The past 50 years have seen the world’s resource use more than triple while the global population doubled.[128][129] This is the main driver of the current triple planetary crisis. In fact, resource use represents half of total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, more than 90 percent of land-related biodiversity loss and water stress, and a third of health-related pollution impacts.[130] This section explores how technology and innovation, from simple water fountains to digital solutions, can support a transformational shift in how we produce, consume and dispose of materials.
Proven technologies
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2. Cities / Material efficiency and sustainable waste management / Proven technologiesDemand management: digital tool for climate-smart design
Dassault Systemes
Getty Images /© WarchiDesign for Manufacture and Assembly (DfMA) is a set of design principles traditionally used in the automotive industry and for consumer products. It is now increasingly being adopted by construction contractors. The approach focuses on designing for ease of assembling and disassembling components, with the co-benefit of reduced waste generation. Dassault Systemes offers architects, engineers and contractors a suite of digital tools to support them in designing for material efficiency via its 3DEXPERIENCE platform. For instance, the platform enables the creation of virtual twins to test ideas and real-life scenarios allowing design iteration before construction takes place. The software was used to design Brock Commons Tallwood House, the world’s tallest mass-timber building in 2016.
- Contracting type: For sale/service
- Technology level: High
- Country of origin: France
- Availability: Worldwide
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2. Cities / Material efficiency and sustainable waste management / Proven technologiesDemand management: public drinking water fountains
Elkay
Getty Images /© Ekaterina ChizhevskayaThe idea of public drinking fountains dates back thousands of years. Cities that provide free drinking water through drinking water fountains notice a significant reduction in plastic waste. Over time, technology has improved the accessibility and sanitary conditions of public water fountains. Elkay’s bottle-refilling stations include features such as antimicrobial plastic components and hands-free operation.
- Contracting type: For sale
- Technology level: Medium
- Country of origin: United States
- Availability: Worldwide
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2. Cities / Material efficiency and sustainable waste management / Proven technologiesDemand management: purified water refill stations
I-Drop
Getty Images /© Jatuporn TansirimasThe Waterpod is a self-service purified drinking water refill dispenser for use in supermarkets and grocery stores. While the dispensers are connected to the main water supply, the in-built filtering consists of several layers including nanomesh technology, ultraviolet sterilization, activated carbon and alkaline cartridge mineralization. The design allows users to buy or dispense purified water using both reusable bottles and larger water containers for household consumption. An internet of things device enables timely changing of the filters.
- Contracting type: For sale/service
- Technology level: Medium
- Country of origin: South Africa
- Availability: Africa
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2. Cities / Material efficiency and sustainable waste management / Proven technologiesDemand management: vending machines for consumer products in reusable containers
Algramo
Getty Images /© Space_CatAlgramo is a Chilean enterprise that offers small quantities of bulk products in reusable containers. Since starting up in 2019, more than 2,000 stores have installed their vending machines, reaching over 350,000 customers. The vending machines enable customers to purchase household essentials in desired quantities dispensed into reusable containers. Customers save up to 40 percent by buying products in small quantities at bulk prices, which is an important incentive for minimizing the purchase of products in sachets and other single-use plastics.
- Contracting type: For sale/service
- Technology level: Medium
- Country of origin: Chile
- Availability: Chile
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2. Cities / Material efficiency and sustainable waste management / Proven technologiesDemand management: interlocking bricks reduce demand for cement and mortar
Hydraform
© HydraformHydraform is a South African manufacturer of brick- and block-making machines for construction, using stabilized soil cement blocks or compressed earth blocks. The blocks can be constructed on site, using locally available materials. The machines enable bricks and blocks to be hydraulically compressed to form interlocking blocks, which reduces the need for mortar joints, saving costs and emissions.
- Contracting type: For sale
- Technology level: Low/medium
- Country of origin: South Africa
- Availability: Worldwide
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2. Cities / Material efficiency and sustainable waste management / Proven technologiesMaterial substitution: digital tool for calculating the climate impact of building with wood
Ruhr-Universität Bochum
© RUB, Roberto SchirdewahnSubstituting wood for conventional building materials can significantly reduce emissions – if done right. In order to scale these practices, researchers at the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany have recently developed a web-based GIS tool, called the Holzbau-GIS system, to help municipalities and local authorities estimate the GHG reduction and carbon storage potential of building and renovating with wood [180].
