postharvest losses during drying and milling) covering almost a quarter of a million rice farmers. Farmers’ yields were increased by 10–18 percent and profits by about 29 percent, while GHG emissions were reduced by 7.3 tons CO2eq/yr per hectare and water use was reduced by 15–40 percent.[142][143]
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3. Agriculture and land use / Rice cultivation /Liberian farmers use solar-powered irrigation to enable a second rice crop
Getty Images /© phanasittiIn Liberia’s Bong County, farmers are implementing solar-powered irrigation and SRI to increase productivity in the face of climate change. Affordable and reliable irrigation coupled with improved water management are therefore important measures which may help farmers obtain a stable and sufficient harvest. Implemented as part of a UN Climate Technology Centre and Network (CTCN) pilot project involving several local partners, the current rice cultivation practices in the county were analyzed and new technological solutions designed and implemented as a pilot alongside development of local capacities. The solar-powered irrigation system made water management more affordable and, in combination with Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD), water is applied intermittently which reduces pressure on local water sources. System of Rice Intensification (SRI) practices, such as optimal spacing of seedlings, is also increasing productivity. The initiative enables the farmers to grow a second rice crop in the rainy season, potentially followed by a crop of vegetables.[144]
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See Notes here