- Contracting type: For collaboration
- Technology level: Medium
- Country of origin: Germany
- Availability: Worldwide
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2. Cities / Material efficiency and sustainable waste management / Proven technologiesMaterial substitution: locally manufactured construction materials in Cameroon
MIPROMALO
Getty Images /© ivanastarThe Local Material Promotion Authority (MIPROMALO) promotes the use of locally manufactured materials and the development of innovative materials for construction in Cameroon. Among the products they provide are compressed earth blocks, fired clay bricks and roof tiles. By favoring these materials over resource-intensive alternatives, the carbon footprint associated with transportation and manufacturing processes is reduced.
- Contracting type: For sale
- Technology level: Low
- Country of origin: Cameroon
- Availability: Cameroon
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2. Cities / Material efficiency and sustainable waste management / Proven technologiesMaterial substitution: PHA-based bioplastics combining the use of plant oil and CO2
Bluepha Co. Ltd.
© BluephaBluepha develops biodegradable alternatives to petroleum-derived plastic products ranging from packaging to agricultural materials. The technology utilizes organic feedstock such as starch, plant oil and sugarcane in a microbial fermentation process to produce a biodegradable polymer known as PHA (polyhydroxyalkanoate). Bluepha’s specific type of PHA, made through their patented Biohybrid™ technology, is also capable of carbon fixation in the production process.
- Contracting type: For sale/service
- Technology level: High
- Country of origin: China
- Availability: Worldwide
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2. Cities / Material efficiency and sustainable waste management / Proven technologiesWaste management: mechanical recycling of textile stock
Weturn
Getty Images /© pamircWeturn purchases unsold textile stock and recycles the textiles into new fabric, preventing the incineration of the material and displacing virgin material production. Raw materials such as cotton, wool, cashmere and mixed materials can be recycled through mechanical recycling if the synthetic fiber content is less than 20 percent. The fabric is collected and shredded then spun, weaved or knitted into new products.
- Contracting type: Service
- Technology level: Medium
- Country of origin: France
- Availability: France
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2. Cities / Material efficiency and sustainable waste management / Proven technologiesWaste management: reverse vending machines
TOMRA Systems ASA
Getty Images /© Shella HablizelTOMRA provides various reverse vending machines for outlets ranging from small stores to large supermarkets. The machines provide an automated method for collecting, sorting and handling the return of cans, plastic and glass bottles and crates through more than 80,000 installations across more than 60 markets. The instant deposit received for each container recycled provides financial motivation for consumers to continue bringing back the containers. In many countries, such deposit return schemes have become a routine part of community life and systematically contribute to climate mitigation by increasing the number of refillable products on the market and promoting high-quality closed-loop recycling, thus reducing reliance on virgin materials. In Scotland, for example, a deposit return scheme for cans and bottles is estimated to reduce GHG emissions by 160,000 tonnes of CO2 per year (equivalent to taking 85,000 cars off the road).[181]
- Contracting type: For sale/service
- Technology level: Medium
- Country of origin: Norway
- Availability: Worldwide
Frontier technologies
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2. Cities / Material efficiency and sustainable waste management / FrontierDemand management: digital material passports for increased circularity
Loopfront
© HildaWegesLoopfront’s digital platform and surveying tool enables new life and value from used building materials and interiors. The tool allows users to quickly map out what they already have and what can be reused. The platform offers a material overview and “material passport” for every product, including specifications and documentation. There is also the possibility to automatically generate reports of financial savings and CO2 reductions.
- Contracting type: For collaboration
- Technology level: Medium
- Country of origin: Norway
- Availability: Norway
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2. Cities / Material efficiency and sustainable waste management / FrontierDemand management: blockchain-enabled construction project management tool
DigiBuild
Getty Images /© NatalyaBurovaReuse and recycling of construction and demolition waste relies on a coordinated supply chain and strong stakeholder collaboration. The DigiBuild project management tool enables an overview of the construction project and automates the process of finding, ordering, tracking and managing materials. A key element of the blockchain-enabled software is a construction management and central data storage platform. It has built-in workflow approvals and audit trails providing a material visibility overview.
- Contracting type: For sale/service
- Technology level: High
- Country of origin: United States
- Availability: Worldwide
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2. Cities / Material efficiency and sustainable waste management / FrontierDemand management: upcycling industrial by-products into high-value ceramic tiles
Seramic Materials
Getty Images /© cnikolaSeramic recycles industrial solid waste such as sludge, ceramic waste and ashes into new products. Currently considered low-value by-products, these materials are otherwise consigned to landfills or sold as aggregates for roads and cement. Upcycling the waste into more high-value ceramic products, such as floor and wall tiles or for use in thermal storage systems, saves energy and helps displace waste from landfills. The patented recycling process is under continuous development and new applications for its products are currently being explored.
- Contracting type: For sale
- Technology level: Medium
- Country of origin: United Arab Emirates
- Availability: Worldwide
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2. Cities / Material efficiency and sustainable waste management / FrontierWaste management: app-based plastic waste collection and recycling system
Coliba Ghana Ltd
Getty Images /© Will CarmackColiba Ghana is a startup offering plastic recovery, collection and recycling services through tailored digital solutions integrated with a network of local waste pickers. A digital app combined with a simple SMS service enables clients to request collection of waste. The company’s facilities and recycling centers then wash and crush the plastic material before packaging it into bales ready for mechanical recycling. Here, the plastic is shredded into flakes and processed into pellets to be used in new plastic products, displacing the demand for virgin materials.
- Contracting type: Service
- Technology level: Medium
- Country of origin: Ghana
- Availability: West Africa
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2. Cities / Material efficiency and sustainable waste management / FrontierWaste management: digital waste detection tool
iNex Circular
Getty Images /© bymuratdenizThe iNex Sourcing solution is a predictive waste detection tool that enhances the supply chain overview in sectors such as biogas, construction, solar and recycling. For the recycling sector, the tool enables users to map, source and trace materials. It also helps identify suppliers and partners to connect, for instance, local waste producers and recyclers. The tool permits calculation and visualization of environmental impact in real time.
- Contracting type: Service
- Technology level: Medium
- Country of origin: France
- Availability: France
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2. Cities / Material efficiency and sustainable waste management / FrontierWaste management: thermoplastic from unsorted landfill waste
UBQ Material
© UBQ MaterialsUBQ™ is an eco-friendly thermoplastic produced entirely from unsorted household waste, comprising both organic and non-recyclable materials. It can integrate seamlessly into current manufacturing methods and has already been adopted in various sectors as a substitute for oil-based resins. Manufacturers utilizing the technology are effectively redirecting waste away from landfills and incineration, thus diminishing the overall carbon impact of their final products and actively promoting a circular economy. By reassembling the basic components of the waste, such as lignin, cellulose, fibers and sugars, while incorporating residual plastics, UBQ offers a sustainable alternative to conventional methods. This process operates at lower temperatures and requires less energy, and in 2021 UBQ achieved 100 percent energy self-sufficiency through the company’s solar array.
- Contracting type: For sale/service
- Technology level: High
- Country of origin: Israel
- Availability: Worldwide
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2. Cities / Material efficiency and sustainable waste management / FrontierWaste management: advanced water-based recycling system for mixed waste
Fiberight Ltd
Fiberight’s HYDRACYCLE™ technology segregates and recovers material such as paper, card, plastics, metals and food waste from mixed residual-waste streams, using water as a separation medium within a closed-loop water-recycling process. The recovered materials are upgraded into high-value market-ready products following a valorization process. For instance, plastics are purified and sorted into polymer fractions for onward manufacturing. Paper/card is valorized into bio-based sugars for bio-manufacturing, or utilized in cellulose-based products. The process works with mixed household wastes that are typically burnt or buried. Fiberight’s first UK commercial facility came online in April 2023 in Swansea, Wales, and is processing rejected material from material recovery facilities.
- Contracting type: For sale/service
- Technology level: High
- Country of origin: United Kingdom
- Availability: United Kingdom, United States
Horizon technologies
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2. Cities / Material efficiency and sustainable waste management / HorizonDemand management: 3D-printing mineral foam for complex formwork
ETH Zurich/FoamWork
© ETH ZurichResearchers from ETH Zurich university, Switzerland have developed a system that uses 3D-printed elements to create a pre-cast concrete slab, which they claim uses 70 percent less material than a conventional slab. The 3D-printed material is made from recyclable mineral foam. The foam is filled into a rectangular mold to create a hollow cell structure before concrete is cast around the foam and left to cure. The hollow cells throughout the slab are reinforced along critical pressure points to create the necessary strength and reduce the amount of concrete needed. Once the hollow slabs are created, the foam can either be left in place as insulation material or recycled to create new formwork. As custom formwork geometries are otherwise wasteful to produce, the 3D-construction of the formwork may make the process more feasible.
- Contracting type: For collaboration
- Technology level: Medium
- Country of origin: Switzerland
- Availability: N/A
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2. Cities / Material efficiency and sustainable waste management / HorizonMaterial substitution: bio-based and compostable food packaging from cassava starch and banana fibers
Hya Bioplastics
Getty Images /© FreshSplashHya Bioplastics, a startup in Uganda, has developed a bio-based and fully home-compostable food packaging alternative to paper or petroleum-based plastics. The company uses cassava starch – a cheaper alternative to maize – and pulped fibers as their key raw material. The fibers are from the lower part of banana leaves, otherwise treated as waste. Products include a range of food packaging including fruit and vegetable trays, takeaway food boxes and disposable plates. The technology is currently in pilot phase.
- Contracting type: For sale/collaboration
- Technology level: Medium
- Country of origin: Uganda
- Availability: Uganda
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2. Cities / Material efficiency and sustainable waste management / HorizonMaterial substitution: water hyacinth fibers for use as insulation, packaging and wood–plastic composites
In-Between International
Getty Images /© BkamprathCYNTHIA® is a patented bio-based fiber made from water hyacinth – a common invasive species in many rivers where it blocks sunlight and threatens aquatic ecosystems. The fiber can be produced in various shapes and sizes making it suitable for several use cases. These include insulation for construction and building applications, packaging and wood–plastic composites. The products such as thermal insulation panels and biodegradable planters have been validated on industrial lines ready for the market launch.
- Contracting type: For collaboration
- Technology level: Medium
- Country of origin: Belgium
- Availability: N/A
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2. Cities / Material efficiency and sustainable waste management / HorizonWaste management: Advanced Dry Recovery (ADR) for on-site concrete recycling
C2CA Technology
Getty Images /© ghornephotoResearchers from Delft University, the Netherlands are developing a low-cost technology for in-situ recycling of construction and demolition waste. The aim is to recycle aggregates from concrete for use in new mortar and concrete. Advanced Dry Recovery (ADR) relies on mechanical recycling of concrete while in the moist state. This means energy can be saved by avoiding the need for drying or wet screening the waste. Light contaminants are removed by using kinetic energy to break the bonds between fine particles formed by moisture. Materials are subjected to an acceleration of up to 1,000 G, which separates light materials from heavy ones. A sensor has also been developed to document and monitor the properties of the secondary material and classify the different waste components. The team has now formed a company, C2CA Technology, to build a mobile pilot plant and test the technology.
- Contracting type: For collaboration
- Technology level: Medium
- Country of origin: Netherlands (Kingdom of the)
- Availability: N/A
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2. Cities / Material efficiency and sustainable waste management / HorizonWaste management: high-value mechanical tire recycling
Tyre Recycling Solutions
Getty Images /© DedMityayTyre Recycling Solutions create a high-quality rubber powder, TyreXol™, through mechanical recycling of tires. Discarded tires are cut up then pulverized into fine powder using a proprietary water-jet system. The powder is then chemically treated before incorporation into complex polymer mixtures relevant for industries such as construction, automotive and 3D-printing. The material has the ability to alter or improve materials including rubber, polyurethane, plastics, bitumen and concrete. The technology can be part of a greenfield project or added to existing tire recycling facilities.
- Contracting type: Service
- Technology level: Medium
- Country of origin: Switzerland
- Availability: N/A
Innovation examples
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2. Cities / Material efficiency and sustainable waste management / Innovation examplesGaia – largest wooden building in Asia
Getty Images /© JohnnyH5Using wood instead of steel and cement in construction could save significant amounts of GHG emissions. Gaia, the largest wooden building in Asia, is located at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore. The six-storey development was constructed using mass-engineered timber – a material created by layering and bonding wood to achieve enhanced strength. The technology involves gluing, nailing or doweling wooden products together in layers, resulting in large structural panels. As a certified zero-energy building, the building generates the same amount of energy as it consumes through the use of solar panels, passive ventilation systems and other technologies.
Note: The climate benefits of using wood as a construction material have recently been disputed, and the claim lacks consensus.[179]
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2. Cities / Material efficiency and sustainable waste management / Innovation examplesAustin’s online Materials Marketplace
Getty Images /© BimThe City of Austin, Texas has implemented the Austin Materials Marketplace, an online platform serving as an electronic clearinghouse that connects businesses seeking to dispose of materials with those in need of such materials. Additionally, the platform incorporates reporting functionality to track trades, measure the value of exchanges and monitor the diversion of materials from landfill. It is developed and managed by the United States Business Council for Sustainable Development and covers a wide range of materials, including construction and demolition materials, plastics, organics and packaging, attracting users from various sectors. Over 500 businesses, institutions and non-profit organizations have already signed up as participants. Notable outcomes include diverting over 400 tonnes of material from landfills and saving over 950 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent emissions.
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2. Cities / Material efficiency and sustainable waste management / Innovation examplesSudokwon landfill site in the Republic of Korea
© Peter OksenThe Sudokwon landfill site is a state-of-the art waste treatment facility based in South Korea (Republic of Korea). The site incorporates a 50 MW power plant fueled by gas collected from the landfill – one of the largest of its kind in the world. The captured methane would otherwise be emitted to the atmosphere as a greenhouse gas. Repurposing the gas for energy supply therefore makes an important contribution to climate mitigation. The facility also produces biogas for fueling buses and hosts a sludge recycling facility. The site covers 14 km2 of land with a daily capacity of around 12,000 tons of waste. The site’s landfill capacity will eventually be used up and a replacement site required for handling more waste. This highlights the important limitations of landfills and the need to move toward a circular approach to waste management. Nevertheless, Sudokwon’s efficient capturing of landfill gases marks an innovative and useful example for landfill climate mitigation.
Emissions from materials are growing rapidly
Construction materials, metals, plastics and wood are essential in building a city. More than half of the world’s urban population lives in cities[131] and urbanization is increasing exponentially along with material consumption rates. The rapid scaling of electric vehicles, solar panels and wind turbines is also driving up demand for critical raw materials. Material use is expected to double between 2020 and 2050.[132] Exponential growth in production and consumption is seen in all resource types, with some growing faster than others. Plastics, which account for nearly 5 percent of global GHG emissions, [133] are expected to nearly triple by 2060 at the current rate (figure 2.4).[134][135]
The growth in material demand is not only depleting natural resources such as minerals and water, but it nearly doubled the GHG emissions caused by material production from 1995 to 2015 (figure 2.5). The rapid growth in demand is thus offsetting policy and technology measures to reduce emissions from production and manufacturing processes. Therefore, material demand management is essential for meaningful climate action (box 2.2). Many technologies are responding to this challenge, and as is often the case, they start by supporting climate-smart design.
| Figure 2.5 Emissions (in gigatons) caused by material production as a share of global emissions, 1995 versus 2015[136] |
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| Source: International Resource Panel, 2020. |
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See Notes here